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I 


THE 


CYCLOPAEDIA 

OF 

AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHIES. 

COMPRISING 

%\)t  jHcu  anti  Mlomen 

OF  THE 

UNITED  STATES 

WHO  HAVE  BEEN  IDENTIFIED  WITH  THE  GROWTH  OF 

THE  NATION. 


EDITED  BY 

JOHN  HOWARD  BROWN, 

MANAGING  EDITOR  OF  “ LAMB’S  BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,” 

“the  national  portrait  gallery,”  etc.,  etc. 


“Search  for  the  truth  is  the  noblest  occupation  of  man  ; its  publication  a duty.” 

Madame  De  Stael. 


Volume  I. 

ABBE  — CHRYSLER. 


BOSTON,  MASS.: 

THE  CYCLOPAEDIA  PUBLISHING  COMPANY, 

372  Boylston  Street. 

1897. 


Copyright,  1897 , 

By  the  Cyclopaedia  Publishing  Company-. 


Sftnitarrsitg  ^Jvrss : 

John  Wilson  and  Son,  Cambridge,  U S.  A 


A po 

IVf 


PREFACE. 


The  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biographies  is  an  exhaustive  record  of  progress 
in  every  branch  of  activity  dependent  on  the  exercise  of  human  effort.  It  presents 
in  a condensed,  comprehensive,  and  convenient  form  the  biographies  of  the  men  and 
women  who  have  been  prominent  factors  in  making  United  States  history,  and  of  those 
who  are  to  be  a part  of  the  history  of  the  future.  While  it  incidentally  includes  the 
notable  names  of  the  early  times,  its  principal  subjects  are  the  active  instrumentalities 
in  founding,  developing,  and  progressing  the  great  American  Republic.  It  is  the  record 
of  men  and  women  who  have  done  a marvellous  work  in  one  hundred  and  twenty-live 
years,  and  of  those  who  have  gathered  from  the  achievement  of  the  past,  the  experience 
and  inspiration  necessary  to  work  out  the  possibilities  of  the  future.  In  the  busy  life  of 
to-day,  the  book-maker  is  asked  to  “ condense  his  narrative  and  give  the  simple  facts.” 
This  has  been  the  aim  of  the  editors  of  this  work.  The  opinion  of  biographers,  be  they 
never  so  impartial,  is  not  obtruded;  the  passions  and  prejudices  of  the  times  in  which 
the  subject  lived,  make  no  part  of  the  sketch : what  happened,  what  was  achieved,  and 
when ; the  heredity  that  influenced  ; the  environment  that  shaped  the  character ; the 
conditions  under  which  the  work  was  done  ; the  failures  as  well  as  the  successes ; the 
honors  conferred  and  the  punishment  inflicted,  are  all  stated  as  facts  without  expression 
of  approval  or  censure,  suggesting  no  more  nor  less  than  can  be  determined  by  the  narra- 
tion of  duly  accredited  facts  expressed  in  definitive  words.  W e spread  before  our  readers 
a faithful  record  of  work  and  result  as  illustrated  in  the  action  and  effort  of  individuals 
who  have  contributed  lines  or  pages  to  the  history  of  the  United  States.  Stripped  of 
verbiage,  many  of  the  sketches  appear  at  first  glance  to  be  unduly  brief,  but  the  student 
will  ask  for  no  fuller  detail.  Biographies  multiply  so  rapidly  that  the  popular  collec- 
tions should  be  condensed  within  reasonable  limit,  and  should  be  so  arranged  as  to  allow 
future  revisions  to  be  made  without  destroying  the  value  of  the  preceding  volumes. 
In  this  respect  it  is  claimed  that  the  present  work  excels  its  predecessors,  and  that  its  infor- 
mation will  never  be  useless  by  reason  of  irrelevant  contemporaneous  matter.  A reference 
to  the  list  of  some  of  the  principal  contributors  and  editorial  helpers  will  convince  the 
public  of  the  care  exercised  by  the  publishers  in  securing  from  every  section  and  state 
the  facts  concerning  the  people  of  the  locality,  and  in  this  distribution  of  the  work  avoid- 
ing any  charge  of  sectional  bias.  Experienced  and  competent  writers  are  employed  as 
compilers,  revisers,  and  critical  readers.  The  published  lives  of  the  men  and  women  of 


PREFACE. 


the  past  are  carefully  revised  and  compared  with  contemporaneous  history,  and  the 
statements  therein  verified ; while  recent  investigations  disclosing  newly  acquired  facts, 
and  correcting  dates  and  occurrences  long  accepted  as  history,  have  given  new  form  to 
many  sketches.  Narrations  of  incidents  which  fail  to  convey  to  the  present-day  reader 
a proper  estimate  of  the  labor,  the  sacrifice,  or  the  purpose  of  the  subject  depicted,  are 
supplanted  by  a record  of  deeds  which  time  and  modern  thought  have  magnified  and 
illuminated,  — of  work  done  out  of  season  and  when  unappreciated,  but  which  now  finds  a 
place  in  history.  The  permanent  product  of  the  effort  of  the  individual,  which  remains 
as  a monument  to  his  achievement,  whether  it  be  an  invention,  a discovery,  a college,  a 
hospital,  a play,  a song,  or  a book,  is  noted,  and  any  published  memoir  ofTfis  life  is 
designated.  Portraits  of  notable  individuals,  and  as  far  as  possible  of  those  whose  linea- 
ments are  the  least  known,  are  given,  and  this  feature  adds  a peculiar  value  to  the  work. 
The  materials  which  have  been  wrought  into  the  foundations  of  this  work  have  been 
accumulated  from  many  sources.  Every  published  biographical  work  has  been  diligently 
consulted  ; the  collected  biographies  of  the  family,  town,  county,  state,  section,  nation, 
and  continent  have  severally  contributed  to  our  sources  of  information,  and  to  the 
publishers,  editors,  and  compilers  of  such  works  we  have  laid  ourselves  under  many 
obligations  which  we  here  acknowledge.  To  the  Boston  Public  Library  and  its  libra- 
rian and  assistant  custodians,  we  are  grateful  debtors  ; no  book  or  manuscript  however 
rare  or  precious  has  been  denied  to  our  use,  and  the  freedom  of  personal  ownership 
would  have  served  us  no  better  than  has  this  great  public  storehouse  of  reference. 
Equally  are  we  indebted  to  the  presidents  and  librarians  of  the  universities  and  colleges 
for  full  information  as  to  their  alumni,  and  to  the  state  librarians  of  every  state  in  tire 
Union  upon  whom  we  have  imposed  our  insatiable  demand  for  information.  We  thank 
in  advance  these  our  friends  and  helpers  for  favors  yet  to  come,  and  in  this  first  volume 
in  which  we  introduce  ourselves  to  the  general  public,  we  ask  for  a measure  of  patience 
and  consideration  as  we,  through  our  representatives  in  every  state,  continue  to  seek 
out  such  of  truth  as  will  enable  us  to  go  forward  on  the  lines  marked  out,  to  the  end  of 
our  gigantic  task.  We  also  tender  our  acknowledgments  to  all  those  who  have  promised 
their  help : the  men  of  eminence  in  science,  literature,  and  official  position  ; our  co- 
workers in  the  field  of  research  and  compilation  ; and  the  patient  answerers  of  innumerable 
questions  upon  whom  we  have  no  claim  except  that  of  universal  brotherhood,  and  whose 
effective  co-operation  will  prove  of  inestimable  value  in  verifying  our  data.  The  volume 
now  presented  will  be  an  earnest  of  our  purpose,  and  will  show  the  style  and  plan  of  the 
undertaking.  It  will  be  carried  on  by  the  same  efficient  helpers,  augmented  by  others 
of  equal  ability.  It  is  expected  that  the  matter  can  be  contained  in  six  volumes,  and 
their  issue  will  be  so  arranged  as  to  furnish  the  complete  work  within  a reasonable  time. 
The  style  and  character  of  the  illustrations,  both  the  full-page  portraits  and  the  thou- 
sands of  vignettes,  will  be  fully  up  to  the  best  examples  of  line  portraiture,  and  the  final 
result  will  meet  the  requirements  of  modern  bookmaking. 


Boston,  Mass.,  .Inly  4,  1897. 


Some  of  the  Principal  Contributors  to 

The  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biographies 


Abbott,  Russell  B.,  A.M.,  D.D.,  Albert  Lea, 
Minn., 

President  Albert  Lea  College. 

Adams,  Charles  Francis,  LL.D.,  Boston,  Mass., 
Lawyer. 

Adams,  Franklin  George,  Topeka,  Kansas, 
Secretary  State  Historical  Society. 

Adams,  Henry  Carter,  Ph  D.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y., 
Professor  Political  Economy,  Cornell  University. 
Adams,  Herbert  Baxter,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Baltimore, 
Md, 

Professor  History  at  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey,  Boston,  Mass., 

Author. 

Alger,  William  Rounseville,  D.D.,  Boston, 
Mass., 

Clergyman  and  Author. 

Ames,  Charles  Gordon,  D.D.,  Boston,  Mass., 
Author  and  Clergyman. 

Anderson,  Edwin  H.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 

Librarian  Carnegie  Library. 

Andrews,  Clement  Walker,  Chicago,  111., 
Librarian  John  Crerar  Library. 

Andrews,  Col.  George  L.,  U.  S.  A., 

Former  Professor  at  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy. 
Andrews,  E.  Benjamin,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I , 

President  Brown  University. 

Appel,  Theodore,  D.D  , Reading,  Pa., 

Editor,  Author,  and  Educator. 

Apple,  Rev.  Joseph  Henry,  Frederick,  Md.. 
President  Woman’s  College. 

Apple,  Thomas  Gilmore,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Lan- 
caster, Pa., 

Former  President  Franklin  and  Marshall  College. 
Appleton,  John  Howard,  A M.,  Ph.B.,  Provi- 
dence, R.  I , 

Professor  Chemistry,  Brown  University. 

Appleton,  William  Hyde,  Ph.D.,  Swarthmore, 
Pa., 

Former  President  Swarthmore  College. 

Appleton,  William  Sumner,  A M.,  LL.B.,  Bos- 
ton, Mass., 

Genealogical  Writer. 

Atherton,  George  W.,  LL.D.,  State  College, 
Pa., 

President  Pennsylvania  State  College. 

Atkinson,  Edward,  LL.D.,  Boston,  Mass., 

Political  Economist. 

Avery,  Elroy  M.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D  , Cleveland, 
Ohio, 

Author  and  Historian. 

Avery,  Gen.  Isaac  W.,  C.S.A..  Atlanta,  Ga., 
Author  and  Historical  Writer. 

Bailey,  William  H.,  Sr.,  LL.D  , Houston,  Texas, 
Author  and  Biographer. 

Baird,  Henry  Carey.  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

Political  Economist. 


Baker,  William  Spohn,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

Author  and  Biographical  Writer. 

Ballantine,  William  Gay,  D.D.,  LL.D., 

Former  President  Oberlin  College. 

Ballard,  Harlan  H.,  A.M.,  Lenox,  Mass., 

Librarian  Berkshire  Athenaeum. 

Bancroft,  Frederick,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Washington, 
D.  C , 

Librarian  Department  of  State. 

Bardwell,  Willis  Arthur,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Librarian  Mercantile  Library. 

Barker,  Wharton,  A.M.,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Author  and  Financial  Writer. 

Barnard,  Henry,  A.M.,  LL.D.,  L.H.D.,  Hartford, 
Conn., 

Author  and  Educator. 

Barton,  Edmund  Mills.  Worcester,  Mass  , 
Librarian  American  Antiquarian  Society. 
Baskerville,  William  M.,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Nash- 
ville, Tenn., 

Professor  at  Vanderbilt  University. 

Bateman,  Newton,  A.M.,  LL  D.,  Galesburg, 

111., 

President  Emeritus  and  Professor  at  Knox  College. 

Battle,  Kemp  Plummer,  LL.D.,  Chapel  Hill, 
N.  C., 

Former  President  University  of  North  Carolina. 

Baxter,  James  Phinney,  A M , Portland,  Maine, 
Author  and  Philanthropist. 

Beecher,  Willis  Judson,  D D.,  Auburn,  N.  Y., 
Professor  of  Hebrew  at  Theological  Seminary. 

Bellamy,  Edward.  Springfield,  Mass., 

Author  of  “ Looking  Backward.” 

Beman,  Wooster  Woodruff,  A.M.,  Ann  Arbor, 
Mich., 

Professor  of  Mathematics  at  University  of  Michigan. 

Black,  James  William,  Ph.D  , Waterville, 
Maine, 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  Colbv  University. 

Blackburn,  William  Maxwell,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
Pierre,  S.  Dak.. 

President  Tierre  University. 

Blackmar,  Frank  Wilson,  Ph  D.,  Lawrence. 
Kansas, 

Professor  History  and  Sociology,  University  of 
Kansas. 

Blaisdell,  James  J..  D.D  , Beloit,  Wis., 

Late  Professor  of  Philosophy,  Beloit  College. 

Blanchard,  Charles  A.,  D D , Wheaton,  111., 
President  Wheaton  College. 

Bloomfield,  Maurice,  A.M.,  Ph.D  , Baltimore, 
Md, 

Professor,  Sanskrit  and  Comparative  Philology, 
Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Bodfish,  Joshua  P.,  D D.,  LL.D.,  Canton,  Mass., 
R.  C.  Clergyman  and  Theologian. 

Bok,  Edward  W.,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

Editor  ‘‘Ladies’  Home  Journal.” 


Bolles,  Albert  S.,  Ph.D.,  LL  D.,  Philadelphia. 
Pa., 

Author  and  Statistician. 

Bowman,  Thomas,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
Methodist  Episcopal  Bishop. 

Bowles,  Samuel,  Springfield,  Mass., 

Editor  Springfield  “ Republican.” 

Bradbury,  James  Ware,  LL.D.,  Augusta, 
Maine, 

Former  U.  S.  Senator. 

Brinkman,  Mary  A.,  M.D.,  New  York  City, 
Professor  at  N.  Y.  Medical  College  for  Women. 
Brooks,  Edward,  A M.,  Ph.D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Author  and  Educator. 

Brown,  J.  Willard,  A.M.,  East  Boston,  Mass., 
Author  and  Educator. 

Bryan,  William  Jennings,  Lincoln,  Neb., 
Statesman. 

Butler,  Wentworth  S.,  New  York  City, 

Librarian  Emeritus  N.  Y.  Society  Library. 

Carter,  Franklin,  Ph  D.,  LL.D.,  Williamstown, 

Mass., 

President  Williams  College. 

Carver,  Leonard  Dwight,  Augusta.  Maine, 
Librarian  Maine  State  Library. 

Case,  Mary  Sophia,  A.B.,  Wellesley,  Mass., 
Professor  at  Wellesley  College. 

Chamberlain,  Alexander  F.,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  At- 
lanta, Ga., 

Lecturer  at  Clark  University. 

Chamberlain,  Mellen,  Somerville,  Mass., 

Former  Librarian  Boston  Public  Library. 

Chandler,  William  E.,  A.M.,  Concord,  N.  H., 

U.  S.  Senator. 

Chittenden,  Lucius  Eugene,  New  York  City, 
Lawyer  and  Author. 

Clark,  Alonzo  Howard,  Washington,  D.  C., 
Curator  of  the  American  Historical  Association. 

Clark,  Nathaniel  George,  D.D..  LL.D., 

Late  Secretary  A.  I?.  C.  of  F.  Missions. 

Clark,  Walter.  LL.D.,  Raleigh,  N.  C , 

Associate  Justice  N.  C Supreme  Court. 

Cochrane,  General  John.  New  York  City, 
Brigadier-General  U.  S.  V. 

Collyer,  Robert,  D.D.,  New  York  City, 

Author  and  Clergyman. 

Colt,  Le  Baron  Bradford,  A.M.,  Boston,  Mass., 
U.  S.  Circuit  Judge. 

Cone,  Orillo,  D.D.,  Akron,  Ohio. 

Former  President  of  Buchtel  College. 

Conway,.  Katherine  D.,  Boston,  Mass., 

Author  and  Journalist. 

Cook,  Joshua  Flood.  Ph.D. , LL.D. .La  Grange,  Mo., 
Former  President  of  La  Grange  College. 

Cooley,  Thomas  McIntyre,  LL.D.,  Ann  Arbor, 
Mich., 

Professor  of  Law,  University  of  Michigan. 
Courtenay,  William  A.,  Charleston,  S.  C., 
Former  Mayor. 

Crane,  Oliver,  M.D  , D.D.,  LL.D.,  Waverly,  N.  J., 
Clergyman  and  Author. 

Cranston,  Earl,  A M..  D.D.,  Portland,  Ore., 
Methodist  Episcopal  Bishop. 

Crane,  Joshua  E.,  Taunton,  Mass., 

Librarian,  Public  Library. 

Crowell,  John  Franklin,  Litt.D.,  Durham,  N.  C., 
Former  President  Trinity  College. 

Cummings,  Amos  J.,  New  York  City, 

Journalist  and  Representative  in  Congress. 

Curry,  Jabez  Lamar  Monroe,  S.T.D.,  LL.D., 
Richmond.  Va., 

President  Board  of  Trustees  Richmond  College. 
Custer,  Elizabeth  B.,  Washington,  D.  C., 

Author  and  Journalist. 


Cuyler,  Theodore  Ledyard,  D.D.,  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y., 

Clergyman  and  Author. 

Dahlgren,  Madeleine  Vinton,  Washington,  D.  C., 
Author. 

Dana,  William  H.,  F.C.M..  Warren,  Ohio, 
President  Dana’s  Musical  Institute. 

Davidson,  James  Wood,  Figulus,  Fla., 

Author  and  Journalist. 

Davis,  John  Woodbridge,  C.E.,  Ph  D.,  New 
York  City, 

Educator  and  Author. 

Didier,  Eugene  Lemoine,  Baltimore,  Md., 

Author  and  Journalist. 


Dingley,  Nelson,  Jr.,  LL.D.,  Lewiston,  Maine, 
Editor  and  Representative  in  Congress. 

Doane,  William  Croswell,  D.D.,  LL.D  , Albany, 
N.  Y., 

First  P.  E.  Bishop  of  Albany. 

English,  Thomas  Dunn,  M.D  , LL  D.,  Newark, 
N.  J., 

Author  and  Journalist. 

Fairchild,  James  Harris,  A.M  , LL.D.,  Oberlin, 
Ohio, 

Former  President  of  Oberlin  College. 

Fell,  Thomas,  Ph  D.,  LL.D  , Annapolis,  Md., 
President  St.  John’s  College. 

Field,  Eugene, 

Journalist,  Author,  and  Poet. 

Field,  Stephen  J.,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Washington, 
D.  C., 

Associate  Justice  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

Flint,  Austin,  M.D.,  New  York  City, 

Author. 


Ford,  Paul  Leicester,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 

Author  and  Editor. 

Gailor,  Thomas  Frank,  M.A.,  S.T.D.,  Sewanee, 
Tenn., 

Coadjutor  Bishop  of  Tennessee. 

Gallagher,  Charles  Wesley,  D.D.,  Kent’s  Hill, 
Maine, 

Former  President  of  Lawrence  University,  Appleton, 
Wis. 

Gates,  George  A.,  D.D.,  Grinnell,  Iowa, 

President  of  Iowa  College. 

Gilman,  Arthur,  M.A.,  Cambridge,  Mass., 

Former  Regent  of  Radcliffe  College. 

Gilmore,  James  Roberts,  “ Edmund  Kirke,” 
Roxbury,  Mass., 

Author  and  Editor. 

Goode,  George  Brown,  A.M., 

Late  Secretary  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Grant,  Robert,  Ph  D.,  Boston,  Mass., 

Lawyer,  Author,  and  Poet. 

Green,  Samuel  Abbott,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Boston, 
Mass., 

Librarian  Mass.  Historical  Society. 

Green,  Samuel  Swett,  A.M.,  Worcester,  Mass., 
Historical  Writer  and  Librarian. 


Gregory,  John  Milton,  LL.D., 

Educator,  Author,  and  Editor. 

Griffis,  William  Elliot,  A M.,  D.D.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y., 
Clergyman  and  Author. 

Guild,  Reuben  Aldridge,  LL.D.,  Providence, 
R.  I.,  „ 

Author  and  Librarian  Emeritus  Brown  University. 

Hadley,  Arthur  Twining,  M.A.,  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  , ,,  . 

Professor  Political  Economy  at  \ale  l mversitv. 

Hamilton,  Gail  (Abigail  Hamilton  Dodge), 

Author. 

Hamlin,  Charles  Sumner,  A M.,  Boston.  Mass., 
Former  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  U.  S.  Treasury. 

Hammond,  William  Alexander,  M.D.,  Wash- 
ington. D.C., 

Author  and  Former  Surgeon-General  U.  S.  A. 


Hayes,  John,  Somerville,  Mass., 

Librarian. 

Hershey,  Scott  F.,  D.D.,  Ph.  D.,  Boston,  Mass., 
Clergyman  and  Biographical  Writer. 

Hoffman,  Walter  James,  M.D.,  Washington, 
D.C., 

Ethnologist. 

Howard,  George  Elliott,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Stanford 
University,  Cal  , 

Professor  of  History,  Leland  Stanford,  Junior,  Uni- 
versity. 

Howe,  Julia  Ward,  Boston,  Mass., 

Author. 

Humphrey,  Lyman  Underwood, 

Former  Governor  of  Kansas. 

Hurst,  John  Fletcher,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Washing- 
ton, D.C., 

Chancellor  American  University. 

James,  Edmund  Janes,  Ph.D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
President  of  the  American  Society  for  the  Extension 
of  University  Teaching. 

Jaques,  Jabez  Robert,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Abingdon, 

111., 

Vice-President  Hedding  College. 

Jones,  Stephen  Alfred,  M.A.,  Ph.D., 

Former  President  Nevada  State  University. 

Kasson,  John  Adam,  LL.D.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa, 
Historian  and  Former  U.  S.  Minister. 

Katzer,  Frederic  Xaver,  D.D. , Milwaukee,  Wis., 
Archbishop  of  Milwaukee. 

Kedney,  John  Steinfort,  A.M.,  S.T.D  , Fari- 
bault, Minn., 

Professor  Seaburv  Divinity  School. 

Kerr,  Robert  Floyd,  A.M  , Brookings,  S.  Dak., 
Professor  of  History  and  Political  Science,  Agricul- 
tural College. 

Kies,  Marietta,  M.A.,  Ph.D.,  Oakland,  Cal., 
Professor  Mental  and  Moral  Plnlosophv,  Mills  College. 
Killebrew,  Joseph  Buckner,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Nash- 
ville, Tenn  , 

Author  and  Journalist. 

King,  William  Fletcher,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Mt.  Ver- 
non, Iowa, 

President  Cornell  College,  Iowa. 

Knapp,  Charles  Welbourne,  A.M.,  St.  Louis, 
Mo., 

Editor  St.  Louis  “Republican.” 

Knapp,  Lyman  E.,  A.M.,  Middlebury,  Vt., 
F'ormer  Governor  of  Alaska. 

Koopman,  Henry  Lyman,  A.M.,  Providence,  R.I., 
Author  and  Librarian  Brown  University. 

Krehbiel,  Henry  Edward,  New  York  City, 
Journalist  and  Author. 

Lacey,  John  Fletcher,  M.C.,  Oskaloosa,  Iowa, 
Author  of  Lacey’s  Digests. 

Lane,  Gertrude  Battles,  Newtonville,  Mass., 
Biographical  Writer. 

Langley,  Samuel  Pierpont,  Ph  D.,  LL.D.,  Wash- 
ington, D.C., 

Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 

Langston,  John  Mercer, 

Former  U.  S.  Minister  to  Hayti. 

Latimer,  Elizabeth  Wormeley,  Baltimore,  Md., 
Author  and  Journalist. 

Lea,  Henry  Charles,  LL.D.,  R.A.,  Philadelphia, 
Pa., 

Author  and  Publisher. 

Lea,  John  M.,  A.M.,  Nashville,  Tenn., 

President  Tennessee  Historical  Society. 

Lee,  George  W.  C.,  LL.D.,  Lexington,  Va., 
President  Washington  and  Lee  University. 
Leighton,  George  Eliot,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 

President  Missouri  Historical  Society. 

Lewelling,  Lorenzo  D.,  Wichita,  Kansas, 

Former  Governor  of  Kansas. 


Lochren,  William,  Minneapolis,  Minn., 

F'ormer  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Pensions. 

Long,  John  Davis,  LL.D.,  Washington,  D.C., 
Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

Mabie,  Hamilton  Wright,  A.M.,  L.H.D.,  New 
York  City, 

Author  and  Editor. 

MacCracken,  Henry  Mitchell,  D.D.,  LL.D., 

Chancellor  of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York. 

Mace,  William  Harrison,  M.L.,  A.M.,  Syracuse, 
N.  Y., 

Professor  of  History  at  Syracuse  University. 

Macy,  Jesse,  A.M.,  Grinnell,  Iowa, 

Author  and  Professor  in  Iowa  College. 

Mason,  Otis  Tufton,  A.M.,  Ph  D.,  Washington, 
D.C  , 

Curator,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Mathews,  William,  A M.,  LL.D.,  Boston,  Mass., 
Author  and  Journalist. 

Matthews,  Brander,  A.M.,  New  York  City, 
Author,  Professor  Literature  Columbia  University. 
Mayo-Smith,  Richmond,  A.M.,  Ph.D., 

Professor  of  Political  Economy  Columbia  University. 
McClure,  Samuel  G.,  A.M.,  Columbus,  Ohio, 
Editor  Ohio  “ State  Journal.” 

McCulloch,  Hugh,  A M.,  LL.D., 

F'ormer  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

McDowell,  William  Fraser,  A.M.,  S.T.B.,  Den- 
ver, Col., 

Chancellor  University  of  Denver. 

McGovern,  John,  Chicago,  III., 

Journalist  and  Author. 

Merrimon,  Augustus  S.,  Raleigh,  N.C., 

Chief  Justice  of  North  Carolina. 

Miner,  Alonzo  Ames,  A.M  , S.T.D.,  LL.D.,  Bos- 
ton, Mass., 

Clergyman,  Former  President  of  Tufts  College. 
Mitchell,  William,  A.M.,  Winona,  Minn., 
Associate  Justice  Supreme  Court. 

Moore,  Charlotte  Mcllvaine, 

Author  and  Biographical  Writer. 

Moore,  John  Bassett,  A.B.,  New  York  City, 
Professor  at  Columbia  University. 

Morgan,  Gen.  Thomas  J.,  LL.D., 

F’ormer  Commissioner,  Indian  Affairs. 

Morse,  Anson  Daniel,  M.A.,  Amherst,  Mass., 
Professor  of  History  and  Political  Economy,  Am- 
herst College. 

Morton,  Julius  Sterling,  Nebraska  City,  Neb., 
Former  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Moses,  Bernard,  A.B.,  Berkeley,  Cal., 

Professor  in  University  of  California. 

Myers,  Philip  Van  Ness,  LL.D.,  Litt.D., 

Professor  at  University  of  Cincinnati. 

Norris,  Edith  Mary,  Malden.  Mass., 

Journalist  and  Biographical  Writer. 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson, 

Author. 

Palmer,  Charles  Skeele,  Ph  D , Boulder,  Col., 
Professor  at  University  of  Colorado. 

Payne,  William  H.,  LL.D.,  Ph.D.,  Nashville, 
Tenn., 

President  University  of  Nashville. 

Peck,  Tracy,  A M..  New  Haven,  Conn., 

Professor  in  Yale  University. 

Phinney,  Ellen  Johnston,  Cleveland,  Ohio., 
President  Non-Partisan  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Pierce,  Edward  Lillie,  LL.D., 

Author  “Memoir  and  Letters  of  Charles  Sumner.” 
Purinton,  Daniel  Boardman,  Ph.D.,  LLD., 
Granville,  Ohio, 

President  Denison  University. 

Randall,  James  R.,  Augusta,  Ga., 

Poet  ar.d  Journalist. 


Raub,  Albert  Newton,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  Newark, 
Del., 

Former  President  Delaware  College 
Raymond,  George  Lansing,  L.H.D.,  Princeton, 
N.  J., 

Author  and  Educator. 

Reed,  Thomas  Brackett,  LL.D.,  Washington, 
D.  C., 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Remsen.  Ira,  M.D  , Ph  D.,  Baltimore,  Md  , 
Professor  Chemistry,  Jonns  Hopkins  University. 
Reynolds,  Elmer  Robert,  M.D.,  Washington, 
D.  C., 

Ethnologist. 

Roche,  James  Jeffrey,  Boston,  Mass., 

Editor  “ Pilot.” 

Russell,  Addison  Peale,  LL.D.,  Wilmington, 
Ohio, 

Journalist  and  Author. 

Ryder,  Charles  J.,  M.A.,  New  York  City, 
Secretary  American  Missionary  Association. 
Sanborn,  Kate,  Metcalf,  Mass., 

Author. 

Savage,  Minot  Judson,  D.D.,  New  York  City, 
Clergyman  and  Author. 

Seymour,  George  Franklin,  S.T.D.,  LLD.,  Spring- 
field,  111., 

P.  E.  Bishop  of  Springfield. 

Shaw,  Albert,  Ph.D.,  New  York  City, 

Editor  “Review  of  Reviews.” 

Sheppard,  Robert  D.,  D.D.,  Evanston,  111., 
Professor  at  Northwestern  University. 

Sherwood.  Kate  Brownlee,  Canton,  Ohio, 
Journalist  and  Ph  lanthropist. 

Sherwood,  Thomas  Adiel,  Springfield,  Mo., 

Chief  Justice  Missouri  Supreme  Court. 

Shouler,  James,  Boston,  Mass., 

Author  “ United  States  under  the  Constitution.” 
Skene,  Alexander  J.  C.,  M.D.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Author,  Dean  of  L.  I.  College  Hospital. 

Smith,  Charles  Lee,  Ph.D.,  Liberty,  Mo., 
Professor  at  William  Jewell  College. 

Smith,  George  Williamson,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Hart- 
ford, Conn., 

President  Trinity  College. 

Smith,  John  B.,  Sc.D.,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
Entomologist,  Professor  Rutgers  College. 

Snively,  William  A , D.D.,  Louisville,  Ky., 
Author  and  Clergyman. 

Snow,  Francis  Huntington,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Law- 
rence, Kansas, 

Chancellor  University  of  Kansas. 

Spring,  Leverett  Wilson,  A.M.,  D.D.,  Williams- 
town.  Mass.. 

Author  and  Educator. 

Stahr,  John  S.,  Ph.D.,  D.D..  Lancaster,  Pa., 
President  Franklin  and  Marshall  College. 

Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady,  New  York  City, 

Author  and  Reformer. 

Steel.  Samuel  A..  D.D.,  Nashville,  Tenn., 
Clergyman  and  Author. 

Stimson,  Frederic  Jesup,  “ J.  S.  of  Dale,”  Boston, 
Mass., 

Lawyer  and  Author. 

Stoddard,  William  Osborn,  A.M., 

Journalist  and  Author. 

Strong,  William,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Washington,  D.C., 
Associate  Justice  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

Super,  Charles  W.,  Ph  D.,  LL.D  , Athens,  Ohio, 
P'ormer  President  Ohio  University. 

Swain,  George  Fillmore,  C.E.,  Boston,  Mass., 
Professor  at  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 
Swayne,  Charles,  Jacksonville,  Fla., 

Justice  U.  S.  District  Court. 


Tappan,  William  Henry,  Manchester,  Mass., 
Historian  and  Explorer. 

Taylor,  Graham,  D D.,  Hartford,  Conn., 

Professor  at  Theological  Seminary. 

Taylor,  Robert  Fenwick,  Tallahassee,  Fla., 

Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Thayer,  James  Bradley,  LL.D.,  Cambridge,  Mass., 
Professor  of  Law  at  Harvard  University. 

Thomas,  Allen  Clapp,  A.M.,  Haverford,  Pa., 
Professor  Political  Science,  Haverford  College. 
Thompson,  Robert  Ellis,  S.T.D.,  Ph.D.,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

Professor  Social  Sc  ence,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
Thorpe,  Francis  Newton,  Ph.D.,  Philadelphia, 
Pa., 

Professor  American  Constitutional  History,  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania. 

Thorpe,  Rose  Hartwick,  San  Diego,  Cal., 

Author  and  Journalist. 

Thwing,  Charles  Franklin,  D.D.,  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
President  Western  Reserve  University. 

Trelease,  William,  Sc.D.,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 

Director  Shaw  School  of  Botany. 

Trent,  William  Peterfield,  M.A.,  Sewanee,  Tenn., 
Dean  at  University  of  the  South. 

Vann,  Irving  Goodwin,  M.A.,  LL.D  , Syracuse, 
N.  Y., 

Justice  New  York  Supreme  Court. 

Veazey,  Wheelock  Graves,  LL.D.,  Rutland,  Vt., 
Former  Commander-in-chief,  G.  A.  R. 

Vincent,  John  Martin,  Ph.D.,  Baltimore,  Md., 
Professor  History  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
Walker,  Francis  Amasa,  LL.D., 

Late  President  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 

Ward,  James  Thomas,  D.D.,  Westminster,  Md., 
Dean  Westminster  Theological  Seminary. 

Warner,  Charles  Dudley,  D.C.L.,  L.H.D.,  Hart- 
ford, Conn., 

Author. 

Warren,  Henry  White,  A.M.,  D.D  , Denver, 
Col., 

Methodist  Episcopal  Bishop. 

Weeks,  Stephen  Beauregard,  A.B.,  Ph.D., 

Bureau  of  Education  Washington,  D.  C. 

Wendefi,  Barrett,  A.M  , Boston,  Mass., 

Professor  at  Harvard  University. 

Whipple,  Henry  Benjamin,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Fari- 
bault, Minn., 

P.  E.  Bishop  of  Minnesota. 

Whitney,  Henry  Mitchell,  A.M.,  Beloit,  Wis., 
Professor  at  Beloit  College. 

Willard,  Frances  E., 

President  World’s  W.  C.  T.  LT. 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Prince- 
ton, N.  J., 

Professor  at  Princeton  University. 

Winslow,  William  C.,  Ph  D.,  LL  D.,  Sc.D., 

Archmologist  and  Author. 

Winston,  George  Tayloe,  LL.D..  Chapel  Hill,  N.C., 
Former  President  University  of  North  Carolina. 

Wise.  John  Sergeant, 

Former  U.  S.  Representative  from  Virginia. 

Woodburn,  James  Albert,  A.M.,  Ph  D.,  Bloom- 
ington, Ind., 

Professor  Am.  History,  Indiana  University. 

Wright,  Carroll  Davidson,  A.M.,  Washington, 
D.C., 

Commissioner  Department  of  Labor. 

Wright,  Marcus  Joseph,  C.S.A., 

Confederate  Historian. 


THE  CYCLOPAEDIA 


AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHIES. 


A. 


ABBE,  Cleveland,  meteorologist,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  Dee.  3,  1838.  After  being  edu- 
cated at  the  New  York  free  academy  and  the 
University  of  Michigan,  he  acted  as  assistant  to 
B.  A.  Gould  in  the  United  States  survey  from 
18(10  to  1864.  Immediately  after  this  he  went  to 

Russia,  where  for  two 
years  he  pursued  the 
study  of  science  in 
one  of  the  royal  obser- 
vatories. On  his  re- 
turn to  America  he 
became  assistant  at 
the  U.  S.  naval  cbser- 
vatory,  anil  in  1868 
was  made  director  of 
the  Cincinnati  obser- 
vatory, w here  he 
occupied  himself  in 
making  observations 
on  meteors  and  in- 
stituting a service  of 
daily  weather  pre- 
dictions. On  the  or- 
ganization of  the  weather  bureau,  lie  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  meteorology,  and  his  cog- 
nomen of  “Old  Probabilities”  originated  from 
his  appointment  by  his  chief,  Gen.  Albert  J. 
Myer,  to  take  charge  of  the  storm  warnings. 
He  became  a member  of  the  national  academy,  at- 
tended the  international  meridian  conference  in 
Washington  (1884)  as  a delegate,  and  in  1894  was 
present  at  the  international  meteorological  con- 
ference at  Munich.  His  published  works  are  of 
great  scientific  merit,  including  “Solar  Spots  and 
Terrestrial  Temperature”  (1867);  “Dorpat  and 
Poulkova”  (1868);  “Suggestions  on  the  Use  of 
Weather  Reports”  (1871);  “Annual  Reports  of 
Progress  in  Meteorology”  (1872— ’89) ; “Observa- 
tions of  Coggia’s  Comet”  (1874);  “A  Treatise  on 
Meteorological  Apparatus”  (1887) ; “Preparatory 
Studies  of  Deductive  Methods  in  Meteorology” 


[1J 


(1887);  “Report  on  Meteorological  Observations 
during  Expedition  to  the  West  Coast  of  Africa” 
(1891);  “A  Plea  for  Terrestrial  Physics”  (1891): 
“Atmospheric  Radiation”  (1892).  Mr.  Abbe  was 
the  originator  of  the  system  of  “ standard  time  ” 
adopted  by  the  United  States.  The  college  of  New 
York,  in  recognition  of  his  services  to  science,  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degreesof  A.B..  1857  ; A.M., 
I860;  and  LL.D.,  1883. 

ABBETT,  Leon,  governor  of  New  Jersey,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa..  Oct.  8.  1836.  His  pri- 
mary education  was  received  in  the  public  and 
high  schools  of  Philadelphia.  He  entered  the  law 
office  of  John  W.  Ashmead  of  Philadelphia  as  a 
student.  Upon  reaching  his  majority,  he  was 
admitted  to  llie  bar  and  began  practice  with  his 
former  instructor.  In  1859  he  removed  to  Hobo- 
ken. N.  J.,  where  he  became  prominent  in  local 
politics  and  was  admitted  to  the  bars  of  that 
state  and  of  New  York.  He  was  appointed  corpora- 
tion counsel  of  Jersey  City,  still,  however,  continu- 
ing his  law  practice  in  New  York,  as  a partner 
of  W.  J.  Fuller.  In  1866,  he  removed  to  Jersey 
City,  and  in  1868  was  elected  as  a democrat  to  the 
house  of  assembly  of  New  Jersey,  serving  as 
speaker  in  1869-’70.  He  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate  in  1874,  serving  three  years,  and  was  made 
its  president  in  1877.  He  was  a candidate  for  the 
U.  S.  senate  before  the  democratic  caucus  of  the 
state  legislature  in  1877,  but  was  defeated  in  this 
nomination  by  McPherson  by  one  vote.  In  1883 
he  was  elected  governor  of  New  Jersey  and  again 
in  1889.  In  1894  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  state.  Gov- 
ernor Abbett  was  a delegate  to  the  National  Demo- 
cratic convention  at  Baltimore  in  1872,  and  acted 
as  its  secretary ; in  1876,  he  was  a delegate  to 
the  convention  which  met  at  St.  Louis.  He  was 
a conspicuous  figure  in  the  politics  of  New  Jersey, 
and  in  the  public  affairs  of  the  state  was  a leader 
of  uncommon  force.  He  died  at  his  home  in 
Jersey  City,  Dec.  4,  1884. 


ABBEY. 


ABBOT. 


ABBEY,  Edwin  Austin,  artist,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1852.  From  childhood  he  dis- 
played great  artistic  talent,  which  he  was  allowed 
to  cultivate.  He  studied  at  the  Pennsylvania  acad- 
emy of  fine  arts  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1871 
entered  the  publishing  house  of  Harper  & Brothers 
as  an  illustrator.  His  fame  as  an  artist  began  with 
his  work  as  it  appeared  in  the  periodicals  and 
books  of  that  house;  among  bis  finest  productions 
being  his  illustrations  of  Robert  Herrick’s  poems, 
Goldsmith’s  “She  Stoops  to  Conquer,”  and  the 

comedies  of  Sliake- 
speare  w i t h 1 3 1 
drawings.  He  was 
early  made  a mem- 
ber of  the  New  York 
Water-Color  society . 
In  1878  he  removed 
his  studio  to  Lon- 
don, England,  but 
continued  his  con- 
tributions to  Ameri- 
can publications.  In 
1883  the  Royal  In- 
stitute of  Painters 
in  Water  - Colors 
elected  him  to  mem 
bership,  and  in  the 
same  year  he  re- 
ceived a second- 
class  medal  at  the  national  exhibition  at  Munich. 
He  exhibited  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1889,  and 
obtained  a first-class  medal.  Among  bis  more 
notable  early  pictures  are  “The  Stage  Office,” 
“The  Evil  Eye,”  “Lady  in  a Garden,”  “Rose 
in  October,”.  “ The  Widower,”  and  “Reading  the 
Bible.”  “ Fiametta’s  Song,”  in  the  academy  of 
1893;  his  Arthurian  canvases  designed  as  panels 
for  the  Boston  Public  Library,  illustrating  the 
great  mythological  subject,  "The  Quest  of  the 
Holy  Grail,”  painted  in  1895;  “Richard,  Duke  of 
Gloucester,  and  the  Lady  Anne,”  exhibited  at  the 
Royal  academy  in  1896,  established  the  artist’s 
fame  in  the  old  world,  and  won  for  him  an  asso 
ciateship  in  the  Royal  academy.  Previous  to  his 
“ Quest  of  the  Holy  Grail.”  he  was  known  only  as 
an  illustrator,  and  as  a water-color  painter,  but 
this  work  established  his  reputation  as  a great 
artist  and  a masterly  executant  in  oils.  F.  Hop- 
kinson  Smith  said  of  him:  “Abbey,  in  his  art, 
really  has  done  what  Wagner  has  done  in  music, 
Tennyson  and  the  poets  in  verse.  He  has  taken 
the  old,  retouched  it  and  made  it  new,  giving  us 
something  infinitely  better  than  the  thing  he 
found.”  In  1896  Mr.  Abbey  was  engaged  in  the 
completion  of  his  “Quest  of  the  Holy  Grail” 
panels  for  the  delivery-room  of  the  Public  Li- 
brary, Boston.  Mass.,  at  his  studio  in  Gloucester- 
shire. England. 


ABBEY,  Henry  E.,  manager,  was  born  at 

Akron,  0.,  in  1847.  He  began  his  career  at  the 
age  of  twenty-two,  by  taking  a two  years’  lease 
of  the  Akron  opera  house,  then  tried  managing 
an  opera  troupe,  and  subsequently  undertook  the 
management  of  Edwin  Adams  and  Lotta.  In  the 
season  of  1874  he  organized  a company,  and  in 
1876  went  into  partnership  with  John  B.  Schoeffel. 
their  first  venture  being  to  lease  the  academy  of 
music  in  Buffalo,  Mr.  Schoeffel  remaining  in  cha  rge 
of  the  house  and  Mr.  Abbey  going  on  the  road 
with  stars.  The  season  was  a failure  financially. 
The  next  season  they  leased  the  Park  theatre  in 
New  York,  and  in  1879  opened  the  old  Beethoven 
hall  in  Boston  under  the  name  of  the  Park  theatre. 
Next  the  Arch  street  theatre  (re-named  the  Park 
theatre)  in  Philadelphia  was  leased,  and  in  1880 
they  took  Dion  Boucicault’s  unexpired  lease  of 
Booth’s  theatre  in  New  York,  playing  Edwin 
Booth  (whose  engagement  in  New  York,  Brooklyn, 
and  Boston  they  managed  that  year),  and  closing 
the  season  with  Adelaide  Neilson.  In  the  fall  of 
1880  they  brought  Sarah  Bernhardt  over  for  her 
first  American  season,  and  later  managed  Patti. 
Christine  Nilsson.  Mrs.  Langtry.  Henry  Irving, 
Ellen  Terry,  and  Lawrence  Barrett.  In  1883  Mr. 
Maurice  Grau  was  admitted  into  the  partnership. 
In  1884  a season  of  Italian  opera  was  tried,  and 
was  successfnl  in  all  but  a financial  way.  The 
management  was  left  at  the  close  of  the  season 
with  an  indebtedness  of  nearly  $290,000,  and  though 
urged  to  assign  they  refused,  eventually  paying 
every  dollar  of  the  amount.  In  1884  Mr.  Abbey 
managed  Mary  Anderson  in  England,  and  in  1885 
brought  her  to  this  country.  Subsequently  Messrs. 
Abbey,  Schoeffel,  and  Grau  introduced  in  America 
many  celebrated  musicians,  including  Josef  Hoff- 
mann, the  child  pianist ; Sarasate,  the  violinist: 
and  Eugen  d’ Albert,  the  pianist.  In  1891  they 
gave  up  the  Park  theatre  and  opened  the  Tremont 
in  Boston.  In  1892  they  decided  to  try  grand 
opera  again  and  engaged  the  Metropolitan  opera 
house  in  New  York,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
over  $200,000  worth  of  scenery  being  lost.  In  1893 
the  house  was  restored  and  “ Faust  ” was  the 
opening  attraction,  with  Emma  Eames,  the  De 
Reszkes,  and  Lassalle  in  the  cast.  At  the  same 
time  Abbey’s  theatre  was  opened  with  Irving  and 
Terry.  In  1894  M.  Coquelin,  Mine.  Jane  Hading, 
Mounet-Sully,  and  Beerbohm  Tree  were  brought 
out,  and  in  1895  grand  opera,  Henry  Irving,  and 
Lillian  Russell  gave  them  a successful  season. 
The  firm  was  again  forced  into  bankruptcy  shortly 
before  Mr.  Abbey’s  death  in  New  \ork  city,  Oct. 
17,  1896. 

ABBOT,  Ezra,  biblical  scholar,  was  born  at 
Jackson,  Me.,  April  28,  1819.  As  a boy  he  was 
remarkably  precocious,  mastering  the  alphabet 
when  less  than  two  years  old.  and  at  school  in  the 

[21 


ABBOT. 


ABBOT. 


first  class  in  reading  at  live,  and  had  read  Rollin  s 
“Ancient  History”  at  seven.  He  mingled  with 
the  other  boys  in  their  most  active  sports;  was  an 
expert  trout  fisherman  and  knew  every  stream  in 
his  neighborhood.  He  received  his  higher  educa- 
tion at  Phillips  Exeter  academy  and  Bowdoin  col- 
lege, where  he  was  graduated  in  1S40.  During 
the  next  seven  years  he  was  occupied  as  a teacher 
in  the  schools  in  Maine,  and  after  1847  pursued 
the  same  vocation  at  the  high  school  in  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  whither  he  had  removed.  He  was 
appointed  assistant  librarian  at  Harvard  in  1856. 
In  1872  he  became  professor  of  New  Testament 
criticism  in  the  Divinity  school,  Cambridge.  Yale 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1869,  and  Har- 
vard that  of  D.D.  in  1872,  an  unusual  degree  to 
confer  on  one  not  a clergyman.  He  was  an  exact 
and  erudite  biblical  scholar,  and  gave  valuable 
assistance  as  a member  of  the  American  com- 
mittee to  revise  the  New  Testament.  He  also 
contributed  largely  to  the  pronunciation  of  names 
in  Worcester’s  Dictionary.  His  energies  were, 
however,  peculiarly  lent  to  textual  criticism,  in 
which  he  was  unexcelled.  He  made  a revision 
and  collation  of  the  learned  quotations  of  Jeremy 
Taylor’s  “Holy  Living  and  Dying.”  edited 
Hudson’s  “Greek  and  English  Concordance  of 
the  New  Testament,”  prepared  an  appendix  to 
Alger’s  “Critical  History  of  a Future  Life,”  em- 
bracing an  exhaustive  catalogue  of  books  on  the 
subject,  and  contributed  in  the  department  of 
biblical  criticism  to  various  periodicals;  published 
several  catalogues  and  books  of  reference  for  Sun- 
day school  teachers;  contributed  regularly  to 
Unitarian  periodicals,  being  himself  a member 
of  that  sect;  and  occasionally  to  the  “North 
American  Review.”  His  chief  original  work  is 
“The  Authorship  of  the  Fourth  Gospel,”  which 
is  considered  authoritative.  He  gave  his  large 
and  valuable  library,  comprising  5000  volumes 
chiefly  of  rare  books  and  a collection  of  scarce 
editions  of  Greek  New  Testaments,  to  Harvard 
university,  and  the  balance  of  his  books,  includ- 
ing his  working  library,  he  left  to  the  Divinity 
school  of  Harvard,  the  gift  being  conditional : 
“ There  shall  be  secured  as  soon  as  possible  a more 
adequate  and  safe  place  of  keeping.”  A memorial 
of  Dr.  Abbott,  edited  by  Samuel  J.  Barrows,  was 
published  by  the  Harvard  divinity  school  alumni 
in  1884.  Among  his  other  works  are  ‘ ‘ Literature 
of  the  Doctrine  of  a Future  Life,”  and  “ New  Dis- 
cussions of  the  Trinity.”  He  edited  Norton’s 
“Statement  of  the  Reason  for  not  Believing  in 
the  Doctrines  of  the  Trinitarians,”  Lamson’s 
“Church  of  the  First  Three  Centuries,”  and 
similar  controversial  works,  as  well  as  an  addi- 
tion and  valuable  exposition  to  the  8th  edition  of 
Tischendorf’s  “Greek  Testament.”  He  died  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  March  21,  1884. 


ABBOT,  Henry  Larcom,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Beverly,  Mass.,  Aug.  18,  1831.  At  the  age  of 
twenty -three  he  was  graduated  from  West  Point 
with  the  rank  of  brevet  second  lieutenant  of 
topographical  engineers,  and  after  serving  in 
Washington  in  the  office  of  the  Pacific  railroad 
surveys  he  was  sent  to  survey  that  road  between 
California  and  Oregon.  At  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war  he  entered  it  as  a military  engineer, 
and  at  its  close  he  had  risen  to  the  rank  of  brevet 
brigadier-general.  He  held  many  responsible 
positions,  and  in  1870  was  sent  to  Sicily  with  a 
party  for  the  purpose  of  making  observations  on 
the  eclipse  of  the  sun.  He  was  among  the  fore- 
most engineers  of  the  day,  having  made  several 
useful  inventions  and  written  extensively  on 
many  subjects.  Among  his  more  prominent 
books  are  “ Siege  Artillery  in  the  Campaign 
Against  Richmond,”  “ Experiments  and  Investi- 
gations to  Develop  a System  of  Submarine  Mines 
for  Defending  Harbors  of  the  United  States,” 
“The  Physics  and  Hydraulics  of  the  Mississippi 
River.”  and  “Reports  of  the  Board  on  Fortifica- 
tions or  Other  Defences.”  In  his  work  on  this 
board  he  won  eminent  distinction.  After  forty - 
one  years  of  distinguished  service  he  was  retired 
on  Aug.  13,  1895.  In  1896  as  a member  of  the 
National  forestry  committee  he  visited  the  North- 
western states,  traversing  the  Washington  forests 
and  exploring  the  Olympic  mountains.  Thence 
the  party  proceeded  to  California,  Oregon,  Ne- 
vada, and  Colorado,  gathering  much  valuable 
information. 

ABBOT,  Joel,  physician,  was  born  in  Fairfield, 
Conn.,  March  17,  1766.  After  studying  at  an 
academy  and  at  a medical  school  he  began  to 
practise  medicine  in  Washington,  Ga.,  in  1794. 
There  he  became  prominent  in  politics  and  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  in  1809.  He  held  several 
local  offices,  and  in  1816  was  elected  to  represent 
his  district  in  the  50th  Congress  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  four  succeeding  congresses.  He  died  Nov. 
19,  1826. 

ABBOT,  Joel,  naval  officer,  was  born  at  West- 
ford,  Mass.,  Jan.  18,  1793.  He  served  in  the  war 
of  1812  as  midshipman  under  Macdonough,  and 
for  gallantry  in  dangerous  service  was  promoted 
to  a lieutenancy  and  presented  by  Congress  with 
a sword  in  1814.  He  was  made  a commander  in 
1838,  and  held  command  of  the  navy  yard  at  Bos- 
ton from  1839-1842.  In  1852  he  was  made  com- 
mander of  the  “ Macedonian,”  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  zeal  and  efficiency  in  the  Japanese 
expedition.  He  died  at  Hong  Kong,  China,  Dec. 
14, 1855. 

ABBOT,  Joseph  Hale,  educator,  was  born  at 
Wilton,  N.  H.,  Sept.  26.  1802.  At  the  age  of 
twenty  he  was  graduated  from  Bowdoin  college, 
in  which  institution  he  three  years  later  became 
L3J 


ABBOT. 


ABBOTT. 


a tutor.  In  182?  lie  went  to  Exeter,  New  Hamp- 
shire, as  professor  of  mathematics,  and  teacher  of 
modern  languages,  in  Phillips  academy.  After 
remaining  there  for  six  years  he  removed  to  Bos- 
ton to  teach  a school  for  young  ladies.  Later  he 
became  principal  of  the  high  school  at  Beverly, 
Mass.,  and  for  a number  of  years  was  recording 
secretary  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences,  cont  ributing  frequently  to  its  publication, 
the  “ Transactions.”  Deeply  interested  in  mathe 
matics  and  scientific  subjects,  he  made  many 
experiments  in  hydraulics  and  pneumatics,  pub- 
lishing results  which  have  been  of  great  interest 
and  usefulness  to  scientific  students.  Many  of 
the  scientific  definitions  in  Dr.  Worcester’s  Eng- 
lish dictionary  were  written  by  Mr.  Abbot.  He 
died  April  ?,  1873. 

ABBOT,  Samuel,  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
Andover.  Mass.,  Feb.  25.  1732.  He  engaged  in 
mercantile  business  in  Boston,  by  means  of  which 
he  amassed  a large  fortune,  and  among  other  of 
his  earlier  philanthropic  acts  he  gave  §20,000 
toward  the  building  of  the  Andover  theological 
seminary,  in  which  he  was  greatly  interested. 
He  was  a man  of  scrupulous  honesty,  and  was 
greatly  esteemed  by  all.  At  his  death,  which 
occurred  April  12,  1812.  he  bequeathed  to  the 
Andover  theological  seminary  §100,000. 

ABBOT,  Willis  J.,  journalist,  was  born  in  New 
Haven.  Conn..  March  16,  1863.  His  grandfather 
was  John  S.  C.  Abbott,  the  final  " t”  having  been 
omitted  from  the  name  by  his  father  to  conform 
to  the  spelling  used  before  the  seventeenth 
century.  In  1884  he  was  graduated  from  the 
university  of  Michigan,  immediately  afterwards 
becoming  connected  with  the  “New  Orleans 
Times,”  and  later  serving  on  the  staff  of  the 
New  York  “Tribune.”  He  wrote  several  naval 
histories  for  the  young,  as  well  as  an  account  of 
the  military  operations  of  the  civil  war,  and  a 
history  of  Kansas.  His  army  and  navy  series 
include:  “ Battlefields  and  Victory”  (1891) : “Blue 
Jackets  of  ’76”  (1888);  “Blue  Jackets  of  1812” 
(1887) ; “ Blue  Jackets  of  '61  ” (1886). 

ABBOTT,  Austin,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  Dec.  18,  1831,  son  of  Jacob  and  Harriet 
Vaughan  Abbott.  He  received  his  preparatory  edu- 
cation in  Boston  and  was  graduated  with  honors 
from  the  university  of  the  city  of  New  York  in 
1851.  ' After  his  admission  to  the  bar  the  follow- 
ing year  he  practised  as  attorney  and  counsellor  - 
at-law,  entering  into  partnership  with  his  brother, 
Benjamin  Vaughan  Abbott,  the  firm  name  be- 
coming, after  the  subsequent  admission  of  their 
brother  Lyman,  “Abbott  Brothers.”  After  the 
dissolution  of  the  firm  he  continued  to  practise 
alone.  In  1854  he  was  married  to  Ella  L.  D.. 
daughter  of  S.  K.  Gillman,  and  in  1879  to  Anna 


Rowe  Worth.  His  reputation  as  an  advocate  was 
made  known  to  the  world  by  his  able  defence  of 
Henry  Ward  Beecher  in  the  famous  Beecher  - 
Tilton  case.  At  the  trial  of  Guiteau  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  the  government’s  counsel.  He  was 
made  an  LL.D.  by  the  university  of  New  York 
in  1886,  and  in  1891  he  became  dean  of  the  uni- 
versity law  school  and  professor  of  equity  and 
jurisprudence,  law  of  evidence  and  pleading. 
His  publications  include:  “ Legal  Remembrances  ” 
(1871) ; “ Decisions  of  New  York  Court  of  Appeals, 
1850-69”  (4  vols.,  1873-74);  “Official  Report  of 
the  Trial  of  Henry  Ward  Beecher  ” (2  vols..  1875) ; 
“New  Cases;  Decisions  of  the  Courts,  State  of 
New  York.  1874-90,  with  an  analytical  index  to 
points  of  law  and  practice”  (26  vols.,  1877-91); 
“ Brief  for  the  Trial  of  Civil  Issues  before  a Jury” 
(1885);  “Table  of  Cases  Criticised  in  the  New 
York  Reports  ” (1887) ; “ Principles  and  Forms  of 
Practice”  (2  vols.,  1887-88);  “Brief  for  the  Trial 
of  Criminal  Cases  ” (1889) ; and  he  assisted  in  the 
preparation  of  “Abbott’s  New  York  Digest,”  and 
“Abbott’s  Forms.”  He  also  wrote  in  conjunction 
with  his  brothers,  Benjamin  Vaughan  and  Lyman, 
the  novels  “Cone-Cut  Corners,”  and  “Matthew 
Caraby,”  under  the  pseudonym  “Benauly,”  a 
combination  of  the  first  syllables  of  their  names. 
In  1894  he  completed  a digest  of  New  York  stat- 
utes and  reports  of  which  lie  had  been  joint  editor 
with  his  brother  Benjamin  Vaughan  until  1884, 
and  in  1894  lie  also  published  “New  Cases,”  se- 
lected chiefly  from  decisions  of  the  courts  of  the 
state  of  New  York.  He  was  a member  of  the 
New  York  bar  association,  of  the  Union  League 
club,  a founder  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  of  New  York 
city,  and  a deacon  of  the  Broadway  (N.Y.)  Tab- 
ernacle. He  died  in  New  York  city,  April  19, 
1896. 

ABBOTT,  Benjamin,  clergyman,  was  born  on 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1732.  He  was  a man  of 
ability;  was  wholly  self-educated.  After  a youth 
spent  in  profligacy  he  was  led,  through  a fright- 
ful dream,  to  change  his  course  of  living,  and 
when  near  forty  years  of  age  he  entered  the  Meth- 
odist ministry,  and  by  his  earnestness  and  natural 
capacity  became  conspicuous  among  the  preachers 
of  his  denomination.  His  work  was  mostly  con- 
fined to  New  York  and  the  neighboring  states, 
and  he  was  of  great  assistance  to  Bishop  Asbury 
in  establishing  Methodism  in  the  United  States. 
He  died  in  Salem,  N.  J.,  Aug.  14.  1796. 

ABBOTT,  Benjamin,  educator,  was  born  in 
New  Hampshire  in  1762.  In  1788  he  was  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  college,  and  then  became 
principal  of  Phillips  academy,  Exeter,  New  Hamp- 
shire, which  position  he  filled  for  fifty  years. 
Among  the  prominent  men  who  studied  under 
him  were  Bushrod  Washington.  Joseph  S.  Buck- 
minster, Lewis  Cass.  Daniel  Webster,  John  A.  Dix. 

[4] 


ABBOTT. 


ABBOTT. 


Lucius  Manlius  Sargent,  Edward  Everett,  Jared 
Sparks,  and  many  others.  He  died  Oct.  25,  1849. 

ABBOTT,  Benjamin  Vaughan,  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Boston,  June  4,  1830,  the  eldest  son  of 
Jacob  and  Harriet  Vaughan  Abbott.  In  1852  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  after  having  received  his 
education  at  the  university  of  the  city  of  New 
York.  In  1853  he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
John  Titcomb.  His  college  degrees  were  A.B.  and 
A.M.  from  his  alma  mater,  and  LL.B.  from  Har- 
vard law  school.  He  practised  law,  and  after  a 
time  devoted  himself  chiefly  to  the  compilation 
of  law  books  and  digests  of  the  law.  In  this 
work  he  was  assisted  by  his  brother,  Austin 
Abbott.  Among  his  many  legal  works,  which  are 
considered  of  great  value  by  his  profession,  are 
••  Reports  of  Decisions  of  Circuit  'and  District 
Courts  of  the  United  States,”  in  two  volumes;  a 
revision  of  the  United  States  statutes,  on  which 
he  was  engaged  for  thi'ee  years,  and  which  he 
succeeded  in  condensing  from  sixteen  volumes  to 
a single  octavo,  his  collaborators  in  this  work  be- 
ing Charles  P.  James  and  Victor  C.  Barringer; 
and  a new  edition  of  the  “ United  States  Digest,” 
which  had  grown  to  a library  of  unwieldy  size. 
This,  in  six  years,  he  compressed  into  the  pages 
of  thirteen  volumes,  and  followed  it,  after  1879 
with  annual  supplementary  volumes.  He  also 
compiled  “ A Digest  of  Decisions  in  Corporations 
from  1860  to  1870,”  and  “A  Tx-eatise  on  the 
Courts  of  the  United  States  and  their  Practice,” 
2 vols;  “Dictionary  of  Terms  in  American  and 
English  Jurisprudence,”  2 vols.;  “National  Di- 
gest,” 4 vols.,  which  embraced  all  important 
decisions  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  circuit,  district  and 
claims  courts ; and  edited  and  revised  the  fourth 
American  edition  of  “Addison  on  Contracts.” 
He  collected  his  anonymous  contributions  to 
periodicals  under  the  title  “Judge  and  Jury,” 
and  issued  in  1880  a juvenile  in  the  Chautauqua 
reading  circle  series  entitled  “Ti-a  veiling  Law 
School  and  Famous  Trials.”  In  1889  he  published 
“The  Patent  Laws  of  All  Nations.”  2 vols.,  aixd 
edited  Brodie’s  American  and  English  Patent 
Cases,”  3 vols.  He  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. . Feb. 
17.  1890. 

ABBOTT,  Charles  Conrad,  naturalist,  was  born 
at  Trenton.  N.  J.,  June  4,  1843.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Trenton  academy  and  the  university  of 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  was  graduated  in  March, 
1865.  He  studied  medicine,  but  never  practised. 
He  had  an  inherited  taste  for  natui'al  history,  and 
on  moving,  in  1874.  to  the  homestead  farm  of  his 
family  near  Trenton,  he  entered  systematically 
into  biological  studies,  ii'regularly  pursued  for 
several  years  previously.  As  early  as  1859  he  had 
contributed  brief  zoological  sketches  to  the  local 
papers,  and  then  more  elaborate  essays  to  various 
English  and  American  periodicals.  The  first  col- 


lection of  these  sketches  was  issued  in  book  form 
under  the  title  of  “A  Naturalist’s  Rambles  About 
Home,”  in  1884;  and  this  book  was  followed  in 
1886,  by  “Upland  and  Meadow”;  in  1887,  by 
' ' Wasteland  Wanderings  ” ; in  1889,  by  ‘ ‘ Days  Out 
of  Doors,”  and  in  1890,  by  “Outings  at  Odd 
Times.”  In  1872  Dr.  Abbott’s  attention  was 
called  to  local  arclneology,  and  he  began  the  col- 
lection and  study  of  the  handiwork  of  the  ancient 
native  races  of  the  Delawai'e  River  Valley,  and 
having  made  his  scientific  headquarters  at  the 
Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  he  was  ap- 
pointed a non-i-esident  assistant  at  that  institu- 
tion, and  during  the  following  fifteen  years 
brought  together  the  “Abbott  Collection”  of 
Eastern  North  American  antiquities,  numbering 
more;  than  20,000  specimens,  largely  of  stone  im- 
plements used  by  the  prehistoric  races.  The  out- 
come of  this  study  in  the  field  and  at  the  museum 
was  his  principal  scientific  work.  “Primitive 
Industry;  or,  Illustrations  of  the  Handwork  in 
Stone.  Bone,  and  Clay  of  the  Native  Races  of  the 
Northern  Atlantic  Seaboard  of  North  America  ”. 
This  work  was  issued  in  1881,  but  was  soon  out 
of  print.  In  1876  Dr.  Abbott  announced  the  dis- 
co vei-y  of  Paleolithic  man  in  America.  The 
claim  was  violently  opposed  by  all  the  geologists 
of  the  country,  but  the  view  as  originally  set 
forth  by  him  became  generally  accepted  by  coxxi- 
petent  authorities,  both  in  Europe  and  this 
country.  In  Noveixiber,  1889,  he  was  appointed 
the  curator  of  the  museum  of  American  arch- 
aeology of  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  where, 
by  unceasing  activity  in  archaeological  research, 
he  was  able  to  bring  together  a vast  quantity  of 
material.  This  peculiar  line  of  work  did  not, 
However,  pi-event  constant  study  in  other  direc- 
tions, and  Dr.  Abbott  wrote  much  on  zoological 
and  on  purely  literary  subjects  for  periodical  lit- 
erature. His  contributions  to  various  magazines 
from  1870  to  1895  covered  more  than  one  hundred 
titles.  He  was  a member  of  many  learned  soci- 
eties, in  the  U.  S.  and  in  Europe.  He  published 
“ Travels  in  a Tree  Top ” (1894);  and  --The  Birds 
About  Us”  (1895). 

ABBOTT,  David,  pioneer,  was  born  at  Brook- 
field, Mass..  Dec.  5,  1765.  After  being  educated 
at  Yale  college  he  went  to  Rome.  N.  Y.,  where 
for  several  years  he  practised  law.  In  1798  he 
removed  to  Ohio,  where  he  took  up  his  residence 
and  figured  prominently  in  public  affairs  as  sheriff 
of  Trumbull  county,  which  in  those  early  days 
comprised  the  whole  of  the  Western  reserve.  He 
was  a member  of  the  convention  which  met  to 
frame  the  state  constitution  in  1802;  and  a mem- 
ber of  the  state  legislature.  In  that  body  he  served 
many  terms,  and  was  a presidential  elector  in 
1812.  He  was  fond  of  pioneer  life,  delighted  in 
the  very  wildness  of  the  country,  was  an  enthusi- 
[5] 


ABBOTT 


ABBOTT. 


astic  sportsman,  and  especially  enjoyed  fishing  on 
Lake  Erie.  In  one  of  these  piscatorial  excursions 
Mr.  Abbott  and  a companion  were  shipwrecked 
and  lost  their  way  in  the  Canadian  wilderness, 
where  for  a month  they  were  forced  to  find  their 
diet  in  the  woods  and  waters.  During  his  absence 
Mr.  Abbott’s  funeral  services  were  held,  and  his 
wife  assumed  her  widow’s  weeds.  Mr.  Abbott 
was  the  first  white  landowner  in  what  became 
Erie  county.  He  was  a man  of  quaint  personality, 
and  eminently  suited  for  the  pioneer  life  which 
he  lived.  He  died  in  1822. 

ABBOTT,  Edward,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Farmington,  Me.,  July  15,  1841,  fourth  son  of 
Jacob  and  Harriet  (Vaughan)  Abbott.  He  was 
educated  at  the  university  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  was  graduated  with  the  class  of  1860, 
being  class  poet,  prophet,  marshal,  and  editor  of 
the  Eucleian.  He  studied  theology  at  Andover. 
1861-2,  was  ordained  a Congregational  minis- 
ter, and  served  as  chaplain  in  the  public  institu- 
tions of  Boston,  1863-4.  He  then  founded  and 
became  the  first  pastor  of  Pilgrim  Congrega- 
tional church  (then  Stearns  chapel)  at  Cambridge, 
serving  1865-9,  resigning  his  charge  to  take 
the  associate  editorship  of  the  Congregation- 
alist.  in  which  work  he  continued  from  1869  to 
1878.  when  he  accepted  the  editorial  chair  of  the 
Literary  World,  continuing  with  that  periodical 
for  one  year.  His  religious  views  underwent 
a change  and  he  accepted  the  tenets  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  church,  was  ordained  a dea- 
con in  1879,  and  was  advanced  to  the  priesthood  in 
1880.  He  became  rector  of  St.  James  church,  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1889  was  elected  by  the  general  con- 
vention as  bishop  to  Japan,  but  declined  to  serve. 
He  was  a member  of  the  Cambridge  school  com- 
mittee, chaplain  of  the  Massachusetts  state  senate 
1872-3,  member  of  the  hoard  of  visitors  of  Welles- 
ley college  1884,  vice-dean  of  the  eastern  convoca- 
tion of  Massachusetts,  1889,  member  of  the  mis- 
sionary council  of  the  P.  E.  church  after  1886, 
and  clerical  deputy  from  Massachusetts  to  the 
general  convention  in  1892.  He  was  married  (1) 
Feb.  16,  1865,  to  Clara  E.  Davis,  and  (2)  Aug.  21, 
1883,  to  Katharine,  daughter  of  Alfred  Kelly. 
His  degrees  were  conferred  by  the  university  of 
the  city  of  New  York,  A.  B..  I860,  and  D.  D.  in  1890. 
Among  his  published  works  are : ' ‘ The  Baby’s 
Things,”  a story  in  verse  (1871);  “Pilgrim  Les- 
son Papers”  (1S72-74) ; “The  Conversations  of 
Genius”  (1875);  “A  Paragraph  History  of  the 
United  States”  (1875);  “A  Paragraph  History  of 
the  American  Revolution.”  and  “ Revolutionary 
Times”  (1876);  “Long-Look  Books”  3 vols. 
(1877-80);  Memoir  of  Jacob  Abbott  in  “Memorial 
Edition  of  Young  Christian  ” (1882).  He  also 
edited  various  works  and  contributed  to  the  lead- 
ing American  magazines  and  periodicals. 


ABBOTT,  Emma,  singer,  was  born  in  Chicago, 
111..  Dec.  9,  1850.  Her  father,  Seth  Abbott,  was 
a musician,  and  did  all  in  his  power  to  cultivate 
the  child's  voice,  which  displayed  remarkable 
sweetness  and  strength  at  a very  early  age. 
Emma  was  eight  years  of  age  when  she  made  her 
first  appearance  on  the  stage,  singing  at  a concert 
given  in  her  father’s  office  in  Peoria.  111.  At  the 
age  of  eleven  she  was  told  by  William  B.  Brad- 
bury and  Parepa  Rosa,  who  chanced  to  hear  her 
sing,  that  she  had  fame  and  fortune  in  her  voice, 
and  she  determined  that  it  should  have  proper 
cultivation.  In  1867  she  introduced  herself  to 
Clara  Louise  Kellogg  at  the  close  of  a concert 
given  in  Toledo,  Ohio.  Miss  Kellogg  heard  her 
sing  and  gave  her  letters  to  friends  in  New  York, 
also  personally  interceding  for  her  with  Errani. 
By  the  voluntary  contributions  of  her  listeners  at 
parlor  concerts  Miss  Abbott  accumulated  enough 
money  to  buy  a suitable  wardrobe  and  pay  her 
board  for  a short  time  in  New  York  city,  one 
of  her  audience,  a railroad  manager,  furnishing 
her  with  a round-trip  pass.  She  soon  obtained  a 
position  as  soprano  in  Dr.  Chapin’s  church,  and 
by  this  means  won  the  interest  and  friendship  of 
such  men  as  Horace  Greeley,  Matt  Carpenter. 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  S.  V.  White,  Robert  G. 
Ingersoll.  and  George  C.  Lake.  These  and  other 
friends  raised  a fund  of  nearly  §10.000  to  send  her 
to  Europe,  and  after  studying  a few  months  at 
Milan,  she  went  to  Paris,  studying  under  Mar 
chesi  and  Wartel  in  vocalization,  and  Charles 
Fletcher  in  dramatic  acting.  At  a musicale  given 
by  the  pupils  of  Marcliesi,  the  Baroness  Rothschild 
chanced  to  be  present,  and  was  so  charmed  with 
Miss  Abbott’s  voice  that  she  presented  her  with  a 
check  for  two  thousand  francs,  and  a week  later 
with  a diamond  necklace.  On  one  occasion 
Madame  Patti  chanced  to  sing  in  Paris,  and  Miss 
Abbott  with  difficulty  obtained  an  audience  with 
her,  and  induced  the  great  singer  to  hear  her 
voice.  Patti  was  so  delighted  with  her  singing 
that  she  presented  Miss  Abbott  with  a pair  of  ex- 
quisite diamond  ear-rings  and  with  a letter  to  the 
impressario  Mapleson.  who  afterwards  engaged 
her  to  sing  under  his  management.  Her  debut 
was  made  as  Marie  in  “ The  Daughter  of  the  Reg- 
iment,” and  was  a tremendous  success.  In  1875 
she  was  married  to  Eugene  Wetherell.  Her  five 
years’  contract  with  Mapleson  was  cancelled  at 
the  end  of  two  years,  because  of  her  refusal  to 
appear  in  “Traviata,”  which  she  considered  im- 
moral. and  she  returned  to  America  in  1877.  In 
1878  the  Abbott  English  opera  company  was 
organized,  with  Mr.  Wetherell  as  assistant  man- 
ager. She  travelled  throughout  the  country, 
singing  to  crowded  houses  and  enthusiastic  audi- 
ences. and  presenting  mostly  light  operas,  her 
favorites  being.  ■*  The  Daughter  of  the  Regiment,” 


ABBOTT. 


ABBOTT. 


■“Paul  and  Virginia,”  “Chimes  of  Normandy, ’’and 
“Martha.”  Her  operas  were  noted  for  the  costly, 
tasteful,  and  historically  correct  costumes.  Miss 
Abbott  was  warm-hearted  and  philanthropic  in 
the  extreme.  None  knew  the  extent  of  her  pri- 
vate charities,  and  a biographer  said  of  her, 
“ Every  city  in  the  United  States  which  has,  dur- 
ing her  years  of  financial  prosperity,  been  afflicted 
by  famine,  fire,  flood  or  pestilence,  has  occasion  to 
thank  Emma  Abbott  for  generous  contributions 
in  the  hour  of  need.”  In  1889  her  husband  died, 
and  the  magnificent  monument  costing  §90,000 
which  she  erected  over  his  grave,  was  unfinished 
at  the  time  of  her  death.  Several  legacies  were 
left  by  her,  among  them  gifts  to  Mr.  Talmage’s 
Tabernacle,  and  Plymouth  church.  Brooklyn,  and 
the  Madison  avenue  Baptist  church.  New  York 
city.  The  last  two  used  the  money  to  remodel 
the  organs,  on  which  were  placed  memorial  tab- 
lets to  the  donor.  Her  death  occurred  Jan.  5, 
1891. 

ABBOTT,  Gorham  Dummer.  educator,  was 
born  at  Hallowell.  Me.,  Sept.  3,  1807.  youngest  son 
of  Jacob  Abbott,  a clergyman,  and  brother  of 
Jacob  and  John  Stephens  Cabot  Abbott.  He  was 
graduated  from  Bowdoin  College  in  1826,  and 
from  the  theological  seminary  at  Andover  in  1831. 
The  same  year  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  of 
the  Congregational  church,  and  removed  to  New 
York  city,  where  he  engaged  in  teaching.  He 
settled  at  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  and  in  addition  to 
his  duties  as  teacher,  did  considerable  literary 
work  for  the  American  tract  society.  He  then 
joined  his  brothers,  Jacob  and  John  S.  C.  Abbott, 
in  establishing  the  Abbott  Institute  in  New  York 
city.  This  was  a school  for  young  ladies,  and 
attained  a leading  position  among  such  schools. 
He  retained  his  connection  with  it  for  two  years, 
and  then  withdrew  to  found  the  Spingler  Insti- 
tute on  Union  square  in  the  same  cify.  This 
venture  was  also  successful,  and  the  school  was 
removed  to  the  Townsend  mansion,  on  the  corner 
of  Fifth  avenue  and  Thirty-Fourth  street,  where 
afterwards  the  late  A.  T.  Stewart  built  his  marble 
residence.  Financial  difficulties  followed  this 
removal,  and  in  a few  years  Mr.  Abbott  was 
obliged  to  close  the  school.  He  was  noted  for  his 
scholarly  attainments,  especially  for  Ids  knowl- 
edge of  biblical  literature.  He  wrote  a work  on 
Mexico,  and  some  school  text-books.  He  died  at 
South  Natick,  Mass.,  July  31,  1874. 

ABBOTT,  Jacob,  author,  son  of  Jacob  Abbott, 
clergyman,  was  born  at  Hallowell,  Me.,  Nov.  14, 
1803.  He  received  his  preparation  for  college  in 
the  academy  of  his  native  town,  and  was  grad- 
uated at  Bowdoin  in  1820.  In  1821  he  entered 
Andover  theological  seminary,,  and  finished  the 
course  in  1824.  He  taught  in  Portland  academy 
-and  was  tutor  in  Amherst  college  during  the 


next  year,  and  in  1825  was  made  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  in  that  insti- 
tution. The  Hampshire  association  licensed  him 
to  preach  in  1826.  May  18,  1829,  he  married 
Harriet  Vaughan,  and  moved  soon  afterwards  to 
Boston  to  establish  the  Mount  Vernon  school. 
This  school  aimed  to  give  to  young  women 
an  educational  training  equal  to  that  given  to 
young  men,  and  was  a pioneer  in  such  work.  Mr. 
Abbott’s  views  in  regard  to  education  were  very 
advanced  for  the  times  in  which  he  lived.  He 
was  not  a disciplinarian  in  the  accepted  meaning 
of  that  term,  and  made  his  school  a self-govern- 
ing community,  relying  on  the  honor  and  united 
conscience  of  the  pupils  for  the  maintenance  of 
the  order  necessary  for  the  success  of  the  school. 
His  methods  were  eminently  successful,  and  he 
carried  on  this  work  until  1834,  when  he  severed 
his  connection  with  the  school  to  become  pastor 
of  the  Eliot  Congregational  church  at  Roxbury, 
Mass. , and  began  to  write  books  for  young  people. 
During  this  year  he  finished  one  of  the  books, 
entitled  “The  Young  Christian  Series.”  They 
are  all  graphic  in  description  and  simple  in  state- 
ment, conveying  truths  that  have  been  far-reach- 
ing in  their  influence  over  the  young.  The  great 
popularity  they  immediately  acquired  led  the 
author  to  continue  such  writings,  and  although 
he  associated  himself  with  his  brothers  in  the 
Abbott  Institute  in  New  York,  his  life  thereafter 
was  largely  devoted  to  literature.  He  wrote  over 
two  hundred  volumes,  which  have  been  repub- 
lished in  England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  Germany, 
Holland,  France,  and  India.  His  books  have 
inspired  many  men  to  worthy  effort  and  a useful 
life.  Among  these  works  are : ‘ ‘ Conversations 
on  the  Bible’’;  “The  Corner  Stone;  or,  A Fam- 
iliar Illustration  of  the  Principles  of  Christian 
Truth  ” ; “Evidences  of  Christianity  ” ; “Franklin, 
the  Apprentice  Boy”;  “Hoary-head  and  M’Don- 
ner”;  “The  Little  Philosopher”;  “The  Little 
Learner  ” ; “ New  England  and  Her  Institutions  ” ; 
“Public  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin”;  “The 
Teacher”;  “The  Way  to  do  Good;  or,  The 
Christian  Character  Mature”;  “Rollo  Books" 
(28  vols.);  “Lucy  Books”  (6  vols.);  “Jonas 
Books”  (6  vols.) ; “Franconia  Stories  ” (10  vols.) ; 
“Marco  Paid  Series”  (6  vols.);  “Gay  Family” 
(12  vols.);  Juno  Books”  (6  vols.);  “Rainbow 
Series”  (5  vols.);  “Science  for  the  Young”, 
“Heat.”  “Light,”  “Water  and  Land,”  and 
“Force”  (4  vols.);  “A  Summer  in  Scotland”; 
series  of  histories  of  America  (8  vols.).  He  also 
aided  his  brother.  J.  S.  C.,  in  his  series  of  illus- 
trated histories,  and  compiled  a series  of  school 
readers.  He  died  Oct.  31,  1879. 

ABBOTT,  Jo,  representative,  was  born  near 
Decatur,  Ala..  Jan.  15,  1840.  He  attended  the 
common  schools  of  the  county  until  thirteen 


ABBOTT. 


ABBOTT. 


years  of  age,  when  he  removed  to  Texas  with  his 
father.  He  worked  on  a farm  for  two  years, 
attended  a private  school,  and  then  one  styled 
classical,  where  he  remained  until  June,  1859, 
when  he  began  the  study  of  law.  When  Texas 
seceded  in  1801.  he  entered  the  Confederate  army 
with  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant  in  the  12th 
Texas  cavalry.  In  this  position  he  served 
throughout  the  war,  except  when  disabled  by 
wounds  received  in  battle.  The  war  over,  he 
resumed  his  law  studies,  and  being  licensed  in 
October,  1866,  began  practice  at  Springfield, 
Limestone  county,  Texas.  During  the  year  1867 
the  re-construction  acts  of  congress  were  put  in 
force;  judges  and  other  civil  officers  were 
removed,  and  military  officers  put  in  their  places. 
When  the  courts  in  Hill  county  were  reorganized, 
Mr.  Abbott  engaged  in  practice  at  Hillsboro, 
where  he  resided.  In  November,  1869,  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature  and  served  one 
term.  He  continued  the  practice  of  the  law  until 
the  close  of  1878,  when  he  was  appointed,  by  the 
governor  of  the  state,  district  judge  of  the  28th 
judicial  district.  Under  this  appointment  he 
served  two  years,  and  was  then  elected  by  the 
people  of  the  same  district,  and  served  four  years. 
In  September,  1886,  he  was  elected  to  represent 
the  sixth  district  in  the  50th  Congress  by  the 
democratic  party,  and  subsequently  he  was 
elected  to  the  51st,  52d,  53rd,  and  54th  con- 
gresses. 

ABBOTT.  John  Joseph  Caldwell,  premier  of 
Canada,  was  born  at  St.  Andrews,  Canada  East, 
March  12,  1811,  the  son  of  an  Anglican  clergyman 
who  settled  in  the  county  of  Argenteuil,  Quebec, 
in  the  early  days  of  the  century.  He  studied  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  a few  years  took 
a leading  place  in  his  profession  in  Montreal.  He 
soon  became  known  as  an  able  counsellor  and  one 
of  the  best  authorities  on  commercial  law  in  the 
province.  He  was  the  legal  adviser  of  nearly  all 
the  leading  enterprises  organized  in  the  metropolis 
of  Quebec.  Mr.  Abbott  entered  public  life  as 
member  for  Argenteuil  in  the  Canadian  assembly 
of  1859.  In  1862  he  held  office  as  solicitor-general 
in  the  Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte  administra- 
tion. In  1864  he  introduced,  and  secured  the 
passage  through  the  House,  of  the  “ Insolvent 
Act,”  his  masterpiece  of  legislation,  and  the  basis 
of  the  present  Dominion  bankruptcy  laws.  He 
was  the  legal  adviser  of  Sir  Hugh  Allen  in  his 
negotiations  with  Sir  John  Macdonald’s  govern- 
ment over  the  proposed  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way. A scandal  ensued  upon  the  discovery  of 
questionable  money  transactions  connected  with 
this  affair,  and  he  retired  to  private  life  for  several 
years.  In  1880  he  re-entered  parliament,  and 
seven  years  later  became  a member  of  the  cabinet 
as  a minister  without  a portfolio.  Subsequently 


he  was  elected  to  the  senate,  and  was  made 
premier  upon  the  death  of  Sir  John  Macdonald  in 
1891.  After  seiwing  a short  time  he  retired 
because  of  ill-health,  and  died  at  Montreal,  Oct. 
30,  1893. 

ABBOTT,  John  Stephens  Cabot,  author,  was 
born  at  Brunswick,  Me.,  Sept.  18,  1805,  son  of 
Jacob  and  brother  of  Jacob  Abbott.  He  was 
graduated  from  Bowdoin  college  and  from 
Andover  theological  seminary,  and  in  1830  was 
ordained  a Congregational  minister.  As  such  he 
began  his  work  at  Worcester,  after  which  he 
served  Roxbury'and  Nantucket,  Mass.,  and  Fair- 
haven,  Conn.,  preaching  till  near  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  attained  eminence  as  an  author,  his 
first  essay  in  that  direction  being  the  publication 
of  a series  of  papers  entitled  “Mother  at  Home.” 
Contrary  to  the  expectations  of  his  publishers, 
who  were  with  difficulty  induced  to  undertake 
the  convoy  of  the  book  through  the  press,  the 
work  had  an  enormous  circulation,  both  in  this 
country  and  in  England ; it  was  translated  into 
several  European  languages,  and  ultimately  found 
its  way  to  Africa  and  India,  being  printed  in  the 
native  tongues,  and  ran  into  several  editions. 
The  unmistakable  success  of  this  first  venture 
practically  determined  Mr.  Abbott’s  career.  His 
field  was  chiefly  that  of  history,  and  prominent 
among  his  works  of  this  class  may  be  noted  his 
“Life  of  Napoleon.”  He  was  the  author  of  a 
volume  on  "Practical  Christianity,”  and  wrote 
voluminously  for  the  best  periodicals  of  the  day, 
notably  for  the  “ Christian  Union.”  The  amount 
of  work  accomplished  daily  by  Mr.  Abbott  was 
marvellous,  and  was  wholly  due  to  his  habit  of 
methodically  planning  his  day’s  work.  He  rose 
very  early  in  the  morning,  and  breakfast  only 
interrupted  his  writing  until  noon.  His  parish 
calls  were, made  in  the  afternoon,  and  were  about 
the  only  diversion  he  allowed  himself.  In  the 
evening  he  either  read  or  spent  a social  hour  with 
his  family.  It  was  only  by  strictly  adhering  to 
this  plan  that  he  could  accomplish  what  he  did  — 
preaching  twice  on  Sunday,  lecturing  at  least 
once  a week,  writing  many  magazine  articles,  and 
not  less  than  two  books  a year.  He  was  a wise 
reader,  selecting  the  most  helpful  books  and  por- 
tions of  books,  and  retaining  the  essential  parts. 
His  mind  was  extremely  clear  and  active,  and  he 
could  leave  the  subject  in  hand  for  something 
entirely  different,  and  then  resume  his  former 
work  without  the  slightest  inconvenience.  He 
was  fortunate  in  having  an  efficient  amanuensis 
in  his  wife,  who  took  from  him  nearly  all  of  the 
dull  drudgery  of  the  work.  She  assumed  charge 
of  his  correspondence,  looked  up  his  authorities, 
and  corrected  his  proofs.  Mr.  Abbott  was  blessed 
with  a singularly  even  temperament.  By  his 
personal  goodness,  as  well  as  by  his  books,  he 
fsj 


ABBOTT. 


ABBOTT. 


had  a great  influence  on  the  world.  He  continued 
active  in  work  nearly  to  the  time  of  his  death,  to 
which  lie  looked  forward  with  joy  rather  than 
resignation.  He  died  at  Fair  Haven,  Conn.,  June 
17,  1877. 

ABBOTT,  Joseph  Carter,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Concord,  X.  H.,  July  15,  1825.  After  being 
graduated  from  Phillips  Andover  academy,  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1852  and  began  prac- 
tice at  Concord,  at  the  same  time  editing  the 
Daily  American.  In  1855  he  was  made  adjutant- 
general  of  New  Hampshire,  and  as  head  of  the 
state  militia  thoroughly  reorganized  the  service. 
In  1859  he  became  the  editor  of  the  Boston  Atlas, 
a journal  of  note.  Soon  after  this  he  was 
appointed  a commissioner  for  running  the  bound- 
ary line  between  New  Hampshire  and  Canada, 
When  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  entered  it  as 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  7th  regiment  New  Hamp- 
shire volunteers,  and  for  his  services  during  the 
war,  notably  at  the  storming  of  Fort  Fisher,  where 
he  commanded  a brigade,  he  was  brevetted  briga- 
dier-general. After  the  war  he  removed  to  Wil- 
mington. North  Carolina,  and  was  elected  United 
States  senator  from  that  state  for  the  term  end- 
ing in  1871.  Subsequently  he  held  the  offices 
of  collector  of  the  port  of  Wilmington  under 
President  Grant,  and  that  of  United  States  inspec- 
tor of  ports  under  President  Hayes.  He  died  at 
Wilmington,  N.  C.,  Oct.  8.  1882. 

ABBOTT,  Josiah  Gardner,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Chelmsford,  Mass.,  Nov.  1,  1814,  son  of  Caleb 
and  Mercy  Fletcher  Abbott.  His  first  American 
ancestors,  George  Abbott  and  William  Fletcher, 
were  English  Puritans,  who  settled  in  Massachu- 
setts in  1(540  and  1653,  respectively.  In  the  Amer- 
ican revolution  his  two  grandfathers  were  soldiers 
under  Prescott  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and 
both  held  commissions  in  the  army  of  Washing- 
ton. His  preparatory  education  was  directed  by 
Abiel  Abbott,  Cranmore  Wallace,  and  Ralph 
Waldo  Emerson.  He  was  graduated  from  Har- 
vard college  in  1832  with  high  honors,  the  young- 
est of  his  class.  Joel  Adams  of  Chelmsford,  and 
Nathaniel  Wright  of  Lowell,  Mass.,  were  his 
instructors  in  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
and  began  practice  in  Lowell  in  1837.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives of  his  state,  the  youngest  member  of  that 
body.  He  edited  the  Loivell  Advertiser  in  1840, 
conducting  it  as  a democratic  organ,  advo- 
cating the  re-election  of  President  Van  Buren. 
In  1842-’43  he  represented  the  Middlesex  district  in 
the  state  senate,  and  was  chairman  of  the  judici- 
ary and  railroad  committees.  In  1850  he  was 
appointed  master  in  chancery,  and  served  as  such 
five  years.  In  1853  he  was  a member  of  the  state 
constitutional  convention  from  Lowell,  and  in 
1855  was  appointed  one  of  the  justices  of  the 


superior  court  for  Suffolk  county,  but  resigned  in 
1858  to  take  up  the  more  profitable  practice  of  his 
profession.  He  declined  a place  on  the  supreme 
court  bench  in  1860.  In  1861,  Judge  Abbott  re- 
moved to  Boston,  where  he  continued  the  practice 
of  his  profession.  His  part  in  the  civil  war  was 
conspicuous  for  the  sacrifices  he  made  in  time, 
money,  eloquence  and  the  services  of  three  of  his 
sons  then  on  the  threshold  of  vigorous  manhood  — 
Edward  Gardner  fell  at  Cedar  Mountain,  Va., 
Aug.  9.  1862;  Henry  Livermore  at  the  battle  of 
the  Wilderness,  May  6.  1864;  and  Samuel  Apple- 
ton  Brown  returned  alone  to  his  father’s  roof.  In 
his  practice  in  the  courts  Mr.  Abbott  was  promi- 
nent in  several  capital  cases,  in  which  he  defended 
the  accused  with  consummate  skill,  the  proceed- 
ings having  become  part  of  the  history  of  crimi- 
nal procedure,  and  largely  quoted  as  precedents. 
His  fifty  years  of  active  practice  as  a lawyer 
connected  his  name  with  some  of  the  most  cele- 
brated litigations  of  his  time.  In  1863-'69,  and 
again  in  1877,  Mr.  Abbott  received  the  vote  of  the 
Democrats  in  the  state  legislature  for  United 
States  senator.  In  1874  Judge  Abbott  was 
elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the  forty- 
fourth  congress.  His  election  was  contested  and 
he  did  not  take  his  seat  until  near  the  close  of 
the  first  session.  As  a member  of  the  special 
committee  to  investigate  the  alleged  frauds  in 
the  election  of  November,  1876,  he  visited  South 
Carolina,  and  wrote  the  report  of  the  committee. 
He  was  subsequently  made  a member  of  the 
electoral  commission,  and  was  accorded  the  lead- 
ership of  the  minority  of  that  commission  and 
wrote  the  report,  not  made  public  at  the  time, 
opposing  the  decision  of  the  commission  as  to  the 
contested  states,  Florida,  Louisiana.  Oregon,  and 
South  Carolina.  His  report  was  published  in  an 
address  to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  the 
Magazine  of  American  History  for  February, 
1892.  In  1872  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
of  a faction  of  the  democratic  party  for  the 
governorship  of  Massachusetts.  As  a democrat, 
Judge  Abbott  was  a delegate  from  Massachusetts 
to  seven  national  conventions,  and  chairman  of 
his  state  delegations  six  times.  In  1862  Williams 
college  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He 
died  at  his  home  at  Wellesley  Hills,  near  Boston. 
June  2,  1891. 

ABBOTT,  Lyman,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  Dec.  18,  1835,  the  third  son  of 
Jacob  and  Harriet  Vaughan  Abbott.  He  obtained 
his  education  at  the  university  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  after  being  admitted  to  the  bar,  prac- 
tised his  profession  in  company  with  his  two 
older  brothers.  He  soon,  however,  decided  to 
relinquish  the  law  and  to  study  theology  under 
the  instruction  of  his  uncle,  John  S.  C.  Abbott. 
In  1860  he  was  ordained  a minister  of  the  Con- 


ABBOTT. 


ABBOTT. 


gregational  church,  and  began  his  work  in  Terre 
Haute.  Ind.,  where  he  continued  to  preach  until 
1865.  The  work  he  was  doing  did  not,  to  his  mind, 
show  that  he  was  greatly  benefiting  his  people,  so 
he  resigned  his  pastorate  and  became  secretary 
of  the  American  Union  (Freedmen’s)  commission 
in  New  York  city.  Some  time  afterward  he  visited 
his  former  parish  at 
Terre  Haute,  and  was 
greatly  encouraged  to 
find  that  his  labors 
there  had  not  been  in 
vain,  and  that  the 
effectsof  his  teachings 
were  becoming  appar- 
ent. This  decided  him 
to  re-enter  the  min- 
istry, and  he  became 
pastor  of  the  New 
England  church  in 
New  York  city.  He 
also  conducted  the 
‘‘  Literary  Record  ” of 
II  a rp  e r ’s  Magazi ne, 
and  edited  the  Illustrated  Christian  Weekly.  He 
resigned  the  latter  work  to  become  associated  with 
Henry  Ward  Beecher  in  editing  the  Christian 
Union , and  upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Beecher  lie 
became  editor-in-chief  of  that  paper.  In  1891  he 
changed  the  name  of  the  periodical  to  The  Out- 
look. In  October,  1887,  he  succeeded  Henry 
Ward  Beecher  as  pastor  of  Plymouth  church, 
Brooklyn.  Mr.  Abbott’s  liberality  as  a Christian 
teacher  was  illustrated  in  1896  in  a funeral  ser- 
mon at  the  burial  of  a theatrical  manager  from 
Plymouth  church.  He  said : ‘ ‘ There  is  too  great 
a chasm  between  the  church  and  the  theatre. 
If  I thought  for  one  moment  that  such  a chasm 
should  exist  I should  not  have  accepted  the  invi- 
tation to  be  here  this  afternoon.  The  lesson  of 
religion  to  the  actor  is  exactly  the  same  as  to  the 
preacher.  There  can  be  religion  in  the  theatre 
the  same  as  out  of  it.  Religion  is  love,  is  affec- 
tion. is  that  ennobling  influence  which  prompts 
one  to  live  pure  and  do  all  in  his  power  for  his 
fellowmen.”  Aside  from  his  duties  as  pastor,  Mr. 
Abbott  gave  much  time  to  literature,  and  wrote 
many  valuable  books,  the  first  of  which  was 
“Jesus  of  Nazareth  ” (1869).  In  1870  he  pub- 
lished “Old  Testament  Shadows  of  New  Testa- 
ment Truths”;  and  two  years  later  a “ Dictionary 
of  Religious  Knowledge,”  in  collaboration  with 
Thomas  J.  Conant.  In  1875  he  began  a series  of 
commentaries  on  the  separate  books  of  the  New 
Testament;  and  in  1880,  in  conjunction  with 
James  R.  Gilmore,  he  wrote  “The  Gospel  Com- 
mentary.” His  other  publications  include:  “Hints 
for  Home  Reading”  (1880);  “How  to  Succeed” 
(1882);  “Henry  Ward  Beecher”  (1883);  “A 


Study  in  Human  Nature”  (1886);  “In  Aid  of 
Faith”  (1886);  “Illustrated  Commentary  on  the 
Gospel  According  to  St.  John”  (1888);  “The 
Epistle  of  Paul  to  the  Romans,  with  notes,  etc.” 
(1888) ; “ Signs  of  Promise  ” (1889) ; “ The  Evolu- 
tion of  Christianity”  (1892).  and  “Christianity 
and  Social  Problems”  (1896). 

ABBOTT,  Robert  Osborne,  surgeon,  was  born 
in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  March  17,  1824.  He  entered 
the  United  States  army  as  assistant  surgeon,  and 
was  stationed  in  California,  Texas  and  Florida 
until  the  civil  war.  He  was  then  assigned  as 
chief  assistant  to  the  medical  purveyor  of  the  city 
of  New  York.  The  next  year  he  acted  as  medical 
director  of  the  Fifth  army  corps.  He  remained  in 
that  capacity  until  after  the  second  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  when  he  was  given  charge  of  the  hospitals  and 
hospital  transports  in  Washington  and  vicinity. 
The  tremendous  strain  of  having  40,000  sick  men 
in  his  care  proved  too  much  for  his  powers  of 
endurance,  and  his  health  gave  way,  resulting  in 
his  death,  which  occurred  at  Brooklyn.  N.  Y., 
June  16.  1867. 

ABBOTT,  Russell  Bigelow,  educator,  was  born 
in  Franklin  county,  Ind.,  Aug.  8.  1823.  His  early 
years  were  passed  on  his  father’s  farm,  and  he 
entered  Indiana  university  in  1843,  and  was 
graduated  four  years  later ; was  engaged  in  teach- 
ing for  nine  years,  meanwhile  studying  theology. 
He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  White- 
water  in  1856.  After  a successful  pastorate  of 
nine  years  in  Indiana  he  removed  to  Minnesota, 
where,  after  teaching  for  three  years,  he  accepted 
a call  to  a newly  organized  church  at  Albert  Lea, 
which  soon  became  the  leading  church  of  the 
Winona  Presbytery.  After  fifteen  years  of  faithful 
service  with  this  church  he,  in  1884,  resigned  the 
pastorate  to  accept  the  presidency  of  the  Albert 
Lea  college,  a new  institution  then  just  organized 
by  the  synod  of  Minnesota  for  the  education  of 
young  wofllen.  His  work  as  founder  and  presi- 
dent of  this  college  was  characterized  by  wisdom, 
zeal,  and  devotion,  and  he  met  and  mastered 
obstacles  before  which  many  men  would  have  fal- 
tered and  failed.  In  this  college,  and  previously, 
he  educated  hundreds  of  young  women  who 
remembered  its  founder  with  high  regard,  and 
imbibed  from  his  teaching  some  of  his  own  energy 
and  devotion  to  truth.  His  lectures  to  his  college 
students  on  the  “History  and  Literature  of  the 
Bible  ” were  published.  He  received  the  degree 
of  A.M.  from  Indiana  university,  and  that  of  D.D. 
from  Galesvills  university.  Both  as  a teacher  and 
preacher  Dr.  Abbott  was  independent  and  orig- 
inal. having  often  anticipated  and  introduced 
new  methods  which  subsequently  met  with  gen- 
eral adoption.  The  college  has  property  valued  at 
$150,000. 


ABBOTT. 


ABELL. 


ABBOTT,  Samuel  Appleton  Brown,  lawyer, 
was  born  in  Lowell,  Mass.,  March  G.  1846,  son  of 
Josiali  Gardner  and  Caroline  (Livermore)  Abbott, 
and  a lineal  descendant  of  George  Abbott,  an  Eng- 
lish Puritan,  who  came  over  from  Yorkshire  in  1640 
and  settled  in  Andover,  Mass.,  in  1643.  He  was 
educated  in  the  schools  of  his  native  city,  after- 
wards taking  a course  at  the  Boston  Latin  school 
and  private  tuition  under  Professor  Lane  of  Har- 
vard. In  1866  he  was  graduated  from  Harvard 
university,  and  three  years  later  that  institution 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Suffolk  bar  in  1868  and  estab- 
lished himself  in  practice  in  Boston,  gaining  ad- 
mission to  the  bar  of  the  United  States  supreme 
court  in  1876.  His  notable  cases  include  the  elec- 
tion suits  of  his  father,  Josiah  G.  Abbott  in  1876, 
and  of  Benjamin  Dean  versus  Chief  Justice  Field 
in  1878.  In  1877  he  served  on  the  Boston  board 
of  license  commissioners,  and  in  1879  was  elected 
a trustee  of  the  Boston  public  library,  being  made 
president  of  the  board  in  May,  1888.  He  was  for 
a number  of  years  acting  librarian  of  the  library, 
and  when  the  new  building  in  Copley  square  was 
erected  he  was  one  of  the  most  active  workers. 
He  was  nominated  for  lieutenant-governor  in 
1883,  but  declined  to  run  with  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler 
at  the  head  of  the  ticket.  Mr.  Abbott  was  elected 
to  membership  in  the  Somerset,  St.  Botolph  and 
Athletic  clubs  of  Boston,  and  the  Century,  Uni- 
versity and  Players’  clubs  of  New  York.  He  was 
also  a member  of  the  Suffolk  bar  association.  He 
was  married  first  to  Mary  Goddard  of  Boston, 
April  25,  1869,  and  second  to  Abby  Frances 
Woods  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  15,  1873. 

ABEEL,  David,  missionary,  was  born  in  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  June  12,  1804.  After  his  grad- 
uation from  Rutgers  college,  he  studied  at  the 
theological  seminary  of  the  Reformed  Dutch 
church,  and  in  1827  was  ordained  to  the  ministry. 
For  two  years  he  was  pastor  of  a church  at 
Athens,  N.  Y..  leaving  there  in  1829  for  Canton, 
China,  as  a missionary.  While  in  that  country 
and  in  Java,  Singapore  and  Siam  he  did  much 
good  work  in  spreading  Christianity.  In  ’45  his 
health  warned  him  that  he  had  not  long  to  live, 
and  he  returned  to  America,  and  on  Sept.  4, 
1846.  died  in  Albany,  N.  Y.  An  account  of  his  life 
has  been  written  by  the  Rev.  G.  R.  Williamson. 
His  published  works  include : “ The  Claims  of  the 
World  to  the  Gospel,”  “ Residence  in  China.”  and 
“ The  Missionary  Convention  at  Jerusalem.” 

ABEEL,  Gustavus,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  June  6,  1801,  son  of  John  Neilson 
Abeel,  clergyman,  and  grandson  of  Col.  James  S. 
Abeel,  revolutionary  soldier.  In  1826  he  became 
a minister  of  the  Reformed  church,  and  preached 
for  a short  time  in  English  Neighborhood  and  in 


Belleville,  N.  J.  He  then  removed  to  Geneva 
N.  Y.,  where  in  1829  he  was  installed,  and  where 
he  remained  until  1844.  when  he  accepted  a call 
to  preach  at  the  new  second  Reformed  church. 
There  he  labored  successfully  for  twenty  years, 
retiring  at  the  end  of  that  time  to  devote  his 
remaining  years  to  study.  He  was  an  active 
member  of  the  New  Jersey  historical  society.  He 
died  at  Stanford,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4.  1887. 

ABELL,  Arunah  S.,  journalist,  was  born  at 
East  Providence,  R.  I.,  Aug.  10,  1806.  son  of 
Caleb  Abell,  a quartermaster  in  the  war  of  1812. 
His  ancestry  is  traced  to  Robert  Abell  of  England, 
whose  four  sons  settled  in  Massachusetts  in  the 
early  days  of  the  colony.  One  of  the  sons,  Pre- 
served Abell,  grand- 
father of  Arunah  S., 
settled  at  Seekonk,  a 
town  then  known  as 
Rehoboth,  situated  on 
the  Providence  river. 

Arunah  S.  acquired 
a common  school  edu- 
cation in  his  native 
place,  and  after  two 
years’  employment  in 
a store,  served  out  an 
apprenticeship  in  the 
printing  department 
of  the  Providence 
Patriot.  He  then 
went  to  Boston,  and 

later  obtained  employment  in  New  York  city, 
where  he  became  acquainted  with  William  M. 
Swain  and  Azariah  H.  Simmons,  with  whom  he 
formed  a co-partnership  for  the  publication  of  the 
Public  Ledger  in  Philadelphia,  the  first  copy 
of  which  was  issued  March  25,  1836.  It  was  the 
first  successful  penny  paper  published  in  Philadel- 
phia. A visit  to  Baltimore  resulted  in  the  found- 
ing of  the  Sun  under  the  personal  control  of  Mr. 
Abell,  who  issued  the  first  number  May  17,  1837. 
In  two  years  the  paper  had  outgrown  its  original 
quarters,  and  a larger  building  was  fitted  up  for 
its  use.  A few  years  later  Mr.  Abell  built  the 
Sun  iron  building,  the  first  of  the  kind  erected  in 
the  United  States.  At  the  death  of  Mr.  Simmons 
in  December,  1855,  Mr.  Swain  and  Mr.  Abell 
formed  a new  partnership,  continuing  the  publi- 
cation of  the  Public  Ledger  in  Philadelphia  and 
the  Sun  in  Baltimore.  In  1864  Mr.  Abell  sold  his 
interest  in  the  Public  Ledger,  and  at  the  death  of 
Mr.  Swain  in  1868,  became  sole  proprietor  of  the 
Sun.  He  was  the  first  printer  to  adopt  the  rotary 
printing  machine,  and  received  for  publication 
the  first  document  transmitted  over  the  telegraph 
line  between  Baltimore  and  Washington.  The 
Sun’s  telegraphic  copy  of  the  message  was  re- 
printed by  the  academy  of  sciences  in  Paris,  side 


ABERDEEN. 


ABERNETHY. 


by  side  with  an  authenticated  copy  of  the  original. 
When  the  company  was  formed  for  the  extension 
of  telegraphic  communications  from  Washington 
to  New  York,  Mr.  Abell  was  associated  with  Prof. 
Morse  and  others  in  the  enterprise.  In  18T8  he 
transferred  the  management  of  the  Sun  to  his 
sons,  Edwin  F..  George  W.,  and  Walter  R.  Abell, 
the  last  named  of  whom  died  Jan.  3,  1891,  leaving 
the  firm  of  A.  S.  Abell  & Co.,  with  only  two 
members.  Mr.  Abell  died  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
April  19,  1888. 

ABERCROMBIE,  John  Joseph,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Tennessee  in  1802.  His  early  education 
enabled  him  to  pass  the  examinations  necessary 
for  admission  to  the  U.  S.  military  academy  at 
West  Point  when  sixteen  years  old.  He  was 
graduated  with  the  class  of  1822  and  advanced  by 
regular  promotions  to  adjutant,  serving  in  the  1st 
infantry  eight  years.  His  captaincy  was  gained 
in  1836.  The  Florida  war  gave  him  active  service, 
notably  at  the  battle  of  Okeechobee,  where  his 
gallantry  won  the  brevet  of  major.  Afterwards 
his  regiment  was  in  the  west  until  the  Mexican 
war  called  him  to  Monterey,  where  he  was  se- 
verely wounded  and  gained  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel.  His  next  service  was  at  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz  and  afterwards  at  Cerro  Gordo.  While 
in  .Mexico  he  was  made  aide  to  Gen.  Patterson. 
He  was  in  Minnesota  when  the  civil  war  broke 
out,  and  was  ordered  to  Virginia,  where  he  served 
in  the  Shenandoah  campaign,  being  conspicuous 
at  the  battle  of  Falling  Waters,  where  he  led  the 
Federal  troops.  His  promotion  to  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers  followed,  and  his  next  battle 
was  Fair  Oaks,  where  he  was  wounded,  but  did 
service  at  Malvern  Hill  and  on  McClellan’s  retreat 
to  Harrison’s  Landing.  His  next  post  was  in 
defence  of  Washington  in  1862~’63.  In  1864  he 
opposed  Hampton’s  Legion,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  war  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  in  the 
regular  army,  retiring  June  12,  1865.  He  died  at 
Roslyn,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  3,  1877. 

ABERDEEN,  Earl  of,  governor-general  of 
Canada.  The  Right  Hon.  John  Campbell  Hamil- 
ton Gordon,  seventh  Earl  of  Aberdeen  in  the 
Scottish  peerage,  and  Viscount  Gordon  in  that  of 
Great  Britain,  grandson  of  the  fourth  Earl  of 
Aberdeen,  long  associated  with  Sir  Robert  Peel, 
and  prime  minister  in  1853,  at  the  time  of  the 
Crimean  war.  He  was  born  in  1847,  and  received 
1 lis  education  first  at  the  university  of  St.  Andrews 
and  afterwards  at  University  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  graduated  B.  A.  1871,  and  M.  A. 
1877.  He  succeeded  to  the  title  on  the  death  of 
his  brother  George,  who,  after  a life  of  adven- 
ture, was  drowned  off  the  coast  of  America  while 
serving  in  the  British  navy  in  1870.  Lord  Aber- 
deen entered  the  upper  house  of  parliament  as  a 
conservative,  but  joined  the  liberals  in  1876,  when 


the  earls  of  Derby  and  Carnarvon  resigned  their 
offices  in  Lord  Beaconsfield’s  administration.  He 
was  appointed  lord -lieutenant  of  Aberdeenshire, 
and  high  commissioner  of  the  general  assembly  of 
the  church  of  Scotland.  In  1886  Mr.  Gladstone 
selected  him  to  be  lord -lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and, 
although  his  tenure  of  office  was  but  brief,  he 
made  himself  exceedingly  popular,  and  his  leave- 
taking  from  Dublin  is 
said  to  have  been  the 
most  impressive  spec- 
tacle of  sympathetic 
demonstrations  wit- 
nessed since  the 
famous  departure  of 
Lord  Fitzwilliam  in 
1795.  He  was  a warm 
personal  friend  of  Mr. 

Gladstone,  who  ad- 
mired him  for  his  sin- 
cerity, his  integrity, 
and  his  generous  treat- 
ment of  those  about 
him.  Lord  Aberdeen 

won  the  hearts  of  the  Canadian  people  just  as  the 
Earl  of  Dufferin  did.  He  was  not  a stranger  to 
Canada,  having  resided  there  for  several  months 
before  he  came  as  governor.  With  his  countess 
he  travelled  over  a considerable  part  of  the 
Dominion,  and  owned  and  worked  two  large 
farms  in  the  Canadian  northwest,  one  at  Calgary, 
Northwest  Territory,  and  the  other  in  British 
Columbia. 

ABERNETHY,  Arthur  T.,  educator,  was  born 
at  Rutherford  college,  N.  C.,  Oct.  10,  1872,  son  of 
Robert  L.  Aberriethy.  He  was  educated  at  the 
college,  and  after  completing  its  course,  studied 
law,  and  at  the  age  of  nineteen  filled  one  of  its 
professorships  — the  youngest  man  holding  such 
a position  in  this  country.  His  renown  as  an 
orator  won  for  him  the  title  of  “ The  Young  Man 
Eloquent,”  and  he  became  known  throughout  the 
state.  He  was  twice  nominated  for  the  state 
senate  from  the  thirty-first  senatorial  district,  but 
refused  to  give  up  the  work  of  teaching.  For 
several  years  he  was  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  for  Burke  county,  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  president  of  Rutherford  college.  He  is 
author  of  the  “United  States  Government  Book 
on  Eclectics,”  which  has  been  adopted  by  the 
government. 

ABERNETHY,  Robert  L.,  educator,  was  born 
in  Lincoln  county,  N.  C.,  April  3,  1822.  Until 
his  fourteenth  year  he  worked  on  his  father’s 
farm.  There  were  no  schools  in  the  vicinity,  and 
books  were  almost  unknown.  He  became 
possessed  of  a copy  of  an  English  grammar, 
studied  it  and  left  his  father’s  farm  to  teach 
grammar  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  mean- 

ri2| 


ABERNETHY. 


ABERT. 


while  gaining  further  knowledge  from  the  books 
that  came  in  his  way.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 

joined  the  ministry 
of  the  M.  E.  church 
south,  and  for  three 
years  preached  with 
remarkable  success 
in  the  South  Carolina 
conference,  adding 
over  eleven  hundred 
members  to  the 
church.  In  185  0 
John  Rutherford,  of 
North  Carolina,  do- 
nated six  hundred 
acres  of  land  in  Burke 
county  for  the  found- 
ing of  a college,  and 
Mr.  Abernetliy  was 
elected  to  preside 
over  it.  He  cleared 
a space  in  the  woods, 
built  a small  log  house,  and  opened  it  for  students. 
His  strong  passion  for  learning  drew  young  men 
to  him  in  large  numbers,  until  a college  building 
was  erected  and  Rutherford  college  was  chart- 
ered. There,  within  forty  years,  about  ten 
thousand  pupils  of  both  sexes  were  educated, 
twenty-two  hundred  of  them  free  of  cost  to  them- 
selves. The  degree  of  A.  M.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  Trinity  college,  N.  C.,  and  that  of  D.  D. 
was  given  by  Franklin  university,  New  York.  In 
August,  1890,  the  college  buildings  were  burned, 
including  the  library  and  furniture.  The  loss  was 
about  §50,000.  At  the  age  of  nearly  seventy  Dr. 
Abernetliy  took  the  lecture  field  to  rebuild  his 
ruined  edifice,  and  he  succeeded  in  erecting  one 
of  the  finest  college  buildings  in  the  south.  He 
lectured  and  preached  in  all  the  principal  cities 
east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  everywhere 
attracted  extraordinary  attention  by  his  original- 
ity of  thought  and  vigor  of  expression.  Reforms 
found  in  him  a stanch  friend,  and  evil  an  uncom- 
promising enemy.  During  his  administration  as 
president  of  Rutherford  college  the  free  tuition 
he  gave  to  indigent  students  exceeded  the  sum  of 
§150,000.  At  one  time  he  was  forced  to  indict  an 
offender  for  selling  liquor  to  some  of  his  students. 
The  defendant  was  fined  §25  and  costs.  After 
the  trial  the  prisoner  approached  the  doctor  and, 
with  tears  in  his  eyes,  said : ‘ ‘ Dr.  Abernetliy,  I 
did  not  mean  to  violate  the  law.  I did  not  know 
that  these  boys  were  your  students.  If  this  sen- 
tence is  enforced  I must  go  to  jail,  and  my  sick 
wife  and  poor  children  must  suffer.  What  can  I 
do?”  Dr.  Abernetliy  took  the  last  cent  he  had  in 
the  world,  borrowed  the  remainder,  and  paid  the 
fine  and  costs.  He  himself  went  without  a new 
overcoat  that  winter.  He  died  Nov.  28,  1894. 


ABERT,  John  James,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Shepherdstown,  Va..  Sept.  17,  1788.  son  of  John 
Abert.  who  emigrated  to  America  in  company 
with  Count  Rocliambeau  in  1780.  The  son  was  ed- 
ucated for  a soldier,  and  on  graduating  from  West 
Point  April  1.  1811.  was  employed  by  the  govern- 
ment in  the  war  department  at  Washington, 
where  he  also  studied  law.  He  resigned  from  the 
army  in  1813,  and  became  counsellor -at-law  in  the 
District  of  Columbia.  He  served  as  a private  in 
the  militia  of  the  District  of  Columbia  in  the  war 
of  1812,  and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Bladens- 
burg,  Md..  Aug.  24.  1814.  In  1813  he  was  married 
to  Ellen  Matlock  Stretch,  grand -daughter  of  Col. 
Timothy  Matlock,  a soldier  in  the  war  of  the 
revolution.  On  Nov.  22,  1814,  he  was  re-ap- 
pointed to  the  U.  S.  army  with  the  brevet  rank  of 
major,  and  served  as  assistant  in  the  geodetic  sur- 
vey of  the  Atlantic  coast  in  1810.  He  was  con- 
nected with  the  work  in  various  places  throughout 
the  country,  and  in  1824  was  brevetted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel for  serving  ten  years  in  one  grade. 
From  1829  to  1841  he  was  in  charge  of  the  topo- 
graphical bureau  at  Washington,  being  in  com- 
mand of  the  corps  of  topographical  engineers 
from  1838  to  1801.  In  1832  he  was  made  a U.  S. 
commissioner  to  conduct  Indian  emigration  to  the 
Missouri  frontier,  and  in  1842  was  elected  on  the 
board  of  visitors  to  the  military  academy.  He 
was  promoted  colonel  July  7,  1838,  and  was  re- 
tired Sept . 9,  1801.  Col.  Abert  was  a member  of 
numerous  American  scientific  and  historical  as- 
sociations and  of  the  geograpliical  society  of  Paris, 
France,  and  was  instrumental  in  founding  the 
national  institute  of  science,  later  known  as  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  He  died  in  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Jan.  27,  1803. 

ABERT,  James  William,  soldier,  son  of  John 
James  Abert,  was  born  at  Mount  Holly,  N.  J., 
Nov.  18,  1820,  son  of  John  James  and  Ellen  Mat- 
lock  (Stretch)  Abert.  His  maternal  great-grand- 
father, Col.  Timothy  Matlock,  was  a revolutionary 
patriot.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point  in 
1842,  and  was  given  the  brevet  rank  of  second 
lieutenant  of  infantry.  In  1842  and  1843  he 
served  in  garrison  at  Detroit.  Mich.,  and  was 
assistant  topographical  engineer  on  the  survey  of 
the  northern  lakes  in  1843-44.  After  a year  in 
the  topographical  bureau  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
he  spent  the  years  1844  and  1845  on  an  expedition 
to  New  Mexico  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  under 
Col.  John  C.  Fremont,  and  in  surveying  the 
Canadian  river,  Texas,  and  in  preparing  maps  of 
these  surveys  at  Washington.  He  then  served 
under  General  S.  W.  Kearny  in  the  Mexican  war, 
and  afterwards  made  the  first  U.  S.  survey  of 
New  Mexico.  He  was  assistant  professor  of  draw- 
ing, English  literature,  belles  left  res,  and  moral 
philosophy  at  the  military  academy  from  July  27, 
[13] 


ABERT. 


ACTON. 


l‘S48.  to  Aug.  23,  1850.  and  was  on  waiting  orders 
at  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1850-51.  For  live  years 
following  he  acted  as  assistant  topographical 
engineer  in  the  improvement- of  western  river's, 
and  again  from  1851  to  I860.  Meanwhile,  in  1856, 
57,  and  '58  he  was  on  duty  in  the  Florida  hostili- 
ties against  the  Seminole  Indians.  After  a two 
years’  leave  of  absence  in  Europe,  he  returned  to 
serve  in  the  civil  war.  He  served  in  the  army  of 
General  Patterson,  and  was  appointed  on  the 
staffs  of  Major-Generals  Keim  and  Banks,  re- 
spectively, and  saw  service  on  the  Upper  Poto- 
mac. in  Shenandoah  Valley,  in  the  Northern 
Virginia  campaign  in  1861-’62.  In  September  of 
the  latter  year  he  was  injured  by  a fall  of  his 
horse  on  the  advance  to  Frederick,  Md.,  and  until 
June  23,  1863,  lie  was  on  sick  leave.  He  was 
later  on  the  staff  of  Major-General  Gillmore  at 
Morris  Island,  S.  C.,  and  he  resigned  June  25, 
1864.  having  attained  by  promotion  the  rank  of 
major,  and  won  the  brevet  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  for  services  in  the  Valley  of  the  Shenan- 
doah. He  was  then  made  professor  of  mathematics 
in  t lie  University  of  Missouri.  He  re-entered  the 
army  Jan.  3.  1895.  as  major,  U.  S.  A.,  and  was 
retired  Jan.  14,  1895. 

ABERT,  William  Stone,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  July  27.  1845,  son  of  James 
W.  and  Jane  (Stone)  Abert.  His  grandfather, 
John  James  Abert.  was  chief  of  the  topographical 
bureau,  Washington,  D.  C.,  for  twenty-five  years. 
He  was  graduated  from  Princeton  college  at  the 
age  of  twenty,  and  began  the  study  of  the  law  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  In  1868  he  was  made  a bach- 
elor of  laws  by  Cincinnati  college,  and  in  the  same 
year  Princeton  conferred  upon  him  the  degree 
of  A.M.  After  obtaining  liis  degree  he  removed 
to  Kentucky,  where  in  May,  1868,  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Hamilton  county  bar.  He  readily 
established  a large  practice  and  remained  in 
Kentucky  for  nearly  ten  years,  removing  in  1877 
to  Washington  city.  Many  cases  of  importance 
were  intrusted  to  him,  and  his  sound  knowledge 
of  the  law  won  him  high  rank  among  the  mem- 
bers of  the  bar.  In  1894  he  completed,  in  con- 
nection with  Benjamin  G.  Lovejoy,  ‘-The  Com- 
piled Statutes  in  Force  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
including  the  Acts  of  the  2d  Session  of  the  50th 
Congress,  1888-89.” 

ABERT,  William  Stretch,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  1.  1836,  the  youngest  son 
of  John  James  and  Ellen  Matlock  (Stretch)  Abert, 
and  on  June  18,  1855,  he  joined  the  U.  S.  Army 
with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  of  artillery.  He  won 
distinction  at  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  by  bear- 
ing despatches  from  Fort  Monroe  to  Washington, 
for  which  he  was  commended  by  Secretary  of  War 
Cameron.  On  May  14,  1861,  lie  was  made  captain. 


and  served  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Charles  P.  Stone.. 
He  took  active  part  in  the  peninsular  campaign 
under  McClellan  and  at  the  battle  of  Antietam. 
He  then  served  in  Louisiana  under  Banks,  and  for 
his  gallant  action  at  Hanover  Court  House,  May, 
1862,  he  was  awarded  the  brevet  rank  of  major, 
and  a few  months  later  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel.  He  was  then  promoted  colonel  of  the 
3d  Massachusetts  Heavy  Artillery  and  assigned  to 
duty  in  the  defence  of  Washington.  In  March, 
1865,  he  was  made  brigadier-general  for  gallant 
anil  meritorious  services  during  the  war.  and 
afterwards  was  made  assistant  inspector -general 
of  the  district  of  Texas.  He  was  promoted  major 
in  the  7th  U.  S.  Cavalry  in  June,  1867,  and  died 
at  Galveston,  Texas,  of  yellow  fever,  Aug.  25, 
1867. 

ABRAHAMS,  Simeon,  philanthropist,  was 
born  in  New  York  city  in  1809.  He  was  a well- 
known  Jewish  physician,  and  during  his  life  he 
amassed  what,  at  that  time,  was  a liberal  fortune. 
He  was  a simple  liver  and  allowed  himself  no 
luxuries,  dispensing  his  surplus  to  the  poor  and 
needy.  He  left  his  property  to  various  charities, 
both  Jewish  and  Christian.  He  died  April  14, 
1867. 

ACHESON,  Alexander  Wilson,  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  June  14,  1809.  After 
his  graduation  from  Washington  college  in  1827 
he  studied  law,  gaining  admission  to  the  bar  in 
1832.  He  established  himself  in  practice  in 
Washington  county,  Pa.,  and  in  1835  was  elected 
deputy  attorney-general  for  the  county.  To  this 
office  he  was  re-elected  in  1836,  and  again  elected 
in  1839  and  1845,  and  re-elected  1846.  In  1866 
he  was  made  president  judge  of  the  27th  judicial 
district  of  Pennsylvania,  holding  the  office  eleven 
years.  In  1885  Parson’s  college,  Iowa,  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  died  at  Wash- 
ington, Pa.,  July  10.  1890. 

ACRELIUS,  Israel,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Sweden,  Dec.  25,  1714.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
ministry  in  1743,  after  having  received  his  educa- 
tion at  the  University  of  Upsala.  Shortly  after 
his  ordination  he  was  sent  to  America  as  provost 
of  the  Swedish  colonies  on  the  Delaware.  A copy 
of  his  book  on  the  Swedish  settlements  in  America 
was  sold  for  §165.00.  He  died  April  25,  1800. 

ACTON,  Thomas  C.,  police  commissioner,  was 
born  in  New  York  city  in  1823.  He  acquired  a 
common  school  education  and  took  a course 
at  a law  school,  gaining  admission  to  the 
bar.  He  never  made  use  of  his  profession,  but  at 
once  entered  upon  the  duties  of  assistant  deputy 
county  clerk,  which  office  he  held  from  1850  to 
1853.  On  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  entered 
the  surrogate’s  office,  and  remained  there  three 
years.  In  1861  he  was  placed  on  the  board  of 
New  York  police  commissioners,  and  by  liis 
fH] 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


prompt  action  and  untiring  vigilance  succeeded 
in  suppressing  the  draft  riots  of  1863.  He  served 
on  the  police  commission  for  nine  years,  and  on 
resigning  that  office  received  the  appointment  of 
superintendent  of  the  U.  S.  assay  office.  From 
1882  to  1886  Mr.  Acton  was  assistant  United 
States  treasurer,  and  in  1887  he  organized  and 
became  president  of  the  bank  of  New  Amsterdam. 
Many  reforms  in  the  city  government  were  in- 
stituted by  him,  among  them  the  supersession  of 
the  unsatisfactory  volunteer  fire  department  by 
the  paid  service.  He  was  interested  in  charitable 
and  political  reforms,  and  was  one  of  the  prime 
movers  in  the  establishing  of  the  society  for  the 
prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals,  and  in  forward- 
ing the  work  of  other  similar  organizations. 

ADAIR,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  Chester 
county,  S.  C..  in  1757.  He  was  a volunteer  in 
the  revolutionary  army ; was  made  a prisoner  and 
obliged  to  endure  very  great  suffering.  In  1786 
he  removed  to  Kentucky,  where  he  became  prom- 
inent in  the  public  affairs  of  that  state,  distin- 
guished himself  in  Indian  fights  by  his  bravery 
and  sagacity,  and  was  made  register  of  the  Ken- 
tucky land  office  in  1805.  He  was  a member  of 
the  convention  that  framed  the  constitution  of 
the  state  of  Kentucky,  and  was  a representative 
in  the  state  legislature  and  speaker  of  the  house. 
In  1805-6  he  was  United  States  senator.  At  the 
time  of  Aaron  Burr’s  treason,  Adair  was  thought 
to  be  connected  with  it,  and  for  a time  he  was 
rather  unpopular,  but  people  shortly  became  con- 
vinced that  Adair  had  sympathized  with  Burr 
simply  from  his  belief  that  the  government  was 
sanctioning  his  action.  In  1813  he  was  aide  to 
Governor  Shelby  in  the  battle  of  the  Thames, 
and  two  years  later  he  served  under  General  Jack- 
son  as  adjutant-general  at  the  battle  of  New 
Orleans.  He  was  prominent  in  politics,  was 
elected  governor  of  Kentucky  in  1820,  serving  four 
years,  and  from  1831  to  1833  represented  his  district 
in  Congress.  His  name  is  held  in  high  esteem 
throughout  Kentucky,  and  Adair  county  was 
named  in  his  honor.  He  died  May  19,  1840. 

ADAIR,  William  P.,  assistant  chief  of  the 
Cherokee  nation,  was  born  about  1828.  At  the 
time  of  the  civil  war  General  Albert  Pike  organ- 
ized a band  of  Indians  who,  led  by  Adair,  fought 
in  the  confederate  army  at  the  battle  of  Pea 
Ridge.  After  the  war  he  was  sent  to  Washington 
to  represent  his  tribe,  and  died  there  Oct.  23,  1880. 

ADAMS,  Abigail,  wife  of  John  Adams,  second 
president  of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  Wey- 
mouth, Mass.,  Nov.  23,  1744,  daughter  of  William 
and  Elizabeth  Quincy  Smith.  Her  father  was  for 
nearly  half  a century  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
church  of  Weymouth,  and  her  mother  a direct 
descendant  of  Thomas  Shepard,  the  eminent 


Puritan  divine  of  Cambridge,  and  a great  grand- 
niece of  the  Puritan  preacher,  John  Norton,  of 
the  Hingham  meeting- 
house, Boston.  She 
had  few  educational 
advantages  in  the  way 
of  access  to  books,  as 
they  were  kept  from 
her  owing  to  her  deli- 
cate constitution.  To 
in  a measure  compen- 
sate for  this,  she  was 
instructed  in  the  duties 
of  the  housewife  and 
took  great  interest  in 
home  affairs.  She  be- 
came an  adept  in  do- 
mestic economy,  and 
added  to  it  the  rudi- 
ments of  penmanship  and  arithmetic.  As  she 
reached  womanhood  her  strength  increased,  and 
she  took  up  French,  Latin,  and  a well-directed 
course  of  reading,  although  this  was  only  cursory 
before  she  became  a wife.  She  was  married  to 
John  Adams  Oct.  25,  1764,  and  passed  the  next 
ten  years  as  the  frugal  wife  of  a rising  Braintree 
lawyer.  To  them  were  born,  during  this  time, 
one  daughter  and  three  sons.  The  political  events 
of  the  period  marked  the  next  decade  of  her  mar- 
ried life  as  one  of  great  anxiety.  Her  husband 
was  absent  most  of  the  time,  first  as  a delegate  to 
Congress  and  afterwards  on  a diplomatic  mission 
across  the  seas.  The  patriots  led  by  her  husband 
were  urging  the  termination  of  the  unhappy  rela- 
tions existing  between  the  colonies  and  the 
mother  country,  by  a declaration  of  independence. 
His  earnest  advocacy  of  heroic  measures  gained 
for  him  the  appelation,  “Colossus  of  Independ- 
ence.” No  more  positive  and  unyielding  advocate 
of  the  measure  sustained  the  course  of  John 
Adams  than  liis  patriotic  wife,  and  while  she 
had  in  full  view  the  dire  consequences  of  failure, 
yet  her  courage  never  faltered  and  her  voice 
never  uttered  an  uncertain  sound.  Alone  with 
her  children  she  passed  the  period  of  war,  doing 
what  she  could  for  the  patriot  cause.  In  1784  she 
undertook  the  long  and  dangerous  voyage  to 
Europe  to  join  her  husband  in  France,  and  then 
she  accompanied  him  to  London,  as  the  wife  of 
the  first  American  minister  at  the  court  of  St. 
James,  and  where  as  such  she  wa9  not  accorded 
decent  courtesy.  This  rudeness  greatly  wounded 
her  and  increased  her  devotion  to  the  new  repub- 
lic. Upon  the  accession  of  Mr.  Adams  to  the 
presidency,  his  wife  became  the  first  mistress  of 
the  White  House,  and  there  the  charm  of  house- 
keeping was  not  dispelled  by  the  pride  of  position; 
in  the  domestic  arrangement  of  the  establish- 
ment she  was  the  head,  and  her  own  hands  even 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


skimmed  the  milk  and  worked  the  butter  that 
supplied  the  table.  It  is  also  recorded  that  on 
the  occasion  of  the  inauguration  of  Washington, 
Mrs.  Adams  made  the  ice-cream  for  the  inaugural 
dinner,  the  first  time  that  foreign  luxury  was 
used  in  this  country.  After  leaving  Washington 
she  lived  at  Braintree,  Mass.,  but  continued  to 
follow  the  course  of  public  affairs  during  her 
entire  life.  She  was  the  only  woman  in  our  his- 
tory who  has  been  the  wife  of  one  president  and 
the  mother  of  another.  Her  grandson,  Charles 
Francis  Adams,  has  written  her  memoir,  which 
he  has  published,  together  with  her  correspond- 
ence with  her  husband.  The  language  used  in 
her  letters  is  admirable,  and  the  book  gives  an 
interesting  insight  into  the  inner  life  of  the  peo- 
ple during  the  revolution.  She  died  at  Quincy, 
Mass.,  Oct.  28,  1818. 

ADAMS,  Alvin,  expressman,  was  born  at 
Andover,  Vt.,  June  16,  1804.  Left  an  orphan 
when  eight  years  old  he  was  cared  for  by  an  elder 
brother,  a farmer,  until  he  was  sixteen,  when  he 
sought  his  own  living  away  from  home  and  kin- 
dred. He  first  located  in  Woodstock,  Vt.,  then  the 
centre  of  various  stage  lines,  where  he  found 
employment  for  four  years.  He  then  went  to 
Boston  and  met  with  varying  success  until  1840, 
when  he  started  the  express  business,  beginning 
in  a very  modest  way  by  carrying  small  packages 
between  Boston  and  New  York.  The  same  year 
he  became  associated  with  Ephraim  Farnsworth, 
who  managed  the  New  York  office,  the  firm  became 
Adams  & Co.  Mr.  Farnsworth  retired  soon  after, 
and  William  B.  Dinsmore  succeeded  him.  For  ten 
years  the  business  was  limited  to  Boston,  Nor- 
wich, New  London,  and  New  York  city.  In  1850 
this  line  was  extended  to  California,  with  agencies 
along  the  entire  route.  In  1854  Adams  & Co., 
Hamden  & Co.,  Thompson  & Co.,  and  Kinsley  & 
Co.,  formed  the  Adams  express  company,  with 
Alvin  Adams  as  president.  During  the  civil  war 
the  Adams  express  company  was  the  agent  in  the 
United  States  in  the  transportation  of  all  govern- 
ment securities,  and  they  did  a large  business  with 
the  soldiers  in  their  various  corps,  carrying  to  “ the 
front  ” packages  from  home  and  returning  to  the 
home  the  soldiers’  pay.  In  1892  it  was  computed 
that  the  company  employed  9,500  men,  owned 
3,000  horses  and  2,000  wagons,  had  6,000  offices, 
covering  a mileage  of  45,000  miles.  Mr.  Adams 
died  at  Watertown,  Mass.,  Sept.  1,  1877. 

ADAMS,  Amos,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Med- 
tield,  Mass.,  Sept.  1. 1728.  In  1752  he  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  and  immediately  afterwards 
became  pastor  of  a church  in  Roxbury,  Mass., 
where  he  remained  during  his  life.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  conflict  between  America  and  Eng- 
land he  gave  a number  of  patriotic  addresses, 
recommending  the  taking  up  of  arms  against 


England  as  the  only  remedy  for  the  perplexing 
times,  some  of  which  were  published.  He  died 
at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  Oct.  5.  1775. 

ADAMS,  Andrew,  jurist,  was  born  at  Strat- 
ford, Conn.,  Jan.  7,  1736.  Not  long  after  his 
graduation  from  Yale  college,  in  1769,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  became  an  able  and  well- 
known  lawyer.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  Conti- 
nental congress,  member  of  the  state  legislature 
and  member  of  the  council.  In  1789  he  was  ap- 
pointed a judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connec- 
ticut, and  four  years  later  chief  justice.  He  died 
Nov.  26,  1797. 

ADAMS,  Austin,  jurist,  was  born  at  Andover. 
Vt.,  in  1826.  He  was  the  son  of  representatives 
of  two  famous  families.  His  mother,  Pliebe 
Hoar,  was  of  the  well-known  Hoar  family  of 
Massachusetts,  while  through  his  father.  Austin 
Adams,  he  was  of  the  same  stock  with  Samuel 
Adams,  the  revolutionary  patriot.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Black  River  academy  in  Ludlow. 
Vt.,  and  at  Dartmouth  college,  which  afterward 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  was 
principal  of  the  West  Randolph  academy  for  a 
term  or  two,  and  spent  some  time  at  the  Harvard 
law  school.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Windsor 
county  bar  in  1854,  and  was  connected  for  a 
brief  period  in  legal  business  with  ex-Governor 
Coolidge,  but  removed  to  the  west  shortly  after. 
He  taught  at  the  Dubuque  academy  for  several 
months ; was  president  of  the  Iowa  state  board  of 
education  in  1868;  and  for  twenty  years  was 
regent  of  the  State  university.  He  was  elected 
a justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state  of 
Iowa  in  1875,  and  before  retiring  from  the  bench 
had  been  twice  honored  by  the  chief  justiceship. 
He  died  Oct.  17,  1892. 

ADAMS,  Brooks,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Quincy, 
Mass.,  June  24,  1848,  the  fourth  son  of  Charles 
Francis  and  Abigail  Bi'ooks  Adams.  He  received 
his  education  at  Harvard  college,  and  was  gradu- 
ated in  1870.  Upon  his  graduation  he  took  up  the 
study  of  law,  and  in  1873  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
of  Suffolk  county.  He  devoted  his  leisure  hours 
to  literary  work,  particularly  to  magazine  arti- 
cles, contributing  to  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  and 
other  high-class  periodicals.  In  1886  he  published 
“ The  Emancipation  of  Massachusetts.” 

ADAMS,  Charles  Baker,  geologist,  was  born 
at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  Jan.  11,  1814.  In  1834  he 
was  graduated  at  Amherst  college,  and  in  1836 
left  the  Andover  theological  seminary  to  make  a 
geological  survey  of  New  York  with  Prof.  Hitch- 
cock, and  one  alone  of  Vermont.  In  1837  he  was 
appointed  tutor  at  Amherst.  In  1838  he  accepted 
the  chair  of  natural  history  at  Middlebury  col- 
lege, Vermont,  and  in  1847  left  it  to  accept  a sim- 
ilar position  in  Amherst  college,  where  he  re- 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


tnained  until  he  died.  He  was  the  author  of 
works  on  conchology,  and  in  connection  with 
Professor  Alonzo  Gray  he  wrote  the  “Elements 
of  Geology.”  He  died  Jan.  19,  1853. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Foflen,  author,  was  born  at 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  April  21,  1842.  He  came  from 
revolutionary  ancestors,  being  a descendant  of 
Samuel  Adams,  as  well  as  of  Hannah  Dustin,  of 
Haverhill.  Mass.,  who  is  well  known  for  her  cap- 
tivity with  the  Indians.  When  quite  a young 
man  he  engaged  in  bus-mess  in  Boston.  The  civil 
war  breaking  out,  he  promptly  enlisted,  and  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg.  After  re- 
covering he  continued  to  serve  in  the  army  as 
wardmaster  in  the  hospital  for  the  convalescent 
in  Washington,  D.  C.  In  18G4  he  returned  to 
Boston  and  once  more  engaged  in  mercantile  busi- 
ness. Among  his  published  pieces  his  “ Puzzled 
Dutchman”  and  “ Leedle  Yawcob  Strauss”  be- 
came very  popular.  In  1877  his  stray  pieces 
were  collected  into  a volume,  and  in  1887  his 
“Dialect  Ballads”  were  published  and  received 


wide  commendation. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Francis,  diplomatist,  was 
born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  18.  1807,  son  of  John 
Quincy  and  Louisa  Johnson  Adams.  As  was  re- 
marked of  him  by  James  Russell  Lowell.  “ he  was 
cradled  in  diplomacy,”  for  when  two  years  of 
age  he  was  taken  by  his  father,  then  recently  ap- 
pointed by  President  Madison  minister  to  the 
Court  of  St.  Petersburg,  to  that  city,  remaining 
there  five  years  and  becoming  accustomed  to 
the  use  of  the  French,  German,  and  Russian  lan- 
guages. The  appointment  of  his  father  as  Ameri- 
can minister  to  the  Court  of  St.  James,  in  1815, 
caused  Mr.  Adams,  then  a boy  of  eight,  to  be 
placed  in  an  English  boarding-school.  The  hostile 

feeling  between  the 
United  States  and 
England  at  this 
time  was  strong, 
and  anecdotes  are 
told  of  the  manner 
in  which  young 
Adams  on  several 
occasions  stood  up 
for  his  own  coun- 
try. On  his  return 
to  America,  two 
years  later,  he  en- 
tered the  Boston 
Latin  school,  where 
he  was  prepared  for 

r?; 

was  graduated  in 
1825.  During  his  father’s  term  as  president  of 
the  United  States,  Charles  Francis  passed  two 
years  in  Washington,  and  then,  returning  to  Bos- 


ton, read  law  in  the  office  of  Daniel  Webster.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk  bar  in  1828,  and  a 
year  later  married  Abigail  Brown,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  Peter  Chardon  Brooks,  said  at  the 
time  to  be  the  wealthiest  man  in  New  England. 
In  1841  Mr.  Adams  was  elected  a member  of  the 
popular  branch  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature. 
He  was  thrice  re-elected,  and  then  transferred  for 
two  years  to  the  State  senate.  He  had  up  to  this 
time  been  a member  of  the  whig  party,  but  he 
gradually  severed  his  connection  with  that  organ- 
ization, and  his  office  at  23  Court  street,  Boston, 
became  the  point  of  gathering  for  those  of  the 
party  who  were  known  as  “ Conscience  Whigs.” 
as  contradistinguished  from  those  classed  as 
“Cotton  Whigs.”  Mr.  Adams  at  about  this  time 
became  the  editor  of  a newspaper,  the  Boston 
Daily  Whig,  through  which  he  disseminated  his 
views,  conducting  it  with  great  labor  and  at  con- 
siderable pecuniary  loss  to  himself.  In  1846  he 
was  recognized  as  a leader  in  the  Free-Soil  party, 
then  organized,  and  was  nominated,  with  Martin 
Van  Buren  at  the  head  of  the  ticket,  for  the  vice- 
presidency. This  party,  eight  years  later,  formed 
the  nucleus  of  the  republican  party.  In  1858  and 
1860  Mr.  Adams  was  elected  a representative  to 
Congress,  and  in  March.  1861,  was  nominated  by 
President  Lincoln  as  minister  to  England.  This 
position  lie  filled  until  April,  1868.  As  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  United  States  at  the  Court  of  St. 
James  he  is  credited  with  having  given  the  coun- 
try the  most  distinguished  diplomatic  service  it 
had  ever  received.  The  governing  classes  of 
Great  Britain  were  for  a large  portion  of  his  term 
of  service  but  coldly  civil  to  him,  and  were  dis- 
posed to  look  upon  him  as  serving  not  a country, 
but  merely  a section  of  a country,  though  for  him 
personally  they  entertained  and  expressed  great 
respect.  His  knowledge  of  constitutional  law 
aided  him  in  many  critical  cases,  notably  in  that 
of  Mason  and  Slidell,  and  his  unflinching  firm- 
ness, good  judgment,  and  superior  statesmanship 
enabled  him  to  successfully  maintain  friendly 
relations  between  his  own  country  and  Great 
Britain.  It  is  doubtful  if  his  diplomatic  services 
in  the  civil  war  have  been  fully  appreciated  in  his 
own  country.  Subsequently,  upon  the  execution 
of  the  treaty  of  Washington  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain  in  1871.  he  was  appointed 
to  represent  the  United  States  as  a member  of  the 
Geneva  arbitration  provided  for  in  that  treaty. 
He  served  in  this  capacity  during  the  summer  of 
1872,  and  was  largely  instrumental  in  obtaining  an 
award  from  the  tribunal  favorable  to  his  country? 
In  the  spring  of  1872  he  was  brought  into  much 
political  prominence  as  a possible  candidate  for 
the  presidency  in  opposition  to  General  Grant, 
then  a candidate  for  re-election.  His  published 
reply  to  a prominent  liberal  republican,  who 
[17] 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


had  written  to  him  on  the  subject  that  he  could 
not  consent  to  ‘ ' peddle  his  services  for  power,” 
was  at  the  time  considered  the  utterance  of 
an  aristocrat,  and  was  used  by  the  friends 
of  Horace  Greeley  in  securing  his  nomination. 
Mr.  Adams  was  not  a favorite  with  the  masses 
of  his  countrymen,  which  was  in  part  due  to 
an  inherited  coldness  of  manner,  and  in  part, 
possibly,  to  the  fact  that  he  possessed  the  true 
diplomatic  temperament,  which,  if  courteous,  is 
inclined  to  be  cautious,  restrained,  dignified,  and 
self-contained.  His  recognized  talents  and  char- 
acter gave  him,  however,  a position  in  the  esti- 
mate of  his  associates  which,  to  a certain  extent, 
compensated  for  his  lack  of  power  to  win  popular 
favor.  He  was  elected  an  overseer  of  Harvard 
college  in  1869.  and  for  several  terms  served  as 
president  of  the  board.  He  died  Nov.  21,  1886. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Francis,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Boston,  May  27,  1835,  second  son  of  Charles 
Francis  and  Abigail  (Brooks)  Adams.  He  was 
graduated  from  Harvard  college  in  the  class  of 
1856,  and  then  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Richard 
H,  Dana,  Jr.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 

1858.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil 
war,  in  1861,  he  ob- 
tained a commis- 
sion as  first  lieuten- 
ant in  the  1st  Mas- 
sachusetts Cavalry, 
and  afterwards 
served  in  that  regi- 
ment in  South  Caro- 
lina and  Virginia, 
obtaining  the  rank 
of  captain  in  1862. 
He  served  as  chief  of 
squadron  through 
the  Gettysburg 
campaign  and  in 
the  advance  of  Gen.  Grant  upon  Richmond  in 

1864.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  5th  Massachusetts  Cavalry  (colored) 
as  lieutenant-colonel.  He  remained  with  that 
regiment  at  Point  Lookout,  Md.,  until  January, 

1865,  when  he  was  ordered  home  because  of  his 
failing  health.  While  at  home  he  was  offered  the 
position  of  assistant  inspector-general  on  the  staff 
of  Maj.-Gen.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  then  assuming 
command  of  the  Second  army  corps,  but  declined 
the  appointment,  as  at  the  same  time  lie  was  pro- 
moted to  the  colonelcy  of  the  5th  Massachusetts 
cavalry  and  considered  himself  under  an  obliga- 
tion to  remain  with  his  regiment.  He  entered 
Richmond  at  its  head,  and  in  command  of  an 
independent  detachment,  on  April  9,  1865,  but 
shortly  afterwards  resigned,  bis  health  being 
wholly  broken  down.  He  was  mustered  out  of 


service  in  July,  1865,  receiving  subsequently  the 
brevet  of  brigadier-general.  In  November,  1865, 
he  married  Mary  Hone,  daughter  of  Edward  and 
Caroline  Callender  Ogden,  of  Newport,  R.  I.  In 
1869  he  was  appointed  a member  of  the  board  of 
railroad  commissioners  of  Massachusetts,  and 
served  upon  it.  by  successive  re-appointments, 
until  1879  — seven  years  as  chairman  of  the  board 
— when  he  declined  further  service.  In  1879  he 
was  selected  as  a member  of  the  board  of  arbitra- 
tion of  the  Trunk  Line  railroad  organization,  and 
served  as  either  chairman  of  the  board  or  as  sole 
arbitrator  until  June,  1884,  when  he  was  made 
president  of  the  Union  Pacific  railway,  of  which 
he  had  in  1877  been  a government  director.  He 
held  this  position  until  1890.  In  1892  he  was  ap- 
pointed a member,  and  served  as  chairman  of  the 
advisory  commission  which  planned  the  Massa- 
chusetts metropolitan  park  system;  and  a year 
later  was  appointed  on  the  permanent  commis- 
sion which  carried  that  system  into  effect.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  board  until  his  resignation 
in  June,  1895.  He  was  chosen  to  the  board  of 
overseers  of  Harvard  college  in  1882,  and  served 
until  1894,  being  re-elected  to  that  office  in  1895. 
He  has  contributed  largely  to  periodical  litera- 
ture through  the  North  American  Review,  the 
Forum,  and  the  Nation.  In  1883  he  delivered 
the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  oration  at  Cambridge.  In 
conjunction  with  his  brother,  Henry  Adams,  he, 
in  1871,  published  "‘Chapters  of  Erie,  and  other 
Essays.”  In  1871  he  published  “Railroads:  their 
Origin  and  Problems,”  and  in  1879  “Notes  on 
Railroad  Accidents.”  In  1874  he  turned  his  at- 
tention largely  to  the  investigation  of  subjects 
connected  with  New  England  history,  preparing 
from  time  to  time  numerous  addresses,  essays, 
and  miscellaneous  papers.  In  1890  he  published  a 
biography  of  Richard  Henry  Dana;  in  1892, 
“Three  Episodes  of  Massachusetts  History.”  and 
in  1893,  “ Massachusetts:  its  Historians  and  its 
History.”  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts historical  society  in  1875 ; was  made 
vice-president  of  the  society  in  1890,  and  presi- 
dent in  1895.  In  1895  he  received  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  Harvard  university. 

ADAMS,  Charles  Kendall,  educator,  was  born 
at  Derby,  Vt.,  Jan.  24,  1835.  He  attended  the 
common  schools  in  that  place  till  1855,  when, 
with  his  parents,  he  emigrated  to  Denmark,  Iowa, 
where  he  entered  an  academy  and  commenced 
the  study  of  Latin  and  Greek  with  the  purpose  of 
entering  college.  In  the  summer  of  1857  lie  began 
the  classical  course  at  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan, and  was  graduated  in  1861.  Taking  a post- 
graduate course  of  study,  he  was  employed  to 
teach  one  of  the  classes  in  history,  and  at  the 
end  of  the  year  was  appointed  instructor  of 


1181 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


history  and  Latin.  In  1863  he  became  assistant 
professor  of  history  and  Latin,  a position  which 
lie  held  till  1867,  when,  on  the  resignationof  An- 
drew D.  White,  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of 
history.  This  appointment  he  accepted  on  the 
condition  of  a year’s  leave  of  absence  for  study  in 
Europe.  The  year  was  spent  in  Germany  at  the 

universities  of  Bonn, 
Heidelberg,  Leipsic, 
Berlin,  and  Munich, 
where  his  object  was 
to  observe  the  meth- 
ods of  advanced  in- 
struction. About 
four  months  were 
passed  in  Italy  and 
France,  chiefly  in 
Rome  and  Paris.  In 
1881  he  was  simul- 
taneously invited  to 
the  presidency  of 
the  University  of 
Kansas  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Nebraska, 
both  of  which  posi- 
tions were  declined.  He  accepted  the  non-resi- 
dent professorship  of  history  in  Cornell  university 
in  1881.  where  annually  he  gave  a course  of  fif- 
teen lectures  till  1885,  when  he  succeeded  An- 
drew D.  White  in  the  presidency.  In  1869  he 
founded  the  historical  seminary  of  the  university 
of  .Michigan,  and  introduced  the  seminary  method 
of  instruction  in  that  institution.  When  the 
school  of  political  science  was  established  in  the 
university  he  was  made  dean.  He  resigned  his 
professorship  in  May,  1892,  and  in  July  of  the 
same  year  was  elected  president  of  the  university 
of  Wisconsin.  In  1871  he  published  "Democracy 
and  Monarchy  in  France,”  which  at  once  passed 
to  a second  edition,  and  was  published  in  a Ger- 
man translation  in  Stuttgart.  In  1882  appeared 
his  •'  Manual  of  Historical  Literature,”  of  which 
the  third  edition,  much  enlarged,  was  published 
in  1889.  In  1884  he  edited  “Representative  British 
Orations,”  and  in  1892  “Christopher  Columbus.” 
He  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  revised  edition  of 
“ Johnson’s  Cyclopaedia,”  which  was  completed 
in  1895.  He  contributed  to  the  Forum,  the  North 
American  Review  and  other  reviews  in  the  United 
States,  and  to  the  Contemporary  Review  in  Eng- 
land. He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 
at  Harvard  university  in  1886,  and  in  1888  was 
elected  to  the  office  of  president  of  the  historical 
association. 

ADAMS,  Daniel,  author,  was  born  in  Town- 
send, Mass.,  Sept.  29,  1773.  After  his  graduation 
from  Dartmouth  college  in  1797  he  studied  medi- 
cine, removing  to  Leominster,  Mass.,  where  he 
practised  his  profession,  and  in  addition  prepared 


a set  of  school  books,  embracing  elementary  works 
on  reading,  arithmetic  and  grammar,  which  were 
printed  by  his  own  press  and  which  had  great 
popularity.  In  1806  he  opened  a select  school  in 
Boston  and  edited  and  printed  the  Medical  and 
Agricultural  Register.  In  1813  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  medicine  at  Mount  Vernon,  N.  IL, 
without,  however,  giving  up  the  publication  of 
school  books.  He  revised  his  arithmetic,  calling 
it  “Adams  New  Arithmetic,”  at  the  same  time 
editing  The  Telescope,  a weekly  newspaper.  He 
became  state  senator  in  1838 ; removed  to  Keene, 
N.  H..  in  1846,  and  was  elected  president  of  both 
the  Bible  and  medical  societies  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. He  died  June  8,  1864. 

ADAMS,  Edwin,  actor,  was  born  in  Medford, 
Mass.,  Feb.  3,  1834.  He  made  his  first  appearance 
at  the  national  theatre  in  Boston  when  he  was 
nineteen  years  of  age.  afterwards  appearing  in 
various  popular  plays  in  which  he  won  merited 
commendation.  His  favorite  role  was  “ Hamlet.” 
but  he  was  at  his  best  in  “genteel  comedy.”  He 
played  with  Edwin  Booth  in  Shakespearean  plays 
in  1869-’70,  afterwards  taking  a trip  to  Australia. 
He  returned  to  America  in  1876,  by  way  of  the 
Pacific  route.  His  health  was  greatly  injured  by 
his  visit,  and  his  friends  and  admirers,  which 
embraced  the  entire  profession,  gave  him  a series 
of  benefits  at  San  Francisco,  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, Boston  and  other  cities.  He  died  in 
Philadelphia.  Oct.  25.  1877. 

ADAMS,  Ezra  Eastman,  author,  was  born  in 
Concord,  N.  H.,  Aug.  29,  1813.  Not  long  after 
his  graduation  from  Dartmouth  college  in  1836  he 
went  to  Havre,  France,  where  for  ten  years  he 
labored  as  chaplain  to  the  seamen.  He  then 
travelled  over  Europe,  and  upon  his  return  to  the 
United  States  in  1854  he  took  pastoral  charge  of 
the  Pearl  street  Congregational  church  in  Nashua, 
N.  H.  In  1860  he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  where 
he  became  associated  with  the  foreign  evangelical 
society,  and  while  in  that  city  helped  to  found 
what  became  the  Broad  street  church.  In  1867 
he  accepted  the  professorship  of  theology  at  Lin- 
coln university,  Oxford,  Pa.,  which  position  he 
held  until  his  death.  Besides  writing  several 
excellent  poems  he  was  editorial  contributor  to 
the  Presbyterian.  He  died  at  the  university 
Nov.  3.  1871. 

ADAMS,  Franklin  George,  historian,  was  born 
at  Rodman,  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.,  May  13,  1824. 
His  father  was  a farmer,  and  he  had  only  the  lim- 
ited educational  advantages  of  farmers’  sons  of  the 
period  — the  district  school  for  less  than  half  the 
year.  But  he  made  the  most  of  his  scanty  oppor- 
tunities, and  by  the  time  he  was  nineteen  had 
fitted  himself  for  teaching  the  English  branches 
in  a somewhat  advanced  school  at  Cincinnati. 
This  he  did  until  he  was  twenty-four  years  of 
[19] 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


age.  attending  meanwhile  law  and  medical  lec- 
tures. and  at  the  end  of  three  years  graduated 
from  the  law  department  of  Cincinnati  college. 
He  engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Kan- 
sas. to  which  state  he  emigrated  in  1855.  settling 
first  at  Ashland  where  he  remained  for  a few 
months,  when  lie  removed  to  Leavenworth, 
and  the  following  year 
again  changed  his  resi- 
dence to  Atchison, 
where  he  lived  for  sev- 
eral years,  acting  as 
probate  judge  of  Atch- 
ison county  in  1858-’59. 
In  1858  he  was  a mem- 
i her  of  the  Leavenworth 
state  constituti onal 
committee;  1863,  clerk 
of  the  United  States 
district  court.  Topeka; 
1865-69,  United  States 
Indian  agent  for  the 
Kickapoos  at  Kenne- 
kuk.  He  edited,  in  succession,  many  prominent 
newspapers,  his  first  work  being  given  to  the 
Squatter  Sovereign,  Atchison,  1857.  In  1863,  the 
State  Record  and  Kansas  Farmer  were  under  his 
editorial  management,  and  later  the  Atchison 
Free  Press  (1864-’68)  and  the  Waterville  Telegraph 
(1871-72).  He  held  prominent  positions  in  vari- 
ous agricultural  societies,  as  well  as  in  the  Kan- 
sas state  grange,  and  is  the  author  of  several 
reports  made  by  the  latter  body.  He  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  the  Kansas  state  historical 
society  at  its  initiation  in  1875,  taking  a very 
active  part  in  the  management  of  the  work  of  the 
society,  the  library  of  which  during  his  adminis- 
tration increased  to  79,900  volumes,  besides  valu- 
able manuscripts  to  the  number  of  12,000.  a rich 
collection  of  maps,  mementos,  and  relics,  all  of 
recognized  historical  value,  and  15,000  pictures. 
The  accretions  to  the  library  in  each  year  being 
about  800  volumes.  He  is  the  author  of  various 
pamphlets  relating  to  reform  in  spelling,  having 
published  “The  Lives  of  the  Presidents”  in  plio- 
netypic  form,  and  the  “Homestead  Guide” 
in  1872. 

ADAMS,  F.  W.,  physician,  was  born  in  Ver- 
mont in  1787.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  violinist 
and  discovered  while  young  that  the  merit  of  old 
and  precious  violins  lay  in  the  wood  of  which  they 
were  made.  He  carefully  searched  the  forests  of 
his  state  and  Canada  for  very  old  pine  and  maple, 
sometimes  taking  it  from  decaying  trees.  With 
this  he  manufactured  140  violins,  proving  his 
theory  by  the  fact  that  those  made  from  the  oldest 
woods  gave  forth  the  sweetest  tones.  Some  of 
the  instruments  made  by  him  are  of  rarely  beauti- 
ful quality.  He  died  in  Montpelier,  Vt.,  in  1859. 


ADAMS,  Hannah,  author,  was  born  at  Med- 
field.  Mass.,  in  1755.  Her  father  was  a man  of 
literary  taste,  who  imparted  to  her  a considerable 
knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin,  as  well  as  of 
higher  English.  These  advantages  gave  her  an 
education  above  that  of  the  average  woman  of 
her  time,  and  thrown  upon  her  own  resources  she 
supported  herself  and  several  younger  brothers 
and  sisters  after  her  seventeenth  year.  During 
the  revolutionary  war  she  gained  a livelihood  by 
teaching  and  making  lace;  she  then  took  up 
authorship,  and  she  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
woman  in  America  to  have  made  literature  a pro- 
fession. “A  View  of  Religious  Opinions”  was  her 
first  and  most  popular  attempt  at  authorship,  and 
was  reprinted  in  England.  Later  she  wrote  a 
“History  of  the  Jews,”  the  “ Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity,” “History  of  New  England,”  “Contro- 
versy with  Dr.  Morse,”  and  “Letters  on  the 
Gospels,”  which  were  read  in  her  time,  but  are 
now  known  only  to  scholars.  She  was  remark- 
able for  beauty  of  character,  and  was  greatly 
respected  for  her  learning.  Her  body  was  the 
first  to  be  buried  in  Mount  Auburn  cemetery.  Her 
biography  has  been  written  by  Hannah  E.  Lee. 
She  died  in  Brookline,  Mass..  Dec.  15,  1831. 

ADAMS,  Henry  , historian,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  Feb.  16,  1838,  third  son  of  Charles  Francis 
and  Abigail  Brooks  Adams.  In  1858  lie  received 
his  diploma  from  Harvard  college,  and  in  1861 
was  appointed  private  secretary  to  his  father, 
who  was  then  United  States  minister  to  England. 
In  1870  he  returned  to  Massachusetts  and  became 
instructor  in  history  at  Harvard  university.  As 
an  educator  he  was  eminently  successful  and  led 
his  pupils  into  original  paths  of  research  that  pre- 
sented charming  fields  of  investigation.  He  held 
the  chair  of  history  for  seven  years.  In  connection 
with  his  brother.  Charles  Francis,  he  published 
in  1871  “Chapters  on  Erie  and  other  Essays,” 
and  made  in  collaboration  with  him  biographical 
and  historical  researches,  the  results  of  which 
largely  enriched  the  historical  annals  of  Massa- 
chusetts. In  1876  he  published  “ Essays  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  Law.”  The  next  year  he  published  “ Docu- 
ments relating  to  New  England  Federalism.  1800- 
1815.”  In  1879  appeared  “Writings  of  Albert 
Gallatin,”  which  he  edited,  and  his  “John  Ran- 
dolph ” was  published  in  Boston  in  1882.  He  re- 
visited Europe,  residing  in  London  for  some  years, 
and  in  1888  removed  to  Washington,  where  he 
wrote  his  popular  “History  of  Jefferson's  Adminis- 
tration.” 

ADAMS,  Henry  Austin,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Cuba,  W.  I.,  Sept,  20,  1861,  son  of  William 
Newton  and  Maria  del  Carmen  Adams.  When 
a child  he  was  taken  to  New  York  and  there 
received  his  primary  education.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  the  General  theological  seminary 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


in  June,  1882,  and  received  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Arts  from  Trinity  college,  Hartford.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  priesthood  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church  by  Bishop  Paddock.  His  first 
pastoral  charge  was  that  of  Trinity  church, 
Wethersfield,  Conn. ; from  thence  he  went  to  Great 
Barrington,  Mass.,  and  in  1886  was  called  to  old 
Trinity,  New  York,  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Dix.  In 
1889  he  became  rector  of  St.  Paul’s  cathedral, 
Buffalo,  and  in  January,  1892,  resigned  his  pasto- 
rate in  that  city  to  assume  charge  of  the  Church 
of  the  Redeemer  in  New  York,  where  he  had  as 
his  assistant  Father  Johnson,  another  young  and 
enthusiastic  worker.  In  1893  Father  Adams  re- 
nounced his  priesthood  and  entered  the  Roman 
Catholic  communion,  under  the  instructions  of 
the  Paulist  fathers  in  New  York  city.  He  was  a 
distinguished  preacher  while  officiating  in  the 
Episcopal  church  and  carried  his  oratorical  talents 
into  the  lecture  field,  where  he  acquired  a bril- 
liant reputation.  He  gave  unqualified  advocacy 
to  the  single  tax  theory,  and  strenuously  insisted 
on  the  need  for  the  church  to  actively  interest 
herself  in  the  practical  solution  of  the  social  prob- 
lems of  the  day. 

ADAMS,  Henry  A.,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Pittsburg,  Pa.,  June  6,  1833,  son  of  Henry  A. 
Adams.  He  received  a high  school  education,  and 
when  sixteen  years  old  was  admitted  to  the  U.  S. 
naval  academy,  Annapolis,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated midshipman  in  18.11,  and  assigned  to  the 
U.  S.  steam  frigate,  Susquehanna,  of  the  East 
India  squadron.  Upon  his  return  in  1852,  he  served 
on  board  the  U.  S.  sloop  Jamestown  of  the  Bra- 
zilian squadron,  and  in  1854  was  promoted  passed 
midshipman.  The  following  year  he  was  made 
master,  and,  with  the  U.  S.  sloop  Levant,  sailed 
for  the  East  Indies,  where,  in  1856,  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  attack  on  the  Barrier  forts  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Canton  river,  China.  In  1856  he 
received  his  promotion  as  lieutenant.  In  1859  he 
was  on  board  the  U.  S.  sloop  Brooklyn  of  the 
home  squadron,  and  in  1861  went  with  Farragut’s 
fleet  to  make  up  the  western  gulf  blockading 
squadron.  He  followed  the  fortunes  of  the 
squadron  during  the  first  years  of  the  war  at 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  Chalmette  bat- 
teries, the  capture  of  New  Orleans,  Vicksburg 
and  on  blockade  service.  He  received  promotion 
as  lieutenant  commander  in  July,  1862,  and  in 
1863  was  assigned  to  ordnance  duty  at  the  Phila- 
delphia navy  yard.  Joining  the  North  Atlantic 
squadron  lie,  in  1864-’65,  took  part  in  the  attacks 
on  Fort  Fisher,  receiving  from  Admiral  Porter 
recommendation  for  promotion,  ‘‘without  whose 
aid  we  should  have  been  brought  to  a standstill 
more  than  once.  He  volunteered  for  anything 
and  everything.”  He  accompanied  the  army  in 
its  capture  of  Richmond,  and  was  with  President 


Lincoln  when  he  entered  the  Confederate  capital. 
His  commission  as  commander  was  received  in 
July,  1866.  He  was  attached  to  the  European 
squadron  1868-69,  and  at  the  Philadelphia  navy 
yard  in  1870. 

ADAflS,  Henry  Carter,  educator,  was  born  at 
Davenport,  Iowa,  in  1852,  his  parents  having  re- 
moved to  that  state  from  New  Hampshire.  He 
was  educated  at  Iowa  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1874.  He 
accepted  a fellowship  in  political  science  at 
Johns-Hopkins  university  in  1876,  and  took  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  there  in  1878.  From  1878  to  1880 
he  was  a student  at  Heidelberg,  Berlin,  and  at  the 
ecole  fibre  de  science  politiques  at  Paris.  On 
returning  to  America  he  was  three  years  lecturer 
at  Cornell  university,  Johns-Hopkins  university, 
and  the  university  of  Michigan.  From  1881  till 
1887  he  had  charge  of  the  department  of  political 
economy  in  Cornell  university  and  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  and  in  1887  was  elected  to 
the  chair  of  political  economy  and  finanoe  in  the 
latter  institution.  In  1887  he  was  selected  by  the 
interstate  commerce  commission  to  organize  and 
direct  a bureau  of  railway  statistics,  and  was 
shortly  afterwards  appointed  statistician  to  the 
commission.  For  several  years  lie  was  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  American  economic  association.  He 
was  also  a member  of  the  American  statistical  as- 
sociation. Ip  1892  he  was  elected  as  an  active 
member  of  l’institute  internationale  de  statistique 
of  Paris.  He  has  written  much  upon  financial 
and  economic  topics,  his  most  important  book 
being  “Public  Debts:  An  Essay  on  the  Science 
of  Finance.” 

ADAMS,  Herbert  Baxter,  educator,  was  born 
at  Amherst.  Mass.,  April  16,  1850,  trained  at 
Phillips  Exeter  academy,  graduated  at  Amherst 
college  in  the  class  of  1872,  and  at  Heidel- 
berg university,  where  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  philosophy  in  1876.  Upon  re- 
turning to  the  United  States  he  became  connected 
with  the  Johns-Hopkins  university  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  as  fellow,  instructor,  associate,  and  professor 
of  history,  and  was  promoted  head  of  the  depart- 
ment of  history  and  political  science.  In  1882  he 
began  to  edit  “Johns-Hopkins  University  Studies 
in  Historical  and  Political  Science,”  embracing 
eight  annual  volumes  and  five  extra  volumes. 
To  this  series  he  made  numerous  contributions, 
chiefly  in  the  line  of  American  institutional  and 
economic  history.  In  1887  he  began  to  edit  for 
the  bureau  of  education.  Washington,  D.  C., 
“ Contributions  to  American  Educational  His- 
tory,” embracing  American  colleges  and  universi- 
ties in  state  groups.  Dr.  Adams  prepared  for  this 
series:  “The  Study  of  History  in  American  Col- 
leges and  Universities,”  “The  College  of  William 
and  Mary,”  and  “Thomas  Jefferson  and  the 
[21] 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


University  of  Virginia.”  He  was  secretary  of 
the  American  Historical  Association  from  its  or- 
ganization in  1884,  and  edited  its  published  papers. 
His  work  is  highly  valued  by  historical  students. 
James  Phelan,  Pli.D.,  author  of  “History  of 
Tennessee,”  says  of  it : “I  desire  to  pay  a tribute 

of  respect  to  the  new  school  of  historical  investi- 
gation. which,  under  the  careful  and  scholarly 
editorship  of  Prof.  Herbert  B.  Adams,  is  introdu- 
cing the  same  comparative  methods  into  the  study 
of  American  history  which  have  been  fruitful  of 
the  best  results  in  Germany  and  England.”  In 
1893  he  published  "Life  and  Writings  of  Jared 
Sparks,”  in  2 vols.  In  1890  lie  was  sent  to  Europe 
by  the  United  States  bureau  of  education  to 
study  and  report  on  summer  educational  gather- 
ings. 

ADAMS,  Isaac,  inventor,  was  born  in  Roches- 
ter. X.  H.,  1803.  He  had  little  opportunity  for 
education,  and  when  a boy  went  early  to  work  in 
a factory.  Later  he  learned  the  trade  of  a cabi- 
net-maker, which  lie  abandoned  to  go  to  Boston, 
where  he  became  employed  in  a machine  shop. 
In  1828  he  invented  the  Adams  printing  press, 
which  he  improved  in  1834.  and  as  then  improved 
the  press  continues  to  be  sold  in  thirty  different 
sizes  and  was  universally  used  for  book  work 
in  America  for  more  than  a quarter  of  a century. 
By  the  manufacture  of  these  presses  he  accu- 
mulated considerable  wealth.  In  1840  he  was 
elected  to  the  Massachusetts  senate.  He  died 
July  19,  1883. 

ADAMS,  James  Hopkins,  statesman,  was 
born  in  South  Carolina  about  1811.  At  the  age  of 
twenty  he  was  graduated  from  Yale  college,  and 
the  following  year  was  elected  to  the  state  senate. 
In  1855  he  was  chosen  governor,  and  after  his 
state  had  seceded  he  was  one  of  the  commission- 
ers appointed  to  negotiate  with  the  president  re- 
garding the  disposal  of  the  United  States  property 
in  South  Carolina.  He  died  on  his  plantation 
near  Columbia,  S.  C.,  July  27,  1861. 

ADAMS,  Jasper,  educator,  was  born  in  Med- 
way, Mass.,  Aug.  27,  1793.  After  being  gradu- 
ated from  Brown  university  and  studying  theology 
at  Andover,  he  became  professor  of  mathematics 
at  the  former  institution  in  1819.  He  was  also  in 
that  year  ordained  to  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
priesthood.  He  became  president  of  the  college 
at  Charleston  in  1824,  and  in  1826  removed  to 
Geneva,  as  president  of  Hobart  college.  In  1828 
he  returned  to  the  Charleston  college,  where 
lie  remained  until  1836.  Two  years  later  he 
went  to  West  Point  as  chaplain  and  professor  of 
history,  geography,  and  ethics.  He  afterwards 
removed  to  Pendleton.  S.  C.,  where  he  took 
charge  of  a seminary.  His  sermons  and  addresses, 
as  well  as  a work  entitled  “Moral  Philosophy,” 
were  published.  He  died  Oct.  25,  1841. 


ADAMS,  John,  second  President  of  the  United 
States,  was  born  at  Braintree  (Quincy),  Mass., 
Oct.  19  (O.  S.)  1735,  son  of  John  and  Susanna 
Boylston  Adams.  His  first  American  ancestor, 
Henry  Adams.  Puritan,  emigrated  from  Devon- 
shire. Eng.,  in  1636.  he  having  been  granted  a 
tract  of  land  embracing  forty  acres  at  Braintree 
in  the  province  of  Massachusetts.  He  brought 
over  with  him  eight  sons  and  was  one  of  the 
original  proprietors  of  the  town  of  Braintree.  It 
was  the  custom  of  the  Adams  family  to  educate 
the  eldest  son  of  each  generation  for  some  profes- 
sion,  and  John  was  carefully  prepared  for  Har- 
vard college,  which  he  entered  in  1751.  graduating 
thence  a bachelor  of  arts,  in  1755.  While  at  col 
lege  a great  future  was  predicted  for  him.  the 
acuteness  and  originality  of  his  mind,  and  the 
frankness  and  independence  of  his  character, 
being  fully  recognized  even  at  that  early  date. 
Immediately  after  his  graduation  he  received 
and  accepted  an  invitation  to  take  charge  of 
the  grammar  school  at  Worcester,  Mass.  The 
occupation  of  teaching  did  not  prove  at  all  con- 
genial to  the  high-spirited  and  ambitious  youth. 
In  a letter  dated  at  Worcester,  Sept.  2,  1755,  he 


BIRTHPLACES  OF  JOHN  AND  JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS. 


thus  facetiously  describes,  for  the  edification  of 
his  friend  Robert  Crancli.  “the  situation” of  his 
“ mind  ” : “ When  the  nimble  hours  have  tackled 
Apollo’s  courses,  and  the  gry  deity  mounts  the 
eastern  sky.  the  gloomy  pedagogue  arises,  frown- 
ing and  lowering  like  a black  cloud  begrimed 
with  uncommon  wrath,  to  blast  a devoted  land. 
When  the  destined  time  arrives  he  enters  upon 
action,  and.  as  a haughty  monarch  ascends  his 
throne,  the  pedagogue  mounts  his  awful  great 
chair  and  dispenses  right  and  justice  through  his 
empire.  His  obsequious  subjects  execute  the  im- 
perial mandates  with  cheerfulness,  and  think  it 
their  high  happiness  to  be  employed  in  the  service 
of  the  emperor.  Sometimes  paper,  sometimes  pen- 
knife, now  birch,  now  arithmetic,  now  a ferule, 
then  A.  B.  C,  then  scolding,  then  flattering,  then 
thwacking,  calls  for  the  pedagogue’s  attention. 
At  length,  his  spirits  all  exhausted,  down  comes 
pedagogue  from  his  throne  and  walks  out  in  awful 
solemnity  through  a cringing  multitude.  In  the 
afternoon  lie  passes  through  the  same  dreadful 


[22 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


scenes,  smokes  his  pipe,  and  goes  to  bed.  The 
situation  of  the  town  is  quite  pleasant  . . . but 
the  school  is  indeed  a school  of  affliction.  A large 
number  of  little  runtlings  just  capable  of  lisping 
A.  B.  C.  and  troubling  the  master.  But  Dr.  Savil 
tells  me  for  my  comfort.  ‘ by  cultivating  and  prun- 
ing these  tender  plants  in  the  garden  of  Worces- 
ter, I shall  make  some  of  them  plants  of  renown 
and  cedars  of  Lebanon.’  However  this  be,  I am 
certain  that  keeping  this  school  any  length  of 
time  would  make  a base  weed  and  ignoble  shrub 
of  me.”  It  was  his  father’s  wish  that  he  should 
enter  the  ministry,  and  in  various  letters  written 
to  friends  are  found  recorded  his  strong  predilec- 
tion for  preaching.  But,  after  long  and  careful 
deliberation,  in  which  he  weighed  the  advantages 
and  disadvantages  of  a career  as  lawyer,  doctor, 
clergyman,  soldier,  farmer  and  merchant,  he 
finally  decided  to  adopt  the  legal  profession.  His 
great  objection  to  entering  the  ministry  was  the 
frigidity  of  Calvinism,  and  his  father,  respecting 
his  views,  though  not  coinciding  with  them,  per- 
mitted him  to  follow  his  inclination  in  the  matter. 
Hewas  peculiarly  adapted  for  the  profession  he 
had  chosen ; for.  in  addition  to  his  superior  mental 
endowment,  he  was  possessed  of  a sound  constitu- 
tion. a clear,  resonant  voice,  a lively  sensibility, 
high  moral  sense,  great  self-confidence  and  ora- 
torical gifts  of  a high  order. 

In  September.  1756,  he  entered  the  office  of 
Col.  James  Putnam,  a distinguished  lawyer  of 
Worcester,  and  applied  himself  with  great  dili- 
gence to  the  study  of  the  law,  continuing  his  teach- 
ing in  the  meantime  as  a means  of  livelihood. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1758,  being 
presented  by  Mr.  Jeremy  Gridley,  then  attorney- 
general  of  the  province,  and  one  of  the  most 
eminent  lawyers  and  scholars  of  the  time.  It 
was  upon  the  advice  of  Mr.  Gridley,  who  enter- 
tained a high  opinion  of  his  ability,  that  he  made 
an  especial  study  of  civil  law,  acquiring  that 
complete  mastery  of  the  subject  which  was  of 
such  vital  importance  to  him  in  after  years.  He 
commenced  practice  in  the  little  village  of  Brain- 
tree and  lived  at  the  old  homestead  until  his 
marriage.  On  October  25,  1704,  Mr.  Adams 
married  Abigail,  daughter  of  Rev.  William 
Smith,  pastor  of  the  first  Congregational  church 
of  Weymouth.  Miss  Abigail’s  older  sister,  Mary, 
had  married  Richard  Cranch,  a lawyer  of  some 
reputation  and  considerable  wealth.  The  suit 
of  Mr.  Adams,  who  had  neither  fame  nor  fortune, 
was  not  looked  upon  with  favor  by  any  one  at  the 
parsonage  save  Miss  Abigail  herself.  It  was  the 
custom  in  those  days  to  have  a marriage  sermon, 
and  Dr.  Smith  permitted  his  daughters  to  choose 
their  own  text.  When  Mary  was  married  her 
text  was.  “Mary  hath  chosen  that  good  part 
which  shall  not  be  taken  away  from  her.”  Father 


Smith  emphasized  “that  good  part,”  which  was 
obedience.  John  and  Abigail  heard  the  sermon, 
and  when  the  time  came  for  Abigail  to  choose  a 
text  she  selected,  “John  came  neither  eating  nor 
drinking,  and  they  said,  ‘ he  hath  a devil.  ’ ” Dr. 
Smith  objected,  but  Abigail  insisted,  and  the  text 
was  used  to  the  great  amusement  of  the  friends 
and  parishioners.  Mr.  Adams  had  great  reason 
to  delight  himself  in  his  wife;  for.  in  addition  to 
the  fact  that  his  marriage  with  her  brought  him 
into  alliance  with  several  families  of  note  and 
influence,  she  was  a woman  of  noble  character, 
charming  manner,  calm  judgment,  ready  re- 
source, and  uncompromising  patriotism.  The 
first  year  of  his  marriage  was  spent  in  Braintree, 
and  lie  began  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  con- 
duct of  the  affairs  of  the  village.  He  had  before 
held  the  office  of  surveyor  of  public  highways,  and 
he  was  now  chosen  selectman,  overseer  of  the 
poor,  and  assessor.  But  though  he  had  not  here- 
tofore taken  any  prominent  stand  before  the 
public,  many  passages  from  the  early  pages  of 
his  diary,  and  from  letters  written  in  young  man- 
hood. foreshadow  the  statesman  and  patriot  he 
was  destined  to  become.  As  early  as  1755,  during 
the  dark  days  of  the  war  with  France,  lie  had 
written:  “All  that  part  of  creation  which  lies 

within  our  observation  is  liable  to  change.  Even 
mighty  states  and  kingdoms  are  not  exempted. 
If  we  look  into  history  we  shall  find  some  nations 
rising  from  contemptible  beginnings  and  spread- 
ing their  influence  till  the  whole  globe  is  sub- 
jected to  their  sway.  When  they  have  reached 
the  summit  of  grandeur,  some  minute  and  unsus- 
pected cause  commonly  effects  their  ruin,  and 
the  empire  of  the  world  is  transferred  to  some 
other  place.  Immortal  Rome  was  at  first  but 
an  insignificant  village,  . . . but  by  degrees  it 
rose  to  a stupendous  height.  . . . But  the  demoli- 
tion of  Carthage  by  removing  all  danger,  suffered 
it  (Rome)  to  sink  into  debauchery,  and  made  it, 
at  length,  an  easy  prey  to  barbarians.  England, 
immediately  upon  this,  began  to  increase  ...  in 
power  and  magnificence ; and  is  now  the  greatest 
nation  upon  the  globe.  Soon  after  the  Reforma- 
tion a few  people  came  over  into  this  new  world, 
for  conscience  sake.  Perhaps  this  apparently 
trivial  incident  may  transfer  the  seat  of  empire 
into  America.  It  looks  likely  to  me.”  Here  is 
exhibited  the  student  looking  into  the  past  and 
seeing  clearly  by  the  aid  of  its  light  the  glory  of 
the  future,  unclouded  by  the  gloom  of  the  pres- 
ent. He  saw,  even  at  that  early  day,  that  it  was 
only  through  union  that  the  colonies  could  ever 
hope  to  achieve  self-government.  “The  only 
way,”  wrote  he.  “to  keep  us  from  setting  up  for 
ourselves  is  to  disunite  us.  Divide  et  impera.” 

The  passage  of  the  obnoxious  Stamp  Act  in 
1765  was  the  occasion  which  roused  into  action 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


all  the  dormant  faculties  of  Mr.  Adams’s  mind, 
and  from  that  time  he  was  prominent  in  all  the 
measure’s  taken  to  protect  the  colony  from  the 
exactions  of  the  mother  country.  Fearless  in  the 
expression  of  his  honest  convictions  he  wrote  at 
this  time:  “Be  it  remembered,  liberty  must  at 

all  hazards  be  defended ; . . . we  have  an  indis- 
putable right  to  demand  our  privileges  against  all 
the  power  and  authority  on  earth.”  To  Mr. 
Jonathan  Sewall,  a friend  of  his  youth  who  had 
espoused  the  Royalist  cause,  and  who  urged  upon 
Mr.  Adams  the  hopelessness  of  entering  into  a 
contest  with  so  irresistible  a foe  as  England,  he 
said:  “I  know  that  Great  Britain  is  determined 
on  her  system ; and  that  very  determination  de- 
termines me  on  mine.  You  know  I have  been 
constant  and  uniform  in  opposition  to  all  her 
measures.  The  die  is  now  cast,  I have  passed  the 
Rubicon ; sink  or  swim,  live  or  die,  survive  or 
perish,  with  my  country,  is  my  unalterable  deter- 
mination.” 

At  a town  meeting  held  immediately  after  the 
announcement  of  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act  he 
presented  a series  of  resolutions  in  regard  to  the 
measure,  which  was  intended  for  the  instruction  of 
the  representatives  to  the  assembly.  The  resolu- 
tions were  unanimously  adopted,  and  being  pub- 
lished in  Draper’s  paper  were  adopted  by  forty 
other  towns  in  the  province  for  the  instruction  of 
their  respective  representatives.  It  was  at  this 
time  that  he  wrote  a number  of  articles  for  the  Bos- 
ton Gazette  under  the  title,  “An  Essay  on  Canon 
and  Feudal  Laws.”  His  aim  in  writing  the  papers 
was  not  to  elucidate  the  principles  of  either  canon 
or  feudal  law,  but  to  hold  them  up  as  objects  of 
abhorrence,  that  Americans  might  see  the  con- 
spiracy between  church  and  state  for  the  oppres- 
sion of  the  people.  He  wished  to  inculcate  genu- 
ine principles  of  freedom;  to  call  attention  to  the 
truth  that  the  only  legitimate  foundation  for  a 
government  is  the  will  and  happiness  of  the  peo- 
ple ; and  to  arouse  Americans  to  the  assertion  and 
defence  of  their  rights.  These  papers  were  re- 
printed in  London  under  the  title : “A  Disserta- 
tion on  the  Canon  and  Feudal  Law.”  and  were 
generally  attributed  to  Mr.  Jeremy  Gridley,  then 
attorney-general  of  the  province. 

In  December,  17(55,  Mr.  Adams  appeared  with 
Otis  and  Gridley  before  the  governor  and  council, 
to  ask  for  the  re-opening  of  the  courts,  contending 
that  the  Stamp  Act  was  illegal,  the  colonies  hav- 
ing no  representative  in  Parliament.  “The  Free- 
man,” he  said,  “pays  no  tax,  as  the  freeman 
submits  to  no  law  but  such  as  emanates  from  the 
body  in  which  he  is  represented.” 

In  1768  he  moved  to  Boston,  occupying  what 
was  known  as  the  “White  House”  in  Brattle 
Square.  Governor  Bernard  offered  him  the  office 
of  advocate-general,  but  although  ambitious  and 


needing  the  emoluments  of  the  office,  he  declined, 
lest  he  should  'hamper  his  own  freedom  of  action. 
He  would  not  even  accept  the  appointment  of 
justice  of  the  peace.  At  the  time  of  the  “Boston 
Massacre  ” in  1770,  • notwithstanding  his  sym- 
pathies with  the  people,  he  defended  ■ Captain 
Preston  and  the  soldiers  under  his  command. 
This  straightforward  manliness  did  him  no  harm, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  Gen- 
eral Court.  His  defence  of  Captain  Preston  and 
all  the  attendant  circumstances  have  been  held 
to  be  the  first  critical  period  of  his  life.  His  elec- 
tion to  the  House  of  Representatives  committed 
him  to  a more  public  adherence  to  the  cause  of 
the  people.  From  this  time  he  was  active  in  all 
political  measures,  though  he  recognized  the  pre- 
carious condition  of  matters  affecting  private 
and  public  life;  and  felt  that  he  was  surrender- 
ing ease  and  safety.  He  said:  “I  consider  the 
step  a devotion  of  my  family  to  ruin  and  of  my- 
self to  death.  I had  devoted  myself  to  endless 
labor  and  anxiety,  if  not  to  infamy  and  death,  and 
that  for  nothing  except,  what  indeed  was  and 
ought  to  be  all  in  all.  a sense  of  duty.”  When 
his  wife  was  told  his  decision,  and  what  peril  it 
might  involve,  the  brave,  true-hearted,  patriotic 
woman  exclaimed,  though  with  eyes  streaming 
with  tears,  “ You  have  done  as  you  ought,  and  I 
am  willing  to  share  in  all  that  is  to  come,  and  to 
place  my  trust  in  Providence.” 

In  1773  Mr.  Adams  came  into  dii'ect  conflict 
with  Governor  Hutchinson.  The  latter  had  been 
foiled  in  his  attempts  to  tax  the  colonies  without 
their  consent,  and  this  largely  through  the  influ- 
ence of  Mr.  Adams,  who  had  drafted  a paper  on 
the  whole  matter  and  defended  it.  Hutchinson’s 
letters  to  the  British  government  had  been  mys- 
teriously obtained  and  sent  to  Boston  by  Frank- 
lin. These  letters  implicated  Hutchinson  and 
Lieutenant-Governor  Oliver,  in  a conspiracy 
against  the  liberties  of  the  colonies.  John  Adams, 
who  had  been  elected  a member  of  the  General 
Court  on  May  25  of  that  year,  was  present  when 
the  letters  were  read  and  commented  upon.  He 
was  influential  in  carrying  the  vote  to  publish 
them,  and  in  inspiring  the  address  to  the  king 
asking  for  the  removal  of  Hutchinson  and  Oliver. 
Mr.  Adams  is  known  as  the  “Father of  the  Ameri- 
can Navy.”  His  earliest  efforts  in  behalf  of  this 
important  arm  of  the  public  service  were  directed 
to  fitting  out  vessels  of  war  to  protect  the  seaport 
towns  of  New  England  against  English  depreda- 
tions early  in  the  war  for  independence.  After- 
wards, when  a delegate  in  Congress,  he  secured 
appropriations  for  the  aid  of  the  navy,  and  as 
President,  on  the  outbreak  of  trouble  with  France, 
he  organized  the  navy  department  to  take  the 
place  of  the  former  board  of  admiralty.  Six 
frigates,  eighteen  sloops  of  war.  and  ten  galleys 


J dfoh  jtcCcLniA. 


The  Cyclopaedia  Publishing  Company. 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


were  ordered  to  be  built  or  purchased  and  put  in 
commission.  Then  followed  actual  hostilities  at 
sea.  Several  French  vessels  were  captured.  Other 
vessels  of  considerable  armament  were  author- 
ized. Three  well-known  frigates,  ‘‘The  United 
States,”  “The  Constitution,” and  “The  Constella- 
tion,” were  by  his  recommendation  manned  and 
employed  by  Act  of  Congress,  July  1st,  1797. 
When  the  controversy  with  France  was  settled, 
March  3,  1801,  the  President  was  instructed  to  dis- 
pose of  the  ships  belonging  to  the  navy,  excepting 
thirteen  frigates  — seven  to  be  laid  up  in  ordinary 
and  six  held  ready  for  service. 

Mr.  Adams  largely  influenced  the  action  of  the 
general  assembly  in  bringing  about  the  impeach- 
ment of  Chief  Justice  Oliver,  and  in  consequence 
the  court  was  not  re-opened  until  after  April  19, 
1775,  when  the  provincial  government  was  in 
authority.  The  time  had  now  arrived  when  more 
decisive  measures  were  necessary,  and  the  era  of 
physical  force  was  inaugurated.  ‘ ‘ Reason  was  ex- 
hausted and  nothing  was  left  but  arms.”  The 
first  Continental  Congress  was  called  by  the 
assembly  convened  June  17,  1774,  at  Salem  and 
holding  its  session  with  closed  doors.  Mr.  Adams 
was  chosen  one  of  the  five  delegates  from  Massa- 
chusetts. The  matters  to  be  considered : The  five 
acts  of  Parliament,  the  Boston  Port  Bill,  and  the 
Regulating  Act,  were  introductory  to  the  meas- 
ures looking  to  final  independence.  Munitions 
of  war  were  gathered  and  stored  away  in  readi- 
ness for  any  emergency.  The  second  Continental 
Congress  was  brought  face  to  face  with  the  ne- 
cessity for  an  army  well  officered  and  equipped. 
New  England  had  enlisted  16.000  men  for  the 
siege  of  Boston,  and  in  view  of  the  existing  state 
of  affairs,  and  the  need  for  the  colonies  to  present 
a united  front,  John  Adams  on  June  15,  1775, 
nominated  Washington  as  commander  of  the 
Colonial  army.  This  has  been  regarded  as  the 
second  masterly  act  in  his  life.  In  May,  1776, 
Mr.  Adams  introduced  in  the  Colonial  Congress 
a resolution  giving  the  separate  colonies  inde- 
pendent government,  and  at  last  was  able  to 
carry  it,  despite  the  opposition  of  the  dele- 
gates representing  the  Middle  states.  This,  Mr. 
Adams  declared,  cut  the  “ Gordian  knot,”  and  in 
the  next  month  Richard  Henry  Lee,  of  Virginia, 
moved  the  resolution  of  independence,  which 
Mr.  Adams  seconded  in  a speech  so  able,  un- 
answerable, and- convincing  that  Jefferson  de- 
clared him  to  be  the  “ Colossus  of  that  debate.” 
This  was  the  third  conspicuous  event  in  his  career. 
The  further  consideration  of  Mr.  Lee's  resolution 
was  postponed  to  the  1st  of  July,  a committee 
being  formed  who  should  put  into  fitting  language 
a declaration  to  accompany  the  resolution.  The 
committee  was  chosen  by  ballot  and  consisted  of 
Thomas  Jefferson,  John  Adams,  Benjamin  Frank- 


lin, Roger  Sherman,  and  Robert  R.  Livingston. 
Mr.  Lee’s  resolution  was  debated  July  1st  and  2d; 
on  the  latter  day  it  was  adopted ; then  the  act  of 
Congress  Setting  forth  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, after  being  debated  on  the  2d,  3d,  and 
4th  days  of  July,  was  passed  on  the  4th.  On  the 
19th  the  act  was  ordered  to  be  engrossed  and 
signed  by  every  member  of  the  Congress.  This 
was  done  August  2d  by  those  present ; afterwards 
by  those  absent  or  who  were  elected  and  took 
their  seats  in  that  year.  The  day  after  the  adop- 
tion of  Mr.  Lee's  resolution,  Mr.  Adams  wrote  to 
his  wife:  “ Yesterday  the  greatest  question  was 
decided  which  ever  was  debated  in  America,  and 
a greater  never  was,  nor  will  be  decided  among 
them.  A resolution  was  passed  without  one  dis- 
senting colony,  ‘ that  these  united  colonies  are, 
and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and  independent 
states.’  The  day  just  passed,  the  Fourth  of  July, 
1776,  will  be  a memorable  epoch  in  the  history  of 
America.  I am  apt  to  believe  it  will  be  cele- 
brated by  succeeding  generations  as  the  great 
anniversary  festival.  It  ought  to  be  commemo- 
rated. as  the  day  of  deliverance,  by  solemn  acts  of 
devotion  to  God  Almighty.  It  ought  to  be 
solemnized  with  pomp  and  parade,  with  shows, 
games,  sports,  guns,  bells,  bonfires,  and  illumina- 
tions— from  one  end  of  the  continent  to  the 
other — from  this  time  forward,  forevermore.” 
In  1777  he  was  sent  as  commissioner  to  France, 
and  returned  in  1779,  leaving  Franklin  minister 
plenipotentiary.  He  was  chosen  delegate  to  the 
convention  charged  with  the  duty  of  framing  a 
new  constitution  for  Massachusetts,  but  was 
unable  to  serve,  as  he  was  sent  to  Great  Britain  as 
commissioner  to  treat  for  peace.  Despite  some 
trouble  with  Minister  Vergennes  in  Paris,  he  was 
able  to  secure  concessions  which  bore  fruit  in  the 
treaty  of  1783.  The  fourth  conspicuous  event  in 
Mr.  Adams’s  life  was  the  negotiation  of  the  Dutch 
loan  in  October,  1782,  Holland  having  formally 
recognized  the  independence  of  the  United  States 
in  April  preceding.  Holland  had  good  cause  for 
complaint  against  England.  Her  people  were 
stirred  to  indignation  because  of  the  plunder  of 
St.  Eustatius.  They  were  predisposed,  there- 
fore, to  extend  sympathy  and  help  to  any  coun- 
try contending  against  England.  Just  at  this 
time,  moreover,  came  the  news  of  Lord  Corn- 
wallis’s surrender  at  Yorktown,  Oct.  19,  1781. 
Mr.  Adams  before  this  had  made  use  of  every  op- 
portunity to  introduce,  as  it  were,  America  to 
Holland.  He  invited  the  liberty-loving  people  of 
the  Hague  to  clasp  hands  with  the  liberty-loving 
people  of  America.  It  was  done;  a treaty  of 
commerce  was  concluded;  a loan  of  §2,000,000 
effected,  and  Adams  held  his  success  to  be  so  con- 
siderable, that  he  wrote  with  exultation : “One 
thing,  thank  God ! is  certain,  I have  planted  the 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


American  standard  at  the  Hague.  There  let  it 
wave  and  fly  in  triumph  over  Sir  Joseph  Yorke 
and  British  pride.  I shall  look  down  upon  the 
flagstaff  with  pleasure  from  the  other  world.” 
Following  this  event  came  the  series  of  complica- 
tions in  Paris  connected  with  the  treaty  of  peace 
with  England  in  1783.  Matters  were  so  dexter- 
ously managed  by  Mr.  Adams  and  Mr.  Jay  that 
Vergennes  was  outgeneralled  and  a brilliant  suc- 
cess achieved.  This  triumph  of  diplomacy  may 
be  called  the  fifth  distinguished  event  in  his  pub- 
lic life.  In  May,  1785,  while  still  engaged  in 
negotiating  a treaty  with  Prussia,  and  in  securing 
recognition,  commercial  and  otherwise,  by 
foreign  powers,  he  was  appointed  minister  to  the 
court  of  St.  James.  His  stay  in  England  was  by 
no  means  agreeable  to  him.  His  brusque  man- 
ners. with  his  undoubted  skill  in  diplomacy,  ap- 
pealed to  the  bluff  Englishman’s  respect  for  fear- 
less sincerity  in  speech  and  conduct,  but  the  time 
had  not  come  for  cordial,  pacific  measures  — the 
result  of  the  war  was  too  recent,  and  British 
pride  too  sensitive.  The  king  grew  frigid,  and 
the  courtiers  froze.  No  satisfactory  solution 
could  be  agreed  upon  as  to  the  surrender  of  west- 
ern ports  on  or  near  the  Great  Lakes,  consequent 
largely  upon  the  inability  of  the  United  States  to 
meet  its  pecuniary  obligations  to  the  full.  It  was 
more  than  hoped,  it  was  expected,  that  the  re- 
publican experiment  would  fail,  that  the  states 
would  fall  apart  like  a rope  of  sand,  and  the  peo- 
ple disheartened  turn  back  to  the  “leeks  and 
garlic  ” of  Great  Britain.  Mr.  Adams  finding 
his  mission  abroad  to  some  extent  fruitless,  and 
believing  that  some  other  person  than  himself 
would  be  more  agreeable  to  the  court,  and, 
under  existing  circumstances,  more  efficient, 
asked  to  be  re-called  in  1788.  His  request  was 
granted.  He  received  the  thanks  of  Congress 
for  his  “ patriotism,  perseverance,  integrity  and 
diligence.” 

By  this  time  efforts  were  being  made  to  formally 
organize  the  government  under  the  Constitution. 
Washington  was  chosen  President ; Adams,  Vice- 
President.  The  difference  in  the  number  of  votes 
cast  respectively  for  these  conspicuous  positions  — 
sixty-nine  for  the  presidency  and  thirty-four  for 
the  vice-presidency  — was  a matter  of  chagrin  to 
Mr.  Adams,  who  knew  the  value  of  his  services 
and  his  self-sacrificing  devotion  to  the  country. 
He  was  stanch  in  supporting  the  policy  of  the 
President,  and  was  able  to  direct  the  action  of  the 
Senate  on  many  questions  on  which,  as  presiding 
officer,  he  held,  by  a tie  vote,  the  balance  of 
power.  A marked  divergence  in  men's  views  of 
various  political  questions  now  gave  rise  to  two 
distinct  parties  — the  Federalist,  known  afterward 
as  Whig  and  then  as  Republican ; and  the  other, 
first  known  as  Republican  and  then  as  Democratic. 


Mr.  Adams  was  a pronounced  Federalist.  At  the 
second  presidential  election  the  opposition  to  Mr. 
Adams,  consequent  upon  his  “ Discourses  on 
Davila,”  concerning  questions  that  arose  out  of 
the  French  revolution,  centred  on  George  Clinton 
as  candidate  for  the  vice  -presidency . Adams  was, 
however,  re-elected;  and  in  1796.  Washington, 
refusing  to  entertain  the  thought  of  a third  term. 
Mr.  Adams  was,  after  a prolonged  and  acrimoni- 
ous contest,  chosen  President  of  the  United  States 
in  1796.  When  Mr.  Adams  came  into  the  presi- 
dency he  retained  as  secretary  of  state  Timothy 
Pickering,  who  had  been  appointed  by  Washing- 
ton. On  May  13,  1800.  he  removed  him  as  not 
being  in  sympathy  with  his  administration,  and 
appointed  John  Marshall  of  Virginia,  who  re- 
tained the  position  until  January  27.  1801.  when 
Adams  made  him  chief  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court,  to  succeed  Oliver  Ellsworth. 
In  the  war  department  he  retained  James  Mc- 
Henry. who  had  served  as  secretary  under  Wash- 
ington. until  he  resigned  May  13.  1800.  when  he 
appointed  Samuel  Dexter  of  Massachusetts,  who 
retained  the  portfolio  until  January  1,  1801,  when 
he  resigned  to  take  the  treasury  portfolio.  Adams 
then  appointed  Roger  Griswold  of  Connecticut. 
In  the  treasury  department  he  found  Oliver  Wol- 
cott, who  had  succeeded  Alexander  Hamilton, 
and  President  Adams  continued  him  as  secretary 
until  Nov.  8,  1800.  when  he  I'esigned  and  was  at 
once  appointed  United  States  judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  second  district.  Mr.  Adams 
appointed  Samuel  Dexter  secretary  Jan.  1, 
1801.  In  the  navy  department  Mr.  Adams  re- 
tained Washington’s  appointee,  Benjamin  Stod- 
dert,  throughout  his  administration.  As  attorney- 
general  Mr.  Adams  retained  the  services  of 
Charles  Lee,  and  that  of  James  Habersham,  as 
postmaster-general,  both  having  served  in  Wash- 
ington’s administration.  Then  followed  a time  of 
storm.  France  discriminated  against  American 
commerce,  refused  to  treat  with  the  commission- 
ers who  were  appointed,  and  who  were  so  insulted 
by  the  envoys  of  Talleyrand  that  Mr.  Adams  was 
compelled  to  advise  Congress  of  the  failure  of  the 
mission  and  the  necessity  to  prepare  for  war. 
Papers  were  called  for,  and  the  famous  "X.  Y. 
Z.  correspondence”  submitted.  The  excitement 
in  America  spread  to  England  and  Europe.  “ Mil- 
lions for  defence,  not  one  cent  for  tribute,”  was 
the  cry  throughout  the  states.  “ Hail  Columbia’’ 
sung  itself  out  of  the  hearts  of  the  people.  Tal- 
leyrand was  burnt  in  effigy;  letters  of  marque 
were  issued,  and  an  alliance  with  Great  Britain 
against  France  was  projected.  France  weakened. 
Mr.  Adams  decided  to  avoid  war.  Commissioners 
were  appointed  to  treat  with  France;  they  reached 
Paris  to  find  the  direction  of  affairs  in  the  hands 
of  Napoleon.  All  events  conspired  to  disintegrate 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


the  Federalist  party.  In  the  election  of  1800 
Adams  was  refused  a re-election.  His  last  official 
act  notable  for  its  influence  upon  the  dignity  of 
the  national  judiciary  was  the  appointment  of 
John  Marshall  as  chief  justice  of  the  United 
States.  Mr.  Adams  refused  to  attend  the  inaugu- 
ration of  his  successor,  but  returned  to  his  home 
in  Quincy.  In  his  old  age  the  political  differences 
between  himself  and  Jefferson  were  adjusted,  and 
they  corresponded  on  friendly  terms.  Mr.  Adams 
freely  expressed  his  opinions  on  public  affairs  in 
letters  and  essays  written  mainly  to  meet  the  exi- 
gencies of  the  time.  His  writings  had  the  merit 
of  being  earnest  and  forceful.  His  most  impor- 
tant publications  are : “Canon  and  Federal  Law ” 
(1765) ; “ Rights  and  Grievances  of  the  American 
Colonies”  (1774);  “Plans  of  Government  of  the 
Independent  States”  (1776);  “The  Constitution 
•of Massachusetts ” (1779) ; “Defence of  the  Ameri- 
can Constitutions  ” (1786).  Other  papers  given  to 
the  press  were  published  in  the  journals  of  the 
day.  He  insisted  that  the  main  points  in  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  belonged  to  him. 
Referring  to  a letter  written  when  he  was  a young 
man  of  twenty  years  of  age,  he  says:  “Jefferson 

has  acquired  such  glory  by  his  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence, in  1776,  that,  I think,  I may  boast  of 
my  declaration  of  independence  in  1755,  twenty- 
one  years  older  than  his.  . . . The  Declaration 
of  Independence  of  4th  of  July,  1776,  contained 
nothing  but  the  Boston  Declaration  of  1772,  and 
the  Congressional  Declaration  of  1774.  Such  are 
the  caprices  of  fortune!  The  Declaration  of 
Rights  (of  1774)  was  drawn  by  the  little  John 
Adams;  the  mighty  Jefferson,  by  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  of  4th  of  July,  1776,  carried 
away  the  glory  of  the  great  and  the  little.” 

Mr.  Adams  lived  to  see  his  son  president  of  the 
United  States  and  to  enter  upon  the  fiftieth  ani- 
versary  of  American  independence.  The  day 
seemed  to  recall  the  scenes  of  fifty  years  ago,  and 
his  last  audible  words  were  “Thomas  Jefferson 
still  survives.”  It  is  a strange  coincidence  that 
the  “ father  of  the  Declaration  ” had  breathed  his 
last  that  very  day,  and  a few  hours  before  the 
great  man,  who  inspired  the  immortal  document, 
died.  The  date  of  his  death  was  July  4.  1826. 

ADAMS,  John,  educator,  was  born  in  Canter- 
bury, Conn.,  Sept.  18,  1772,  son  of  John  Adams, 
a soldier  in  the  war  for  independence.  He  was 
educated  at  Yale  college,  and  was  graduated  in 
1795,  made  teaching  his  profession  and  begun  his 
labors  in  his  native  town,  where  he  conducted,  an 
academy  for  three  years.  He  then  removed  to 
Plainfield,  N.  J..  where  he  was  made  rector  of  the 
academy.  In  1803  he  was  chosen  principal  of  the 
Bacon  academy,  Colchester,  Conn.,  where  he  re- 
mained seven  years,  when  he  removed  to  Andover, 
Mass. , as  principal  of  Phillips  academy.  Here  for 


twenty  years  lie  directed  the  preparatory  training 
of  many  of  the  nation’s  greatest  minds,  and  as 
well  helped  to  organize  and  advance  numerous 
charitable  associations,  which  have  since  become 
of  national  renown.  In  1833.  in  connection  with 
the  work  of  the  American  Sunday  school  union, 
he  went  to  Illinois,  where  he  personally  organized 
over  five  hundred  Sunday  schools.  Yale  con- 
ferred upon  Mr.  Adams  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in 
1854.  He  died  April  24.  1863. 

ADAMS,  John,  soldier,  was  born  at  Pulaski, 
Tenn.,  Feb.  8.  1825,  and  after  being  gradu- 
ated from  West  Point  joined  the  United  States 
army  with  the  rank  of  second  lieutenant.  He 
was  in  active  service  during  the  Mexican  war.  and 
was  brevetted  1st  lieutenant  for  gallantry.  He 
then  served  on  the  western  frontier,  reaching  the 
rank  of  captain.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war  he  resigned  from  the  United  States  army  and 
joined  the  Confederate,  where  he  gained  the  rank 
of  major-general.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Franklin,  Nov.  30,  1864. 

ADAMS,  John  Coleman,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Malden.  Mass..  Oct.  25,  1849.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Tufts  divinity  school  and  Tufts  college, 
from  which  latter  institution  he  received  the  de- 
grees of  A.M..  B.L..  and  D.D.  In  1880  he  was 
elected  trustee  of  Tufts  college.  During  his  pas- 
toral career  he  had  charge  of  churches  at  Lynn, 
Mass.,  Chicago,  111.,  and  of  All  Souls’  Church, 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  He  became  one  of  the  eminent 
preachers  of  the  Universalist  denomination,  and 
also  an  able  writer.  Among  the  more  prominent 
of  his  publications  are:  “The  Fatherhood  of 

God.”  “ Christian  Type  of  Heroism,”  and  the 
“ Leisure  of  God.” 

ADAMS,  John  F.,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Stratham,  N.  H..  May  23,  1790.  At  the  age  of 
twenty -two  he  was  given  a preacher’s  license  by 
the  New  England  Methodist  Conference  and  sent 
to  Maine,  among  whose  sparsely  settled  villages 
he  won  much  distinction  as  an  earnest  and  effec- 
tive preacher.  It  is  said  of  him  that  “his  appoint- 
ments were  sometimes  fifty  miles  apart,  and  to 
keep  them  he  often  rode  through  rain  and  snow 
all  day  without  food,  and  all  night  with  no  other 
bed  than  the  back  of  his  horse.”  He  was  appointed 
presiding  elder  at  Boston,  Lynn  and  other  Massa- 
chusetts districts,  and  was  a prominent  abolition- 
ist. He  was  four  times  delegate  to  general  con- 
ference.  He  died  June  11.  1881. 

ADAMS,  John  Gregory  Bishop,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Groveland.  Mass.,  Oct.  6,  1841.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  and  before 
he  was  twenty  years  old  enlisted  in  Major  Ben 
Perley  Poore’s  rifle  battalion,  which  was  subse- 
quently merged  into  the  19th  Massachusetts  Vol- 
unteers. In  March.  1862.  he  was  made  orderly 
sergeant.  During  the  seven  days’  fighting  on  the 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


Peninsula  he  was  conspicuous  for  his  bravery, 
and  at  its  close  his  gallantry  had  won  for  him  a 
second  lieutenant’s  commission.  At  Fredericks- 
burg, eight  color  bearers  of  his  regiment  had  been 
shot,  and  the  ninth,  Lieut.  Edgar  M.  Newcomb,  in 
command  of  the  color  company,  was  killed  as  he 
took  the  colors  in  his  hand.  Adams  seized  the 
two  standards,  one  in  either  hand,  and  led  the 
charge  over  an  open  space  swept  by  the  confeder- 
ate battery.  He  gained  the  cover  of  a shot- 
riddled  house,  but  the  confederate  position  was 
impregnable  and  Marye’s  Heights  were  stormed 
but  not  captured.  This  placed  him  among  the 
recognized  heroes  of  the  war.  At  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg,  the  19th  Massachusetts  was  sent  to 
support  General  Sickles  in  his  terrible  peach - 
orchard  and  wheat  field  fray  on  the  second  of 
July.  In  this  battle  Lieutenant  Adams  was  the 
ranking  first  lieutenant  in  his  regiment  and  took 
command  of  Company  I.  While  leading  his  men 
he  received  two  severe  wounds  in  the  groin,  either 
of  which  was  supposed  to  be  fatal.  He  was  borne 
from  the  field  to  die,  the  surgeons  giving  up  his 
case  as  hopeless.  Yet  in  November  he  was  again 
with  his  command.  His  wounds  never  fully 
healed,  and  incapacitated  him  for  active  lucra- 
tive positions.  After  Gettysburg  he  was  pro- 
moted captain,  and  during  the  Wilderness  cam- 
paign of  1864  he  served  with  distinguished  brav- 
ery. It  was  the  ill  fortune  of  most  of  the  19tli 
Massachusetts  to  be  captured  at  Cold  Harbor 
early  in  June,  1864,  and  Captain  Adams  was 
among  the  prisoners.  For  nine  months  he  suf- 
fered in  Confederate  prisons.  He  was  sent  to 
Libby,  and  after  three  months  was  transferred 
to  Anderson ville.  He  was  removed  to  Macon; 
thence  to  Charleston,  where  for  five  months  he 
was  kept  under  the  fire  of  Gillmore’s  guns,  a retali- 
ation to  which  the  Confederate  authorities  sub- 
jected a large  number  of  Union  officers.  He  was 
then  sent  to  Columbia,  where  he  remained  until 
he  was  exchanged.  After  the  civil  war  he  was 
employed  in  the  Boston  custom  house,  as  post- 
master of  Lynn  for  eight  years,  and  as  deputy 
superintendent  of  the  Concord  reformatory.  In 
1885  he  was  made  sergeant-at-arms  for  the  com- 
monwealth of  Massachusetts.  He  was  for  many 
years  president  of  the  association  of  survivors  of 
Confederate  prisons,  president  of  the  trustees  of 
the  Soldiers’  home,  and  a delegate  to  the  national 
conventions  of  the  G.  A.  R.  He  has  held  other 
positions  of  honor  and  responsibility,  and  in  1895 
was  elected  commander-in-chief  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic.  On  Dec.  11,  1896^  the 
war  department  at  Washington  announced  that  a 
medal  of  honor  had  been  awarded  to  Capt.  J.  G. 
B.  Adams  of  the  19th  Massachusetts  volunteers, 
for  most  distinguished  gallantry  in  action  at  the 
battle  of  Fredericksburg,  Va..  Dec.  18,1862. 


ADAMS,  John  Quincy,  sixth  president  of  the 

United  States,  was  born  in  Braintree  (Quincy), 
Mass.,  July  1 1, 1767,  son  of  John  and  Abigail  Smith 
Adams.  Many  unusual  Circumstances  and  influ- 
ences conspired  to  train  his  mind  and  form  his 
character  on  a broad  and  heroic  plan.  The  air  lie 
breathed  was  charged  with  patriotism.  His  father 
was  one  of  the  foremost  leaders  in  all  the  stirring 


JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS  HOUSE. 


events  of  those  most  stirring  times,  and  “liberty,” 
“freedom,”  and  “independence”  were  house- 
hold words  in  the  family.  He  was  named  for 
John  Quincy,  his  maternal  great-grandfather.  His 
early  schooling  was  received  at  the  knee  of  a 
mother  whose  strength  and  poise  of  mind  and 
character  were  exceptional.  When  he  was  ten 
years  of  age  his  father  was  appointed  by  Congress 
joint  commissioner  with  Benjamin  Franklin  to 
negotiate  an  alliance  with  France.  He  accom- 
panied his  father  to  Paris,  where  he  not  only  at- 
tended school,  but  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  the 
daily  instruction  and  conversation  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  and  some  of  the  most  scholarly  men 
of  the  court.  After  a residence  of  eighteen 
months  in  France,  father  and  son  returned  to 
America;  but  their  stay  was  destined  to  be 
brief,  for  in  three  months  the  father  was 
again  despatched  on  a foreign  mission,  this 
time  to  negotiate  a treaty  of  peace  with  Eng- 
land; and  again  the  son  accompanied  him  to 
France,  where  the  business  was  to  be  transacted. 
They  arrived  in  Paris  in  February,  1780,  after  a 
tempestuous  anil  most  eventful  voyage,  and  re- 
mained until  the  following  summer,  when  they 
proceeded  to  Holland,  the  elder  Adams  having 
been  commissioned  to  arrange  a treaty  with  that 
country.  John  Quincy  was-  placed  at  school  in 
Amsterdam,  and  afterward  entered  the  academ- 
ical department  of  the  Leyden  university.  In 
July,  1781,  when  but  a boy  of  fourteen,  he  be- 
came private  secretary  and  interpreter  to  Francis 
Dana,  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of  St. 
Petersburg,  retaining  the  position  until  Mr.  Dana’s, 
relinquishment  of  the  office  in  October,  1782. 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


This  is  the  only  case  on  record  where  so  young  a 
person  was  entrusted  with  so  responsible  a gov- 
ernment position.  Leaving  St.  Petersburg  he 
made  an  extended  tour  through  Norway,  Sweden, 
northern  Germany,  and  Holland  to  France,  where 
he  joined  his  father,  who  had  returned  to  Paris 
after  successfully  accomplishing  the  business 
which  had  taken  him  to  Holland.  Acting  as  his 
father’s  secretary,  he  assisted  in  preparing  the 
document  which  later  “dispersed  all  possible 
doubt  of  the  independence  of  his  country,”  and 
he  was  present  on  the  occasion  of  the  signing  of 
that  document.  During  the  next  two  years  he 
continued  to  act  as  his  father’s  secretary,  accom- 
panying him  on  his  various  public  missions.  In 
1785.  upon  his  father’s  acceptance  of  the  appoint- 
ment of  minister  to  England.  John  Quincy  re- 
turned to  the  United  States,  and  after  some  pre- 
paratory study  entered  the  junior  class  of  Har- 
vard college  in  March,  1786,  and  was  graduated 
from  that  institution  in  1787.  Entering  the  office 
of  Theopliilus  Parsons  of  Newburyport  he  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  the  law,  and  upon  admission 
to  the  bar  in  1790  commenced  practice  in  Boston. 
He  at  this  time  contributed  articles  on  timely 
topics  to  the  newspapers  under  the  pen  names, 
“Publicola,”  “ Marcellus,”  and  “Columbus.” 
“ Union  at  home  and  independence  of  all  foreign 
combinations  abroad,”  the  two  principles  on  which 
his  future  statesmanship  was  to  rest,  are  clearly  set 
forth  in  these  articles,  and  when  their  authorship, 
— generally  accredited  to  his  father — was  dis- 


covered. he  was  hailed  as  a worthy  son  of  his 
illustrious  sire.  Washington  appointed  him  min- 
ister to  the  Netherlands  in  1794,  and  to  Portugal 
in  1796.  though  his  father’s  election  to  the  presi- 
dency at  this  juncture  interfered  with  his  accept- 
ance of  the  latter  of- 
fice. On  July  26, 1797, 
he  was  m a r r i e d to 
Louisa  Catherine, 
daughter  of  Joshua 
Johnson  of  Maryland, 
consular  agent  of  the 
United  States  at  Lon- 
don. and  in  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed 
minister  to  the  court 
of  Berlin.  This  ap- 
pointment was  made 
by  his  father  after 
consultation  with 
Washington,  who 
strongly  advised  the 
promotion.  During  his  residence  at  Berlin  he 
succeeded  in  effecting  a treaty  of  amity  and  com- 
merce with  the  king  of  Sweden,  and  at  this  period 
he  also  translated  into  English  Wieland’s 
“Oberon,”  and  wrote  a series  of  entertaining 


letters  describing  a journey  through  Silesia, 
which  were  afterward  published  in  Philadelphia 
and  London,  and  translated  into  several  European 
languages.  On  the  termination  of  his  father’s  ad- 
ministration he  was  recalled  at  his  own  request, 
and  returned  to  his  native  land,  where  he  re 
sinned  the  practice  of  His  profession.  In  1802  he 
was  elected  to  the  Massachusetts  senate,  and  later 
in  the  same  year  to  the  United  States  senate. 
He  took  his  seat  March  3.  1803,  a most  unpro- 
pitious  moment  for  the  son  of  his  father,  and 
his  life  as  a senator  was  not  agreeable.  The 
party  had  fallen  into  factions  during  the  adminis- 
tration of  John  Adams,  and  his  political  enemies, 
not  satisfied  with  his  downfall,  now  seized  with 
avidity  every  opportunity  of  venting  their  malice 
on  his  son.  He  was  subjected  to  insults,  which 
he  bore,  for  the  most  part  with  imperturable 
equanimity.  “His  very  presence  in  Congress 
was  ignored  and  his  desires  and  acts  were  held  in 
utter  contempt.”  He  was  treated  with  studied 
neglect  and  discourtesy.  Nor  was  this  altogether 
on  his  father's  account.  He,  himself,  was  wil- 
fully misjudged.  His  independent  course  of 
speech  and  action  was  misconstrued.  His  pur- 
pose in  every  act,  was  for  the  interest  of  the 
nation.  As  he  wrote  in  his  diary : “I  feel  strong 
temptation  and  have  great  provocation  to  plunge 
into  political  controversy.  But  I hope  to  preserve 
myself  from  it  by  the  considerations  which  have 
led  me  to  the  resolution  of  renouncing.  A politi 
cian  in  this  country  must  be  the  man  of  a party. 
I would  fain  be  the  man  of  my  whole  country.” 
While  he  favored  the  acquisition  of  Louisiana, 
which  Mr.  Jefferson  desired,  he  denied  the  justice 
and  constitutionality  of  the  methods  proposed. 
The  resolutions  he  offered  were  rejected.  In  the 
trial  of  Samuel  Chase  of  the  United  States  su- 
preme court,  and  of  John  Pickering,  district  judge 
of  New  Hampshire,  he  was  stanchly  for  acquit- 
tal, and  held  that  Mr.  Jefferson’s  course  was 
subversive  of  the  honor  and  power  of  one  of  the 
three  important  branches  of  the  government.  In 
1805  he  made  an  effort  to  have  a tax  levied  on 
every  slave  brought  into  the  country.  In  1806  he 
introduced  a resolution  condemning  the  British 
practice  of  searching  ships,  and  demanded  the 
restitution  of  American  property  seized  by  Great 
Britain.  In  1808  Timothy  Pickering,  his  as- 
sociate in  the  senate,  wrote  a letter  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  in  which  he  vehemently 
opposed  the  embargo  act  and  all  that  accom- 
panied it.  Mr.  Adams  replied  defending  Presi- 
dent Jefferson  and  declaring  the  embargo  digni- 
fied, patriotic  and  necessary.  This  letter  ex- 
cited great  political  opposition.  The  Federalists 
declared  he  had  betrayed  their  cause  without 
good  reason,  and  to  mark  their  reprobation  they 
caused  an  election  to  be  held,  although  Mr. 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


Adams’s  term  of  service  •would  close  on  March  3 
the  next  year.  James  Lloyd  was  chosen  his  suc- 
cessor by  a majority  of  thirty-five  in  a vote  of 
four  hundred  and  sixty -one.  Mr.  Adams  imme- 
diately wrote  a dignified  letter  of  resignation 
which  was  accepted.  During  his  senatorial  term, 
in  the  summer  of  1805,  he  had  been  chosen  pro- 
fessor of  rhetoric  and  oratory  in  Harvard  college. 
He  accepted  the  position  and  began  his  first 
course  of  lectures  in  July,  1806,  and  continued  to 
fulfil  the  duties  of  the  professorship  until  his  ap- 
pointment in  the  summer  of  1809  as  minister  to 
Russia.  President  Madison  had  nominated  him 
in  March,  but  the  senate  decided  it  to  be  inexpe- 
dient, at  that  time,  to  authorize  the  mission. 
Three  months  later,  however,  the  nomination 
was  confirmed  by  19  to  7 — and  for  over  four 
years  he  had  his  residence  in  Russia.  He  was 
received  with  great  courtesy  and  appears  to  have 
enjoyed  his  mission  exceedingly.  During  his 
residence  abroad  Mr.  Madison  offered  him  a seat 
on  the  bench  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States,  which  he  declined.  Meanwhile  the  war  of 
1812  occurred,  and  the  Czar  proffered  his  services 
as  arbitrator  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain.  This  Great  Britain  declined,  but 
suggested  a mutual  conference  of  commissioners 
at  Ghent.  This  was  assented  to,  and  in  Decem- 
ber, 1814,  terms  of  peace  were  agreed  upon  by 
which,  under  Mr.  Adams’s  wise  diplomacy,  special 
fishery  advantages  were  secured  to  the  United 
States.  A new  commercial  treaty  was  negotiated 
July  13,  1815,  about  six  weeks  after  his  appoint- 
ment as  minister  to  England.  He  remained  in 
Great  Britain  till  he  received  from  President  Mon- 
roe an  appointment  as  secretary  of  state.  Dur- 
ing  his  occupancy  of  this  office  he  secured  the 
cession  of  Florida  through  the  Spanish  minister, 
Senor  Onis.  in  consideration  of  the  payment  of 
85,000,000  to  liquidate,  claims  against  Spain  by 
American  merchants.  He  stood  by  General  Jack- 
son  in  upholding  what  he  deemed  the  rightful 
claim  of  the  United  States  to  Spanish  Florida, 
and  favored  the  recognition  of  the  independence 
of  the  revolted  Spanish  American  colonies.  By 
cautious  policy  he  avoided  all  complications  with 
the  South  American  colonies;  and  emphasized 
and  secured  the  authoritative  recognition  of 
the  so-called  ••Monroe  Doctrine,”  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  principal  authors. 

In  1724  Adams,  Jackson,  Crawford,  and  Clay 
were  candidates  for  the  presidency.  The  vote  be- 
ing indeterminate,  the  choice  was  thrown  into  the 
House  of  Representatives,  resulting  in  the  election 
of  Adams  as  president.  John  C.  Calhoun  was 
vice-president.  On  assuming  the  functions  of  office 
President  Adams  appointed  Henry  Clay  of  Ken- 
tucky to  the  portfolio  of  state,  Richard  Rush  of 
Pennsylvania  to  the  treasury,  James  Barbour  of 


Virginia,  to  the  war  department,  and  retained  of 
Mr.  M unroe's  cabinet,  Samuel  L.  Southard  of  New 
Jersey,  as  secretary  of  the  navy,  John  McPherson 
Berrian  of  Georgia,  as  attorney -general,  and  John 
McLean  of  Ohio,  as  postmaster-general.  There 
was  but  one  change  in  his  official  family  during 
his  administration,  when,  on  the  appointment  of 
James  Barbour  as  minister  to  England,  he  made 
Peter  B.  Porter  of  New  York  secretary  of  war . 
The  appointment  of  Clay  as  secretary  of  state 
created  much  feeling,  Mr.  Adams  being  vehe- 
mently accused  by  Jackson  and  his  partisans  as 
having  in  this  way  consummated  a bargain  by 
which  the  presidency  had  been  secured.  This  was 
afterward  proved  to  have  no  foundation  whatever. 
During  his  administration,  party  lines  became 
more  distinct  between  the  Whigs  on  the  one  side, 
advocating  high  tariff,  internal  improvements, 
and  a national  bank,  and  the  Democrats  on  the 
other  opposed  to  such  measures.  It  was  also  at 
this  time  that  the  so-called  “spoils  system ’’was 
agitated,  Mr.  Adams  taking  a position  similar  to 
the  practice  of  civil  service  afterward  adopted, 
but  Jackson  claiming  that  " to  the  victors  belong 
the  spoils.  ” During  President  Adams’s  administra- 
tion General  Lafayette  was  the  nation’s  guest ; he 
reached  New  York  the  middle  of  August,  1824, 
made  a tour  of  the  states  which  was  virtually  a con- 
tinuous triumphant  ovation,  and  spent  the  last 
weeks  of  his  stay  at  the  White  House  in  Washing- 
ton, where  he  celebrated  his  sixty-eighth  birth- 
day, Sept.  6,  1825.  He  visited  Jefferson.  Madison 
and  Monroe  at  their  homes  in  Virginia,  and 
took  leave  of  President  Adams  and  the  country 
on  the  7th  of  September.  The  parting  between 
the  president  and  his  guest  was  touching. 
He  embraced  Mr.  Adams  twice  and  shed  tears. 
The  eloquent  address  of  Mr.  Adams  and  the 
admirable  reply  of  Lafayette  on  this  occasion 
are  preserved.  At  the  close  of  his  administra- 
tion, failing  of  re-election,  Mr.  Adams  returned 
to  his  home  at  Quincy.  His  residence  there 
was  not  long,  however,  as  he  was  elected  to 
congress  by  the  anti-Mason  party  in  1831,  and 
served  as  a national  representative  for  about  six- 
teen years.  During  this  long  term  of  service  he 
was  never  deterred  by  threats  or  by  the  large 
majority  against  him.  He  stood  on  principle  and 
contended  for  the  right,  and  nothing  coidd  make 
him  swerve  from  any  course  which  his  conscience 
aj >proved.  On  taking  his  seat  in  Congress  his  first 
act  was  to  present  a memorial  of  the  “Friends” 
in  Philadelphia  concerning  the  abolition  of  slavery 
in  the  District  of  Columbia.  In  1835  he  upheld 
Jackson  in  demanding  from  France  the  payment 
of  85,000,000  agreed  upon  for  injury  done  our  com- 
merce in  the  Napoleonic  war.  This  course  was 
not  approved  by  Massachusetts  and  cost  him  a 
seat  in  the  United  States  senate.  This  did  not 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


move  his  great  soul,  but  confirmed  his  indepen- 
dence in  adhering  to  what  he  deemed  to  be  right. 
He  was  especially  vigorous  in  defence  of  the 
right  of  petition,  and  it  was  with  reference  to  it 
that  the  infamous  ‘‘gag  law”  was  passed  in  1836, 
which  provided  that  ‘ ' all  petitions,  memorials, 
resolutions  or  papers  relating  in  any  way  or  to 
any  extent  whatsoever  to  the  subject  of  slavery, 
or  the  abolition  of  slavery,  shall,  without  being 
either  printed  or  referred,  be  laid  upon  the  table, 
and  that  no  further  action  whatever  shall  be 
had  thereon.”  Mr.  Adams  not  only  voted  against 
this  rule  but  added  a vehement  protest,  saying : 
“ I hold  the  resolution  to  be  a direct  violation  of 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  the  rules 
of  this  house,  and  the  rights  of  my  constituents.” 
Net  only  at  this  time  but  at  every  subsequent 
session  of  the  house,  Mr.  Adams  was  outspoken 
against  it,  and  at  last  had  the  satisfaction  of  hav- 
ing it  revoked  in  1845.  He  did  not  hesitate  to 
express  his  detestation  of  slavery,  and  whenever 
any  opening  offered  he  uttered  no  uncertain 
words  against  it.  With  an  anticipation  of  the 
future,  which  was  well-nigh  prophetic,  he  uttered 
words  which  became  very  significant  in  view  of 
the  Emancipation  act  of  1863.  Without  any 
mental  reservation  or  secret  evasion  of  mind,  lie 
said  in  1836  to  the  representatives  of  the  slave- 
holding states,  and  their  northern  pro-slavery 
friends:  "From  the  instant  that  your  slave- 

holding states  become  the  theatre  of  war  — civil, 
servile,  or  foreign  — - from  that  instant  the  war 
powers  of  the  constitution  extend  to  interference 
with  the  institution  of  slavery  in  every  way  in 
which  it  can  be  interfered  with.  ” 

A conspicuous  instance  of  his  ability  to  meet  an 
unexpected  crisis  was  given  at  the  opening  of  the 
26th  Congress  in  December,  1839.  There  was  a 
double  delegation  from  New  Jersey,  and  this  was 
made  use  of  as  a stumbling  block  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  house.  When  the  house  assembles  for 
the  first  time  in  new  session,  having  no  officer,  the 
clerk  of  the  preceding  congress  calls  the  mem- 
bers to  order,  reads  the  roll,  and  serves  until  a 
speaker  is  chosen.  On  calling  the  roll  when  the 
clerk  came  to  New  Jersey,  he  refused  to  proceed. 
Motions  were  made,  debate  followed,  but  no 
organization  could  be  effected.  “ Towards  the 
close  of  the  fourth  day,”  says  Edward  Everett, 
“ Mr.  Adams  rose,  and  expectation  waited  on  his 
words.  Having  by  a powerful  appeal  brought 
the  yet  unorganized  assembly  to  a perception  of 
its  hazardous  position,  he  submitted  a motion  re- 
quiring the  acting  clerk  to  proceed  in  calling  the 
roll.  This  and  similar  motions  had  already  been 
made  by  other  members;  the  difficulty  was,  that 
the  acting  clerk  declined  to  entertain  them.  Ac- 
cordingly, Mr.  Adams  was  immediately  inter- 
rupted by  a burst  of  voices  demanding — “ How 


shall  [the  question  be  put?  ” “ Who  will  put  the 

question?”  The  voice  of  Mr.  Adams  was  heard 
above  the  turmoil,  "I  intend  to  put  the  question 
myself ! ” That  word  brought  order  out  of  chaos. 
There  was  the  master-mind.  A distinguished 
member  from  South  Carolina  (Mr.  Rhett)  moved 
that  Mr.  Adams  himself  should  act  as  chairman 
of  the  body  till  the  house  was  organized ; and  suit- 
ing the  action  to  the  word,  himself  put  the  motion 
to  the  house.  It  prevailed  unanimously,  and  Mr. 
Adams  was  conducted  to  the  chair  amidst  the 
irrepressible  acclamations  of  the  spectators.  Well 
did  Mr.  Wise  of  Virginia  say:  "Sir,  I regard  it  as. 
the  proudest  hour  of  your  life ; and  if,  when  you 
shall  be  gathered  to  your  fathers  I were  to  select 
the  words  which,  in  my  judgment,  are  best  calcu- 
lated to  give  at  once  the  character  of  the  man,  I 
would  inscribe  upon  your  tomb  this  sentence — ‘ I 
will  put  the  question  myself. ' ” 

In  1841,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four,  he  appeared 
at  the  bar  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States  to  plead  the  cause  of  Cinque  and  thirty 
other  Africans  who  had  been  enslaved,  sold  in 
Cuba,  and  who  slew  the  master  of  the  “ Amistad,’’ 
which  was  deporting  them  to  their  owners’  plan- 
tations, drifted  into  United  States  waters,  and  were 
claimed  by  the  Spanish  authorities.  The  "old  man 
eloquent  ” made  such  a convincing  plea  for  them 
that  the  captives  were  set  at  liberty,  and  were 
afterwards  conveyed  to  their  native  shores  through 
the  contributions  of  generous  philanthropists. 

Mr.  Adams  was  stricken  with  paralysis  in  Nov- 
ember, 1846,  and  was  confined  to  the  house  for 
four  months.  He  recognized  the  fact  that  he  had 
been  sealed  by  the  hand  of  death,  and  his  letters 
and  papers  after  this  time  were  referred  to  by  him 
as  “posthumous.”  Recovering  slightly,  he  re- 
sumed his  attendance  upon  the  sessions  of  the 
house,  and  on  Feb.  21.  1848,  while  in  his  seat,  ex 
perienced  a second  and  fatal  attack.  He  was 
removed  from  the  representative  hall  to  the 
speaker’s  room  and  lingered  in  an  unconscious 
condition  till  the  23d,  when  just  before  his  death, 
he  revived  and  said,  “ This  is  the  last  of  earth;” 
and  after  a pause  added, — “ I am  content.” 

Many  of  his  letters,  public  papers,  lectures, 
speeches,  and  eulogies  have  been  published. 
Among  them  his  "Letters  on  Silesia”  (1800-1804) ; 
‘ ‘ Letter  to  Harrison  Gray  Otis  on  the  Present 
State  of  our  National  Affairs”  (1808);  "Review 
of  the  Works  of  Fisher  Ames”  (1809) ; “ Lectures 
on  Rhetoric  and  Oratory”  (1810);  "Letters  to 
his  son  on  the  Bible”  (1848-1849);  “Reports  on 
Weights  and  Measures”  (1821);  "Letter  to  the 
Virginians  in  Answer  to  Slanders  of  General 
Alexander  Smythe ” (1823);  " Eulogy  on  the  Life 
and  Character  of  James  Monroe”  (1831);  “ Der- 
mott  MacMorrogh,  or  the  Conquest  of  Ireland” 
(1832) ; “ Letters  to  Edward  Livingston  (against 

[31 J 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


Free-Masonry  (1833);  “Letters  to  William  L. 
Stone  and  B.  Cowell  on  Masonry  and  Anti- 
Masonry  ” ; “ Oration  on  the  Life  and  Character  of 
Gilbert  Motier  de  Lafayette  ” (1835) ; “ Eulogy  on 
the  Life  and  Character  of  James  Madison  ” (1836) ; 
“Jubilee  of  the  Constitution  ” (1839);  and  “Let- 
ters on  the  Masonic  Institution”  (1847).  See  also 
“Memoir  of  the  Life  of  John  Quincy  Adams” 
(1858),  by  Josiah  Quincy;  John  Quincy  Adams: 
‘ ‘ Memoirs  comprising  portions  of  his  Diary  from 
1795  to  1848,”  edited  by  his  son  Charles  Francis 
Adams,  12  vols.  8 vo.  (1874-77) ; “John  Quincy 
Adams  ” (Boston  1882),  by  John  T.  Morse  Jr.,  and 
“ History  of  the  Life,  Administration  and  Times  of 
John  Quincy  Adams”  (1888),  by  J.  R.  Irelan,  in 
vol.  6 of  his  “ History  of  the  United  States.” 
ADAMS,  John  Quincy,  statesman,  eldest  son 
of  Charles  F.  and  Abigail  Brooks  Adams,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  22,  1833.  He  was 
graduated  from  Harvard  college  in  1853,  and  two 
years  later  was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk  county 
bar.  He  followed  his  profession  for  a short  time, 

then,  becoming 
interested  in 
agricult  ure,  he 
created  a model 
farm  of  five  hun- 
dred acres  at 
Quincy,  Mass. 
He  served  on  Gov- 
erno r Andrew’s 
staff  during  t h e 
civil  war,  and  sat 
in  the  state  legis- 
lature in  1866  as 
representative  for 
Quincy.  He  was 
originally  an  ad- 
vocate of  ‘ ‘ Free 
Soil,”  and  a vigor- 
ous Supporter  of 
the  war  policy  of 
President  Lincoln,  but  changed  on  “reconstruc- 
tion ” to  President  Johnson's  policy,  which  re- 
sulted in  his  withdrawal  from  the  Republican 
party,  and  prevented  his  re-election  in  the  ensuing 
year.  He  was  nominated  by  the  Democrats  for 
governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1868,  1869,  and  1870, 
but  was  not  elected,  and  again  served  in  the  legis- 
lature in  1869  and  1870  as  a Democrat.  In  1870 
he  was  for  the  fourth  time  an  unsuccessful  can- 
didate for  the  governorship,  and  in  1872  was 
candidate  for  the  vice-presidency  of  the  United 
States  on  the  ticket  with  Charles  O’Connor. 

In  1873  he  was  a candidate  for  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  with  William  Gaston  for 
governor.  In  1877  he  was  chosen  a member  of 
the  Harvard  corporation ; was  nominated  in  1884 
for  Congress  in  the  Second  Massachusetts  district. 


but  declined  the  nomination.  In  1887  he  accepted 
an  appointment  on  the  metropolitan  sewer  com- 
mission, and  in  1891  became  a member  of  the 
rapid  transit  commission.  Mr.  Adams  inherited  a 
large  estate  and  acquired  additional  wealth.  He 
was  conspicuous  in  the  town  affairs  of  Quincy; 
the  adoption  of  what  is  known  as  the  “ Quincy 
School  System”  being  due  to  his  efforts  while  on 
the  school  board.  He  was  invited  to  a seat  in 
President  Cleveland’s  cabinet  in  1892,  but  de- 
clined. Mr.  Adams  was  a man  of  genuine  ability, 
and  of  equally  genuine  indifference  to  what  are 
termed  “party  honors.”  He  attended  the  First 
Unitarian  church  of  Quincy,  beneath  which  are 
buried  the  remains  of  his  illustrious  ancestors, 
the  two  Presidents.  His  published  writings  are : 
“Correspondence  between  John  Quincy  Adams 
and  Wade  Hampton;  with  speech  of  John  Quincy 
Adams  at  Columbia,  S.  C.”  (Boston,  1868);  “Ap- 
peal to  the  Mechanics  and  Laboring  Men  of  New 
England”  (Fall  River,  1870;  Boston,  1870).  He 
died  Aug.  14.  1894. 

ADAMS,  John  R.,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Plainfield,  Conn.,  in  1802,  and  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen was  graduated  from  Yale.  He  officiated  as 
a clergyman  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil 
war,  when  he  went  with  the  5th  Maine  volunteers 
as  chaplain.  While  engaged  as  such  he  rendered 
efficient  and  important  service  in  the  hospitals, 
and  was  publicly  commended  by  his  general  offi- 
cers and  the  governor  of  Maine.  His  army  work 
undermined  his  health,  and  resulted  in  his  death 
April  26.  1866. 

ADAMS,  Jonathan,  civil  engineer,  was  born 
in  Taunton,  Mass.,  July  8,  1798.  He  began  work 
as  an  engineer  on  the  Chesapeake  & Ohio  canal, 
which  he  abandoned  for  railroad  engineering, 
and  was  prominent  in  the  construction  of  many 
lines  in  New  York  and  New  England.  He  died 
Sept.  6.  1872. 

ADAMS,  Julius  Walker,  civil  engineer,  was 
born  in  Boston.  Mass.,  Oct.  18,  1812.  After  acting 
as  engineer  of  the  Cocliituate  water  works,  Bos- 
ton. he  became  superintending  engineer  of  the 
Erie  railway.  In  1852  he  was  given  charge  of  the 
engineering  department  of  the  Kentucky  central 
railroad,  where  he  remained  four  years.  In  1861 
he  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  67th  New  York 
volunteers,  and  served  efficiently  in  the  civil  war. 
During  the  riots  of  1863,  when  the  New  York 
Times  and  Tribune  offices  were  threatened  by  a 
mob,  he  rendered  valuable  assistance  as  com- 
mander of  the  body  of  armed  citizens  who  de- 
fended the  buildings.  He  was  engineer  in  the 
building  of  the  East  River  suspension  bridge,  and 
held  the  important  positions  of  chief  engineer  of 
the  city  works  of  Brooklyn,  and  consulting  en- 
gineer of  the  board  of  public  works  of  New  York 
city. 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS,  Myron,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
East  Bloomfield,  N.  Y.,  March  12,  1841,  son  of 
Myron  and  Sarah  (Taylor)  Adams.  In  1859  he 
entered  Hamilton  college,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1863.  He  enlisted  in  the  army  as  a private, 
later  becoming  corporal,  hospital  steward,  2d 
lieutenant,  and  assistant  inspector-general.  In 
1863  he  was  attached  to  the  signal  corps  and  was 
signal  officer  on  the  “ Lackawanna  ” at  the  battle 
of  Mobile  Bay.  After  the  war  he  declined  the 
rank  of  major,  which  was  offered  to  him,  and 
began  the  study  of  theology  at  the  Auburn  sem- 
inary, where  he  was  graduated  in  1868,  and 
began  preaching  at  Union  Springs,  N.  Y.  In 
this  year  he  was  married  to  Hester  Rose,  daughter 
of  Rev.  Prof.  Samuel  Miles  and  Mary  (Heacock) 
Hopkins  of  Auburn,  N.  Y.  In  1869  he  removed 
to  Dunkirk,  and  in  1876  accepted  a call  to  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  where  he  was  pastor  of  the  Plymouth 
Congregational  church.  After  preaching  there 
five  years  Mr.  Adams  was  obliged  to  announce  to 
his  people  that  his  theological  convictions  would 
not  accord  with  the  orthodox  statement  of  belief 
in  several  essential  points;  but  though  he  resigned 
his  pastorate  the  members  of  his  church  desired 
him  to  remain  in  the  pulpit,  the  church  thus  be- 
coming a liberal  organization  bound  by  no  creed. 
He  was  president  of  the  Rochester  academy  of 
science,  and  in  1893  he  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  St.  Lawrence  university,  Canton, 
N.  Y.  Among  Mr.  Adams’s  published  works  are 
“Cain  and  Abel  ” (1883) ; “ The  Continuous  Crea- 
tion : an  Application  of  the  Evolutionary  Philos- 
ophy to  the  Christian  Religion”  (1889);  and 
“Creation  of  the  Bible”  (1892).  He  died  in 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1895. 

ADAMS,  Nehemiah,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Salem,  Mass.,  Feb.  19,  1806.  He  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  college  at  the  age  of  twenty,  and 
after  studying  theology  at  Andover  he,  in  1829, 
acted  as  colleague  with  the  Rev.  Abiel  Holmes, 
pastor  of  the  first  church  of  Cambridge.  In  1834 
lie  left  this  pastorate  to  take  charge  of  the  Essex 
street  church,  afterwards  the  Union  church  in 
Boston,  remaining  there  during  the  rest  of  his 
life.  He  was  prominent  in  the  theological  and 
ecclesiastical  controversies  of  his  time,  and  active 
in  the  work  of  evangelization  as  conducted  by  his 
own  denomination,  being  an  officer  of  the  Ameri 
can  tract  society  and  of  the  American  board  of 
commissioners  for  foreign  missions.  In  the  midst 
of  an  element  permeated  with  anti-slavery  senti- 
ment, he  made  himself  conspicuous  and  greatly 
unpopular  by  publishing  in  1854,  “South  Side 
View  of  Slavery,”  and  his  correspondence  with 
Governor  Wise  of  Virginia.  In  1863  he  published 
“Sable  Cloud,  a Southern  Tale  with  Northern 
Comments.”  which  provoked  much  discussion. 
His  less  sensational  books  were:  “The  Coons  in 


the  Cell.”  “ Spiritual  Argument  for  Eternal  Pun- 
ishment,” “Broadcast  at  Eventide,”  “Life  of 
John  Eliot.”  “ The  Friends  of  Christ  in  the  New 
Testament,”  and  “ Remarks  on  the  Unitarian 
Belief.  ” He  made  a yoyage  around  the  world  in 
1869,  and  upon  his  return  he  published  an  account 
of  his  travels  in  “Under  the  Mizzenmast  ” (1871). 
He  died  Oct.  6.  1878. 

ADAMS,  Samuel,  statesman,  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Sept.  16.  1722,  son  of  Samuel  and  Mary 
(Fifield)  Adams.  His  grandfather,  John  Adams, 
was  a sea  captain,  brother  of  Joseph  Adams  of 
Braintree,  who  was  grandfather  of  John  Adams 
second  President  of  the  United  States,  and  grand- 
son of  Henry  Adams,  the  first  American  ancestor, 


SEWALL  HOUSE. 


who  came  from  Devonshire.  England,  about  1636, 
and  built  his  home  near  Mount  Wollaston.  Quincy, 
Mass.  The  elder  Samuel  Adams  was  a man  of 
great  wealth  for  the  time,  a brewer  and  ship- 
owner. and  the  proprietor  of  a large  estate  front- 
ing on  Boston  harbor,  on  which  he  built  a palatial 
mansion.  He  was  a member  of  the  legislature  of 
the  colony,  a justice  of  the  peace,  selectman, 
deacon  in  the  Old  South  church,  and  a man  who 
commanded  the  respect  of  his  neighbors.  He  or- 
ganized the  “caulkers  club  ” of  Boston,  made  up 
of  influential  business  men  engaged  in  the  shipping 
business,  who  met  to  determine  on  the  men  best 
fitted  for  office,  and  from  this  club  the  word 
“ caucus,”  as  applied  to  political  gatherings,  was 
derived.  His  son  enjoyed  the  companionship  of 
the  best  people  of  Boston,  and  was  influenced  by 
a rigidly  pious  mother.  As  a boy.  he  met  all  the 
strong  men  of  the  colony  who  were  accustomed 
to  gather  at  his  father’s  house,  and,  as  a listener, 
early  caught  the  spirit  of  liberty  that  pervaded 
the  atmosphere  of  the  period.  When  he  entered 
Harvard  college  he  was  far  advanced  in  general 
information  and  was  diligent  and  studious.  He 
was  graduated  in  1740.  when  only  eighteen  years 
old,  and  at  the  wish  of  his  father  he  entered  upon 
a course  in  theology,  expecting  to  become  a clergy- 
133] 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


man.  This  did  not  suit  his  views  and  he  began  to 
study  law,  which  he  left,  at  the  wisli  of  his 
mother,  to  learn  business  in  a counting  room. 
Upon  arriving  at  his  majority  in  1743,  he  attended 
the  commencement  exercises  at  Harvard  and 
there  received  his  degree  as  master  of  arts,  select- 
ing as  his  thesis,  the  proposition  that  “It  is  lawful 
to  resist  the  supreme  magistrate  if  the  Common- 
wealth cannot  be  otherwise  preserved.”  Seated 
on  the  platform  during  its  delivery  was  Governor 
Shirley  and  the  other  crown  officials  who  repre- 
sented the  “ supreme  magistrate.”  Young  Adams 
was  a strict  Calvinist,  and  a zealous  member  of 
the  Old  South  church.  His  father  soon  gave  him 
one  thousand  pounds  that  he  might  begin  business 
for  himself,  but  he  sunk  the  whole  amount,  half 
by  a bad  loan  and  the  other  half  in  his  business. 
Next  he  joined  his  father  in  carrying  on  a malt 
house  on  lus  father’s  estate  on  Purchase  street. 
His  father  died  in  1748  and  left  him  one-third  of 
his  estate.  In  1749  he  married  Elizabeth  Checkley, 
daughter  of  the  minister  of  the  New  South  re- 
ligious society  in  Sum- 
mer street,  which  his 
father  had  been  in- 
strumental in  found- 
ing in  1718.  He  con- 
tinued the  business  of 
the  malt  house,  and 
this  gave  rise  to  the 
title  ‘ ‘ Sammy  the 

Malster,”  bestowed  up- 
on him  by  his  political 
opponents.  Massachu- 
setts had  issued  paper 
money  and  coin  had 
been  driven  from  cir- 
culation. An  inflation 
of  prices  resulted,  attended  with  disastrous  fluctu- 
ations. British  merchants  trading  with  the  colony 
complained  of  the  paper  currency,  and  the  people, 
as  represented  in  the  legislature,  opposed  the 
board  of  trade,  which  was  sustained  by  the 
governor.  This  condition  led  to  the  formation  of 
two  banking  companies,  the  people  taking  the 
stocks  of  the  “land  bank,”  or  “manufactory 
scheme,”  which  issued  £150,000,  redeemable  in  pro- 
duce after  twenty  years,  and  Mr.  Adams’s  father 
became  a large  shareholder.  The  ‘ ‘ silver  scheme  ” 
was  patronized  by  the  merchants,  who  issued 
£110,000  in  notes,  to  be  redeemed  in  silver  in  ten 
years.  The  land  bank  had  800  stockholders,  and 
they  were  influential  in  the  legislature,  and  as  a 
political  power  succeeded  in  causing  the  removal 
of  Governor  Belcher.  The  plans  of  both  of  these 
banking  companies  were  frustrated  by  an  act  of 
parliament  that  was  extended  to  the  colonies,  an 
old  law  of  England  forbidding  any  joint-stock 
company  having  over  six  shareholders.  The  two 


banks  were  therefore  obliged  to  redeem  their 
script  and  suspend  business.  As  the  individual 
shareholders  were  personally  responsible  it 
brought  ruin  to  many  of  the  larger  holders. 
In  1758  an  attempt  was  made  to  seize  the  Adams 
estate  to  satisfy  a claim  against  his  father  on 
account  of  his  personal  liability  in  the  “ land 
bank.”  Samuel  resisted  the  attempt,  and  held 
off  the  levy  till  the  colonial  legislature  released 
the  directors  from  personal  liability.  In  1756  he 
was  made  collector  of  taxes,  and  as  the  payment 
of  taxes  was  slow  the  delinquency  was  recorded 
in  the  Boston  town  records  as  against  the  collec- 
tors, naming  the  sum  to  be  £9.878.  The  tones 
charged  the  deficiency  against  Adams;  and 
Hutchinson,  the  last  royalist  governor,  in  his 
history  of  the  colony  called  it  a “defalcation.” 
In  the  transactions  of  the  Massachusetts  histor- 
ical society  for  1883,  a complete  disproval  of 
the  charge  is  recorded.  In  1757  Mr.  Adams’s 
wife  died  and  left  two  children,  a son  and  a 
daughter.  His  malt  house  was  a failure.  He 
had  lost  his  other  property,  save  only  the  an- 
cestral home  on  Purchase  street,  and  this  was 
much  out  of  repair.  In  this  dark  hour,  he  was 
one  of  five  men  appointed  by  the  town  of  Boston 
to  instruct  the  representatives  just  elected  to  the 
general  court  as  to  the  wishes  of  the  people  of 
the  town  of  Boston,  and  Samuel  Adams  wrote  out 
America’s  first  protest  against  the  plan  of  Lord 
Grenville  for  taxing  the  colonies. 

Indeed  in  his  capacity  as  clerk  of  the  legisla- 
ture he  was  the  author  of  nearly  all  the  papers 
that  were  drawn  up  against  impositions  of  the 
British  government.  The  patriot  party  found  in 
him  its  very  soul.  His  instructions  were  read 
before  the  general  court  May  24,  1764,  and  the 
original  draft  of  the  document  is  preserved,  hav- 
ing been  the  property  of  George  Bancroft,  the 
historian,  at  the  time  of  his  death.  On  Dec.  6, 

1764,  Mr.  Adams  was  married  to  Elizabeth  Wells. 
In  Boston  the  news  of  the  passage  of  the  stamp 
act  by  the  British  parliament  called  out  deter- 
mined resistance.  Hutchinson’s  house  was  de- 
stroyed and  his  family  barely  escaped  the 
infuriated  mob.  The  general  assembly  was  to 
convene  in  September,  and  Samuel  Adams  again 
prepared  the  instructions  for  the  Boston  mem- 
bers. John  Adams  had  written  the  instructions 
for  the  Quincy  members,  and  the  Gazette  printed 
both  documents.  Samuel  Adams  was  elected  to 
a vacancy  in  the  Assembly  Sept.  27,  1765,  and  the 
day  he  was  sworn  in,  Bernard,  the  royalist  gov- 
ernor, prorogued  the  legislature.  In  October, 

1765,  he  began  his  service  in  behalf  of  revolution 
as  the  only  remedy,  for  oppression,  and  advocated 
it  in  tire  colonial  assembly  continuously  until 
1774,  when  he  was  sent  as  a representative  to  the 
Colonial  Congress  at  Philadelphia,  and  there  con- 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


tinued  the  agitation.  Great  Britain  felt  the  force 
of  the  man  who  was  opposing  her,  and  stood 
ready  to  forgive  all  in  rebellion  but  Samuel 
Adams  and  John  Hancock.  She  realized  that  the 
American  colonies  could  not  he  brought  under 
subjection  so  long  as  such  fearless  advocates  of 
liberty  were  throwing  down  the  gauntlet.  He 
was  a leading  spirit  in  the  first  Continental  Con- 
gress. and  the  first  man  to  publicly  advocate  inde- 
pendence. His  eloquence  hastened  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  in  Congress,  and  induced 
Massachusetts  to  adopt  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States. 

All  the  energies  of  the  man  were  poured  out  in 
the  cause  he  loved ; he  gave  little  thought  to  the 
accumulation  of  money,  and  his  was  the  pure, 
incorruptible  patriotism  that  scorns  to  acquire  it 
in  public  office.  Most  of  his  life  he  was  poor. 
His  more  frugal  wife  soon  attended  to  all  money 
matters,  and  it  was  not  until  after  the  death  of 
his  only  son,  who  left  him  a small  property,  that 
he  was  in  comfortable  circumstances.  On  the 
same  day  of  the  occurrence  of  the  “ Boston 
massacre,”  at  the  town  meeting  held  in  the  Old 
South  meeting-house,  March  5,  1770,  Mr.  Adams 
as  chairman  of  the  committee  communicated  to 
Governor  Hutchinson  the  demand  of  the  inhab- 
itants that  the  troops  should  be  removed  from 
the  city.  Hutchinson  offered  to  remove  one 
regiment,  and  Adams  returned  through  the 
crowded  streets  to  the  meeting-house,  quickly 
passing  the  watchword,  “both  regiments  or  none,” 
and  when  the  vote  was  demanded  the  5000  voices 
shouted,  “ both  regiments  or  none.”  Adams  re- 
turned with  the  ultimatum  of  the  people,  and 
warned  Hutchinson  that  if  the  two  regiments 
were  not  removed  before  nightfall  they  remained 
at  his  peril,  and  before  the  sun  set  they  were 
removed  to  the  castle  in  the  harbor.  The  people 
of  Massachusetts  next  demanded  that  judges 
holding  office  at  the  pleasure  of  the  king  should 
be  paid  by  the  crown  and  not  by  the  colonies,  and 
at  the  same  time  the  judges  were  threatened 
with  impeachment  if  they  accepted  a penny  from 
the  crown.  Adams,  when  Hutchinson  refused  to 
convene  the  legislature  to  decide  the  question  of 
the  judges’  salaries,  proposed  “committees  of 
correspondence  ” in  each  town  to  consult  as  to 
the  common  welfare.  This  legally  a proper  act, 
was  virtually  an  act  of  revolution,  as  the  gov- 
ernor had  no  power  over  such  an  organization. 
Within  a month  eighty  towns  had  chosen  com- 
mittees, and  the  system,  that  afterwards  extended 
to  all  the  colonies,  was  in  operation.  It  was  by 
such  stages  that  the  revolutionary  government 
was  formed . with  Samuel  Adams  as  the  leading 
spirit. 

When  the  legislature  convened  at  Salem,  June 
17,  1774,  he  locked  the  doors,  put  the  key  in  his 


pocket  and  carried  through  his  plan  for  conven- 
ing a congress  of  the  colonies  at  Philadelphia  on 
the  first  of  September.  A tory  member,  feigning 
sickness,  was  let  out.  and  informed  Governor 
Hutchinson;  who,  however,  could  not  gain  ad- 
mission to  serve  a writ  to  dissolve  the  assembly, 
and  when  the  business  at  hand  was  finished  the 
last  Massachusetts  legislature  under  sovereign  au- 
thority had  adjourned  sine  die.  James  Bovvdoin, 
Thomas  Cushing,  Samuel  Adams,  John  Adams, 
and  Robert  Treat  Paine  were  elected  to  meet  the 
delegates  from  other  colonial  assemblies  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  £500  was  appropriated  to  pay  their 
expenses,  each  town  being  assessed  according  to 
the  tax  list.  Cushing,  the  two  Adams  and  Paine 
departed  from  Boston  Aug.  10,  1774.  in  a stage 
coach,  Bowdoin  being  detained  by  the  illness  of  his 
wife.  In  the  first  meeting  of  the  first  Continental 
Congress  it  was  proposed  to  open  the  session  with 
prayer,  but  this  was  opposed  by  John  Jay,  an 
Episcopalian,  on  the  ground  that  the  members 
belonging,  as  they  did,  to  various  sects  and  de- 
nominations. could  not  be  expected  to  unite  in 
formal  worship.  Samuel  Adams  replied  that  “he 
was  no  bigot,  and  could  hear  a prayer  from  a gen- 
tleman of  piety  and  virtue,  who  was  at  the  same 
time  a friend  of  his  country;”  that  “ he  was  a 
stranger  in  Philadelphia,  but  he  had  heard  that 
Mr.  Duchd  deserved  that  character,  and  there- 
from he  moved  that  Mr.  Duche,  an  Episcopal 
clergyman,  might  be  desired  to  read  prayers  to 
Congress.” 

New  York,  Virginia  and  South  Carolina  had 
been  distrustful  of  the  extreme  policy  heretofore 
pursued  by  Massachusetts,  but  this  evidence  of 
friendship  from  her  most  prominent  representa- 
tive disarmed  opposition ; and  the  delegates  from 
these  states,  mostly  Episcopalians,  were  greatly 
pleased,  as  were  those  from  Pennsylvania,  Mr- 
Duchd  being  the  most  popular  preacher  in  Phila- 
delphia. On  Nov.  9,  1774,  Adams  was  back  in 
Boston,  organizing  and  promoting  rebellion.  On 
the  fifth  anniversary  of  the  Boston  massacre, 
March  5,  1775,  Samuel  Adams  presided  at  a gath- 
ering in  the  Old  South  meeting-house,  and  Joseph 
Warren  delivered  the  oration.  The  city  was  oc- 
cupied by  eleven  regiments  of  British  troops  and 
many  of  the  officers  were  in  the  meeting.  Adams’s 
tact  as  presiding  officer  prevented  an  outbreak. 
Then  in  April  followed  the  expeditions  of  the 
British  troops  to  Concord  and  Lexington,  and  the 
attempted  seizure  of  the  stores  gathered  there, 
which  aroused  the  people,  who  successfully  drove 
them  back.  Adams  and  Hancock  had  departed 
from  Boston  for  Philadelphia  secretly,  as  General 
Gage  had  published  his  instructions  from  the  Brit- 
ish government  to  arrest  Samuel  Adams  and 
“his  willing  and  ready  tool  ” John  Hancock,  and 
send  them  over  to  London  to  be  tried  for  high 


ADAMS 


ADAMS. 


treason.  A plan  was  made  to  seize  them  at  Lex- 
ington. April  19,  but  they  were  forewarned  by 
Paul  Revere,  while  stopping  at  the  house  of  Rev. 
Jonas  Clark.  There  was  a guard  about  the  house, 
and  when  Revere  rode  up  to  warn  the  patriot 
leaders  he  was  told  not  to  make  so  much  noise. 
“Noise!”  was  his  reply,  “you’ll  have  noise 
enough  before  long;  the  regulars  are  coming  on.” 
After  the  warning  by  Revere,  Adams  and  Han- 
cock went  to  a hill,  southeast  of  Mr.  Clark's,  then 
well  wooded,  and  remained  until  the  British  troops 
had  passed  on  to  Concord.  They  were  after- 
wards taken  to  the  home  of  Madam  Jones  in  Bur- 
lington. — the  Sewall  house  shown  in  an  illustra- 
tion in  this  article.  From  thence,  on  a new  alarm, 
they  went  to  Billerica.  While  walking  in  the  field, 
after  hearing  the  firing  at  Lexington,  Adams  said 
to  one  of  his  companions,  “It  is  a fine  day.” 
“ Very  pleasant,”  was  the  reply,  having  reference 
to  the  brightness  of  the  dawning  day.  “ I 
mean,”  was  the  earnest  and  prophetic  reply,  “ I 
mean  this  is  a glorious  day  for  America.”  They 
made  their  way  to  Philadelphia  in  time  for  the 
second  session  of  Congress,  May  10,  1775.  Here 
lie  stood  almost  alone  in  proposing  immediate 
separation  from  the  mother  country.  On  June 
12tli  General  Gage  proclaimed  pardon  “ to  all  per- 
sons who  should  lay  down  their  arms  and  return 
to  the  duties  of  peaceful  subjects,  excepting  only 
from  the  benefits  of  such  pardon,  Samuel  Adams 
and  John  Hancock,  whose  offences  are  of  too 
flagitious  a nature  to  admit  any  other  considera- 
tion than  that  of  condign  punishment.”  The 
army  hastily-gathered  around  Boston,  and  which 
had  done  so  good  service  at  Concord  and  Lexing- 
ton, was  adopted  by  Congress  through  the  efforts 
of  Samuel  and  John  Adams,  and  on  his  return 
home  he  found  that  the  “territory  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay  ” had  been  founded,  and  that  he  had 
been  made  one  of  the  first  eighteen  councillors, 
and  shortly  after  he  was  made  secretary  of  state- 
Forthwith  he  made  his  home  in  Cambridge.  On 
June  17,  1775,  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  was 
fought,  and  General  Warren  killed;  and  on  July 
4,  1776,  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was 
signed,  and  Samuel  Adams  “reached  the  most 
triumphant  moment  of  his  life.”  He  helped  to 
frame  the  state  constitution  of  Massachusetts  in 
1780,  but  hesitated  in  accepting  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States  as  framed  in  1787,  although 
he  did  not  actively  oppose  it ; and  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts convention  of  1788.  having  the  document 
under  consideration,  he  for  two  weeks  sat  silent 
listening  to  the  arguments  of  the  other  members. 
He  then  decided  to  support  it,  and  reserved  only 
the  condition  that  the  new  congress  should  con- 
sider amendments  in  the  nature  of  a bill  of  rights. 
His  decision  to  act  secured  Massachusetts  to  the 
Union,  and  carried  the  convention  by  a vote  of 


187  yeas  to  168  nays.  It  was  this  proposed  amend- 
ment of  Samuel  Adams  that  led  to  the  attaching 
of  the  first  ten  amendments  to  the  constitution 
as  declared  in  force  Dec.  15,  1791.  In  1789  Mr. 
Adams  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  in  1794  was  chosen  its  governor, 
serving  three  terms.  His  only  son,  Samuel,  was 
educated  at  Harvard,  graduating  with  the  class 
of  1771.  He  then  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Joseph  Warren  and  served  as  surgeon  in  the  Con- 
tinental army,  whereby  he  so  undermined  his 
health  that  he  died  in  Boston  in  1788.  On  retiring 
from  the  executive  office  of  Massachusetts  in 
1797,  Samuel  Adams  retired  to  private  life,  taking 
up  his  residence  on  Winter  street.  Boston,  where 
he  died  Oct.  2,  1803. 

ADAMS,  Samuel,  surgeon,  was  born  in  Maine. 
But  little  is  published  of  his  early  life.  In  1862 
he  joined  the  federal  army  as  regimental  surgeon, 
serving  first  in  the  permanent  hospitals,  and  later 
with  the  army  of  the  Potomac.  He  rose,  by  meri- 
torious service  in  the  field,  to  the  rank  of  medical 
inspector  of  the  ninth  army  corps.  On  one  oc- 
casion toward  the  close  of  the  war.  Surgeon 
Adams  saved  the  life  of  General  Potter  by  riding 
to  the  place  where  he  lay  wounded  on  the  field, 
and  dressing  his  wounds  under  fire.  He  was  also 
brevetted  for  “ meritorious  conduct  at  the  capture 
of  Petersburg.”  After  the  close  of  the  war  he 
was  ordered  to  Texas,  where  he  attended  the 
soldiers  at  the  U.  S.  army  post  where  the  yellow 
fever  had  broken  out.  and  his  last  services  were 
to  his  stricken  companions,  to  whom  he  admin- 
istered both  physical  and  spiritual  comfort  until 
he  was  himself  a victim  to  the  disease,  and  died 
Sept  9.  1867. 

ADAMS,  Seth,  manufacturer,  was  born  at 
Rochester,  N.  H.,  April  13.  1807.  He  learned  the 
trade  of  cabinet  making,  and  in  1828  removed  to 
Boston  to  work  in  a machine  shop.  He  mastered 
the  business  and  in  1831  engaged  in  it  on  his  own 
account.  In  1833  he  engaged  with  his  brother. 
Isaac,  the  inventor  of  the  printing  press,  and  be- 
came its  sole  manufacturer.  When  his  brother 
invented  his  power-press  Seth  enlarged  his  estab- 
lishment, and  continued  to  build  the  machines 
for  sixteen  years,  during  which  time  the  Adams 
press  was  introduced  into  every  first -class  print- 
ing-office in  America,  many  also  being  sent  abroad. 
The  two  brothers  then  joined  their  interests  under 
the  firm  name,  I.  & S.  Adams,  and  so  continued 
until  1856.  In  1849  he  took  charge  of  the  Adams 
sugar  refining  business,  for  many  years  the  second 
largest  in  the  country.  This  yielded  him  a hand- 
some fortune,  which  he  generously  shared  with 
worthy  charities,  leaving  at  his  death  a sum  to 
found  Adams  nervine  asylum  in  West  Roxbury, 
Mass.,  as  well  as  a legacy  to  Bowdoin  college. 
He  died  Dec.  7,  1873. 


1361 


ADAMS. 


ADAMS. 


ADAHS,  Sherman  Wolcott,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  May  (i,  1836.  His  early 
life  was  passed  upon  the  farm  and  in  the  country 
store  of  his  father,  Welles  Adams.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  academy  of  his  native  town,  and  at 
Alger  institute,  Cornwall,  Conn.,  but  did  not  take 
a college  course.  He 
was  graduated  from  the 
Harvard  law  school, 
taking  the  degree  of 
LL.B.  in  1861.  Upon 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war  he  was  commis- 
sioned as  acting  assis- 
tant paymaster  in  the 
navy,  and  served  on  a 
gunboat  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  war. 
U p o n his  discharge 
from  the  naval  service 
he  commenced  the 
practice  of  his  profes- 
sion at  Hartford,  Conn. 
Mr.  Adams  has  made  and  published  transla- 
tions from  the  French,  German,  and  Italian,  the 
most  important  of  which  is  an  annotated  English 
version  of  Eugene  Tenot’s  “ Coup  d’Etat  of  1851  ” 
(New  York.  1870).  He  contributed  to  the  local 
history  of  Hartford  county;  more  especially  to 
Hartford,  Wethersfield,  and  the  neighboring 
towns.  The  more  important  of  these  are  con- 
tained in  the  “Memorial  History  of  Hartford 
County”  ( Boston,  1886  ).  Many  articles  from  his 
pen  of  an  antiquarian  character,  including  papers 
originally  read  before  the  Connecticut  historical 
society,  have  been  published.  The  topographical 
survey  in  Connecticut  of  1895,  under  the  direction 
of  the  United  States  geological  survey,  was  due 
mainly  to  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Adams,  who  was  the 
author  of  the  resolution  passed  by  the  legislature 
of  Connecticut  in  1889,  providing  for  the  co-oper- 
ation of  the  State  with  the  national  government 
in  the  work. 

ADAMS,  William,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Colchester,  Conn.,  Jan.  25,  1807,  son  of  John 
and  Elizabeth  Ripley  Adams.  His  father  was  for 
twenty-three  years  principal  of  Phillips  academy, 
Andover.  Mass.  In  1827  the  son  was  graduated 
from  Yale  college;  in  1830  from  Andover  theo- 
logical seminary.  In  1831  he  was  ordained  as 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  at  Brighton, 
Mass.,  which  congregation  he  served  for  three 
years,  and  in  1834  became  pastor  of  the  Central 
Presbyterian  church  of  New  York,  where  he 
remained  twenty  years.  In  1852  he  was  chosen 
moderator  of  the  new-school  general  assembly  of 
the  Presbyterian  church  which  met  at  Washing- 
ton. D.  C.  In  1853,  having  outgrown  their  church 


building,  the  congregation  founded  the  Madison 
square  Presbyterian  church,  afterwards  one  of 
the  largest  church  edifices  in  New  York.  Here 
lie  ministered  to  the  congregation  for  twenty 
years,  resigning  in  October,  1873,  to  take  the 
chair  of  sacred  rhetoric  and  pastoral  theology 
in  connection  with  the  presidency  of  the  Union 
theological  seminary  of  New  York  city.  As  a 
man,  Mr.  Adams  enjoyed  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion for  charity  and  usefulness,  and  as  a pulpit 
orator  he  ranked  very  high.  He  wrote  several 
religious  books  and  edited  the  works  of  Robert 
Hall  (1830).  His  published  works  include : “The 
Three  Gardens:  Eden,  Gethsemane,  and  Para- 
dise” (1859);  “The  Spirit  of  Hebrew  Poetry” 
(1861);  “Thanksgiving:  Memories  of  the  Day 
and  Kelps  to  the  Habit”  (1865);  and  “Conver- 
sations of  Jesus  Christ  with  Representative  Men  ” 
(1868).  The  University  of  the  city  of  New  York 
gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1842,  and  Prince- 
ton college  that  of  LL.D.  in  1869.  In  1871  Dr. 
Adams  was  sent  by  the  evangelical  alliance  to  in- 
tercede with  the  emperor  of  Russia  in  behalf  of 
dissenters  from  the  Greek  church  in  the  Baltic 
provinces,  who  claimed  religious  liberty,  his 
mission  being  entirely  successful,  and  the  same 
year  served  as  delegate  from  the  general  assembly 
of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  America  to  the 
general  assembly  in  Scotland,  and  to  the  Free 
church  assembly.  At  the  general  council  of  the 
Presbyterian  church,  held  at  Edinburgh  in  1877, 
he  responded  to  the  address  of  welcome  by  the 
lord  provost  of  that  city.  He  was  a leader  of  the 
new-school  board  of  the 
Presbyterian  church, 
and  in  its  efforts  to  re- 
unite the  two  bodies, 
was  a chief  advocate. 

At  the  great  gathering 
of  representatives  of 
the  various  Protestant 
churches  of  the  world, 
at  an  evangelical  alli- 
ance in  New  York 
city  Oct.  3,  1873.  Dr. 

Adams  delivered  the 
address  of  welcome,  in 
which  he  announced 
his  creed  as  follows: 

“ We  meet  to  express 
and  manifest  our  Christian  unity.  Divers  are  the 
names  we  bear,  both  as  to  countries  and  churches 
— • German,  French,  Swiss,  Dutch,  English,  Scotch, 
Irish,  Lutheran,  Reformed  Anglican.  Presby- 
terian, Episcopal,  Methodist,  Baptist,  Independ- 
ent, but  we  desire  and  intend  to  show  that  amid 
all  this  variety  of  form  and  circumstances,  there 
is  a real  unity  of  faith  and  life,  believing,  accord- 
ing to  the  familiar  expression  of  our  common 


T37J 


ADAMS. 


AD  DICKS. 


Christian  creed,  ‘ In  the  Holy  Catholic  church  ’ 
and  the  communion  of  saints.”  The  Sunday  fol- 
lowing this  address,  he  held  in  his  church  a 
notable  communion  service,  representing  every 
denomination  and  nearly  every  nation  in  the 
world.  The  dean  of  Canterbury  assisted  at  the 
service,  and  the  denominational  representatives 
sharply  criticised  the  good  doctor  for  thus  going 
beyond  the  bounds  of  evangelism,  but  a published 
reply  fully  answered  the  objectors.  He  wit- 
nessed, as  the  fruit  of  a sermon  preached  to  em- 
ployers on  their  duty  to  employees,  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Young  Men’s  Christian  Association  of 
New  York.  The  American  Bible  society,  the 
American  board  of  foreign  missions,  and  the 
American  tract  society,  each  had  for  years  the 
benefit  of  his  council,  as  did  the  denominational 
societies  of  his  church,  He  was  for  fifteen  years 
president  of  the  New  York  institution  for  the  in- 
struction of  the  deaf  and  dumb.  His  last  sermon 
was  preached  before  the  graduating  class  at  West 
Point,  June  6,  1880.  He  died  August  31.  1880. 

ADAMS,  William  Forbes,  second  bishop  of 
Easton,  and  109th  in  succession  in  the  American 
Episcopate,  was  born  in  Enniskillen,  Ireland, 
Jan.  2,  1833.  At  an  early  age  he  was  brought  to 
America  by  his  parents,  who  settled  in  Kentucky. 
Young  Adams  was  fitted  for  Yale,  but  pecuniary 
reverses  attendant  upon  the  failure  of  his  father 
in  business,  obliged  him  to  forego  his  plans.  He 
bravely  accepted  the  change  in  his  circumstances, 
obtained  a mercantile  situation,  and  in  his  leisure 
time  studied  law.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he 
was  admitted  to  the  Mississippi  bar.  He  removed 
to  Tennessee,  and  pursued  his  theological  studies 
with  a view  to  entering  the  church ; he  returned 
to  Mississippi  before  the  completion  of  his  course, 
and  was  ordained  a deacon  in  St.  Andrew’s 
church,  Jackson,  Miss.,  in  1859;  he  was  admitted 
to  full  orders  July  29,  1860.  His  first  charge, 
which  he  held  for  six  years,  was  St.  Paul’s,  Wood- 
ville,  Miss. ; in  1866  he  became  rector  of  St. 
Peter’s,  New  Orleans,  and  took  charge  of  St. 
Paul’s  in  the  same  city  the  following  year,  where 
he  remained  until  his  consecration  as  first  mission- 
ary bishop  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  in  1875. 
He  accepted  the  duties  of  his  charge  with  every 
promise  of  abundant  success,  but  the  fatigues  of 
the  long  and  painful  journeys,  necessary  in  so 
new  and  extensive  a diocese,  undermined  a con- 
stitution already  impaired  by  his  ministrations  to 
sufferers  from  yellow  fever  in  Louisiana,  and 
compelled  his  resignation,  which  in  1877  was  ac 
cepted  by  the  house  of  bishops.  From  1876  to 
1887  Dr.  Adams  was  rector  of  Holy  Trinity.  Vicks- 
burg, Miss.,  when  he  was  again  elected  to  the 
episcopal  office,  as  bishop  of  Easton.  He  re- 
ceived the  degreeof  D.C.L.  from  the  university  of 
the  South,  Sewanee,  Tenn. 


ADAMS,  William  Taylor,  “Oliver  Optic,” 
author,  was  born  at  Medway,  Mass.,  July  30, 
1822.  His  father  was  proprietor  of  the  Lamb 
Tavern,  afterwards  the  Adams  House,  in  Boston, 
and  the  boy  was  educated  at  the  public  schools  of 
that  city  and  began  life  as  a teacher,  being  con- 
nected at  various  times  with  the  Harris  school  in 
Dorchester  and  the  Dwight,  Boylston,  and  Bow- 
ditch  schools  in  Boston.  In  1853  he  published  his 
first  volume,  called  ‘ ‘ Hate  hie,  the  Guardian  Slave ; 
or,  The  Heiress  of  Bellevue,”  which  was  not  a suc- 
cess, under  his  pen  name,  “Oliver  Optic.”  The 
following  year  “The  Boat  Club”  appeared,  and 
was  so  well  received  that  it  was  followed  by  five 
other  volumes,  the  six  constituting  “The  Boat 
Club  Series.”  Then  other  series  appeared,  repre- 
senting from  six  to  ten  volumes  each:  “Army 
and  Navy  Stories”;  “Boat  Builders’  Series”; 
“Great  Western  Series”;  “Lake  Shore  Series”; 
“Onward  and  Upward  Series”;  the  “Riverdale 
Story  Books  ” ; “ Starry  Flag  Series  ” ; “ Household 
Library”;  “Blue  and  the  Gray- Afloat”;  “Blue  and 
the  Gray-on  Land” ; “ All-Over-the  World  Series  ” ; 
“Woodville  Stories”;  “Yacht  Club  Series,”  and 
“ Young  America  Abroad  Series.”  His  first  book, 
“The  Boat  Club,”  passed  through  more  than 
sixty  editions,  and  it  is  estimated  that  more  than 
1, 100,000  copies  of  his  books  have  been  sold.  From 
1858  to  1866  he  edited  The  Student  and  School- 
mate ; from  1867  to  1875  Oliver  Optic’ s Magazine ; in 
1881  he  became  connected  with  the  Russell  Pub- 
lishing Company,  editing  Our  Little  Ones ; and  he 
also  edited  for  a time  Our  Boys  and  Girls.  In  1869 
Mr.  Adams  was  elected  to  the  Massachusetts  legis- 
lature, and  declined  a re-nomination  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  crossed  the  ocean  more  than  a 
score  of  times,  visiting  every  country  in  Europe 
and  going  to  Asia  and  Africa.  His  published 
short  stories  number  more  than  one  thousand,  and 
his  books  more  than  one  hundred.  In  1895  he 
published  “Across  India;  or,  Live  Boys  in  the 
Far  East”;  “A  Lieutenant  at  Eighteen.”  and 
“ In  the  Saddle.”  He  died  March  27,  1897. 

ADDICKS,  George  B.,  educator,  was  born  at 
Hampton,  Rock  Island  county,  111.,  Sept.  9,  1854, 
son  of  Gerhard  and  Mary  (Franke)  Addicks. 
Both  his  parents  were  natives  of  Germany,  his 
father  emigrating  from  Oldenburg  and  his 
mother  from  Hanover.  The  boy  was  educated  in 
the  public  and  parochial  schools,  and  pursued  his 
classical  studies  at  central  Wesleyan  college.  War- 
renton,  Mo.,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1874.  and 
his  theological  course  at  the  Biblical  institute 
Evanston.  111.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1871. 
In  1875  he  was  tutor  in  the  central  Wesleyan  col- 
lege, and  in  1876  professor  of  the  German  language 
in  the  German  college  and  Iowa  Wesleyan  univer- 
ersity.  Mt.  Pleasant.  Iowa,  holding  the  position  for 
seven  years.  He  then  served  the  First  German 


ADEE. 


ADLER. 


M.  E.  church  at  Pekin,  111.,  five  years,  and  in  1889 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  practical  and  historical 
theology  in  central  Wesleyan  college,  Warren- 
ton,  Mo.,  and  was  made  president  of  the  institu- 
tion in  1894. 

ADDISON,  Walter  Dulany,  clergyman,  was 
horn  at  Annapolis,  Md.,  Jan.  1,  1769,  son  of 
Thomas  and  Rebecca  ( Dulany ) Addison.  His 
classical  education  was  acquired  at  Greenwich, 
Eng.,  where  he  remained  from  1784  until  1787. 
He  then  removed  to  Epsom  and  continued  his 
studies  under  his  uncle,  rector  of  the  parish,  and 
completed  his  education  under  Dr.  Barrow  in 
London.  In  1789  he  returned  to  America,  where 
he  studied  theology.  In  June  1792,  he  married 
Elizabeth  D.  Hesselius,  and  the  following  year  was 
ordained  a priest.  His  was  the  first  ordination 
made  by  Bishop  Thomas  J.  Claggett,  the  first  P.  E. 
bishop  consecrated  in  America.  Immediately 
after  his  ordination,  Mr.  Addison  took  charge  of 
Queen  Anne’s  parish,  Prince  George’s  county,  re- 
siding at  Oxon  Hill.  This  parish  he  resigned  in 
1796,  and  occupied  his  time  by  preaching  at  dif- 
ferent churches  in  the  neighborhood.  Before 
leaving  Queen  Anne’s  he  visited  Washington  city, 
having  heard  that  there  was  no  Episcopal  church 
there,  and  at  the  invitation  of  the  Presbyterian 
minister  held  services  in  his  church  for  the  benefit 
of  some  Episcopal  families.  This  work  he  con- 
tinued for  some  years,  and  finally  succeeded  in 
erecting  a church  building,  which  was  completed 
in  1804,  and  has  been  since  known  as  the  “ Old 
Church”  (St.  John’s).  Shortly  after  this  he 
established  a school  at  Hart  Park,  where  he  edu- 
cated and  clothed  six  or  more  pupils  free  of  cost, 
and  later  found  employment  for  them.  About 
the  year  1800  he  decided  to  gradually  emancipate 
his  slaves,  the  men  when  they  reached  the  age  of 
twenty-five,  and  the  women  at  twenty.  This 
effort  did  not  prove  advantageous  to  the  intended 
beneficiaries,  only  a few  proving  themselves 
worthy  of  freedom  and  one  selling  himself  back 
into  slavery.  In  1801  he  became  rector  of  Broad 
Creek  parish,  remaining  there  until  1809,  when  he 
accepted  a calk  to  St.  John’s  parish,  Georgetown, 
D.  C.  He  served  the  parish  for  seventeen  years, 
resigning  to  take  charge  of  the  Rock  Creek  church, 
for  which,  years  before,  he  had  raised  several 
hundred  dollars  to  cover  with  wood  the  earth, 
which  was  the  original  floor  of  the  edifice.  Blind- 
ness overtook  him  twenty-one  years  before  his 
death,  notwithstanding  which  he  continued  in  his 
path  of  usefulness.  He  died  in  Baltimore.  Md., 
Jan.  31,  1848. 

ADEE,  Daniel,  publisher,  was  born  at  Pleasant 
Valley,  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  about  1819.  His 
meagre  education  was  acquired  at  the  village 
schools,  and  in  1836  he  went  to  New  York,  enter- 
ing the  employ  of  Harper  & Brothers.  After  be- 


coming thoroughly  familiar  with  the  printing 
business,  he  opened  a publishing  and  printing 
office  of  his  own  on  Fulton  street,  where  he  built 
up  an  excellent  trade.  After  a few  years  he 
was  obliged  to  remove  to  larger  quarters,  occupy- 
ing three  buildings  in  Centre  street.  Here  he  was 
the  first  in  America  to  publish  Newton’s  '•  Prin- 
cipal ” and  Braithwaite’s  *' Retrospect.”  In  1840 
he  removed  to  Frankfort  street.  A conflagration 
destroying  his  establishment  in  1843,  Mr.  Adee 
did  not  rebuild,  but  in  1845  founded  the  New 
York  cast-steel  works,  an  innovation  in  the 
United  States.  This  company  finally  developed 
into  the  continental  steel  and  iron  company  on 
Furman’s  Island.  In  1870,  this  business,  hitherto 
successful,  was  discontinued  on  account  of  com- 
petition, and  Mr.  Adee  once  more  became  a 
printer  and  publisher.  He  died  at  East  Williams- 
burg, N.  Y.,  April  25,  1892. 

ADEN,  Ebenezer,  revolutionary  soldier,  was 
born  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  Oct.  17,  1743.  At 
the  age  of  twenty -four  he  removed  to  Poultney, 
Vt.,  and  in  company  with  a brother-in-law  began 
the  first  settlement  of  that  town.  He  was  soon 
afterward  appointed  captain  of  a company  of 
minutemen,  and  served  in  Colonel  Herrick’s  regi- 
ment of  rangers  during  the  revolutionary  war. 
He  distinguished  himself  for  gallantry  at  the 
battle  of  Bennington,  Aug.  16,  1777.  In  the 
month  following  he  led  the  attack  against  the 
British  post  on  Mount  Defiance,  and  subsequently 
captured  fifty  of  Burgoyne’s  rear  guard  on  their 
retreat  from  Ticonderoga.  He  was  commissioned 
a major  for  his  gallantry,  and  his  after  exploits 
won  for  him  a high  reputation  as  a partisan 
leader.  He  died  March  26.  1806. 

ADLER,  Cyrus,  educator,  was  born  at  Van 
Buren,  Ark.,  Sept.  13,1863.  His  parents  removed 
to  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1864,  and  there  he  at- 
tended the  public  schools.  He  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1879,  and  was  gradu- 
ated in  1883.  He  afterwards  pursued  Oriental 
studies  in  Jolms-Hopkins  university,  was  ap- 
pointed university  scholar  there  in  1884.  and  was 
fellow  in  Semitic  languages  from  1885  to  1887, 
when  he  received  the  degree  of  Pli.D.,  and  was 
appointed  instructor  in  Semitic  languages.  He 
was  promoted  to  be  associate  professor  in  1890. 
In  1877  he  was  appointed  assistant  curator  of  the 
section  of  Oriental  antiquities  in  the  United  States 
national  museum,  and  had  charge  of  an  exhibit 
of  biblical  archaeology  at  the  centennial  exposition 
of  the  Ohio  valley  in  1888.  He  was  a commis- 
sioner for  the  world’s  Columbian  exposition  to 
the  Orient  in  1890,  and  he  passed  sixteen  months 
in  Turkey,  Syria,  Egypt.  Tunis,  Algiers,  and  Mo- 
rocco securing  exhibits.  On  Dec.  1,  1892,  he 
was  appointed  librarian  of  the  Smithsonian  in- 
stitution at  Washington.  He  was  made  lecturer 


ADLER. 


AGASSIZ. 


on  biblical  archaeology  in  the  Jewish  theological 
seminary  in  New  York,  and  a member  of  the 
executive  board  and  publication  committee  of  the 
American  Jewish  publication  society,  and  also  a 
member  of  various  learned  societies.  He  con- 
tributed papers  on  Oriental  philology  and  archae- 
ology (especially  Assyrian)  to  the  Journal  of  the 
American  Oriental  Society;  also  to  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  American  Philological  Association , 
the  Andover  Review,  Hebraiea,  Johns- Hopkins 
University  Circular,  and  reviews  to  the  New 
York  Nation,  and  the  Ph  iladelphia  North  Ameri- 
can. 

ADLER,  Felix,  author,  was  born  in  Alzey, 
Germany,  Aug.  13,  1851,  the  son  of  Samuel  Adler, 
a prominent  Hebrew  rabbi.  After  his  graduation 
from  Columbia  college,  New  York,  at  the  age  of 
nineteen,  he  went  abroad.  He  studied  first  at 
Berlin  and  later  at  the  university  of  Heidelberg, 
which  in  1873  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
Ph.D.  Again  returning  to  America  he  entered 
Cornell  university  as  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
Oriental  literature,  occupying  the  chair  from  1874 
to  1876.  In  May  of  the  latter  year  he  founded 
the  society  for  ethical  culture  in  New  York,  which 
at  once  began  instituting  many  admirable  chari- 
ties, among  them  a free  kindergarten,  — the  first 
of  its  kind  in  America. — a system  of  furnishing 
competent  nurses  to  the  poor,  a workingman’s 
school,  and  a home  for  poor  and  uncaredfor 
children.  Dr.  Adler  is  the  author  of : “ Creed  and 
Deed  Discourses”  (1877);  “The  Ethics  of  the 
Political  Situation  ” (1884);  and  “The  Moral  In- 
struction of  Children  ” (1892). 

ADLER,  George  J.,  philologist,  was  born  in 
Germany  in  1821.  In  1833  he  came  to  America 
with  his  parents,  who  settled  in  New  York  city, 
where  the  boy  attended  the  public  schools  and  en- 
tered the  university  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  with  honors  at  the 
age  of  twenty-three.  Two  years  later  he  was 
made  professor  of  German  in  that  institution, 
which  position  he  filled  for  eight  years.  He  pre- 
pared a German-English  dictionary,  which  was 
published  in  1848,  and  a German  grammar  and 
other  German  text-books  which  followed,  and 
which  are  acknowledged  to  be  the  best  books  yet 
published  in  America.  He  published  in  1868 
“Poetry  of  the  Arabs  in  Spain,”  which  he  had 
delivered  as  a popular  lecture ; and  the  same  year, 
“ Wilhelm  von  Humboldt’s  Linguistic  Studies,” 
and  a translation  of  Fauriel’s  “ History  of  Proven- 
gal  Poetry.”  His  mind  became  impaired  during 
the  last  years  of  his  life,  and  he  died  at  Blooming- 
dale  asylum,  New  York  city,  Aug.  24,  1868. 

ADLER,  Samuel,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Worms,  Germany,  Dec.  3,  1809,  son  of  a Hebrew 
rabbi,  and  was  trained  by  his  father  to  follow  in 
his  footsteps.  From  his  early  childhood  he  was 


taught  rabbinic  literature,  and  when  old  enough 
he  was  sent  to  the  rabbinic  high  school  at  Frank- 
fort. After  finishing  his  studies  there  he  went  to 
Bonn  and  Giessen,  where  he  studied  Oriental  lan- 
guages and  philosophy  for  five  years,  leaving  in 
1836  to  become  a minister  in  Worms.  In  1842  he 
removed  to  Alzey,  as  town  and  circuit  rabbi.  In 
the  years  1844-’46  he  attended  the  rabbi  conven- 
tions held  in  Brunswick,  Frankfort,  and  Breslau, 
and  in  1856  removed  to  New  York  city,  where,  in 
1857,  his  installation  as  rabbi  of  the  Temple 
Emanu-El  occurred.  He  was  a highly -respected 
citizen  of  New  York,  keeping  in  touch  with  mod- 
ern thought  and  progress,  and  accomplishing  a 
vast  amount  of  good.  His  son,  Prof.  Felix  Adler, 
founded  the  society  of  ethical  culture.  Dr.  Adler 
died  in  New  York  city.  June  9,  1891. 

AGASSIZ,  Alexander  Emmanuel  Rudolph, 
zoologist,  was  born  in  Neuehatel,  Switzerland, 
Dec.  17,  1835,  son  of  Louis  and  Cecile  (Braun) 
Agassiz.  He  came  to  the  United  States  with  his 
father  when  he  was  eleven  years  of  age.  and,  com- 
pleting his  academical  course,  entered  Harvard 
and  was  graduated  in 
1855.  He  studied  en- 
gineering in  the  Law- 
rence scientific  school, 
and  after  taking  his 
degree  pursued  a post- 
graduate  course  in 
chemistry,  at  the  same 
time  teaching  that 
science  in  a young 
ladies’  seminary  con- 
ducted by  his  father. 

In  1859  he  was  appoint- 
ed assistant  to  the 
United  States  coast 
survey  in  California, 
and  was  engaged  on 
the  northwest  bound- 
ary, where  lie  collected  and  afterwards  em-iclied 
the  Harvard  museum  of  comparative  zoology  by 
specimens  that  he  had  collected  and  studied. 
Upon  his  return  in  1860  he  was  made  assistant  in 
zoology  at  the  Peabody  museum,  taking  full 
charge  during  his  father’s  visit  to  Brazil  in  1865. 
The  same  year  he  became  interested  in  coal  min- 
ing in  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1866  made  some  in- 
vestigations in  the  copper  mines  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  became  president  of  the  Calumet  and  Hecla 
mining  company,  which  corporation  paid  to  its 
stockholders  over  $50,000,000  in  dividends  prior  to 
1895.  This  brought  Agassiz  a very  large  fortune, 
which  he  used  in  munificent  gifts  to  the  Harvard 
museum,  of  which  he  became  assistant  curator, 
and,  after  the  death  of  his  father,  curator.  These 
gifts  aggregated  over  8500.000.  and  were  mostly 
spontaneous  responses  to  needs  that  presented 
GO] 


Cl 


AGASSIZ. 


AGASSIZ. 


themselves  in  his  daily  work.  In  addition  to  in- 
teresting himself  in  the  scientific  work  involved 
in  his  position,  Professor  Agassiz  was,  in  18T3, 
superintendent  of  the  Anderson  school  of  natural 
history  on  Penikese  Island.  He  was  a member  of 
the  scientific  expedition  to  South  America  in 
1875,  where  he  inspected  the  copper  mines  of 
Peru  and  Chili,  and  made  extended  surveys  of 
Lake  Titicaca,  besides  collecting  invaluable  Peru- 
vian antiquities,  which  he  gave  to  the  Peabody 
museum.  He  assisted  Sir  Charles  Wyville  Thom- 
son, the  Scotch  zoologist,  in  arranging  and  classify- 
ing the  product  of  the  expedition  of  the  Challenger 
in  her  voyage  of  68,900  miles  of  deep-sea  explora- 
tion in  1872-76.  Of  the  fruits  of  this  remarkable 
voyage  Agassiz  brought  to  America  a valuable 
collection,  and  wrote  one  of  the  final  reports  on 
the  zoology  of  the  expedition,  that  on  Echini. 
The  United  States  coast  survey  placed  at  his  dis- 
posal the  steamer  Blake,  on  board  of  which  he 
spent  his  winters  from  1876  to  1881,  principally 
in  the  West  Indies  in  deep-sea  dredging.  Pro- 
fessor Agassiz  served  as  an  overseer  of  Harvard 
university,  and  was  a fellow  until  1885.  His 
society  membership  embraced  the  American  as- 
sociation for  the  advancement  of  science,  the 
National  academy  of  science,  and  numerous  other 
scientific  associations  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
His  pamphlet  publications  are  largely  on  subjects 
connected  with  marine  zoology,  and  are  to  be 
found  in  the  bulletins  and  memoirs  of  the  Pea- 
body museum,  Harvard  university.  With  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  C.  Agassiz  he  wrote : “ Seaside  Studies 
in  Natural  History  ” (1865);  “ Marine  Animals  of 
Massachusetts  Bay”  (1871),  and  the  fifth  volume 
of  “ Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the 
United  States,”  completing  the  work  left  unfin- 
ished by  his  father.  On  Jan.  1,  1896,  he  was 
appointed  an  officer  of  the  legion  of  iionor  of 
France. 

AGASSIZ,  Jean  Louis  Rudolphe,  naturalist, 
was  .born  in  the  village  of  Motier-en-Vuly,  in  the 
Canton  Fribourg,  Switzerland,  May  28,  1807,  son 
of  Louis  Rudolphe  and  Rose  (Mayor)  Agassiz. 
His  father  was  a Protestant  clergyman,  as  had 
been  his  progenitors  for  six  generations.  His 
mother,  the  daughter  of  a physician,  a woman 
of  intellect  and  refinement,  assisted  her  husband 
in  the  education  of  her  boys.  Louis  early  de- 
veloped  a passionate  fondness  for  birds  and  ani- 
mals of  all  sorts,  and  he  observed  their  habits 
and  characteristics  with  great  accuracy  and 
intelligence.  In  the  parsonage  garden  stood 
a large  stone  basin  full  of  spring  water,  and  in 
this  the  embryo  ichthyologist  had  quite  a collec- 
tion of  fishes  before  he  was  five  years  of  age.  In 
1817  he  was  sent  to  a gymnasium  at  Bienne,  where 
he  became  proficient  in  ancient  and  modern 
languages.  In  1822  he  entered  the  college  at 

[41] 


Lausanne,  where  he  had  access  to  a fine  biolog- 
ical collection  owned  by  Professor  Chavannes, 
the  director  of  the  cantonal  museum.  It  had 
been  intended  by  his  parents  that  Louis  should 
follow  commercial  pursuits,  but  his  singular  apti- 
tude for  scientific  study  led  them  to  change  their 
plans  and  allow  him  to  fit  himself  for  the  study  of 
medicine;  he,  there- 
fore, in  1824  began 
his  medical  studies 
at  Zurich,  where  he 
benefited  greatly  by 
the  kindness  of  Pro- 
fessor Schinz,  who 
held  the  chair  of 
natural  history  and 
physiology,  and  who 
allowed  the  youth- 
ful scientist  free 
access  to  his  private 
library  and  to  his 
valuable  collection 
of  birds.  In  1826  he 
passed  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Heidelberg,  where  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Alexander  Braun,  like  himself  an 
enthusiastic  naturalist.  Their  friendship  was  of 
mutual  benefit.  An  interesting  item  in  connection 
with  his  studies  at  Heidelberg  is  the  fact  that  the 
magnificent  collection  of  fossils  owned  by  Profes 
sor  Broun,  the  palaeontologist,  and  used  by  him  in 
giving  Agassiz  his  first  important  palaeontological 
instruction,  was  bought  in  1859  by  the  museum  of 
comparative  zoology  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and 
was  there  used  by  Agassiz  in  instructing  his  Am- 
erican pupils.  Agassiz  in  1827  entered  the  univer- 
sity of  Munich,  and  the  lodging-rooms  of  him- 
self and  Braun,  who  was  again  his  fellow-student, 
were  the  headquarters  for  the  “ Little  Academy,” 
an  organization  started  by  Agassiz,  and  over 
which  he  presided.  There  the  most  earnest  and 
energetic  young  spirits  of  the  university  met  to 
discuss  scientific  problems  and  to  disclose  to  each 
other  the  results  of  their  investigations  in  the  va- 
rious fields  in  which  they  were  interested.  Many 
of  the  professors  attended  these  student  lectures, 
and  some  of  Professor  Dollinger’s  most  important 
physiological  discoveries  were  there  made  known 
for  the  first  time.  In  the  summer  of  1828,  Von 
Martius  proposed  to  Agassiz  that  he  should  write 
a description  of  a collection  of  some  116  specimens 
of  fishes  brought  from  Brazil  by  his  lately  de- 
ceased friend  and  colleague,  J.  B.  De  Spix.  To 
this  highly  flattering  proposition  Agassiz  assented 
with  reluctance,  fearing  the  work  might  too 
greatly  interrupt  his  studies.  He  arranged  and 
classified  the  collection  in  a most  original  manner, 
and  the  work,  written  in  Latin  and  illustrated  by 
twenty-nine  handsome  plates,  made  its  appearance 


AGASSIZ. 


AGASSIZ. 


in  1829.  Agassiz  was  barely  twenty -two  years  of 
age,  and  had  just  received  the  degree  of  Pli.D. 
from  the  university  of  Erlangen,  when  this  his 
first  published  work  brought  him  into  prominence 
and  won  for  him  the  recognition  and  commenda- 
tion of  the  chief  naturalists  of  the  old  world.  He 
received  his  degree  of  M.D.  from  the  university  of 
Munich,  April,  1830,  the  dean  in  conferring  it 
remarking : ‘ ‘ The  faculty  have  been  very  much 
pleased  with  your  answers;  they  congratulate 
themselves  on  being  able  to  give  the  diploma 
to  a young  man  who  has  already  acquired  so  hon- 
orable a reputation.”  The  subject  of  his  gradu- 
ating thesis  was,  “The  Superiority  of  Woman  over 
Man.”  He  had  already  begun  his  “Fresh  Water 
Fishes,  ” and  in  December,  1829.  he  commenced 
collecting  material  for  a work  on  fossil  fishes,  for 
which  purpose  he  visited  the  collections  in  the 
imperial  museum  in  Vienna,  reaching  his  father’s 
house  at  Concise  on  the  30th  of  December,  1830. 
Here  he  passed  nearly  a year,  with  his  artist,  M. 
Dinkel,  preparing  plates  and  letterpress  for  ‘ ‘ Fossil 
Fishes.”  At  the  close  of  the  year  1831,  he  was 
enabled  through  the  generosity  of  friends  and  rela- 
tives to  go  to  Paris.  Here  he  met  Cuvier,  to  whom 
he  dedicated  his  ‘ ‘ Brazilian  Fishes.  ” The  great  nat- 
uralist, after  questioning  him  as  to  the  scope  of 
his  projected  work  on  fossil  fishes,  and  seeing  the 
collection  of  accurate  and  artistic  drawings  which 
Agassiz  had  prepared,  not  only  permitted  him  to 
use  his  private  laboratory,  but  relinquished  his 
own  intention  of  publishing  a volume  on  the  same 
subject,  and  placed  at  Agassiz’s  disposal  his  col- 
lected material,  notes,  and  drawings.  Agassiz 
held  this  as  the  happiest  moment  of  his  life,  and 
he  set  to  work  with  renewed  vigor  to  show  the 
master,  who  had  thus  honored  him.  that  his  con- 
fidence had  not  been  misplaced.  Two  or  three 
weeks  later  Cuvier’s  sudden  death  added  to  the 
sacredness  of  this  trust  which  had  been  commit- 
ted to  the  youthful  scientist.  In  March,  1832,  his 
funds  being  exhausted,  he  was  urged  by  his  par- 
ents to  leave  Paris,  and  all  his  bright  prospects 
might  have  suffered  a total  eclipse,  had  not  Von 
Humboldt,  hearing  accidentally  of  his  predica- 
ment, insisted  in  the  most  delicate  manner  on 
loaning  him  a thousand  francs  to  tide  him  over 
the  crisis. 

In  November,  1832,  Agassiz  accepted  an  ap- 
pointment as  professor  of  natural  history  in  the 
college  at  Neuchatel,  at  a salary  of  about  $400, 
declining  brilliant  offers  in  Paris  because  of  the 
leisure  for  private  study  that  this  position  afforded 
him.  His  reputation  attracted  to  the  college  a 
large  number  of  students,  and  Neuchatel  became 
the  cynosure  of  all  scientific  eyes.  The  presence 
of  Agassiz  was  at  once  stimulating  to  the  intellec- 
tual life  of  the  little  town.  With  the  two  Louis 
de  Coulon,  father  and  son,  he  founded  the  societe 

[43] 


des  sciences  naturelles,  of  which  he  was  the 
first  secretary,  and  in  conjunction  with  the  Cou- 
lons  also  arranged  a provisional  museum  of  nat- 
ural history  in  the  orphan’s  home.  He  was 
hardly  established  in  his  chair  at  Neuchatel, 
when  he  was  offered  that  of  zoology  at  Heidel- 
berg as  successor  to  Leuckart ; this  appointment, 
although  the  emoluments  were  more  than  double 
the  amount  accruing  from  the  Neuchatel  position, 
he  declined.  A serious  calamity  at  this  time 
threatened  Agassiz ; his  eyesight  became  seriously 
impaired,  and  he  was  obliged  to  live  in  a darkened 
room  and  to  desist  from  writing  for  several 
months,  which  precautions  effected  a cure.  In 
1833  he  married  Cecile  Braun,  sister  of  his,  friend 
Alexander  Braun,  and  established  his  household  at 
Neuchatel.  Trained  to  scientific  drawing  by  her 
brothers,  his  wife  was  of  the  greatest  assistance 
to  Agassiz,  some  of  the  most  beautiful  plates  in 
“ Fossil  ” and  “ Fresh- Water  Fishes  ” being  drawn 
by  her.  In  1833  appeared  the  first  number  of  his 
“R^cherches  sur  les  Poissons  Fossiles,”  a work 
comprising  five  quarto  volumes,  which  took  ten 
years  for  its  completion.  The  first  number  was 
received  with  enthusiasm  by  the  scientists,  whose 
regard  had  long  been  attracted  to  Agassiz.  He 
received  Feb.  4,  1834,  at  the  hands  of  Mr.  Charles 
Lyell,  the  Wollaston  prize  of  the  geological  society 
of  London,  a sum  of  £31.  10s,  which  was  awarded 
as  a recognition  of  the  value  of  his  lately -issued 
volume.  Buckland,  Murchison.  Lyell,  and  other 
English  scientists  were  pressing  in  their  invita- 
tions to  Agassiz  to  visit  England,  which  he  did  in 
August,  1834,  was  received  with  cordial  enthusi- 
asm, and  made  some  fruitful  palaeontological  in- 
vestigations during  his  short  stay.  He  was 
awarded  the  sum  of  one  hundred  guineas,  voted 
by  the  British  association  for  the  advancement 
of  science  for  the  “facilitating  of  the  researches 
upon  the  fossil  fishes  of  England,”  a gift  which, 
at  the  instance  of  Lockhart.  Sedgwick  and  Mur- 
chison. was  repeated  in  the  following  year,  when 
he  attended  the  meeting  of  the  association  in 
Dublin.  Guided  by  Professor  Buckland  he  visited 
every  public  and  private  collection  in  the  country, 
being  treated  with  the  greatest  generosity  by  the 
English  naturalists,  who  loaned  to  him  two  thou- 
sand specimens  of  fossil  fishes  selected  from  sixty 
collections,  which  he  was  allowed  to  take  to  Lon- 
don and  classify  and  arrange  in  a room  at  Somer- 
set House  placed  at  his  disposal  by  the  geological 
society.  Two  friends  he  made  at  this  time,  whose 
valuable  assistance  and  co-operation  were  at  his 
command  during  the  rest  of  his  life — Sir  Philip 
Egerton  and  the  Earl  of  Enniskillen,  who  placed 
at  his  disposal  the  most  precious  specimens  of 
their  noted  collections  of  fossil  fishes  (now  owned 
by  the  British  museum).  He  made  a second  visit 
to  England  in  1835,  and  in  1836  was  awarded  the 


The  Cyclopaedia  Publishing  Company. 


AGASSIZ. 


AGASSIZ. 


Wollaston  medal  of  the  geological  society.  The 
vacation  of  1836  was  spent  by  Agassiz  and  his 
wife  in  the  little  village  of  Bex.  where  he  met  De 
Charpentier  and  Venetz,  whose  recently  an- 
nounced glacial  theories  had  startled  the  scientific 
world,  and  Agassiz  returned  to  Neuchatel  an  en- 
thusiastic convert.  His  conclusion  that  the  earth 
had  passed  through  an  ice-age  he  announced  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Helvetic  society  of  natural  sciences 
in  1837,  and  despite  the  incredulity  and  derision 
with  which  it  was  at  first  received,  the  address 
was  afterwards  published,  and  led  to  profitable  in- 
vestigation on  the  part  of  geologists.  In  1836 
were  published  his  ‘ • Prodromus  of  the  Class  of 
Echinodermata,”  a paper  on  the  Echini  of  the 
Nescomien  group  of  the  Neuchatel  Jura;  a de- 
scription of  fossil  Echini  peculiar  to  Switzer- 
land ; and  the  first  number  of  ‘ ‘ Monograpliie  d’ 
Echinodermes.”  His  work  on  fossil  fishes  steadily 
progressed,  and  he  was  greatly  helped  at  this  time 
by  the  sale  of  his  original  drawings,  which  were 
purchased  by  Lord  Francis  Egerton.  and  pre- 
sented by  him  to  the  British  museum.  In  1837  he 
was  offered  a professorship  at  Geneva,  and  a few 
months  later  one  at  Lausanne,  both  of  which  he 
declined,  preferring  to  remain  at  Neuchatel.  The 
Neuchatelois  presented  him  with  the  sum  of  six 
thousand  francs  and  a letter  of  thanks  on  his  de- 
cision being  made  known.  In  1838  he  opened  a 
lithographic  establishment  at  Neuchatel,  where 
his  delicate  plates  were  printed  under  his  own 
supervision.  It  has  been  said  of  this  period  of  the 
life  of  Agassiz  that  ‘‘lie  displayed  during  these 
years  an  incredible  energy,  of  which  the  his- 
tory of  science  offers,  perhaps,  no  other  ex- 
ample.” In  addition  to  his  duties  as  professor 
he  was  issuing  his  “Fossil  Fishes”  and  “Fresh- 
Water  Fishes ’’and  pursuing  his  investigations 
on  fossil  echinoderms  and  mollusks,  the  latter 
study  leading  to  important  results  embodied  in 
his  volume,  “Etude  Critique  sur  les  Molluscs 
Fossiles,”  which  contained  one  hundred  plates. 
In  1838  he  made  excursions  to  the  valley  of 
Hassli  and  to  the  glaciers  of  Mont  Blanc,  and 
later  attended  a session  of  the  geological  society 
of  France  at  Porrentruy,  where  he  reported  his 
discoveries  and  conclusions,  as  he  did  later  at  the 
meeting  of  the  association  of  German  naturalists 
at  Freiburg-im-Breisgau  in  the  Grand  Duchy  of 
Baden.  In  this  year  Agassiz  was  elected  “ Bour- 
geois de  Neuchatel.”  a position  which  was  remu- 
nerative as  well  as  honorable.  March  17,  1838, 
the  King  of  Prussia  gave  10,000  louis  for  the  found- 
ing of  an  academy  at  Neuchatel,  and  Agassiz  was 
confirmed  as  professor  of  natural  history.  In 
1839  he  visited  the  Matterhorn  and  the  chain  of 
Monte  Rosa,  on  both  occasions  being  accompanied 
by  artists  and  fellow  scientists.  During  the  win- 
ter of  1840,  he  recorded  the  results  of  his  explora- 


tions in  “ Etudes  sur  les  Glaciers.”  In  this  work 
he  says:  “The  surface  of  Europe,  adorned  before 
by  a tropical  vegetation  and  inhabited  by  troops 
of  large  elephants,  enormous  hippopotami,  and 
gigantic  carnivora,  was  suddenly  buried  under  a 
vast  mantle  of  ice,  covering  alike  plains,  lakes, 
seas,  and  plateaus.  Upon  the  life  and  movement 
of  a powerful  creation  fell  the  silence  of  death. 
Springs  paused,  rivers  ceased  to  flow,  the  rays  of 
the  sun,  rising  upon  this  frozen  shore  (if  indeed 
it  was  reached  by  them),  were  met  only  by  the 
breath  of  the  winter  from  the  north,  and  the 
thunders  of  the  crevasses  as  they  opened  across 
the  surface  of  this  icy  sea.”  In  the  summer  of 
1840,  he  established  a station  on  the  Aar  Glacier. 
8,000  feet  above  the  sea.  which  became  noted  as 
the  “ Hotel  du  Neuchatelois.”  Here  the  summer 
was  spent  in  confirming  previous  observations 
and  in  studying  the  phenomena  of  glaciers.  Im- 
mediately on  Iris  return  from  the  Alps,  Agassiz 
visited  England,  and  with  Buckland,  the  only 
English  naturalist  who  shared  his  ideas,  made  a 
tour  of  the  British  Isles  in  search  of  glacial  phe- 
nomena, and  became  satisfied  that  his  theory  of 
an  ice-age  was  correct.  He  gave  a summary  of 
his  discoveries  before  the  British  association  in 
1840.  In  1843  the  “ Rceherches  sur  les  Poissons 
Fossiles”  was  completed,  and  in  1844  the  “De- 
vonian system  of  Great  Britain  and  Russia  ” ap- 
peared. In  1845  he  received  the  Monthyon  Prize 
of  Physiology  from  the  Academy  at  Paris  for  his 
“Poissons  Fossiles.”  During  the  years  1841-45 
Agassiz  made  constantly  recurring  visits  of  ob- 
servation to  the  Alps,  and  in  1846  published 
“ Systhme  Glaciaire. ” In  1846  he  accepted  a com- 
mission from  the  King  of  Prussia  to  visit  the 
United  States  to  continue  his  explorations.  His 
fame  had  preceded  him,  and  before  he  left  Swit- 
zerland he  was  invited  to  deliver  a course  of  lec- 
tures at  the  Lowell  Institute,  Boston.  His  subject 
was  “ The  Plan  of  the  Creation,  especially  in  the 
Animal  Kingdom,”  and  his  lectures  met  with  en- 
thusiastic applause,  notwithstanding  his  broken 
English.  He  delivered  in  French,  by  special  re- 
quest, a second  course  on  “ Les  Glaciers  et 
l’fipoque  Glaciaire.”  The  Lowell  course  was  re- 
peated in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Charleston,  S.  C.,  and 
New  Yoi'k  city,  and  other  lectures  were  delivered 
in  different  parts  of  the  country,  where  he  jour- 
neyed seeking  material  for  his  Prussian  report. 
In  1847.  through  the  courtesy  of  Supt.  A.  D. 
Bache,  of  the  U.  S.  coast  survey,  the  steamer 
“Bibb ’’was  placed  at  his  disposal  and  greatly 
facilitated  his  researches.  This  generosity  was 
one  of  the  incidents  which  determined  Agassiz 
to  remain  in  America.  In  1848  the  Lawrence 
scientific  school  was  established  at  Cambridge  by 
Mr.  Abbott  Lawrence,  and  Agassiz,  having  honor- 
ably cancelled  his  engagement  with  the  King  of 
l43j 


AGASSIZ. 


AGASSIZ. 


Prussia,  accepted  the  chair  of  natural  history 
proffered  him  by  the  founder.  Agassiz  burst  like 
a full-orbed  sun  upon  the  little  coterie  of  Ameri- 
can scientists,  who  at  the  time  needed  a leader, 
not  only  dazzling  them,  but  holding  their  attention 
and  winning  their  hearts.  His  example  of  orig- 
inating and  putting  into  execution  new  projects 
soon  revolutionized,  not  only  the  college  with 
which  he  was  connected,  but  other  institutions  of 
learning  in  America,  and  his  vivifying  influence 
awakened  a universal  interest  in  science.  Har- 
vard college  was  without  either  laboratory  or  col- 
lection to  assist  him  in  his  class-room  work,  and 
an  old  bath-house  was  the  very  humble  beginning 
whence  sprang  the  Cambridge  museum  of  com- 
parative zoology,  an  enduring  monument  to  the 
memoiy  of  him  who  was  the  moving  spirit  in  its 
establishment.  During  1848  he  prepared,  in  con- 
junction with  Dr.  A.  A.  Gould,  “Principles  of 
Zoology,”  for  the  use  of  schools  and  colleges;  in 
1850  he  published  ‘ ‘ Lake  Superior ; its  Physical 
Characteristics”;  from  1851  to  1854,  he  held  the 
chair  of  comparative  anatomy  and  zoology  in  the 
medical  college  at  Charleston,  S.  C. ; and  in  1851, 
at  the  request  of  Supt.  Bache,  made  a survey  of 
the  Florida  reefs  and  keys.  In  the  spring  of  1852 
the  Prix  Cuvier  was  awarded  to  him  for  ‘ ‘ Pois- 
sons Fossiles.”  The  year  1854  saw  the  completion 
of  a work  begun  in  conjunction  with  H.  E. 
Strickland,  the  “ Bibliograpliia  Zoologiae  et  Geol- 
ogiae.”  In  1857  the  first  volume  of  “ Contribu- 
tions to  the  Natural  History  of  the  United  States” 
was  published.  The  fifth  and  last  volume  being 
left  by  him  incomplete,  was  edited  by  his  son. 

In  August,  1S57,  Agassiz  was  offered  the  chair 
of  palaeontology  in  the  museum  of  natural  history 
in  Paris,  which  he  refused.  Later  he  was  deco- 
rated with  the  cross  of  the  legion  of  honor.  In 
1859  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at 
Cambridge  was  founded,  and  he  was  given  the 
post  of  permanent  curator.  He  urged  the  foun- 
dation of  a national  academy  of  science,  and  was 
actively  instrumental  in  1863  in  its  organization 
and  incorporation.  His  sympathies  during  the 
civil  war  were  with  his  adopted  country,  which 
he  attested  by  being  naturalized  when  the  dis- 
ruption of  the  union  seemed  imminent.  In  1861 
he  was  awarded  the  Copley  medal,  the  highest 
honor  at  the  disposal  of  the  royal  society.  In 
1863  he  made  his  most  extensive  lecturing  tour, 
fearing  that  the  growth  of  the  museum  might  be 
stunted  by  lack  of  funds.  In  1865  he  visited 
Brazil  primarily  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  but 
the  generosity  of  Nathaniel  Thayer  made  it  possible 
for  him  to  take  a staff  of  assistants  to  pursue  his 
scientific  researches.  His  return  enriched  the 
museum  with  large  collections,  and  literature 
with  “A  Journey  in  Brazil.”  In  1868  he  was  ap- 
pointed non-resident  professor  of  natural  history 


at  Cornell  university.  In  1871  he  participated  in 
a trip  of  observation  in  the  coast  survey  ship 
Hassler  around  Cape  Horn,  and  then  along  the 
Pacific  coast,  and  returned  with  valuable  collec- 
tions of  mollusks,  reptiles,  and  fishes,  and  new 
evidence  of  the  truth  of  the  glacial  theory.  In 
1873  he  spoke  eloquently  to  the  legislature,  on  its 
annual  visit  to  the  museum  of  comparative 
zoology,  of  the  needs  of  a summer  school,  and 
within  a week  John  Anderson  of  New  York,  who 
had  read  the  speech  in  a newspaper,  presented  to 
him,  as  a site  for  the  school,  the  Island  of  Penikese 
in  Buzzard’s  Bay,  with  the  buildings  thereon, 
and  an  endowment  of  S50,000  dollars  for  the 
equipment  of  the  school,  which  was  named  by 
Agassiz  “ The  Anderson  school  of  Natural  His- 
tory.” Professor  Agassiz,  who  was  growing  en- 
feebled, remained  the  whole  of  the  last  summer 
of  his  life  at  Penikese.  He  had  been  elected  a 
member  of  nearly  all  the  scientific  societies  of  the 
world,  was  given  the  degree  of  LL.D.  by  Edin- 
burg and  Dublin  universities,  before  he  had  at- 
tained his  30tli  year,  and  in  1836  wTas  made  a 
fellow  of  the  royal  society  of  London,  and  a 
member  of  the  French  academy  of  science. 
Though  he  himself  materially  aided  Darwin  in 
arriving  at  evolutionism,  he  obstinately  refused  to 
accept  the  admirably  marshalled  facts  on  which 
the  “ Origin  of  Species”  was  based.  To  Agassiz 
the  organic  world  presented  stages  of  dominant 
types  created  according  to  a definite,  precon- 
ceived plan,  and  so  distinct  from  each  other  that, 
however  close  the  gradations  of  forms  consti- 
tuting the  types  might  be,  no  evolutionary  pro- 
gress from  one  to  the  other  could  ever  be  possible. 
Of  this  series  of  types  he  regarded  man,  by  rea- 
son of  his  cosmopolitanism,  as  the  final  term. 
Among  his  publications  are:  “Natural  History 

of  the  Fresh- Water  Fishes  of  Europe  ” ( l839-’40) ; 
“ Etudes  sur  les  Glaciers”  (1840);  “ Fossil  Fishes 
of  the  Devonian  System ” (1844) ; “Fishes  of  the 
London  Clay”  (1845);  “ Nomenclator  Zoologi- 
cus”  (1842-’46) ; “ Principals  of  Zoology”  (with 
Dr.  A.  A.  Gould,  1848);  “Lake  Superior:  Its 
Physical  Characteristics”  (1850);  “Bibliograpliia 
Zoologies  et  Geologies”  (with  H.  E.  Strickland, 
4 vols.,  1848-  54) ; “ Contributions  to  the  Natural 
History  of  the  United  States”  (5  vols.);  “The 
Structure  of  Animal  Life”  (1852);  “Methods  of 
Study  in  Natural  History”  (1803),  and  “Geologi- 
cal Studies”  (2d  series,  1866-76).  His  second 
wife.  Elizabeth  Cary  Agassiz,  daughter  of  Thomas 
G.  Cary,  of  Boston,  caught  the  infection  that 
made  all  who  knew  Agassiz  desire  to  share  his 
studies,  and  aided  her  distinguished  husband  in 
preparing  his  “ A Journey  in  Brazil,”  and  in  con- 
nection with  his  son,  Alexander  Agassiz,  wrote 
“Seaside  Studies  in  Natural  History,”  and  “ Ma- 
rine Animals  of  Massachusetts.”  She  also  edited. 


AGNEW. 


AGNUS. 


“ Louis  Agassiz ; His  Life  and  Correspondence" 
(1886).  He  was  buried  in  Mount  Auburn,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass. , where  Swiss  pines  shade  his  grave, 
and  a boulder  from  the  glacier  of  Aar  marks  its 
locality.  He  died  Dec.  14,  1873. 

AGNEW,  Cornelius  Rea,  physician,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  Aug.  8,  1830.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Columbia  college  in  1849  and  received  the 
degree  of  M.D.  from  the  New  York  college  of 
physicians  and  surgeons  in  1852,  and  became 
house  surgeon,  and  later  curator,  at  the  New 
York  hospital.  He  went  to  Europe  for  special 
study  in  his  profession,  and  on  his  return  was  ap- 
pointed surgeon  to  the  New  York  eye  and  ear  in- 
firmary. He  was  appointed  surgeon  - general  of 
the  state  of  New  York  in  1858;  served  in  the  civil 
war  as  director  of  the  New  York  state  volunteer 
hospital;  and  was  a member  of  the  United  States 
sanitary  commission.  He  was  instrumental,  in 
1868,  in  the  founding  of  an  ophthalmic  clinic  in 
the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  of  which 
he  was  in  1869  appointed  professor  and  lecturer. 
In  1868  he  founded  the  Brooklyn,  and  in  1869  the 
Manhattan  eye  and  ear  hospitals.  He  served  as 
a public  school  trustee  and  was  president  of  the 
board ; was  one  of  the  managers  of  the  New  York 
state  hospital  for  the  insane  at  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y. ; one  of  the  trustees  of  Columbia  college, 
and  was  active  in  organizing  its  school  of  mines. 
The  State  medical  society  elected  him  president 
in  1872.  He  prepared  many  papers  relating  to 
the  eye  and  ear,  and  published  in  the  current 
medical  journals,  also,  a “Series  of  American 
Clinical  Lectures,”  edited  by  E.  C.  Sequin,  M.  D. 
(1875),  besides  numerous  brief  monographs.  He 
died  April  18,  1888. 

AGNEW,  Daniel,  jurist,  was  born  in  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  5,  1809.  At  an  early  age  he  went 
with  his  parents  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  where  he  ob- 
tained his  education  and  entered  the  legal  pro- 
fession. He  became  widely  and  favorably  known 
as  a sound  lawyer,  and  at  the  revision  of  Penn- 
sylvania’s constitution  in  1836,  he  was  a member 
of  the  convention  called  for  that  purpose.  In 
1851  he  became  presiding  judge  of  the  Seven- 
teenth judicial  district,  in  1863  supreme  judge, 
and  in  1873  chief  justice.  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  both  Washington  and 
Dickinson  colleges.  Ho  resigned  from  his  judge- 
ship  in  1879,  “with the  reputation  of  being  one  of 
the  ablest  jurists  that  ever  sat  upon  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian bench.”  In  1880  he  was  chosen  as  first  pres- 
ident of  the  constitutional  temperance  amend- 
ment association  of  New  Jersey.  He  published 
“ A History  of  the  Region  of  Pennsylvania  North 
of  the  Ohio  and  West  of  the  Allegheny  River, 
etc.,  etc.”  (1878);  and  “Our  National  Constitu- 
tion: its  Adaptation  to  a State  of  War  or  Insur- 
rection” (1863). 


AGNEW,  David  Hayes,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  Nov.  24,  1818.  He  was 
educated  at  Jefferson  college,  and  at  Delaware 
college,  Newark,  Del.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  medical  department  of  the  university  of  Penn- 
sylvania on  April  6,  1838.  He  returned  to  Lan- 
caster, and  entered  the  iron  business,  but  failed, 
and  became  a lecturer  in  the  then  famous  Phil- 
adelphia school  of  anatomy.  He  was  chosen 
a surgeon  of  the  Philadelphia  city  hospital  in  1854, 
and  there  founded  the  pathological  museum.  He 
also  established  in  Philadelphia  a school  of  opera- 
tive surgery.  He  afterwards  served  as  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  and  assistant  lecturer  on 
clinical  surgery  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. During  the  war  he  was  consulting  sur 
geon  to  the  staff  of  forty-seven  resident  physi- 
cians at  the  great  Mower  army  hospital,  Chestnut 
Hill,  Philadelphia.  It  was  his  skill  in  operative 
surgery  that  brought  him  to  the  bedside  of  Presi- 
dent Garfield.  Dr.  Agnew’s  principal  publication, 
entitled  “The  Principles  and  Practices  of  Sur- 
gery,” covers  an  experience  of  fifty  active  years, 
and  its  value,  preserving  and  presenting  as  it 
does  the  life-work  of  such  a recognized  authority, 
can  hardly  be  overrated.  He  died  March  22.  1892, 
leaving  bequests  to  various  charities  amounting 
in  the  aggregate  to  $68,000. 

AGNUS,  Felix,  soldier,  was  born  in  Lyons, 
France,  July  4,  1839.  At  an  early  age  his  father’s 
family  moved  to  Paris,  where,  having  received 
preparatory  instructions,  he  entered  the  College 
Jolie  Clair,  near  Montrouge.  When  thirteen  years 
old  he  took  a voyage  to  the  South  Seas,  visiting  on 
his  way  St.  Helena.  He  travelled  along  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Africa,  rounded  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  made  a sojourn  at  Madagascar.  He 
voyaged  across  the  Indian  arid  Pacific  oceans, 
and  visited  the  coast  of  South  America,  making 
inland  excursions  through  parts  of  Chili  and 
Peru.  Sailing  around  Cape  Horn  he  crossed  the 
Atlantic  to  France,  and  thus  completed  a cir- 
cumnavigation of  the  globe.  These  voyages  occu- 
pied four  years.  In  1859  he  entered  active  military 
life  in  France.  He  served  in  the  war  of  Napoleon 
III.  with  Austria,  being  a volunteer  in  the  3d 
Regiment  Zouaves,  and  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Montebello,  May  20,  1859.  He  was  appointed  to 
a post  in  the  Flying  Corps  under  Garibaldi,  which 
did  good  service  near  the  Italian  lakes.  At  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  he  came  to  the  United 
States,  and  enlisted  as  a private  in  the  5th  New 
York,  Duryee  Zouaves.  He  became  very  popular 
with  the  rank  and  file  of  the  regiment,  and  for 
having  saved  the  life  of  General  Kilpatrick  at  the 
battle  of  Big  Bethel,  June  10,  1861,  he  was  pro- 
moted second  lieutenant.  During  McClellan’s 
Peninsular  campaign  in  1862,  Lieutenant  Agnus 
volunteered  to  lead  a charge  at  Ashland  Bridge, 
£45] 


AIKEN. 


AIRMAN. 


and  was  in  several  of  the  battles  fought  in  front  of 
Richmond.  At  the  battle  of  Gaines’  Mills,  he 
was  wounded,  and  conveyed  to  a hospital  in  Bal- 
timore. Among  the  visiting  attendants  at  the 
hospital  were  the  two  daughters  of  the  editor  of 
the  Baltimore  American,  and  the  wounded  young 
Frenchman  came  under  their  ministrations.  The 
soldier  fell  in  love  with  one  of  his  nurses, 
and  on  Dec.  13,  1864,  married  her.  On  recov- 
ering from  his  wound,  Lieutenant  Agnus  re- 
ceived his  commission  as  captain,  went  to 
New  York,  where  he  assisted  in  raising  the  2d 
Duryee  Zouaves,  of  which  he  commanded  the 
color  company.  The  regiment  was  ordered  to 
Louisiana  in  the  fall  of  1862,  and  garrisoned  at 
New  Orleans  and  Baton  Rouge.  On  May  27, 
1863,  Captain  Agnus  was  again  wounded  during 
the  siege  of  Port  Hudson,  and  was  promoted 
major.  Following  the  defeat  of  Port  Hudson, 
the  regiment  was  actively  engaged  in  Louisiana ; 
and  in  a skirmish  at  Fayetteville,  while  checking 
a charge,  Major  Agnus  had  a hand-to-hand  fight 
with  a Texan  horseman,  and  received  a severe 
sabre  cut.  He  took  part  in  the  expedition  to 
Sabine  Pass,  Texas,  acting  as  commander  of  the 
“Pocahontas.”  The  War  Department  having 
issued  an  order  requiring  regiments  with  deci- 
mated ranks  to  consolidate,  Major  Agnus  went  to 
New  York  and  induced  Governor  Seymour  to 
assign  to  his  regiment  four  full  companies  of  re- 
cruits ; he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was 
with  his  regiment  in  the  battles  of  Opequan, 
Cedar  Creek,  Fisher’s  Hill,  and  Winchester;  was 
a personal  witness  of  “Sheridan’s  ride,”  and  was 
chosen  to  guard  the  Confederate  prisoner's  at  Fort 
Delaware,  where  he  was  given  the  brevet  rank  of 
colonel.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  on 
the  removal  of  his  regiment  to  Savannah,  Ga. , 
early  in  1865,  he  being  then  only  twenty -six  years 
of  age.  He  was  detailed  as  inspector-general  of 
the  Department  of  the  South,  and  commissioned 
to  dismantle  the  Confederate  forts  in  South  Caro- 
lina, Georgia,  and  Florida.  On  Aug.  22,  1865,  he 
resigned  from  the  army  and  was  appointed  assist- 
ant assessor  of  Internal  Revenue  at  Baltimore, 
but  in  a short  time  was  invited  to  take  charge  of 
the  business  department  of  the  Baltimore  Ameri- 
can, by  Charles  C.  Fulton,  Sr.,  its  proprietor, 
whose  daughter  he  had  married.  He  thus  became 
manager  of  the  leading  Maryland  commercial 
newspaper. 

AIKEN,  Charles  Augustus,  educator,  was  born 
at  Manchester,  Vt.,  Oct.  30,  1827,  and  was  gradu- 
ated from  Dartmouth  college  in  1846,  at  the  age 
of  nineteen,  and  from  Andover  theological  semi- 
nary in  1853.  He  was  professor  of  Latin  in 
Dartmouth  college  from  1859  to  1866,  and  at 
Princeton  till  1869.  He  became  president  of 
Union  college  June  28,  1870,  having  discharged 


the  duties  of  the  office  during  the  preceding  year. 
In  1871  he  accepted  the  Stuart  professorship  of 
the  relation  of  philosophy  and  science  to  the 
Christian  religion,  and  of  Oriental  and  Old  Testa- 
ment literature  in  Princeton  theological  seminary, 
which  lie  held  until  his  death.  He  was  editor  of 
the  Princeton  Review,  and  a contributor  to  other 
periodicals.  In  1870  he  translated  and  edited 
“ The  Proverbs  of  Solomon  Theologically  and 
Homiletically  Expounded.”  He  died  Jan.  13, 
1892. 

AIKEN,  William,  governor  of  South  Carolina, 
was  born  in  Charlestown,  S.  C.,  Aug.  4,  1806.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  college  of  South  Caro- 
lina in  1825,  and  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of 
rice.  He  was  always  prominent  in  public  mat- 
ters, though  not  a politician,  and  after  serving  a 
number  of  terms  in  both  branches  of  the  state 
legislature  he  was  elected  governor  in  1844.  In 
1850  he  was  elected  a representative  and  served 
in  the  32d  Congress  and  he  was  returned  to  the 
33d  and  34th  congresses.  Throughout  the  civil 
war  he  was  a loyal  Unionist,  though  his  friends 
were  nearly  all  Secessionists.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the  40th  Con- 
gress, while  the  state  was  under  a provisional 
governor,  and  he  was  not  seated.  He  was  a man 
of  firm  principles,  and  was  greatly  respected  in 
His  state  and  elsewhere.  The  town  and  county 
of  Aiken,  S.  C.,  take  their  name  from  him.  He 
died  Sept.  7,  1887. 

AIKMAN,  William,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  Aug.  12,  1824,  son  of  Robert  and 
Sarah  (Smith)  Aikman.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  University  of  the  city  of  New  York  in  1846, 
with  salutatory  honors,  and  after  studying  for 
three  years  at  the  Union  theological  seminary  in 
New  York,  he  was  ordained  to  the  Presbyterian 
ministry  in  1849.  Until  1857  he  was  pastor 
of  the  Sixth  Presbyterian  church  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  and  was  subsequently  stationed  as  fol- 
lows: At  Wilmington,  Del.,  from  1857  to  1869; 
at  the  Spring  street  church,  New  York  city,  from 
1869  to  1872;  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  from  1872  to  1877, 
and  at  Aurora,  N.  Y.,  from  1877  to  1881.  In  1878 
he  was  elected  a trustee  of  Wells  female  college, 
which  office  lie  held  until  1883,  when  he  became 
pastor  in  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.  The  University  of 
the  city  of  New  York  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
gree of  A.B.  in  1846,  and  that  of  D.D.  in  1869. 
In  1849  he  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Union  theological  seminary.  He  took  consider- 
able interest  in  genealogical  research  and  was 
made  a member  of  the  Huguenot  society  of 
America.  His  published  writings  include  many 
short  articles  for  periodicals,  sermons,  tracts,  and 
the  following  volumes:  “The  Future  of  the 

Colored  Race  in  America”  (1862);  “Commerce 
and  Christianity”  (1864);  “Life  at  Home;  or 


AKERS. 


AKERS. 


the  Family  and  its  Members”  (1870);  "The 
Altar  in  the  House”  (1880);  "Talks  on  Married 
Life”  (1883);  and  "Heavenly  Recognitions” 
(1883). 

AKERHAN,  Amos  Tappan,  statesman,  was 
born  at  Keene,  N.  H.,  Jan.  C,  1833.  He  studied 
in  the  common  schools  of  his  native  state  and  en- 
tered Dartmouth  college,  being  graduated  in 
1843.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844,  and 
practised  in  New  Hampshire  until  1850,  when  he 
removed  with  his  family  to  Georgia.  Here  he 
continued  the  practice  of  law,  and  on  the  agita- 
tion of  the  subject  of  secession  in  1859-’60,  he 
stubbornly  opposed  the  measure.  When,  how- 
ever, the  state  actually  passed  the  ordnance  of 
secession,  he  entered  the  state  militia  and  finally 
the  Confederate  army,  and  was  appointed  quar- 
termaster, serving  through  the  war.  In  1866, 
upon  the  restoration  of  civil  power  in  Georgia, 
he  was  made  district-attorney.  In  1870  President 
Grant  appointed  him  attorney -general  in  his 
cabinet,  to  succeed  Ebenezer  R.  Hoar.  He  served 
until  Dec.  14,  1871,  when  he  returned  to  Georgia, 
and  in  1873  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  the 
United  States  senate.  He  died  at  Cartersville, 
Ga.,  Dec.  31,  1880. 

AKERS,  Benjamin  Paul,  sculptor,  was  born 
in  Saccarappa,  Me.,  July  10,  1835.  His  father 
was  a wood  turner,  self-educated  and  of  limited 
means,  eccentric,  independent,  liberal,  poetical 
and  unpractical.  His  mother  was  refined,  ener- 
getic, spontaneous,  enthusiastic,  sympathetic  and 
broad.  He  was  the  eldest  of  eleven  children.  He 
was  christened  Benjamin,  but  his  playmates  had 
nicknamed  him  St.  Paul,  and  he  became  known 
to  the  art  world  as  Paul  Akers.  When  a boy  the 
family  removed  to  Salmon  Falls  on  the  Saco 
river,  and  Paul  worked  in  the  shop  with  his  father 
and  attended  school.  His  skill  in  designing 
ornamental  wood-work  first  disclosed  artistic 
ability.  His  first  effort  in  marble  was  the  rough 
life-like  outline  of  a neighbor  who  periodically 
passed  the  shop.  His  reading  was  directed 
solely  by  his  inclination,  and  he  read  Plato, 
Aristotle  and  Dante,  and  afterwards  German  and 
French  literature.  When  he  had  studied  Goethe 
his  horizon  was  widened  and  he  saw  beyond  the 
confines  of  his  rural  surroundings.  He  made  some 
efforts  with  both  pen  and  brush  at  home,  and  then 
determined  to  adopt  literature  as  a means  of  sat- 
isfying a longing  and  to  provide  the  more  prac- 
tical needs  of  life.  He  went  to  Portland  and 
found  employment  in  a printing  office.  In  a 
shop  window  in  that  city  a bust  by  Brackett 
determined  his  life  work,  and  he  at  once  went  to 
Boston,  where  he  received  instructions  in  plaster- 
casting, The  next  winter  he  spent  at  home 
and  executed  a medallion  head  and  the  bust 
of  the  village  doctor,  and  a head  of  Christ. 


In  1850  he  opened  a studio  in  Portland, 
Me.,  and  made  busts  of  the  poet  Longfellow, 
John  Neal,  Governor  Gilman  of  New  Hampshire, 
Professor  Cleaveland  of  Bowdoin  college,  Samuel 
Appleton  of  Boston,  and  other  prominent  men, 
which  gave  him  considerable  reputation.  He 
subsequently  visited  Italy,  and  returned  in  Octo- 
ber, 1853,  and  the  following  winter  modelled  his 
well-known  ‘‘Benjamin  in  Egypt,”  destroyed 
with  the  Crystal  Palace,  New  York,  in  1854. 
His  experience  in  Italy  and  its  revelation  to  his 
immature  art-spirit  he  discloses  in  a letter  writ- 
ten in  1853:  “ I was  thrown  at  once  from  a world 
where  not  in  all  my  life  had  I seen  art,  although 
I lived  there  with  my  own  shadowy  creations 
— not  strong,  for  I knew  not  the  mighty  or  the 
feeble — thrown  at  once  into  a world  where  all 
was  art.  All  around  me,  on  earth,  in  the  far 
heavens,  were  multitudes  of  forms,  all  silent  but 
all  demanding  place;  and  none  might  help  me, 
none  to  say  ‘ here  ’ or  ‘ there’  ; I only  in  this 
mighty  realm  to  appoint,  to  assign.  I was  set 
down  in  the  Louvre  a boy  from  the  woods  of  that 
new  world,  no  idle  spectator.”  While  in  Flor- 
ence he  executed  two  bas-reliefs,  “Night”  and 
“Morning,”  for  Samuel  Appleton,  Boston,  and 
sent  home  several  portrait  busts.  In  1854  he 
spent  some  time  in  Washington,  modelling  the 
busts  of  distinguished  men,  among  them  Presi- 
dent Pierce,  Edward  Everett,  Gerrit  Smith,  and 
Sam  Houston.  He  afterward  had  a studio  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  where  he  made  busts  of  sev- 
eral prominent  persons.  In  1855  he  again  went 
to  Italy  and  remained  there  three  years,  produc- 
ing in  Florence  and  Rome  some  of  his  best-known 
works,  among  which  were:  “Una  and  the  Lion,” 
“St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary,”  the  “Pearl  Diver,” 
and  an  ideal  head  of  Milton,  which  last  two  are 
described  in  the  “Marble  Faun”  of  Hawthorne. 
By  permission  of  the  authorities  of  Rome  he  was 
allowed  to  make  a cast  of  a mutilated  bust  of 
Cicero  that  lay  neglected  on  a shelf  in  the  Vati- 
can. To  this  he  restored  the  eye,  brow  and  ears 
and  modelled  the  neck  and  bust,  and  Akers 
restored  Cicero  is  an  accepted  portrait.  In 
1856  he  travelled  in  Switzerland,  Germany, 
France  and  Great  Britain.  In  England  he  stud- 
ied the  authorities  for  his  bust  of  Milton,  which 
when  seen  in  Akers’  studio.  Browning  designated 
“ Milton,  the  man  angel.”  He  planned  a free  gal- 
lery of  art  for  New  York,  to  contain  copies  in 
marble  of  the  chief  works  of  ancient  art,  but  in 
the  midst  of  his  work  and  plans  his  health  failed 
and  he  returned  home  in  1858,  and  the  next  year 
started  for  Rome,  where  after  his  arrival  he 
entered  upon  the  execution  of  a commission  from 
August  Belmont  of  a statue  of  Commodore  Perry 
for  Central  Park,  New  York,  which  was  left 
unfinished.  His  state  of  health  precluded  further 
D7J 


ALBRIGHT. 


ALCOTT. 


work,  and  in  1860  he  returned  home  and  the  same 
year  was  married  to  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Taylor,  after- 
wards known  in  the  literary  world  as  Elizabeth 
Akers  Allen.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  May,  1861. 

ALBANI,  flarie  Emma  LaJeunesse,  singer, 
was  born  at  Chambly,  Lower  Canada,  Sept.  18, 
1851.  Her  parents  were  French-Canadians.  She 
manifested  unusual  talent  at  a very  early  age, 
and  it  was  encouraged  by  her  father,  who  was  a 
skilled  musician.  When  only  twelve  years  old 
she  was  awarded  a gold  medal  for  musical  com- 
position from  the  Montreal  convent  at  which  she 
received  her  education.  From  Montreal  her 
father  removed  to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  taking  with 
him  his  now  motherless  daughter.  He  was  un- 
able to  give  her  the  training  which  her  very  fine 
voice  deserved,  but  she  obtained  a place  in  the 
cathedral  choir,  where  her  singing  attracted 
much  attention,  as  it  did  in  concerts,  in  which 
she  not  only  sang  but  played  on  both  the  piano 
and  harp.  With  the  proceeds  of  a concert  given 
for  her  benefit  she  was  sent  to  Europe,  where  she 
studied  in  Paris  with  Duprez,  being  enabled  to  do 
so  through  the  generosity  of  Baroness  Lafitte. 
Afterwards  she  went  to  Italy,  where  she  was 
taught  by  Lamperti.  It  was  by  the  influence  of 
the  latter  that  she  made  her  debut  in  Messina  in 
1870  as  Amina.  This  was  the  starting  point  of 
her  great  success.  She  adopted  the  name  Albani 
at  her  debut,  thus  honoring  the  city  where  her 
musical  talent  was  first  encouraged.  She  sang 
at  Malta  and  Florence,  successfully  producing 
“Mignon,”  which  had  been  a failure  in  four 
theatres  in  Italy.  She  then  went  to  London, 
where  she  appeared  in  the  royal  Italian  opera, 
thence  to  St.  Petersburg  and  Paris,  when  she 
visited  the  United  States,  where  in  1874— ’75  she 
sang  under  Strakosch  in  opera.  She  afterward 
returned  to  Europe,  where  her  success  was  phe- 
nomenal. She  was  married  in  1878  to  Ernest 
Gye,  manager  of  the  royal  Italian  opera  in  Lon- 
don. In  1882  she  sang  the  soprano  part  of 
Gounod’s  “Redemption”  before  the  composer, 
and  he  was  prompted  to  write  expressly  for  her 
“Mors  etVita,”  in  which  she  appeared  in  1885. 
Lamperti  called  her  “ the  most  accomplished 
musician  and  the  most  finished  singer  ” that  ever 
left  his  studio.  She  visited  America  again  in 
1883,  but  returned  to  London,  where  she  made 
her  home. 

ALBRIGHT,  Jacob,  bishop,  was  born  in  Potts- 
town,  Pa.,  May,  1,  1759.  His  father.  Jacob  Al- 
bright, was  a native  of  Germany,  and  by  occupa- 
tion a tile  burner.  The  son  was  brought  up  to  this 
business.  In  1790  lie  became  an  exhorter,  and 
soon  after  he  entered  the  Methodist  ministry, 
working  among  the  Germans  and  making  many 
converts.  In  1800  he  founded  a separate  church 
organization,  known  as  the  “ Evangelical  Associa- 


tion,” and  lie  was  made  the  first  presiding  elder 
and  in  1807  the  first  bishop.  The  sect  is  local  and 
popularly  known  as  “Albrights.”  Bishop  Al- 
bright was  greatly  respected  by  the  wide  circle 
among  whom  he  ministered.  He  died  in  1808. 

ALCORN,  James  Lusk,  senator,  was  born  near 
Golconda,  111.,  Nov.  4,  1816.  He  was  graduated 
from  Cumberland  college.  Kentucky,  taking  up 
his  residence  in  that  state,  and  in  1843  he  served 
one  term  in  the  state  legislature.  In  1844  he  went 
to  Mississippi  to  practice  law,  and  between  the 
years  1846  and  1865  he  represented  his  district  in 
the  state  legislature  for  sixteen  years,  serving  in 
both  branches.  In  1852  he  was  an  elector  on  the 
national  Whig  electoral  ticket,  and  in  1857  was 
nominated  for  governor  by  the  Whigs,  but  de- 
clined. In  1858  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  representative  in  Congress.  The  levee  system 
was  founded  by  him,  and  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  levee  board.  At  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  appointed  by  the  State  Seces- 
sion convention  brigadier-general,  but  when  his 
brigade  entered  the  Confederate  army,  President 
Davis  refused  to  commission  him,  on  account  of 
political  differences.  He  was  elected  United 
States  senator  in  1865,  but  did  not  take  his  seat, 
as  Mississippi  was  under  provisional  government 
and  not  allowed  congressional  representation.  In 
1869  he  was  elected  governor  by  the  republicans, 
but  resigned  in  1871,  having  been  elected  to  the 
U.  S.  senate,  where  he  remained  until  1877,  when 
he  was  succeeded  by  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar.  In  1873  he 
was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  for  governor.  In 
1890  he  served  as  a member  of  the  State  constitu- 
tional convention.  He  died  at  Eagle  Nest,  Miss., 
Dec.  20,  1894. 

ALCOTT,  Amos  Bronson,  educator,  was  born 
at  Wolcott,  Conn.,  Nov.  29,  1799.  He  began  his 
education  in  the  “ Cross-roads  school  house  ” near 
his  humble  home.  Hungry  for  knowledge,  he 
visited  on  Saturday  afternoons  the  farmhouses 
for  miles  around  to  read  the  few  books  he 
might  find  there.  In  1813  he  went  to  Cheshire  as 
errand  boy  to  his  uncle,  and  had  opportunity  to 
attend  the  district  school,  which  he  afterwards, 
as  its  teacher,  made  famous.  From  1818  to  1823 
he  was  employed  as  a canvasser  in  the  Southern 
states;  in  1823  he  started  an  infant  school.  He 
gained  quite  a reputation  by  discarding  text-books 
and  teaching  by  conversation.  The  school  at- 
tracted so  much  attention  that  in  1828  he  started 
another  in  Boston,  where  he  met  with  the 
opposition  of  the  press,  and  his  methods 
were  held  up  to  ridicule.  This  discouraged  him 
and  lie  gave  up  his  school.  But  as  has  been 
well  said,  “He  achieved  what  was  probably 
his  greatest  success  in  life  by  marrying,  in 
1830,  Miss  Abby  May.”  All  reports  concur  in 
extolling  her  patience,  endurance,  and  placid 


ALCOTT. 


ALCOTT. 


good  nature  under  much  privation  and  serious 
perplexity.  She  reflected  Mr.  Alcott’s  own  beau- 
tiful spirit,  and  their  home,  however  humble, 
was  a very  happy  and  attractive  one.  For 
about  three  years  after  his  marriage  Mr.  Alcott 
endeavored  to  establish  a school  in  German- 
town. Pa.  It  was  in  this  place  that  his  daugh- 
ter, Louisa  May,  was  born.  Not  meeting  with 
the  success  he  desired,  Mr.  Alcott  returned 
to  Boston  with  his  family  and  undertook  a 
school  in  the  old  Masonic  Temple  in  Tremont 
street.  He  had  as  his  assistants  Margaret  Fuller 
and  Elizabeth  P.  Peabody.  The  school  had  a 
wide  reputation,  and  for  several  years  good  suc- 
cess, but  finally  lost  caste  and  failed.  His  views, 
as  set  forth  in  “Conversation  with  Children  on 
the  Gospels,”  then  just  published,  induced  some 
of  his  patrons  to  remove  their  children  from  his 
school,  and  others  were  seriously  annoyed  when 
he  received  a colored  girl  as  a pupil.  A second 
time  the  school  was  closed,  and  Mr.  Alcott  re- 
moved to  Concord,  Mass.,  at  the  instigation  of 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson.  Mr.  Alcott  pursued  his 
studies  in  reform,  in  social  economics,  and  in 
theology,  getting  a very  humble  living  by  lectures 
and  conversations.  Mr.  Emerson  said  of  him : 
“I  think  he  has  more  faith  in  the  ideal  than  any 
man  I have  known;”  and  his  daughter,  in  her 
grand  way,  referring  to  his  reputation,  and  know- 
ing the  close  poverty  his  home  had  witnessed, 
gave  the  definition  of  a philosopher  as,  “A  man 
in  a balloon,  with  his  family  and  friends  holding 
the  ropes  which  confine  him  to  earth,  and  trying 
to  haul  him  down.”  Mr.  Alcott  visited  England 
in  1842  at  the  invitation  of  James  P.  Greaves  of 
London,  an  educational  theorist  and  friend  of 
Pestalozzi.  Mr.  Greaves  died  before  his  arrival, 
but  he  was  cordially  received  by  his  friends,  and 
on  his  return  was  accompanied  by  two  of  these, 
Charles  Lane  and  H.  G.  Wright.  These  gentle- 
men, impressed  with  Mr.  Alcott’s  enthusiasm, 
went  with  him  to  Harvard,  Mass.,  where  Mr. 
Lane  purchased  a farm,  which  was  called  “ Fruit- 
lands.”  Here  it  was  proposed  to  gather  a com- 
munity that  should  live  in  the  region  of  high 
thought  on  a vegetable  diet.  The  farm  was  sold. 
His  English  friends  returned  home,  and  Mr. 
Alcott  went  back  to  Concord.  Here  he  remained, 
eking  out  an  often-times  scanty  living  by  lec- 
tures and  conversations  in  public  halls  or  private 
homes  throughout  the  country.  The  topics  he 
presented  were  largely  of  a transcendental  char- 
acter, although  including  a wide  range  of  purely 
practical  questions.  It  was  with  difficulty  that 
Mr.  Alcott  could  write.  Emerson  said  of  him: 
“When  he  sits  down  to  write,  all  his  genius 
leaves  him — he  gives  you  the  shells  and  throws 
away  the  kernel  of  his  thought.”  In  fact,  his 
first  book,  “Tablets,”  was  published  in  1868, 


when  he  was  sixty-nine  years  old,  although 
from  1839-’42  he  contributed  frequently  to  the 
“ Dial”  in  a series  of  papers  called  “ Orphic  Say- 
ings.” He  was,  withal,  brave.  When  Garrison 
was  dragged  through  Boston  streets,  Alcott  was 
close  beside  him,  and  when  one  remonstrated,  said, 
“ I do  not  see  why  my  body  is  not  as  fit  for  a bullet 
as  any  other.”  His  publications  include:  “Con- 
cord Days”  (1872);  “Table  Talk”  (1877);  “Son- 
nets and  Canzonets”  (1877) ; and  many  magazine 
articles.  He  died  March  4,  1888. 

ALCOTT.  Louisa  May,  author,  was  born  at 
Germantown,  Pa.,  Nov.  29,  1832,  daughter  of 
Amos  Bronson  and  Abby  May  Alcott.  Her 
father  removed  to  Boston  when  she  was  but  two 
years  of  age  and  personally  conducted  her  edu- 
cation, assisted  by  his  friend,  Henry  D.  Thoreau. 
This  education,  with 
a short  attendance 
at  a young  ladies’ 
school,  did  not  pos- 
sess the  practical 
quality  that  could 
be  put  to  ready  use 
in  earning  a liveli- 
hood. When  neces- 
sity compelled  her 
to  support  herself, 
she  was  obliged  to 
resort  to  elementary 
teaching  and  sewing, 
and  even  to  house  service,  and  has  given  some  hints 
of  her  struggles  in  a book  entitled  “ Work.”  The 
statement  that  she  worked  thus  to  support  her- 
self does  not  bring  all  the  nobility  of  this  fine 
woman  into  view.  Her  efforts  were  for  her  fam- 
ily as  well  as  for  herself.  Every  dollar  that  she 
could  spare  from  the  bare  necessities  of  life  went 
into  her  home,  to  assist  those  she  loved.  She 
began  to  write  stories  for  weekly  journals  when 
she  was  about  twenty  years  of  age,  and  received 
a mere  pittance  compared  to  that  given  to 
authors  of  established  reputation  for  no  better 
literary  work.  Sixteen  years  she  lived  in  this 
way  with  just  enough  success  now  and  then  to 
keep  her  from  becoming  altogether  discouraged, 
and  then  the  civil  war  broke  out.  She  volun- 
teered as  a nurse,  and  was  stationed  at  George- 
town, D.  C.  Her  first  book  was  inspired  by 
her  army  experience.  It  was  called  ‘ ‘ Hospital 
Sketches,”  and  yielded  her  the  sum  of  two  hun- 
dred dollars.  She  began  to  write  articles  for  the 
magazines,  and  her  book  had  given  her  a name 
that  gained  acceptance  for  some  of  her  articles, 
but  most  of  them  were  returned  and,  she  says, 
“ Consigned  to  an  empty  flour  barrel.  ” She  con- 
tinued writing  short  stories  for  small  sums  until 
1867,  when  her  publishers  suggested  that  she 
should  write  a story  for  girls,  and  she  wrote 


ALCOTT. 


ALDEN. 


“ Little  Women.”  The  work  occupied  her  three 
months,  and  she  offered  to  sell  the  manuscript 
for  one  thousand  dollars.  Her  publishers,  how- 
ever. induced  her  to  accept  a royalty,  and  she 
received  many  thousands  of  dollars  from  the 
sale  of  this  one  book.  Eighty-seven  thousand 
copies  were  sold  in  three  years,  and  the  ad- 
vanced sale  of  “Little  Men,”  which  she  wrote 
soon  after,  was  fifty  thousand  copies.  “Little 
Women  ” established  her  reputation,  and  editors 
of  magazines  began  to  solicit  contributions 
instead  of  declining  them.  She  said  she  invari- 
ably supplied  their  requests  by  thrusting  her 
hand  into  the  flour  barrel,  and  sending  to 
the  editor  the  article  which  he  had  previously 
returned  “with  thanks.”  Her  books  were  so 
popular  with  the  young  that  she  could  not 
write  them  fast  enough  to  supply  the  demand 
and  it  is  estimated  that  she  received  from  them  a 
total  of  over  one  hundred  thousand  dollars.  After 
the  publication  of  her  “Life,  Letters,  and  Jour- 
nals,” edited  by  Ednah  D.  Cheney,  the  respect 
which  Miss  Alcott  had  commanded  as  an  author 
was  deepened  by  the  respect  felt  for  her  as  a 
woman.  This  book  revealed  a personality  that 
was  greater  than  her  work ; it  showed  a life  deeply 
and  simply  religious,  void  of  cant  and  capable  of 
unselfish  living.  Her  publications  are:  “Flower 
Fables  or  Fairy  Tales”  ( 1855  );  “Hospital 
Sketches”  (1869);  “An  Old-Fashioned  Girl” 
(1869);  “Little  Men”  (1871);  “Aunt  Jo’s  Scrap 
Bag,”  series  (1871-82) ; “ Work : A story  of  Experi- 
ence” ( 1873);  “Eight  Cousins”  (1874);  “Rose 
in  Bloom”  (1876);  “Silver  Pitchers”  (1876); 
“Under  the  Lilacs”  (1878);  “Jack  and  Jill” 
(1880);  “Moods”  (1864,  revised  edition  1881); 
“ Proverb  Stories”  ( 1882  ) ; “ Spinning  - Wheel 
Stories”  (1884);  and  “Lulu’s  Library”  (1885). 
She  died  on  the  day  her  father  was  buried,  March 
6,  1888. 

ALCOTT,  May,  artist,  was  born  at  Concord, 
Mass.,  in  December,  1840,  daughter  of  Amos 
Bronson  and  Abby  (May)  Alcott.  Her  education 
in  art  was  obtained  in  Boston,  London,  and  Paris, 
where  she  resided  after  her  marriage  to  Ernest 
Nieriker.  She  became  a successful  copyist,  and 
did  good  work  in  still  life  in  oils  and  water  colors. 
John  Ruskin  complimented  some  of  her  copies 
from  Turner,  and  her  own  work  was  placed  in  the 
South  Kensington  school  in  London  for  the  pupils 
to  observe  and  copy.  “Concord  sketches,”  with 
a preface  by  her  sister,  Louisa  May  Alcott,  was 
published  in  1869.  She  died  in  December.  1879. 

ALCOTT,  William  Alexander,  author,  was 
born  at  Wolcott,  Conn.,  August  6,  1798.  He  first 
attended  a district  school  in  winter,  and  worked 
on  a farm  during  the  summer,  and  subsequently 
by  teaching  he  obtained  a primary  education  and 
means  to  study  medicine  at  Yale  college.  Com- 


pleting his  medical  course  he  began  to  practise 
and  also  to  write  upon  hygiene,  confining  his 
work  chiefly  to  dietary  subjects.  With  William 
Woodbridge  he  prepared  school  geographies  and 
maps,  and  edited  Annals  of  Education  and 
Juvenile  Rambles,  the  pioneer  juvenile  weekly 
in  America.  In  1832  he  removed  to  Boston  and 
there  published  a book  entitled  the  “ Young  Man’s 
Guide,”  treating  of  physiological  principles,  that 
was  widely  read.  This  success  induced  him  to 
write  other  similar  books.  In  all,  he  wrote  about 
one  hundred  works,  which  have  been  influential  in 
reforming  educational  methods,  and  improving 
the  physical  and  moral  well-being  of  mankind. 
Among  his  books  are : ‘ ‘ The  Young  Housekeeper,  ”■ 
“ The  House  I Live  In,”  “ The  Library  of  Health,” 
(6  vols.),  “Moral  Reform,”  “My  Progress  in 
Error,”  and  “ Prize  Essay  on  Tobacco.”  He  died 
in  Auburndale,  Mass.,  March  29,  1859. 

ALDEN,  Bradford,  R.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Meadville,  Pa.,  in  1810,  son  of  Major  Roger  Al- 
den,  aide-de-camp  to  General  Greene,  and  great- 
great-grandson  of  John  Alden,  the  immigrant. 
In  1831  he  was  graduated  at  West  Point,  was  as- 
signed to  the  4th  infantry,  and  from  1833  to  1840 
as  instructor  at  West  Point,  and  appointed  on  the 
staff  of  General  Scott  as  aide-de-camp  in  1841, 
serving  two  years,  and  three  years  on  garrison 
duty.  From  1845  to  1852  he  was  commandant  at 
West  Point,  and  then  was  stationed  in  the  West, 
when  an  uprising  among  the  Oregon  Indians  was 
in  progress.  He  was  wounded  in  action  Aug.  24, 
1853,  and  the  next  month  he  retired  from  the  army 
because  of  the  wound  he  had  received,  and  from 
which  he  never  fully  recovered.  He  spent  sev- 
eral years  in  Europe,  and  died  Sept.  10.  1870. 

ALDEN,  Ebenezer,  physician,  was  born  at 
Randolph,  Mass.,  March  17,  178$.  In  1808  he  was 
graduated  at  Harvard,  then  studied  medicine, 
being  graduated  from  the  medical  department  of 
the  university  of  Pennsylvania  in  1812,  and  began 
to  practise  in  his  native  town,  where  he  remained 
during  his  life.  He  wrote  “Historical  Sketch 
of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  ” (1838) ; 

“Memoirs  of  Mrs.  M.  A.  O.  Clark”  (1844);  and 
when  he  was  nearly  eighty  years  of  age  the 
“Alden  Memorial.”  This  book  traces  the  line  of 
ancestors  of  the  American  descendants  of  John 
Alden,  the  author  being  a direct  descendant  in 
the  seventh  generation.  Dr.  Alden  was  the  last 
survivor  of  the  Harvard  class  of  1808.  He  died 
Jan.  26.  1881. 

ALDEN,  Edmund  K.,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Randolph.  Mass.,  April  11,  1825,  son  of 

Ebenezer  Alden,  physician,  who  was  of  the 
seventh  generation  from  John  Alden  of  the  1 May- 
flower. The  son  was  fitted  for  college  at  Ran- 
dolph academy,  and  was  graduated  at  Amherst 
in  the  class  of  1844.  He  taught  in  Williston  sem- 


ALDEN. 


ALDEN. 


inary  the  following  year ; and  then  entered  the 
Andover  theological  seminary,  and  was  graduated 
in  1848.  He  became  an  Abbott  resident,  and 
preached  in  various  places  in  New  England  until 
he  became  pastor  of  the  Phillips  Church  in  1859. 
He  was  a member  of  the  prudential  committee  of 
the  American  board  of  foreign  missions  from  1869 
to  1876,  when  he  became  secretary  of  the  home 
department  of  the  board.  In  addition  to  his  office 
of  secretary  of  the  American  board  he  held  the 
position  of  trustee  of  Amherst  college,  and  a simi- 
lar position  in  relation  to  the  theological  seminary 
at  Andover.  He  died  June  30,  1895. 

ALDEN,  Henry  Mills,  editor,  was  born  at 
Mount  Tabor,  Vt.,  Nov.  11,  1836,  eighth  in  descent 
from  John  Alden.  the  immigrant.  He  attended  a 
district  school,  worked  in  a cotton  factory,  taught 
school,  and  in  that  way  made  his  college  course 
possible.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams  college 
in  1857,  and  at  Andover  theological  seminary 
in  1860.  On  the  day  of  his  graduation  he  de- 
livered the  master’s  oration  at  Williams  college 
on  the  Hellenic  type  of  men.  He  also  wrote 
the  class  hymn  for  Andover.  He  was  licensed 
to  preach,  but  never  took  a charge.  He  located 
in  New  York  city  in  1861,  and  was  employed  in 
teaching  and  in  writing  editorials  for  the  daily 
newspapers  and  contributing  articles  to  the  At- 
lantic Monthly.  In  the  summer  of  1861  he  was 
marrried  to  Susan  F.  Foster  of  Andover.  He 
continued  his  literary  work  until  1863,  when 
he  took  Richard  Grant  White’s  place  as  editor 
with  A.  H.  Guernsey  of  “Harper’s  Pictorial  His- 
tory of  the  Rebellion,”  and  as  reader  of  manu- 
script. In  1864  he  was  made  editor  of  Har- 
per’s Weekly,  and  in  1869  was  transferred  to 
the  editorial  chair  of  Harper’s  Magazine.  He 
wrote  “The  Ancient  Lady  of  Sorrow,”  a poem 
that  was  highly  praised  by  critics.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1863-’64  he  delivered  a course  of  twelve 
lectures  before  the  Lowell  institute  of  Boston,  on 
the  “ Structure  of  Paganism.”  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  in  1888  from  Williams  college. 
He  is  the  author  of  two  notable  books  on  relig- 
ious subjects,  “God  in  His  World:  an  Interpreta- 
tion,” published  anonymously,  and  which  created 
much  discussion  among  religious  thinkers  and 
had  very  extensive  circulation,  and  “A  study 
of  Death,”  a reflection  or  meditation  on  immor- 
tality. 

ALDEN,  Isabella  (McDonald),  author,  was 
born  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  1842.  Under  the  pen 
name  “Pansy”  she  has  written  some  seventy  vol- 
umes, principally  for  girls,  and  adapted  for  Sun- 
day schools  and  known  as  the  Pansy  books.  She 
married  Mr.  Alden,  a clergyman,  and  with  her 
husband  became  prominent  in  Chautauqua  assem- 
blies. She  edited  “ Pansy,”  a juvenile  magazine 
published  in  Boston.  Among  her  more  popular 

[51] 


books  are:  “An  Endless  Chain,”  “The  King’s 
Daughters,”  “Mary  Burton  Abroad,”  “ Chau tau 
qua  Girls  at  Home,”  “ Four  Girls  at  Chautauqua,” 
••  New  Year’s  Tangles,”  and  “ Six  Little  Girls.” 

ALDEN,  James,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Portland,  Me.,  March  31,  1810.  When  eighteen 
years  old  he  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman 
and,  after  ten  years’  service,  in  1838  joined  the 
Wilkes  expedition  and  with  it  circumnavigated 
the  globe.  Upon  his  return  in  1842  he  was  com- 
missioned lieutenant,  and  afterwards  saw  service 
in  the  Mexican  war,  being  present  at  the  bom- 
bardment and  capture  of  Vera  Cruz,  Tuxpan 
and  Tabasco,  and  afterwards  was  sent  to  the 
Pacific,  where  he  was  engaged  in  the  Puget 
Sound  Indian  troubles.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  in  command  of  the  “South 
Carolina,”  and  his  ship  took  re-enforcements  to 
Fort  Pickens,  Fla.,  and  afterward  was  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Galveston  harbor.  He  was  with  Farragut 
and  commanded  the  “Richmond”  of  the  fleet 
that  ran  the  gauntlet  of  Forts  St.  Philip  and 
Jackson,  and  aided  in  the  capture  of  New  Orleans, 
April,  1862.  In  1863  he  was  promoted  captain, 
and  commanded  the  sloop  of  war  “Brooklyn,” 
and  with  her  engaged  in  the  capture  of  Mobile 
Bay  in  1864,  his  ship  leading  the  attack.  Then 
with  the  “ Brooklyn”  he  aided  in  the  capture  of 
Fort  Fisher.  N.  C.  In  1866  he  was  made  commo- 
dore. and  in  1888  had  charge  of  the  navy  yard  in 
California.  He  was  ordered  to  Washington  in 
1869  as  chief  of  the  bureau  of  navigation,  and  in 
1871  was  promoted  rear-admiral  and  assigned  to 
the  European  squadron,  and  shortly  after  retired 
on  account  of  age.  He  died  in  San  Francisco, 
Cal.,  Feb.  6,  1877. 

ALDEN,  John,  Pilgrim,  was  born  in  England 
in  1599.  He  was  a cooper  and  when  the  Mayflower 
put  in  to  Southampton,  in  a leaky  condition,  he 
was  hired  to  make  repairs  and  persuaded  to  join 
the  Pilgrims,  with  the  privilege  of  returning  to 
England  with  the  vessel.  Before  making  a land- 
ing at  Plymouth  he  signed  the  contract  in  the 
cabin  of  the  Mayflower  off  Cape  Cod.  He 
was  the  youngest  of  the  signers  and  the  last  sur- 
vivor. He  became  an  active  member  of  the 
colony,  was  an  assistant  in  1633,  and  served  from 
1650  to  1686.  From  1641  to  1642,  and  from  1645  to 
1649  he  was  deputy  from  Duxbury.  He  was  a 
soldier  in  Captain  Miles  Standish’s  company  in 
1643;  a member  of  the  council  of  war  in  1653  to 
1660,  and  1675  to  1676,  and  treasurer  of  the  colony 
from  1656  to  1659.  The  romantic  incident  of  his 
life  in  connection  with  Priscilla  Mullins,  whom 
he  married  in  1623,  has  been  told  by  Longfellow 
in  “ Miles  Standish’s  Courtship.”  His  blundering 
attempts  to  woo  the  Pilgrim  girl  for  his  friend, 
the  maid’s  refusal  of  the  doughty  captain,  and 
her  arch,  “Why  don’t  you  speak  for  yourself 


ALDEN. 


ALDERSON. 


John  ? ” are  well  known.  Many  and  very  worthy 
descendants  have  sprung  from  this  marriage. 
Mr.  Alden  was  highly  respected  by  the  colonists 


ALDEN  HOUSE 


for  his  integrity  and  his  practical  good  sense. 
For  several  years  he  served  as  magistrate.  He 
died  in  Duxbury,  Mass.,  Sept.  12,  1687. 

ALDEN,  Joseph,  educator,  was  born  at  Cairo, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  4,  1807.  His  school  days  as  a pupil 
were  ended  at  fourteen,  when  he  began  to  teach, 
and  in  this  way  worked  his  way  through  college, 
being  graduated  in  1829  at  Union  college.  He 
then  studied  theology  at  Princeton  seminary,  and 
for  two  years  was  tutor.  He  became  pastor  of 
the  Congregational  church  at  Williamstown, 
Mass.,  in  1834,  and  in  1835  received  an  appoint- 
ment as  professor  of  Latin  and  then  of  rhetoric 
and  political  economy  in  Williams  college.  He 
resigned  this  position  in  1852  to  accept  the  chair 
of  mental  and  moral  philosophy  at  Lafayette 
college.  In  1857  he  was  elected  president  of 
Jefferson  college,  where  he  remained  until  1867, 
when  he  resigned  to  become  principal  of  the  State 
normal  school  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  which  position 
he  relinquished  in  1872,  to  devote  himself  to 
literature.  He  issued  over  seventy  volumes 
adapted  to  Sunday  school  libraries.  His  more  im- 
portant works  include : ‘’The  Example  of  Wash- 
ington,” “ Citizen’s  Manual,”  “ Christian  Ethics,” 
" The  Science  of  Government,”  “ Elements  of  In- 
tellectual Philosophy,”  and  “First  Steps  in  Politi- 
cal Economy.”  William  Livingston  Alden,  the 
popular  author  and  diplomatist,  was  his  son. 
He  died  Aug.  30,  1885. 

ALDEN,  Timothy,  educator,  was  born  at  Yar- 
mouth, Mass.,  Aug.  28,  1771.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1794,  then  studied  theology,  and  in 
1799  became  pastor  of  a church  at  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire.  He  afterwards  conducted 
schools  in  Boston.  Newark  and  Cincinnati,  di- 
recting his  educational  skill  to  teaching  young 
women.  In  1817  he  founded,  and  was  first  presi- 
dent of  Allegheny  college.  Meadville,  Pa.,  continu- 
ing at  the  head  of  that  institution  for  fourteen 


years.  He  wrote  “Missions  among  the  Senecas.” 
and  prepared  a catalogue  of  the  New  York 
historical  society’s  library.  He  died  July  5,  1839. 

ALDEN,  Timothy,  inventor,  was  born  at 
Barnstable,  Mass.,  Feb.  3,  1823,  sixth  in  descent 
from  John  Alden,  the  Puritan.  When  very 
young  he  was  apprenticed  to  his  brother,  who 
was  a printer,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  began 
to  plan  a machine  for  setting  and  distributing 
type.  It  took  five  years  for  his  crude  idea  to 
develop  into  a practical  reality,  and  then  he  pro- 
duced a composing  and  distributing  machine,  the 
type  arranged  in  cells  around  the  circumference 
of  a horizontal  wheel.  As  the  wheel  revolves  the 
receivers  pick  up  the  type  as  directed  by  the  op- 
erator. This  machine  was  improved  by  his  brother 
Henry,  after  the  death  of  Timothy,  and  was 
the  pioneer  in  type-setting  machines  in  America, 
although  it  did  not  come  into  extensive  practical 
use.  He  died  in  New  York  city.  Dec.  4,  1858. 

ALDEN,  William  Livingston,  author,  was 
born  in  Williamstown.  Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1837.  son  of 
Joseph  Alden.  professor  of  rhetoric  and  political 
economy  in  Williams  college.  He  was  educated 
in  Lafayette  and  Jefferson  colleges,  with  both  of 
which  his  father  was  connected  as  professor  or 
president,  and  was  graduated  at  Jefferson  college 
in  1858.  He  then  took  up  the  study  of  law, 
after  which  he  became  editorially  connected 
with  the  New  York  Times,  and  his  humorous 
“fifth  column  editorials”  made  him  widely 
known.  Subsequently  he  wrote  for  young  people, 
and  became  a popular  contributor  to  Harper 
Brothers’  periodicals.  In  1885  President  Cleveland 
appointed  him  United  States  consul  at  Rome. 
Italy,  and  he  held  the  position  until  1889.  On 
leaving  Rome  Mr.  Alden  received  from  the  king 
of  Italy  the  cross  of  chevalier  of  the  order  of  the 
crown  of  Italy.  He  founded  the  New  York  canoe 
club  and  was  instrumental  in  making  canoeing 
popular  in  the  United  States.  Among  his  pub- 
lished books  are : “Domestic  Explosives  ” (1878) ; 
“ Shooting  Stars  ” (1879) ; “ A New  Robinson  Cru- 
soe,” “Canoe  and  Flying  Proa”  (1880);  “The 
Moi-al  Pirates”  (1881);  “Life  of  Christopher 
Columbus”  ( 1882  );“  The  Cruise  of  the  Ghost” 
(1882) ; “ The  Cruise  of  the  Canoe  Club  ” (1883) ; 
“ The  Adventures  of  Jimmy  Brown  ” (1885) ; “ The 
Loss  of  the  Swansea”  (1889);  “Trying  to  find 
Europe  ” (1889) ; “A  Lost  Love  ” (1892). 

ALDERSON,  John  Duffy,  representative,  was 
born  at  Nicholas  C.  H.,  Virginia.  Nov.  29.  1854, 
son  of  Joseph  A.  Alderson,  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Nicholas  and  Webster  counties.  When  he  was 
twenty -one  years  of  age  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  West  Virginia,  having  secured  his  educa- 
tion from  the  common  schools.  In  1876  he  was 
appointed  prosecuting  attorney  to  succeed  his 
father,  who  died  that  year,  and  was  elected  at 

[52] 


ALDItlt  II 


ALDI.’M  II 


I lie  niccceding  general  elect  ion  mill  retained  the 
oil  ice  by  c i ii  i see  u I i \ i • elect  ions  until  I in  was  chosen 

10  represent  I lio  lid  district  in  llm  5ild  United 

Stales  Uougn".  . in  I HUv,  iim  ii  ( I ('UK  k ■ rn.  t.  lie  was 

11  i'ii  in  I iiln  I n lor  re  election  in  I Sit  I In  llm  fi-l  |.|i 
Uongrcvi,  Iml,  was  dcf'iaited  by  James  II  1 1 idin^c. 
Republican 

ALDRICH,  Anne  Reeve,  anther,  was  liorn 
in  Now  N oi'U  city,  April  "•>,  l Sid.  Mont  of  Imr 
childliood  wan  passed  in  Imr  native  city,  her 
girlhood  on  Long  I ilaml.  Him  began  writing  for 
periodical  . ill  llm  ill'll  of  HtivnnI.nnn  I (or  poems 
appeared  in  Urn  " Century,"  " Meribnor’s,”  and 
1 I Jppincotfs  " n uiga/.i lies  ; mid  in  lNNt)  she  issued 
ii  mall  voliinm  of  verse,  ' Tim  Rose  of  I’lmnc,  and 
Otlmr  I’onina  of  Love."  Iler  Hist  novel,  "Tim 
I'Vel  of  Love,”  was  published  in  I MIX),  (tin I a vol 
nine  of  verse  enlilled  " Songs  aliouf  llopo,  Lovii 
and  Heath,”  in  INtl'J.  Minn  Aldrich  roll!  rihntO'd 
largely  to  poriodioalM,  and  did  nmcli  of  Imr  lil 
nary  work  al  night.  Him  died  in  Now  Vork 
city,  June  20,  1HD2. 

ALDRICH,  Charles,  journalist,  was  horn  at 
Ellingwood.  N.  Y , Oct  li,  IN28.  lie  emigrated 
to  the  far  west  and  located  in  Iowa,  at  the  time 
Ini!  sparsely  settled.  In  1857  he  founded  the 
Freeman,  in  Webster  < 'ity,  and  in  INtiii  was  made 
chief  clerk  of  the  house  of  representatives  of  I lie 

state,  serving  until 
l HAS,  a^a in  in  imiii, 
and  a third  time  in 
INK)  In  INH‘J  Im  was 
elected  a ineniher  of 
file  house,  w here  Im 
served  one  term.  As 
a n ion i her  of  l Im 
slate  legislature  Im 
originated  laws  for 
I lie  protection  of 
birds,  and  l Im  prosor 
val  ion  of  State  doeu 
nmiils.  1 1 is  vigorous 
endeavors  to  secure 
a law  which  would 
prevent  the  issue  <>l 
railroad  passes  to  puhlio  ollleors  made  him  know  n 
throughout  I ho  count  ry . If  was  largely  through 
his  i ii  ll  uni  mo  and  w citings  that  the  interstate  com 
moroo  act  was  passed.  Through  his  aide  and 
forceful  articles  in  the  North  American  Urricw 
and  otlmi  prominent  periodicals,  many  public  in 
forests  have  hi  mi  i furthered.  In  IHIII)  lie  received 
llm  degree  of  AM.  from  Iowa  college,  and  in  I MS  I 
he  presented  hi  i Hue  collection  ol  man  use  1 1 1 >1  s,  pm 
t rulls  and  autograph  letters  to  the  state  ol  Iowa. 
In  l HNil  Imaidi'd  in  founding  the  American  ornithol 
ogisf  union  I le  was  appointed  curator  and  sec  re 
tary  of  the  historical  collections  ol  t he  state,  erlgi 
i lilted  by  him. 


( i /[/■  ' * / i . 


ALDRICH,  James,  peel,  was  horn  in  Suffolk 
county,  New  York,  in  INK),  Early  in  life  hi'  on 
gaged  m mercantile  business,  hut  inclination 
drew  him  to  lifera,turo.  lie  conducted  various 
periodicals,  which  his  pen  Nerved  to  make  popular, 
and  whi'ii  In'  was  twenty  live  ho  founded  and 
boom i io  odil  <>r  of  the  Literary  (la  :rttc.  1 1 is  poems 
published  in  fills  journal  made  him  popular,  and 
Ihe  do  cite  gained  a large  eiri'idafion  llis  "A 
Death  I lei  I " lioeanm  famous  through  the  criticism 
of  Edgar  Allan  I *00,  who  hroiighf  to  public  notice 
the  striking  similarity  il  bore  to  a poem  on  the 
same  topic  by  1 1 noil  A Id  rich's  poems  ha  ve  found 

recognition  in  all  the  standard  Collodions  of 
poems  by  American  authors,  lie  reliiapiished 
literature  as  a profession,  and  resumed  his  mor 
cantile  pursuits.  I le  died  Oct,  ff,  1H5I1. 

ALDRICH,  Nelson  Wilmartli,  senator,  was 
horn  in  Eostcr,  It.  I.,  Nov.  Ii,  IN  1 1 His  early 
education  was  aoquirod  at  K illinglv,  ( 'oim  lie 
(lieu  attended  the  academy  in  East  (Ireoiiwich, 
It.  I , and  when  graduated  began  a business  life 
in  I’rovidenee,  It.  I llis  praclicnl  interest  in  city 
a I fairs  caused  him 
lo  lie  elected  in  the 
city  council  from 
INilti  ’75,  and  from 
IH72  '7H  he  was  its 
president  On  lca\ 
mg  Ha'  council  In' 
was  elected  as  a lie 
publican  lo  the  gen 
era  I assembly  of  I lie 
state,  and  in  IN7I1 
was  speaker  of  till' 
house.  In  IH7H  lie 
was  elected  to  ropro 
sent  his  district  in  ') 
flic  Jtlth  and  was 
re  elected  in  IN  HO  ^ 
to  the  17th  Con 

gross.  1 1 is  pract  ical  business  methodM  applied  to 
legislation  so  increased  the  coulldenee  he  laid 
already  won  in  the  state,  that  in  IHNI  lie  was 
elected  by  I lie  Kliode  Island  legislature  to  the 
vacancy  in  the  United  States  senate  caused  by 
the  dentil  of  Ambrose  E.  Hvirnslde.  lie  was  re 
elected  in  INHO,  and  again  in  INiD  During  his 
several  terms,  he  served  mi  important  com 
dittoes,  notably  on  that  of  lliameo,  oil  w hich 
lie  was  retained  during  his  entire  term  of 
service  in  t hesenitfo.  lie  thus  became  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  intricate  ipiestions  of  finance 
mid  tariff,  and  senators  accorded  him  an  at 
ton  five  hearing  whenever  he  laid  occasion  to  pro 
sent  his  views.  Large  credit  is  due  to  Senator 
Aldrich  for  the  reciprocity  features  introduced  in 
I lie  McKinley  (urilf  hill,  his  suggest  ions  being 
accepted,  after  the  proposition  made  by  Mr. 
I Ml 


ALDRICH. 


ALEMANY. 


Blaine  had  been  discussed  and  dropped  by  mutual 
consent.  In  bis  subsequent  career  in  the  senate 
be  was  prominent  in  the  discussion  of  the  great 
financial  questions  that  arose  in  Congress  and 
was  conspicuous  as  an  earnest  advocate  of  mono- 
metallism. 

ALDRICH,  Thomas  Bailey,  poet  and  novelist, 
was  born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Nov.  11,  1837. 
Until  be  was  thirteen  be  spent  a part  of  each  year 
in  New  Orleans,  after  which  he  made  his  home 
with  his  grandfather  at  Portsmouth,  and  in  1853 
went  to  New  York  to  begin  his  business  life.  He 
entered  a counting- 
house,  and  began  to 
write  for  publication, 
and  his  ballad  of 
‘ ‘ Baby  Bell,”  whic  h 
appeared  in  a news- 
paper when  the  author 
was  nineteen  years 
old,  was  copied  and 
quoted  so  widely  that 
he  immediately  at- 
tained a literary  repu- 
tation. He  abandoned 
commercial  for  liter- 
ary p u r s u i t s,  a n d 
quickly  gained  prominence  as  a writer.  He  con- 
tributed to  the  leading  magazines  and  the  New 
York  papers,  and  in  1856  filled  a place  on  the  edi- 
torial staff  of  the  New  York  Home  Journal. 
In  1865  Mr.  Aldrich  removed  to  Boston  to  assume 
the  editorship  of  Every  Saturday.  This  periodical 
ceased  to  exist  in  1874,  and  he  became  a regular 
contributor  to  and,  in  1881,  editor  of  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  resigning  that  position  in  1892,  in  order 
that  he  might  apply  himself  to  general  literary 
work.  His  success  was  not  limited ; he  became  as 
well  known  in  other  English  speaking  countries  as 
America.  Several  of  his  prose  books  were 
translated  into  French,  Spanish,  German,  and 
Danish.  His  English  is  pure,  and  his  verse  will 
cause  l.uui  to  be  long  held  in  remembrance  of 
men.  Hawthorne  wrote  of  it:  “I  have  been 
reading  some  of  Aldrich’s  poems  this  evening.  I 
find  them  rich,  sweet  and  imaginative  in  such  a 
degree  that  I am  sorry  not  to  have  fresher  sym- 
pathies, in  order  to  taste  all  the  delights  that 
every  reader  ought  to  draw  from  them.  I 
was  conscious  here  and  there  of  a delicacy  that  I 
hardly  dared  to  breathe  upon.”  His  poetical 
works  are  as  follows:  “The  Bells,”  “Baby  Bell, 
and  Other  Poems”  (1856) ; “ Pampinea,  and  Other 
Poems”  (1860);  two  collections  of  “Poems” 
issued  in  (1863-65);  “Cloth  of  Gold,  and  Other 
Poems”  (1874);  “ Flower  and  Thorn”  (1876); 
“Later  Poems”  (1876) ; “Friar  Jerome’s  Beautiful 
Book”  (1881,  edition  de  luxe.  1896) ; “ xMercedes. 
and  Later  Lyrics”  (1884);  “Wyudham  Towers” 


(1890) ; “ The  Sister's  Tragedy,  with  Other  Poems  ” 
(1891);  “Unguarded  Gates  and  other  poems” 
(1895);  and  “Judith  and  Holofernes”  (1896). 
Following  are  some  of  the  titles  of  his  prose 
works:  “The  Story  of  a Bad  Boy”  (1870) ; “ From 
Ponkapog  to  Pestli”  1883;  “Prudence  Palfrey” 
(1874);  “Marjorie  Daw”  (1873);  “The  Stillwater 
Tragedy”  (1880);  “Two  Bites  at  a Cherry,”  and 
“ An  Old  Town  by  the  Sea”  (1893). 

ALDRIDGE,  Ira,  tragedian.  The  time  and  place 
of  his  birth  are  unknown.  One  biographer  states 
that  his  father  was  a native  African  chief,  who 
was  captured  and  brought  to  the  United  States  as 
a slave,  was  allowed  to  buy  his  freedom,  and. 
leaving  the  South,  went  to  New  York  city,  where 
he  became  pastor  of  an  African  church,  and 
where  Ira  was  born  about  1805,  and  early  devel- 
oped a taste  for  dramatic  performances.  His 
father,  disapproving  of  this,  sent  him  to  England 
to  be  educated  for  the  ministry,  but  lie  still  pre- 
ferred the  drama,  and  made  his  debut  at  the 
Royal  Theatre  in  London,  as  Othello,  where  his 
talents  met  with  immediate  recognition.  Another 
gives  Bellair,  near  Baltimore,  Md.,  as  his  birth- 
place about  1810 ; that  he  was  a mulatto,  a ship 
carpenter,  who  learned  the  German  language 
from  immigrants,  and  accompanied  Edmund  Kean 
to  England  as  a servant ; that  he  there  cultivated 
his  talent  for  acting,  and  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1830-’31,  and  appeared  on  the  stage  at 
Baltimore,  but  failed,  when  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land and  met  with  success.  His  color  being  ap- 
propriate to  the  characters  he  assumed,  he  was 
greatly  appreciated  in  England,  the  novelty  no 
doubt  adding  to  his  success.  He  played  in  con- 
nection with  Edmund  Kean  throughout  Great 
Britain,  and  then  went  to  the  continent.  The 
emperors  of  Austria  and  Russia  and  the  King  of 
Prussia  and  other  crowned  heads  of  Europe,  and 
several  cities,  presented  him  with  crosses  and 
medals,  and  he  was  made  a member  and  honorary 
member  of  a number  of  the  great  academies. 
Mrs.  Kendal  and  others  accused  him  of  brusque, 
even  brutal,  stage  deportment.  She  relates  that 
when  she  played  Desdemona  he  pulled  her  from 
the  couch  and  dragged  her  about  the  stage  by 
the  hair  of  her  head  before  he  smothered  her. 
He  was  hissed  for  this  and  abandoned  the  prac- 
tice, but  he  made  himself  disagreeable  to  those 
who  acted  with  him  in  other  ways.  He  married 
an  Englishwoman,  and  left  her  a widow  in  Lon- 
don. He  died  on  his  way  to  fill  an  engagement 
in  Poland.  Aug.  1,  1867. 

ALEMANY,  Joseph  Sadoc,  R.  C.  archbishop 
was  born  at  Vich  in  Catalonia.  Spain,  in  1814. 
In  1821  he  entered  the  Dominican  order  and  pur- 
sued his  theological  studies  at  the  convents  of 
Trumpt  and  Garona.  After  his  ordination  at 
Viterbo  in  Italy  he  was  made  master  of  novices, 


[54] 


ALEXANDER. 


ALEXANDER. 


which  office  he  filled  until  he  was  appointed  as- 
sistant pastor  of  the  church  of  Minerva  in  Rome ; 
here  he  remained  until  1841,  when  he  joined  the 
American  mission.  The  first  years  of  his  mis- 
sionary work  were  spent  in  Nashville  and  Mem- 
phis, Tenn.  In  1847  he  was  made  provincial  of 
the  order  of  Dominicans  in  the  state  of  Ohio.  In 
1850  his  abilities  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
papal  court  during  his  presence  at  the  general 
chapter  of  the  order,  and  he  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Monterey  by  Cardinal  Franzoni  in  the 
church  of  San  Carlo.  Leaving  Rome  immedi- 
ately, he  brought  to  his  new  see  religious  of  both 
sexes,  with  whose  aid  he  founded  various  institu- 
tions of  learning  in  California.  In  1853  he  was 
elevated  to  the  see  of  San  Francisco  as  its  first 
archbishop.  In  1883  he  resigned  his  office  and 
retired  to  a convent  in  Valencia,  Spain,  intend- 
ing to  devote  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  the  re- 
habilitation of  the  Dominican  order  in  Spain,  and 
died  there  April  14,  1888.  He  wrote  a ‘ ‘ Life  of 
St.  Dominick.” 

ALEXANDER,  Abraham,  statesman,  was  born 
near  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  in  1718.  He  was  a member 
of  the  colonial  legislature  before  1775,  and  when 
that  year  the  royalist  governor  attempted  to 
oppose  the  people  in  their  right  of  free  speech,  he 
was  elected  president  of  an  indignation  meeting 
held  in  the  court  house  at  Charlotte,  at  the  call 
of  Col.  Thomas  Polk.  He  was  made  permanent 
chairman  of  the  subsequent  meeting  held  May  31, 
1775,  that  issued  the  Mecklenburg  declaration  of 
independence,  providing  for  a republican  form 
of  government,  and  renouncing  allegiance  to 
Great  Britain.  This  was  nearly  a year  before  the 
Declaration  signed  at  Philadelphia,  July  4,  1776. 
This  document  was  transmitted  to  Philadelphia 
in  August,  1775,  by  a special  messenger,  after 
having  been  read  in  mass  meetings  to  the  people 
in  different  parts  of  the  state.  Mr.  Alexander 
died  at  Charlotte,  N.  C.,  April  23,  1776. 

ALEXANDER,  Archer,  hero,  was  born  near 
Richmond,  Va.,  about  1810,  a slave,  and  in  1831 
was  taken  to  Missouri  by  his  master.  In  1861,  at 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  he  performed  a 
very  heroic  deed.  Learning  that  a detachment 
of  Federal  troops  was  to  pass  over  a railroad 
bridge,  the  timbers  of  which  he  knew  to  have 
been  cut  in  order  to  wreck  the  train,  Alexander, 
at  the  hazard  of  his  life,  gave  the  information  to 
a prominent  Union  man,  thus  preventing  disaster 
to  the  detachment.  He  was  suspected  of  doing 
this,  and  was  taken  prisoner  by  a committee  of 
Confederate  sympathizers,  but  escaped,  fleeing  to 
St.  Louis,  where  he  obtained  employment  under 
protection  of  the  Federal  provost -marshal.  In  the 
bronze  group,  ‘‘Freedom's  Memorial,”  in  the  Capi- 
tol grounds  in  Washington,  he  was  the  model  of 
Thomas  Ball  the  sculptor,  from  which  “The 

[55] 


Freedman”  in  the  group  was  made.  See  “The 
story  of  Archer  Alexander.”  He  died  in  St. 
Louis,  Dec.  8,  187.9. 

ALEXANDER,  Archibald,  educator,  was  born 
in  Rockbridge  county,  Va.,  April  17,  1772,  son  of 
William  Alexander,  a farmer  of  means,  who  gave 
him  an  academic  education  under  William  Gra- 
ham in  the  celebrated  school  founded  by  his  great- 
uncle,  Robert  Alexander  in  1749,  and  then  known 
as  “ Liberty  Hall.”  This  school  was  the  germ  of 
Washington  and  Lee  university.  During  the 
great  revival  of  1789-’90  Archibald  turned  his  .at- 
tention. to  religious  study,  was  ordained  by  the 
presbytery  of  Hanover,  and  preached  several  years 
as  an  itinerant  pastor  over  several  churches  in 
Charlotte  and  Prince  Edward’s  counties.  He  was 
elected  president  of  Hampden-Sidney  college  in 
1796,  serving  until  a revolt  among  the  students 
forced  him  to  retire  in  1806.  In  1802  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Janetta,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Waddel, 
the  blind  preacher,  immortalized  by  William 
Wirt.  He  acted  as  pastor  of  the  old  Vine  street 
Presbyterian  church  of  Philadelphia  from  1807  to 
1812,  when  he  became  leading  professor  in  Prince- 
ton theological  seminary,  the  first  theological  pro- 
fessor elected  by  the  general  assembly  of  the  Pres- 
byterian church.  He  opened  the  seminary  with 
three  students,  and  in  a few  years,  as  the  number 
of  professorships  increased,  he  was  able  to  confine 
his  work  to  didactic  and  polemic  theology.  He 
had  been  moderator  of  the  general  assembly  in 
1 808,  and  in  his  annual  sermon  before  that  body 
had  advised  the  establishment  of  a theological 
seminary.  ■ This  led  to  the  foundation  of  the  sem- 
inary at  Princeton  in  1812.  There  he  founded  the 
chair  of  Christian  ethics  and  apologetics,  and  after 
his  retirement  it  became  known  as  the  Archibald 
Alexander  chair.  For  nearly  forty  years  he  la- 
bored in  this  field,  shaping  the  views  and  charac- 
ter of  hundreds  of  preachers.  He  possessed  extra- 
ordinary powers  as  a pulpit  orator  and  in  polemics, 
so  popular  in  his  day.  His  first  published  work 
was,  “A  Brief  Outline  of  the  Evidences  of  the 
Christian  Religion”  (1823),  widely  translated  and 
largely  used  as  a text-book.  He  prepared  a pocket 
edition  of  the  Holy  Bible  in  1831.  In  1833  lie  fol- 
lowed it  with:  “ The  Canons  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament  Ascertained;”  “Lives  of  the  Patri- 
archs” (1835);  “Essays  on  Religious  Experi- 
ences” (1840);  “Evidences  of  the  Authenticity 
and  Canonical  Authority  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,” 
5th  ed.  (1836);  “History  of  African  Coloniza- 
tion” (1846) ; “ History  of  the  Log  Cabin”  (1846) ; 
“ History  of  the  Israelitish  Nation”  (1852) ; “Out- 
lines of  Moral  Science  ” (1858) ; and  minor  works. 
After  his  death  his  manuscripts  were  edited  by 
his  son  James  Waddel  Alexander,  who  also  wrote 
the  life  of  his  father.  Dr.  Alexander  died  in 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Oct.  22,  1851. 


ALEXANDER. 


ALEXANDER. 


ALEXANDER,  Barton  Stone,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Paris,  Ky.,  in  1819.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  the  class  of  1842,  and  later  served 
as  engineer  in  the  United  States  army.  He 
planned  the  Minot’s  Ledge  lighthouse  near  Boston, 
and  when  the  civil  war  broke  out  was  detailed  to 
Washington  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  the  de- 
fences of  the  city.  For  gallant  and  meritorious 
conduct  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  1861,  he 
was  brevetted  major,  and  at  the  siege  of  York- 
town,  1862,  lieutenant-colonel.  He  served  under 
Sheridan  as  consulting  engineer,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  war  in  1865  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general.  After  the  war  he  had  charge  of  the 
construction  of  public  works  in  Maine ; and  upon 
his  promotion  as  senior  engineer  in  the  U.  S.  army, 
with  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  he  went  to  Cali- 
fornia as  a member  of  the  Pacific  board  of  U.  S. 
engineers  for  fortifications.  He  died  there  Dec. 
15,  1878. 

ALEXANDER,  Eben,  diplomatist,  was  born  in 
North  Carolina  about  1850.  He  was  graduated 
from  Yale  college,  and  afterwards  made  professor 
of  Greek  in  the  North  Carolina  university.  His 
appointment  as  United  States  minister  to  Greece 
in  1893  was  the  personal  choice  of  President  Cleve- 
land; and  although  not  a politician  himself  Mr. 
Alexander’s  appointment  to  this  office  received 
the  hearty  approval  of  the  politicians  of  his  state. 
He  was  deemed  particularly  adapted  to  the  posi- 
tion he  filled  on  account  of  his  interest  in  and 
knowledge  of  the  Greek  people  and  their  lan- 
guage. Besides  being  a scholar  he  was  a man  of 
marked  executive  ability. 

ALEXANDER,  Edmund  Brooke,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Prince  William  county,  Va.,  Oct.  2,  1802. 
He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1823.  He 
served  in  the  army  on  the  frontier  and  on  garrison 
duty  for  twenty  years.  In  the  Mexican  war  he 
won  distinction  for  bravery  at  Cerro  Gordo,  Con- 
treras, and  Churubusco,  and  was  brevetted  major 
and  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  afterwards  major 
of  the  8th  infantry  from  Nov.  10,  1857,  and 
colonel  of  the  10th  infantry  from  March  3,  1855. 
He  commanded  the  Utah  expedition  of  1857-’58 
until  relieved  by  Gen.  Albert  Sidney  Johnston. 
In  the  civil  war  he  was  detailed  as  provost  mar- 
shal of  St.  Louis,  and  was  chief  disbursing  officer 
for  the  state  of  Missouri,  and  superintendent  of 
the  volunteer  recruiting  service  with  headquarters 
at  St.  Louis  during  the  war.  He  was  brevetted 
brigadier-general  March  13,  1865,  and  with  his 
regiment  commanded  Fort  Snelling,  Minn. , until 
Feb.  22,  1869,  when  he  was  placed  on  the  retired 
list  after  fifty  years’  service.  He  removed  to 
Washington,  D.  C.,  where  he  died  Jan.  3,  1888. 

ALEXANDER,  Edward  Porter,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Washington.  Wilkes  county,  Ga.,  May  26, 
1835.  After  graduating  at  West  Point  in  1857  lie 


was  appointed  assistant  professor  of  engineering 
in  the  academy,  and  served  in  that  capacity  until 
lie  was  detailed  to  engineering  service  in  the  Utah 
and  Washington  territory  expeditions.  In  1861 
he  resigned  and  entered  the  Confederate  army  as 
chief  of  ordnance  and  signal  officer  in  the  army 
of  Northern  Virginia.  In  1862  he  was  appointed 
colonel,  and  was  with  Longstreet  at  the  battle  of 
Gettysburg.  He  was  promoted  to  be  brigadier- 
general  of  artillery  in  1864,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  and  engineering  in  the  university  of 
South  Carolina,  and  retained  the  position  until 
1869.  He  then  became  actively  connected  with 
railroads  in  the  south,  and  greatly  advanced  the 
development  of  the  country.  He  was  elected 
president  of  the  Central  railroad  and  banking 
company  of  Georgia,  and  in  that  position  was  a 
factor  in  directing  the  railway  system  of  the 
entire  south.  He  wrote  ‘ Railroad  Practice,” 
and  contributed  to  the  Century  Magazine  on 
subjects  connected  with  the  civil  war. 

ALEXANDER,  James,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Scotland,  near  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, and  was  educated  as  a civil  engineer.  He 
fled  to  America  in  1718,  to  escape  the  penalty  of 
being  involved  with  the  pretender  in  the  rebel- 
lion of  that  year,  and  settled  at  Perth  Amboy, 
N.  J.,  served  as  surveyor-general  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey,  studied  law  and  won  both  dis- 
tinction and  wealth  at  the  colonial  bar.  He  was 
disbarred  in  1735  for  defending  Peter  Zenger,  a 
popular  printer,  accused  of  sedition.  The  new 
administration  of  1737  re-instated  him.  He 
served  the  province  in  the  legislature  and  council, 
and  from  1721  to  1723  as  attorney-general,  and 
was  also  secretary  of  the  province  of  New  York. 
He  was  a friend  of  civil  liberty  and  with  Frank- 
lin a founder  of  the  American  philosophical 
society.  He  married  the  widow  of  David  Provost, 
and  his  son,  William  Alexander,  was  the  ‘-Lord 
Stirling  ” of  the  American  revolution.  His  death 
resulted  from  exposure  in  a journey  from  New 
York  city  to  Albany  in  the  early  spring  of  1756, 
where  a project  threatening  the  rights  of  the 
colonies  was  under  debate,  and  Secretary  Alex- 
ander undertook  the  trip  to  oppose  the  measure, 
while  suffering  from  severe  ill-health.  He  died 
April  2,  1756. 

ALEXANDER,  James  Waddel,  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Louisa  county,  Va.,  March  13,  1804, 
son  of  Archibald  and  Janetta  Waddel  Alexander, 
and  maternal  grandson  of  James  Waddel,  the 
blind  preacher,  made  famous  by  William  Wirt. 
He  was  educated  in  the  academy  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  entered  Princeton  college,  and  was  graduated 
in  1820,  following  with  a four-years’  course  at  the 
theological  seminary.  In  1824  he  was  tutor  in 
that  institution,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by 


ALEXANDER. 


ALEXANDER. 


the  presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  For 
three  years  following  he  was  pastor  in  Charlotte 
county,  Va.  From  1828-’32  he  had  charge  of  the 
first  Presbyterian  church  in  Trenton,  N.  J.  He 
gave  up  preaching  on  account  of  failing  health, 
and  took  charge  of  the  Presbyterian,  of  Philadel- 
phia, as  editor.  From  1833  to  1844,  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles-lettres  and  rhetoric  at  Princeton 
college,  and  for  the  next  five  years  he  served  the 
congregation  of  the  Duane  street  Presbyterian 
church  of  New  York  city.  At  the  end  of  his  pas- 
torate he  returned  to  Princeton,  to  take  the  chair 
of  ecclesiastical  history  and  church  government 
in  the  theological  seminary.  In  4851  he  returned 
to  New  York  to  accept  a call  to  the  Fifth  avenue 
Presbyterian  church,  where  he  exerted  a great 
power  in  the  pulpit  and  with  his  pen.  In  preach- 
ing and  writing  he  aimed  at  being  practical  rather 
than  scholarly,  and  in  the  pulpit  was  intensely 
spiritual.  He  wrote  many  translations  of  popu- 
lar German  hymns ; one  of  which  found  its  way 
into  many  hymn  books:  Gerhardt’s  passion  hymn, 
“ O Sacred  Head  now  Wounded.  ” His  published 
works  include:  “Consolation,”  “Family  Wor- 
ship.” “Plain  Words  to  a Young  Communicant,” 
“Discourses  on  Christian  Faith  and  Practice,” 
“Gift  to  the  Afflicted,”  “A  Biography  of  Dr. 
Archibald  Alexander,”  and  over  thirty  volumes 
prepared  for  the  American  Sunday  school  union. 
He  contributed  to  the  Princeton  Review  and  the 
Biblical  Repertory.  Rev.  Dr.  John  Hall  published 
in  1880,  in  two  volumes,  “ Forty  Years’  Familiar 
Letters  of  James  W.  Alexander.”  He  died  at 
Red  Sweet  Springs,  Va.,  July  31,  1859. 

ALEXANDER,  John  Henry,  scientist,  was 
born  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  June  26,  1812.  His  edu- 
cation was  acquired  in  his  native  city,  and  he 
was  graduated  from  St.  John’s  college  in  1826.  He 
then  studied  law,  but  did  not  practise,  devoting 
himself  to  scientific  investigation  and  study.  As 
topographical  engineer  of  Maryland,  to  which 
' office  he  was  appointed  in  1834,  he  made  a survey 
of  the  state  in  connection  with  the  geological 
survey,  and  prepared  the  annual  reports  until 
1841.  These  reports  prompted  the  opening  of 
valuable  coal  and  iron  mines.  He  was  an  author- 
ity on  standards  of  weight  and  measure,  and  was 
associated  with  Superintendents  Hassler  and 
Baclie  of  the  coast  survey.  He  went  to  England 
in  1837  as  delegate  from  the  United  States  govern- 
ment to  the  British  commission  on  decimal  coin- 
age. His  research  in  this  field  recommended  him 
as  director  of  the  U.  S.  mint,  which  appointment 
was  prevented  by  his  death.  He  served  as  pro- 
fessor of  physics  in  the  University  of  Maryland, 
St.  John’s  college  and  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the 
national  academy  of  science,  and  a member  of 
the  chief  scientific  societies  of  America.  He 


published,  beside  valuable  scientific  papers,  “ His- 
tory of  Metallurgy  of  Iron”  (1840— ’42) ; “Uni- 
versal Dictionary  of  Weights  and  Measures, 
Ancient  and  Modern  ” (1850).  He  left  unpublished 
manuscript  for  “ A Dictionary  of  English  Sur- 
names” (12  vols.  8 vo).  William  Pinkney  wrote 
his  life  published  in  1867,  and  J.  E.  Hilgard,  a 
memoir  published  in  Vol.  I.  of  “Biographical 
Memoirs  ” of  the  national  academy  of  science. 
Professor  Alexander  died  in  Baltimore,  March  2, 
1867. 

ALEXANDER.  Joseph  Addison,  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  24,  1809,  son 
of  Archibald  and  Janetta  Waddel  Alexander. 
He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  college  with  the 
first  honor,  in  the  class  of  1826.  He  thereupon, 
in  connection  with  Robert  Bridges  Patton,  estab- 
lished Edgehill  seminary  at  Pi-inceton.  In  1830 
he  was  made  adjunct  professor  of  ancient  lan- 
guages in  Princeton  college,  holding  the  profes- 
sorship until  1833,  when  he  went  abroad  to  study 
languages,  and  upon  his  return  in  1838  he  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  Oriental  literature  in  the 
theological  seminary,  and  in  1852  was  elected  to 
the  professorship  of  biblical  and  ecclesiastical 
history  in  the  same  institution,  his  connection 
with  the  seminary  being  terminated  by  his 
death.  He  was  distinguished  in  Oriental  scholar- 
ship as  well  as  in  biblical  learning,  and  was  a 
thorough  master  of  the  modern  European  lan- 
guages. He  wrote  during  1846-’47  commentaries 
on  Isaiah,  embracing  “The  Earlier  Prophecies,” 
“The  Later  Prophecies,”  and  the  book  “Illus- 
trated and  Explained”;  and  in  1850  “The  Psalms 
Translated  and  Explained.”  In  1857  appeared 
“ Commentary  on  Acts,”  in  1858  “Commentary 
on  Mark.”  and  in  1851  “ Essays  on  the  Primitive 
Church  Offices.”  After  his  death  there  appeared 
in  1860  his  “ Sermons,”  and  in  1861  “ Commentary 
on  Matthew,”  and  “Notes  on  New  Testament 
Literature.”  Henry  Carrington  Alexander  pre- 
pared a biography  published  in  1869.  lie  died  in 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  Jan.  28,  1860. 

ALEXANDER,  Samuel  Davies,  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  May  3,  1819,  son  of 
Archibald  Alexander,  clergyman.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Princeton  college  in  the  class  of  1838, 
and  then  entered  the  theological  seminary,  being 
ordained  to  the  Presbyterian  ministry  in  1847. 
The  following  year  he  took  pastoral  charge  of  the 
Port  Richmond  Presbyterian  church  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  remaining  there  two  years,  and  remov- 
ing at  the  end  of  that  time  to  Freehold,  N.  J., 
where  he  preached  five  years.  In  1855  he  ac- 
cepted a call  to  the  Phillips  Presbyterian  church 
in  New  York  city,  and  successfully  discharged  the 
duties  of  his  position  until  1893.  Washington  col- 
lege conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  S.T.D.  in  1862. 
During  the  last  year  of  his  life  he  acted  as  clerk 

[071 


ALEXANDER. 


ALGER. 


of  the  New  York  presbytery.  He  published 
“Princeton  College  during  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury” (1872),  and  “History  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Ireland.”  He  died  in  New  York  city, 
Oct.  26,  1894. 

ALEXANDER,  Stephen  , astronomer,  was  born 
at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  1,  1806.  His  educa- 
tion was  obtained  at  Union  college  and  at  Prince- 
ton theological  seminary.  After  his  graduation 
from  the  seminary  in  1832  he  was  a tutor,  1833 ; ad- 
junct professor  of  mathematics,  1834 ; professor  of 
astronomy,  1840;  professor  of  mathematics,  ISIS- 
’S!, and  professor  of  astronomy  and  mechanics, 
1855-’78,  at  Princeton  college.  In  1860  he  was 
the  head  of  an  expedition  to  the  coast  of  Labra- 
dor to  observe  the  solar  eclipse  which  occurred 
July  18  of  that  year ; later  to  observe  the  one  of 
1869.  He  published:  “Fundamental  Principles 
of  Mathematics,  ” ‘ 1 Statement  and  Exposition  of 
Certain  Harmonies  of  the  Solar  System,”  and 
many  other  noteworthy  astronomical  papers.  He 
died  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  July  25,  1833. 

ALEXANDER,  William,  “Lord  Stirling,” 
soldier,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  in  1726,  son 
of  James  Alexander,  who  claimed  to  he  earl  of 
Stirling.  He  received  a good  education,  and 
gained  repute  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics 
and  astronomy.  With  his  mother,  the  widow  of 
David  Provost,  he  engaged  in  the  provision  busi- 
ness left  her  by  the  death  of  her  first  husband. 
He  also  became  aide-de-camp  to  General  Shirley  of 
the  British  army.  In  1756  he  went  to  England  to 
give  testimony  in  behalf  of  General  Shirley,  who 
had  been  charged  with  neglect  of  duty;  and 
while  there,  in  1757,  he  entered  upon  an  unsuc- 
cessful suit  before  the  house  of  lords  to  gain  the 
title  and  estates  of  Stirling.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  in  1761,  and  married  the  daughter 
of  Philip  Livingston.  Through  the  influence  of 
his  father-in-law  he  was  made  surveyor-general 
of  the  state,  and  was  chosen  to  the  provincial 
council.  He  sided  with  the  patriots  in  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  and  was  made  a colonel  in  1775. 
He  was  largely  instrumental  in  capturing  a Brit- 
ish armed  transport,  and  Congress  for  his  bravery 
made  him  a brigadier-general  in  1776.  His  com- 
mand was  cut  to  pieces  at  the  battle  of  Long 
Island,  Aug.  26,  1776,  and  he  was  taken  prisoner, 
but  his  bravery  in  obeying  the  orders  of  General 
Putnam  and  stubbornly  opposing  a vastly  superior 
force,  enabled  the  great  body  of  the  American 
troops  to  escape,  and  as  soon  as  he  was  exchanged 
he  was  promoted  a major-general.  Upon  General 
Lee  leaving  New  York  in  December,  1776.  to  aid 
in  the  defence  of  Philadelphia,  General  Stirling 
was  left  in  command  of  the  city.  He  afterwards 
received  the  surrender  of  a Hessian  regiment  at 
Trenton.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the  battles 
of  Germantown  and  Brandywine,  and  was  de- 


feated and  lost  one  hundred  and  fifty  men  and 
two  guns  at  Matouchin,  N.  J. ; and  at  Monmouth 
he  successfully  resisted  an  attempt  to  turn  his 
flank,  but  at  the  cost  of  a large  number  of  his 
men.  In  1779  he  surprised  the  British  at  Paulus 
Hook,  N.  J.,  and  in  1781  was  transferred  to  the 
command  of  Albany,  where  he  died  a few  days 
after  the  declaration  of  peace.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  and  the  first  governor  of  King's  college, 
New  York  city.  He  wrote  “The  Conduct  of 
Major-General  Shirley,  Briefly  Stated,”  and  “An 
Account  of  the  Comet  of  June  and  July,  1770.” 
He  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15,  1783. 

ALEXANDER,  William,  educator,  was  born 
near  Shirleysburg,  Pa.,  Dec.  18,  1831.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Jefferson  college  in  1858,  and  completed 
the  Princeton  theological  course  in  1861.  He  was 
pastor  for  one  year  at  Lycoming.  Pa.  In  1863  he 
was  made  president  of  Carroll  college.  Wisconsin, 
holding  the  position  for  one  year.  He  held  pastor- 
ates at  Beloit,  Wis.  (1864-69),  then  at  San  Jose, 
Cal.  ( 1869— ’7 1 ) . He  was  called  to  the  presidency 
of  the  city  college,  San  Francisco  (1871-74),  and 
was  active  in  founding  the  San  Francisco  theo- 
logical seminary,  the  first  Presbyterian  seminary 
on  the  Pacific  slope,  and  was  its  first  professor  in 
New  Testament  literature.  In  1876  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  ecclesiastical  history  and 
church  government,  and  afterwards  became  dean 
of  the  seminary.  He  won  fame  in  1881  by  publish- 
ing open  letters  to  Gen.  George  Stoneman  on  the 
Sunday  law.  In  1883  he  published  nine  open 
letters  to  Bishop  McQuaid  on  the  “Failure  of 
Romanism.” 

ALEXANDER,  William  Cooper,  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Virginia,  Jar*.  4,  1806,  second  son  of  Archi- 
bald and  Janetta  (Waddel)  Alexander.  He  was 
educated  in  Philadelphia  and  at  Princeton  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1824.  He  then 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  on  ar- 
riving at  his  majority  in  1827.  He  gained  dis- 
tinction as  an  advocate  and  orator,  and  took  active 
part  in  political  life.  As  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  state  of  New  Jersey,  he  presided  over  the 
state  senate  for  several  years.  In  1851  he  was  a 
candidate  for  governor,  but  was  defeated  by  a 
few  votes.  He  was  a member  of  the  peace  con- 
gress of  1861  and  presided  over  many  of  its  ses- 
sions. In  1859  he  helped  to  organize  the  Equitable 
life  assurance  society  and  was  its  first  president, 
which  office  he  held  until  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  New  York  city,  Aug.  23.  1874. 

ALGER,  Cyrus,  iron  founder,  was  born  at 
West  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  Nov.  11,  1781.  He  is 
noted  as  the  inventor  of  the  cylinder  stove,  for 
improvement  in  weapons  of  war,  and  for  estab- 
lishing what  was  for  many  years  the  most  ex- 
tensive iron  foundry  in  America,  at  South  Boston. 
Mass.  He  died  Feb.  4,  1856. 


ALGER 


ALGER 


ALGER,  Horatio,  Jr.  , author,  was  born  at  Chel- 
sea (Revere),  Mass.,  Jan.  13,  1834.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Harvard  university  at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  and  occupied  the  next  few  years  in 
teaching,  writing,  and  doing  newspaper  work. 
For  a year  he  travelled  in  Europe,  acting  as 
correspondent  for  American  newspapers;  re- 
turning to  America  he  studied  divinity  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1864  was  ordained  to  the  Unitarian 
ministry  at  Brewster,  Mass.  In  1866  he  settled 
in  New  York  city,  where  he  studied  the  condition 
of  the  street  boys,  and  found  in  them  an  abun- 
dance of  interesting  material  for  stories.  Besides 
more  than  fifty  books  written  for  young  readers, 
he  published  “Helen  Ford,”  a novel,  and  many 
magazine  articles,  poems,  etc.  Among  his  books 
are:  “Nothing  to  Do:  a Tilt  at  our  Best  Society” 
(1857) ; “ Gran’ther  Baldwin’s  Thanksgiving,  with 
other  Ballads  and  Poems”  (1875);  “From  Canal 
Boy  to  President”  (1881);  “From  Farm  Boy  to 
Senator:  the  History  of  Daniel  Webster”  (1882); 
“ Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Backwoods  Boy”  (1883) ; 
“From  Log  Cabin  to  White  House”;  “Digging 
for  Gold”  (1892);  “Victor  Vane,  the  Young 
Secretary”  (1894);  “ Oidy  an  Irish  Boy”  (1894); 
“Adrift  in  the  City”  (1895) ; and  many  series  of 
books  on  New  York  street  life,  among  them  the 
“ Ragged  Dick  Series,”  “ Luck  and  Pluck  Series,” 
and  “ Tattered  Tom  Series.” 

ALGER,  Russell  Alexander,  ex-governor  of 
Michigan,  was  born  at  Lafayette,  Ohio,  Feb.  27, 
1836.  His  father  emigrated  from  Connecticut  to 
what  was  the  “ far  West,”  and  with  his  wife  and 
daughter  died  about  1847,  leaving  Russell  the 
oldest  of  three  orphan  children,  without  money 

and  with  a brother 
and  sister  to  care  for 
and  support.  He  had 
been  accustomed  to 
work  for  the  neigh- 
bors for  a small  quan- 
tity of  provisions,  or  a 
few  pennies  a day, 
even  before  the  death 
of  his  parents,  who 
were  very  poor.  He 
now  found  homes  for 
his  brother  and  sister 
and  secured  work  for 
himself  on  a farm, 
his  remuneration  be- 
ing his  board,  clothes, 
and  the  privilege  of  attending  school  three  months 
in  the  year.  He  afterward  secured  a place  where 
he  was  paid  regular,  though  small  wages,  and  he 
was  able  from  his  savings  to  pass  several  terms  at 
the  Richfield  academy.  He  thus  fitted  himself 
to  teach  a district  school,  which  he  commenced 
in  the  winter  of  1856,  boarding  around  among  the 


farmers  as  a part  of  his  remuneration.  After 
this  time,  by  close  economy  lie  was  able  to  assist 
his  brother  and  sister  in  obtaining  an  education, 
and  to  advance  himself  in  the  study  of  law.  In 
1859  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  prac- 
tice in  Cleveland,  O.  Overwork  and  indoor  con- 
finement soon  broke  down  his  health,  and  in  1860 
he  was  obliged  to  relinquish  for  a time  his  profes- 
sion. Borrowing  a small  sum  of  money  he  went  to 
Michigan  with  a friend,  where  they  engaged  in 
the  business  of  lumbering.  In  1861.  through  the 
failure  of  another  firm,  he  lost  all  his  capital, 
and  was  left  in  debt.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war  he  promptly  enlisted  as  a pri- 
vate in  the  2d  Michigan  cavalry,  and  was  soon 
promoted  to  a captaincy.  He  served  three  years, 
through  many  hard-fought  battles,  and  step  by 
step  he  gained  promotion  until  at  the  close  of  the 
conflict  in  1865  he  was  made  a brevet  major- 
general  “for  gallant  and  meritorious  service.” 
Not  discouraged  by  his  former  failure,  he  once 
more  embarked  in  the  lumber  business,  this  time 
with  such  success  that  in  twenty  years  he  had 
amassed  a comfortable  fortune.  In  1884  he  was 
nominated  by  the  republican  party  of  Michigan 
for  governor  and  was  elected.  His  administra- 
tion was  exceedingly  popular,  for  he  brought  into 
the  conduct  of  state  affairs  business  methods 
combined  with  strict  honesty  and  a close  attention 
to  every  official  duty.  The  best  men  of  both 
parties  desired  to  see  him  again  in  the  guberna- 
torial chair,  but  he  declined  and  devoted  himself 
to  business  affairs.  His  name  was  prominent  as  a 
candidate  for  the  presidency  before  the  repub- 
lican convention  of  1892,  that  nominated  Mr. 
Harrison,  he  receiving  143  votes  on  the  fifth 
ballot.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  Chicago  con- 
vention that  nominated  Blaine  and  Logan  in 
1884;  and  was  first  elector  from  Michigan  on  the 
republican  ticket  that  year.  He  was  a delegate- 
at-large  to  the  St.  Louis  convention  in  1896, 
and  chairman  of  the  Michigan  delegation.  Presi- 
dent McKinley  in  making  up  his  cabinet  ap- 
pointed him  secretary  of  war. 

ALGER,  William  Rounseville,  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Freetown,  Mass.,  Dec.  30,  1822.  He 
obtained,  by  his  own  labor,  the  means  to  acquire 
an  academical  education,  and  then  entered  the 
Cambridge  theological  school,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1847.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
Unitarian  ministry,  and  became  pastor  of  the 
Mount  Pleasant  Unitarian  society  in  Roxbury, 
Sept.  8,  1847.  In  1852  Harvard  college  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  He  resigned  the  pastor- 
ate of  the  Mount  Pleasant  church  in  1855,  and 
answered  a call  from  the  Bulfinch  street  society 
of  Boston.  Two  years  later  he  accepted  an  invi- 
tation to  deliver  a Fourth  of  July  oration,  on 
“ The  Genius  and  Posture  of  America,”  before 


ALLAN. 


ALLEN. 


the  civil  authorities  of  Boston,  and  created  a sen- 
sation by  roundly  denouncing  the  slave-owners  of 
the  south  and  the  upholders  of  slavery  in  the 
north.  This  oration  was  ill-timed  and  radical. 
The  board  of  aldermen  refused  the  speaker  the 
customary  vote  of  thanks.  The  Massachusetts 
house  of  representatives  elected  him  chaplain  in 
1869,  and  in  the  autumn  of  that  year  his  church 
united  with  Theodore  Parker’s  congregation  and 
organized  a society,  which  held  free  services  in 
Boston  music  hall,  where  he  preached  to  crowded 
houses  until  he  sailed  for  Europe,  in  1870,  for 
rest  and  recreation.  While  in  Paris  his  health 
gave  way,  as  the  result  of  arduous  overwork,  and 
he  was  granted  a year’s  leave  of  absence  to 
recruit.  He  returned  to  this  country,  in  May, 
1872,  and  continued  to  preach  in  Music  hall. 
In  1874  he  accepted  a call  from  the  church  of  the 
Messiah  in  New  York  city,  and  ministered  there 
until  1878,  when  he  removed  to  Denver,  Col.,  and 
from  there  in  1880  to  Chicago,  and  in  1881  to 
Portland,  Me.,  where  the  next  year  he  abandoned 
the  ministry  and  returned  to  Boston.  Among  his 
books  are : “ A Critical  History  of  the  Doct  rine  of 
a Future  Life”  (1861);  “Poetry  of  the  Orient” 
(1856);  “The  Genius  of  Solitude”  (1861);  “The 
Friendships  of  Women”  (1867);  “The  School  of 
Life”  (1881);  “The  Sources  of  Consolation  in 
Human  Life”;  “Life  of  Edwin  Forrest”  (1877) ; 
“A  Symbolic  History  of  the  Cross  of  Christ” 
(1881) ; and  “ Prayers  offered  in  the  Massachusetts 
House  of  Representatives  during  the  session  of 
1868”  (1869),  printed  by  request  of  members  of 
the  legislature. 

ALLAIRE,  Anthony,  soldier,  was  born  at  New 
Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  22,  1755.  When  he  came  of 
age  he  joined  as  lieutenant  the  Loyal  American 
corps  of  the  revolution,  and  at  the  siege  of 
Charleston  he  served  as  adjutant  under  Col. 
Patrick  Ferguson,  In  the  same  capacity  he 
fought  at  the  battle  of  King’s  Mountain,  where 
he  was  taken  prisoner.  His  diary,  relating  the 
events  of  the  South  Carolina  campaign,  has  been 
published  and  is  deemed  a reliable  source  of  histor- 
ical information.  He  died  at  Fredericton,  N.  B., 
June  9,  1838. 

ALLAN,  Jessie,  librarian,  was  born  in  Omaha, 
Neb.,  Dec.  15,  1861.  Her  early  education  was 
gained  at  private  and  public  schools  of  her  native 
city.  She  was  graduated  with  the  highest  honors 
from  the  Omaha  high  school  in  1881,  and  soon 
after  entered  the  Omaha  public  library  as  assist- 
ant to  her  sister,  Mary  Allan,  who  was  the  libra- 
rian, whom  she  succeeded  in  1886.  Her  wide 
knowledge  of  books,  her  tenacious  memory,  and 
her  executive  ability  eminently  fitted  her  for  the 
place,  but  her  physical  strength  was  inadequate 
to  her  arduous  duties,  and  in  1893  she  was  forced 
to  rest.  She  went  to  Colorado.  Texas,  Arizona, 


and  St.  Louis,  struggling  bravely  for  two  years 
to  regain  her  health.  The  success  of  the  Omaha 
library  is  largely  due  to  her  untiring  efforts.  Un- 
der her  administration  an  elegant  new  library 
building  was  erected.  She  died  Sept.  12,  1895. 

ALLCOCK,  Thomas,  manufacturer,  born  in 
Birmingham,  England,  in  1814.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1845,  and  expended  his  capital 
in  a small  drug  store  under  the  Astor  House.  He 
built  up  a good  business,  and  in  1854  invented  a 
porous  plaster,  the  sale  of  which  made  an  appre- 
ciable increase  in  his  income.  At  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war  he  joined  the  Union  army  as 
assistant  adjutant-general  on  the  staff  of  General 
Gates,  and  afterwards  helped  to  organize  a regi- 
ment of  artillery,  of  which  he  was  appointed 
major.  He  was  actively  engaged  in  nearly  a 
score  of  battles,  receiving  a wound  at  the  battle  of 
Ream’s  Station,  and  for  his  brave  conduct  he  re- 
ceived the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier-general.  He 
remained  in  business  in  New  York  from  the  close 
of  the  war  until  his  death,  which  occurred  Dec. 
27,  1891. 

ALLEN,  Alexander  Viets  Griswold,  author. 

was  born  at  Otis,  Mass.,  May  4,  1841.  He  was 
graduated  at  Kenyon  college,  Gambier,  Ohio,  in 
1862,  and  at  Andover  theological  seminary  in 
1865,  in  which  year  he  was  ordained  to  the  priest- 
hood of  the  Episcopal  church  and  appointed 
rector  of  St.  John’s  church,  Lawrence,  Mass., 
serving  there  until  1867,  when  he  accepted  the 
chair  of  ecclesiastical  history  in  the  Episcopal 
divinity  sciiool  at  Cambridge.  His  writings  are 
marked  by  scholarship  and  literary  ability.  His 
best-known  work,  “ The  Continuity  of  Christian 
Thought,”  published  in  1884,  is  very  widely  read, 
and  is  typical  in  its  expression  of  his  anti-Cal- 
vinistic  views.  His  Bolilen  lectures,  1884,  were 
published  under  the  title  of  “The  Greek  Theol- 
ogy and  the  Renaissance  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century,”  and  the  same  year  he  published  “ Con- 
tinuity of  Christian  Thought.”  Dr.  Allen  in 
1889  published  a “Life  of  Jonathan  Edwards,” 
and  a “ Life  of  Phillips  Brooks”  in  1891. 

ALLEN,  Benjamin,  clergyman  and  author, 
was  born  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1789.  He 
was  educated  in  the  Presbyterian  faith,  but  after- 
wards joined  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church, 
and  began  his  work  as  a layman  among  the 
colored  people  of  Charleston.  Ya.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  priesthood  in  1818.  In  1815  he  pub- 
lished the  Layman's  Magazine,  a weekly  periodi- 
cal ; and  in  1820  an  abridged  edition  of  Burnet’s 
"History  of  the  Reformation.”  In  1821  he  as- 
sumed charge  of  the  parish  of  St.  Paul,  Philadel- 
phia. He  established  a printing-office  in  1827, 
and  from  it  issued  leaflets,  pamphlets,  and  prayer- 
books.  Among  his  own  literary  works  were : 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


“Christ,  and  Him  Crucified”;  “Living  Man- 
ners” (1822);  “ The  Parent’s  Counsellor  ” ; “ His- 
tory of  the  Church  of  Christ,”  (1823-’24) ; “Sketch 
of  the  Life  of  Dr  Pilmore”  (1825.)  His  Memoirs 
were  published  by  his  brother,  in  Philadelphia  in 
1832.  He  died  at  sea,  Jan.  13,  1829. 

ALLEN,  Calvin  Francis,  civil  engineer  and 
educator,  was  born  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  July  10, 
1851.  He  was  graduated  from  the  Roxbury  Latin 
school  in  the  class  of  1868,  and  from  the  Massa- 
chusetts institute  of  technology  in  civil  engineer- 
ing in  the  class  of  1872.  Immediately  after  his 
graduation  he  entered  upon  the  work  of  civil 
engineering,  devoting  especial  attention  to  hy- 
draulic and  sanitary  engineering.  In  1878  he 
was  admitted  as  member  of  the  American  society 
of  civil  engineers.  Later,  in  the  west,  mainly  in 
connection  with  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & Santa  Fd 
railroad,  his  work  was  more  directly  railroad  en- 
gineering. In  1885  he  was  admitted  to  practice 
before  the  courts  of  New  Mexico,  serving  for  more 
tlian  a year  as  attorney  of  the  Atchison.  Topeka  & 
Santa  F<5  railroad  at  Socorro.  In  1887  he  became 
assistant  professor  of  railroad  engineering  at  the 
Massachusetts  institute  of  technology,  and  in 
1893  was  made  associate  professor,  and  served  as 
secretary  of  the  alumni  association.  He  pub- 
lished, mainly  for  the  use  of  his  own  students, 
two  books,  “Railroad  Curves  and  Earthwork,” 
and  “Tables  for  the  Computation  of  Earthwork.” 

ALLEN,  Charles,  jurist,  was  born  in  Worces- 
ter. Mass.,  Aug.  9.  1797.  After  his  graduation 
from  Harvard  college  he  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1821.  In  1829  he  represented 
his  district  in  the  house  of  representatives  of  the 
commonwealth  of  Massachusetts,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1834,  ’36  and  ’40.  In  1835,  ’38,  and  ’39 
he  was  in  the  state  senate.  In  1842  he  was  a com- 
missioner to  negotiate  the  Ashburton  treaty,  and 
was  the  same  year  appointed  a judge  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas,  and  in  1859  chief  justice  of 
the  Massachusetts  supreme  court,  retaining  this 
office  until  within  two  years  of  his  death.  Judge 
Allen,  in  1849,  edited  the  Boston  Whig.  He  died 
at  his  home  in  Worcester,  Aug.  6,  1869. 

ALLEN,  Charles  Grant  Blairfindie,  “Grant 
Allen,”  author,  was  born  in  Kingston  Canada,  Feb. 

24.  1848.  He  matriculated  at  Merton  college,  Ox- 
ford, in  1867,  and  received  the  degree  of  B.A.  in 
1871.  Two  years  later  he  obtained  a professorship 
at  Quebec  college,  Jamaica.  He  resided  for  many 
years  in  London,  where  he  became  known  as  the 
“St.  Paul  of  Darwinism” ; his  expositions  of  the 
theories  of  the  great  scientist  being  particularly 
strong  and  vivid.  Mr.  Allen  is  a colorist,  and  in 
writing  on  scientific  subjects  gives  the  facts,  not 
in  dry,  technical  terms,  but  in  so  attractive  a 
manner  as  to  make  his  reader  forget  that  he  is 
reading  science  in  his  interest  in  the  subject.  He 

[61] 


is  a voluminous  and  versatile  writer,  as  the  titles 
of  his  works  testify.  These  are:  “Color  Sense,” 
“ Colin  Clout’s  Calendar,”  “ The  Colorsof  Flowers,” 
“ Commonsense  Sense,”  “Anglo-Saxon  Britain,” 
“Flowers  and  their  Pedigree”  (1884),  “Physio- 
logical Aesthetics,”  “ Vignettes  from  Nature.” 
“ Force  and  Energy,”  “ A Theory  of  Dynamics,” 
“Science  in  Arcady,”  “The  Lower  Slopes; 
Reminiscences  of  Excursions  round  the  Base 
of  Helicon.”  (poems);  “ Catullus  Caius  Valerius” 
(translated  into  English  verse) ; “ Falling  in  Love, 
and  Other  Essays.”  “ Biographies  of  Work- 
ing Men”  (1884);  “Common  Sense  Science” 
(1886);  and  “The  Story  of  the  Plants” 
(1895).  In  1883  Mr.  Allen  made  his  first 
venture  in  fiction,  which  was  so  successful 
that  he  has  written  one  volume  and  sometimes 
more  each  year.  His  novels  are  as  interesting  as 
his  other  writings,  and  often  exemplify  some 
scientific  fact.  We  give  their  titles  sequentially: 
“ Philistia  ” (1884);  “Babylon”  (1885);  “For 
Maimie’s  Sake”  (1886);  “In  all  Shades”  (1887); 
“The  Devil’s  Die”  (1888);  “This  Mortal  Coil” 
(1888);  “The  Tents  of  Shem  ” (1889);  “Wed- 
nesday, the  Tenth”  (1890);  “The  Duchess  of 
Powsyland”  (1891);  “The  Great  Taboo”  (1891); 
“Recalled  to  Life”  (1891);  “Blood  Royal” 
(1892);  “Michael’s  Crag”  (1893);  “The  Scally- 
wag” (1893);  “At  Market  Value”  (1894);  “The 
British  Barbarians”  (1895);  “Dr.  Palliser’s 
Patient”;  “ Dumaresq’s  Daughter”;  and  “ Post- 
Prandial  Philosophy.”  a series  of  papers  con- 
tributed to  the  Westminster  Gazette. 

ALLEN,  David  Oliver,  missionary,  was  born 
at  Barre,  Mass.,  Jan.  6.  1800.  He  was  graduated 
from  college  in  1820,  after  which  lie  was  tutor  in 
the  academy  at  Lawrence  for  some  years.  He  then 
entered  Andover  theological  seminary,  but  left 
the  institution  in  1827  to  join  a missionary  party 
bound  for  India.  At  Bombay  he  established 
schools,  gathered  the  people  together  for  worship, 
and  made  long  journeys  into  western  India.  He 
remained  there  twenty-five  years.  His  services 
in  India  included  the  charge  of  the  printing-house 
already  established  in  the  province  of  Bombay, 
and  there  he  superintended  the  printing  of  a Bible, 
as  well  as  of  various  tracts  that  he  had  translated 
into  the  Mahratta  language.  He  returned  to 
America  in  1853,  broken  in  health,  and  wrote  a 
history  of  India,  published  in  Boston  in  1856.  He 
died  in  Lowell.  Mass.,  July  17,  1863. 

ALLEN,  Ebenezer,  pioneer,  was  born  in  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  Oct.  17,  1743.  His  parents  re- 
moved to  New  Marlboro,  Mass.,  when  he  was  a 
child,  and  his  father  died  soon  after,  leaving  to 
him.  as  the  oldest  son.  the  support  of  a large 
family.  This  burden  prevented  his  attending 
school  and  he  learned  the  blacksmith’s  trade.  In 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


1762  he  married  a Miss  Richards,  and  in  1768  they 
removed  to  Bennington,  Vt.  In  1771  he  located 
in  Poultney,  and  was  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers 
of  that  town.  He  was  a soldier  with  Ethan  Allen 
at  Ticonderoga,  and  with  Colonel  Warner’s 
“Green  Mountain  Boys”  in  Canada  in  1755. 
Upon  his  return  from  the  Canada  expedition  he 
removed  to  Timnouth,  Vt. , and  served  as  a dele- 
gate to  the  several  conventions  of  1776.  looking  to 
an  independent  state  government.  In  1777  he 
helped  to  frame  the  constitution  of  the  new  state ; 
and  the  same  year  distinguished  himself  as  cap- 
tain of  minutemen  at  the  battle  of  Bennington. 
He  was  promoted  major  of  rangers,  and  after- 
wards colonel  in  the  state  service.  He  in  Septem- 
ber, 1777,  made  with  forty  men  an  attack  on  Mount 
Defiance,  and  captured  the  garrison  of  two  hun- 
dred men,  and  had  turned  the  guns  upon  Fort  Ti- 
conderoga when  his  superior  officer  declined  to 
continue  the  attempt  to  capture  the  fort.  In 
November  of  the  same  year,  after  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  fort,  Major  Allen  cut  off  the  rear 
guard  of  the  retreating  British  troops  and  cap- 
tured forty-nine  “redcoats.”  Among  his  prison- 
ers was  Diana  Morris  and  her  infant  child,  negro 
slaves  of  a British  officer.  As  the  constitution  he 
had  so  recently  helped  to  frame  for  the  state  for- 
bade the  holding  of  slaves,  Major  Allen  gave  them 
a certificate  of  emancipation.  He  commanded 
Fort  Vergennes  in  1778-’79,  serving  the  latter 
year  on  the  board  of  war.  In  1780  he  aided  Gov- 
ernor Clinton,  of  New  York,  in  intercepting  Sir 
John  Johnson  in  his  raid  from  Canada,  and  con- 
tinued on  duty  until  the  close  of  the  war.  Died 
at  Burlington,  Vt.,  March  26,  1806. 

ALLEN,  Edward  P.,  representative,  was  born 
at  Sharon,  Washtenaw  county,  Mich.,  Oct.  28, 
1839.  Until  his  twentieth  year  his  time  was  di- 
vided between  farm  labor  in  summer  and  attending 
and  teaching  school  in  winter.  In  1864  he  was 
graduated  from  the  state  normal  school,  going 
thence  to  Vassal',  Mich.,  where  for  three  months 
he  taught  the  Union  school.  In  June,  1864,  he 
joined  29th  Michigan  infantry,  and  in  September 
of  the  same  year  was  made  first-lieutenant.  Be- 
fore the  close  of  the  war  he  was  promoted  to  a 
captaincy.  He  afterwards  took  up  the  study  of 
law,  and  in  1867  was  graduated  from  the  Ann 
Arbor  law  school,  and  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  co-partnership  with  the  Hon.  B.  M. 
Cutcheon,  in  Ypsilanti.  The  latter  removing  to 
Detroit.  Mr.  Allen  continued  his  practice  alone. 
In  1876  he  was  sent  to  the  lower  house  of  the 
state  legislature,  and  again  in  1878,  and  during 
the  latter  term  served  as  speaker.  In  1880  he  was 
elected  mayor  of  the  city,  and  from  1882  until 
1885  he  acted  as  U.  S.  Indian  agent  for  Michigan. 
He  was  elected  to  the  fiftieth  and  re-elected  to 
the  fifty-first  congresses. 


ALLEN,  Edward  P.,  educator,  was  born  near 
Lowell,  Mass.,  March  17,  1853.  He  received  a pub- 
lic school  education,  after  which  he  entered  Mount 
St.  Mary’s  college,  Emmittsburg,  Md.,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1873,  and  was  graduated  with  high  honors  in 
the  class  of  1878.  In  1879  he  commenced  his 
theological  course  at  the  seminary  connected 
with  the  college,  was  initiated  into  minor  orders 
in  1880,  ordained  deacon  in  September,  1881,  and 
elevated  to  the  priesthood,  Dec.  17,  1881.  Father 
Allen  remained  at  Mount  St.  Mary’s  college  as 
professor  until  the  spring  of  1882,  when  he  was 
called  upon  to  return  to  the  east  by  the  bishop  of 
Boston,  who  appointed  him  an  assistant  in  the 
cathedral  in  that  city.  Later  he  was  assigned  to 
assist  Rev.  J.  S.  Cullen  at  Framingham,  and  was 
appointed  chaplain  of  the  state  reformatory  at 
Sherborn,  Mass.  At  the  urgent  request  of  the 
president  and  faculty,  Father  Allen  was  in  the 
spring  of  1884  again  returned  to  his  alma  mater. 
He  was  elected  vice  president  and  treasurer  of 
the  college,  and  discharged  his  duties  with  such 
satisfaction  that  he  was  elected  president  of 
Mount  St.  Mary’s  college  at  the  close  of  the 
scholastic  year,  1884.  During  his  administration 
many  improvements  were  made  in  the  college 
and  seminary,  and  the  number  of  pupils  in  both 
departments  was  greatly  increased.  The  faculty 
was  augmented  and  strengthened,  the  college 
debt,  amounting  to  sixty-five  thousand  dollars 
was  paid,  and  new  buildings  were  erected.  In 
1889  the  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  Georgetown  college.  In  1889  he  visited  F ranch 
and  the  British  Isles,  and  in  1892  made  a tour  of 
Italy. 

ALLEN,  Elisha  Hunt,  jurist,  was  born  at 

New  Salem,  Mass.,  Jan.  28,  1804,  son  of  Samuel 
C.  Allen,  a lawyer.  In  1823  he  was  graduated 
at  Williams  college,  studied  with  his  father,  and 
two  years  later  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  begin- 
ning practice  in  Brattleboro.  He  subsequently 
removed  to  Bangor,  Me.,  where  he  served  in  the 
legislature  and  represented  his  district  in  the 
27th  Congress  as  a Whig,  but  was  defeated  for 
the  28th  Congress.  He  removed  to  Boston  in  1847, 
and  was  elected  to  the  house  of  representatives 
of  the  state  in  1849.  President  Taylor  made  him 
United  States  consul  at  Honolulu  in  1849,  and  he 
performed  the  office  so  acceptably  that  the  Ha- 
waiian government  made  him  first  minister  of 
finance,  and  then  chief  justice.  The  latter  office 
he  retained  for  twenty  years.  Important  negotia- 
tions were  conducted  between  the  United  States 
and  the  Hawaiian  governments  during  this  term, 
and  upon  his  return  to  America  he,  at  various 
times,  was  the  accredited  minister  of  the  Ha- 
waiian kingdom  at  Washington.  He  was  dean  of 
the  diplomatic  corps  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  Jan.  1,  1883. 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN,  Elizabeth  (Akers),  author,  was  born 
at  Strong,  Me.,  Oct.  9, 1832.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Elizabeth  Chase.  She  began  to  write  verses  at 
an  early  age  under  the  pen  name  of  ‘ ‘ Florence 
Percy.”  Some  of  these  were,  in  1855,  published 
in  a volume  entitled,  “ Forest  Buds.”  Some  years 
later  she  was  married  to  Benjamin  Paul  Akers, 
the  sculptor,  who  died  in  1861,  and  she  became  in 
1865  the  wife  of  E.  M.  Allen  of  New  York. 
For  several  years  following,  her  residence  was  in 
Richmond,  Ya.  She  published  a second  volume 
of  poems  in  1866,  which  included  the  poem 
“Rock  Me  to  Sleep,  Mother,”  afterwards  set  to 
music  by  several  composers,  and  which  became 
very  popular,  so  that  its  authorship  was  claimed 
by  several  writers  of  verses.  Her  claim  was, 
however,  firmly  established  by  indisputable  evi- 
dence. She  also  published  “The  Silver  Bridge,” 
in  1885;  a volume  of  prose  and  verse  anony- 
mously in  1886;  and  a fourth  vohune  of  verse 
in  1891 ; and  she  afterwards  contributed  fre- 
quently to  the  monthly  magazines.  Having 
published  her  second  book  while  she  was  Eliz- 
abeth Akers,  she  retained  that  as  a pen  name. 
Mrs.  Allen  was  for  many  years  literary  editor  of 
the  Advertiser,  Portland,  Me. 

ALLEN,  Ethan,  soldier,  was  born  in  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  Jan.  10,  1737,  son  of  Joseph  and  Mary 

(Baker)  Allen. 
His  first  Ameri- 
can ancestor, 
Samuel  Allen, 
came  to  Chelms- 
ford in  1632. 
Ethan’s  father 
was  a farmer 
in  poor  circum- 
stances, and  the 
son  had  few  ad- 
vantages for  ob- 
taining an  edu- 
cation,  al- 
though it  ap- 
pears to  have 
been  his  ambi- 
tion to  study 
law.  He  en- 
gaged in  iron 
smelting  at 
Salisbury,  Ct., 
and  in  develop- 
ing a tract  of 
land  in  Mine 
Hill,  Roxbury, 
about  1762-’64. 
At  the  age  of 
twenty-six  years  he,  with  four  brothers,  Heman, 
Hebar,  Ira,  and  Levi,  went  to  the  Vermont  colony 
to  locate  lands  in  the  New  Hampshire  grants, 


they  finally  settling  at  Bennington.  He  appears 
to  have  also  lived  at  Arlington,  Sutherland,  and 
Tinmouth.  He  at  once  became  interested  in  the 
dispute  between  New  York  and  New  Hampshire, 
over  the  possession  of  the  territory  settled  under 
the  New  Hampshire  land  grant,  and  which  became 
the  state  of  Vermont.  He  espoused  the  claims 
of  New  Hampshire  so  vigorously  that  in  1770  he 
was  sent  as  agent  to  Albany  to  represent  the 
question  as  it  appeared  to  the  actual  settlers.  In 
one  of  his  pamphlets  he  wrote : “ The  transferring 
and  alienation  of  property  is  a sacred  prerogative 
of  the  owner  — kings  and  governors  cannot 
intermeddle  therewith;  common  sense  teaches 
common  law.”  The  decision  of  the  court  being 
adverse  to  New  Hampshire,  he  was  advised  to 
go  home  and  make  the  best  terms  he  could  for 
the  settlers.  His  reply  was:  “The  gods  of  the 
valleys  are  not  the  gods  of  the  hills.”  He  was  of- 
fered land  grants  for  himself,  and  office  under  the 
New  York  authority,  which  he  spurned.  New 
Hampshire  practically  abandoned  the  settlers, 
and  Allen  advocated  armed  resistance,  and  was 
chosen  colonel  of  the  regiment  that  became  the 
historic  “ Green  Mountain  Boys,”  and  of  which 
Seth  Warner,  Remember  Baker,  Robert  Coch- 
rane and  Gideon  Olin  were  captains.  In  this 
capacity  he  made  it  his  twofold  duty  to  defend 
the  settlers  from  the  sheriff  of  Albany  county, 
who  came  repeatedly  with  from  three  hundred  to 
seven  hundred  men  to  dispossess  the  farmers,  and 
to  eject  New  York  settlers  from  the  territory 
which  was  now  without  government,  except  that 
administered  by  the  militia,  and  which  Allen  hu- 
morously described  as,  “ Chastisement  with  the 
twigs  of  the  wilderness,  the  growth  of  the  land 
they  coveted.”  Allen  was  declared  an  outlaw,  for 
whose  capture  the  governor  of  New  York,  in 
1771-72  had  offered  a reward  of  £150.  He  evaded 
arrest,  although  he  actually  rode  to  Albany,  went 
to  the  principal  hotel,  where  he  was  known,  called 
for  and  drank  a punch,  and,  in  the  presence  of  the 
sheriff  and  a gathering  throng,  mounted  His  horse 
and  safely  road  away  with  a parting  huzza  for  the 
Green  Mountains.  In  1774  he  was  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal advocates  in  a scheme  to  form  a new  colony, 
to  stretch  from  the  Green  Mountains  west,  north 
of  the  Mohawk  river  to  the  shores  of  Ontario,  with 
Skenesborough  (now  Whitehall)  as  the  capital, 
and  Philip  Skene  as  the  governor.  Skene  had 
gone  to  England  to  urge  the  project,  when  the 
war  of  the  revolution  brought  the  matter  to  a 
close.  Allen  was  one  of  the  first  to  espouse  the 
cause  of  the  colonists,  and  in  March,  1775,  and 
before  the  massacre  of  Westminster,  had  deter- 
mined to  capture  Fort  Ticonderoga,  which  he  ac 
complished  twenty -one  days  after  the  battles  of 
Lexington  and  Concord,  and  without  a commis- 
sion from  the  Continental  Congress,  which,  in  fact, 
[63] 


ETHAN  ALLEN  MONUMENT. 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


had  not  yet  convened.  With  a force  of  less  than 
one  hundred  ‘ ‘ Green  Mountain  Boys”  the  garri- 
son was  surprised  just  at  daybreak,  aroused,  and 
ordered  to  surrender  ‘ ‘ in  the  name  of  the  great 
Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Congress.”  When 
Congress  convened,  it  tendered  Colonel  Allen  a 
formal  vote  of  thanks  for  his  gallant  exploit. 

The  capture  of  Ticonderoga  was  followed  by 
that  of  Skenesborough,  and  Crown  Point  immedi- 
ately after,  and  in  less  than  a week  the  entire 
country  around  Lake  Champlain  was  in  the  pos 
session  of  the  revolutionists.  This  opened  up  a 
direct  route  to  Canada,  and  A llen  on  May  29 
wrote  to  Congress : ‘ ‘ The  Canadians  (all  except  the 
noblesse) , and  also  the  Indians,  appear  at  present 
to  be  very  friendly  with  us,  and  it  is  my  humble 
opinion  that  the  more  vigorous  the  colonists  push 
the  war  against  the  king’s  troops  in  Canada,  the 
more  friends  we  shall  find  in  that  country.”  He 
said  with  one  thousand  five  hundred  men  and 
a proper  train  of  artillery  he  could  take  Mon- 
treal. Then  “there  would  be  no  insuperable 
difficulty  to  take  Quebec  and  set  up  the 
standard  of  liberty  in  the  extensive  province, 
whose  limit  was  enlarged  purely  to  subvert 
the  liberties  of  America.”  He  advanced  his  views 
with  force  and  had  many  earnest  advocates.  He 
wrote  to  the  Indians,  calling  them  “brothers  and 
friends,”  asked  the  merchants  of  Montreal  to 
open  trade  with  the  colonists,  and  issued  a procla- 
mation to  the  French  people  of  Canada  appealing 
to  them  not  to  take  up  arms  against  the  colonists. 
He  went  to  Philadelphia  and  Albany  to  urge  the 
scheme  in  the  continental  and  provincial  con- 
gresses, and  the  New  York  congress  finally  author- 
ized the  raising  of  a regiment  of  “ Green  Moun- 
tain Boys  ” to  be  officered  from  their  own  choos- 
ing. This  called  for  a meeting  of  the  town’s 
committees  to  elect  officers  instead  of  the  soldiers 
themselves,  and  much  to  the  chagrin  of  Allen  the 
choice  fell  upon  Seth  Warner  by  a vote  of  forty  - 
one  to  five.  General  Schuyler  immediately 
after  sent  Allen  on  several  expeditions  to 
arouse  the  people  of  Canada  to  support  the 
revolutionary  cause,  and  if  possible  bring  about 
an  insurrection.  In  one  of  these  expeditions 
he  was  taken  prisoner  at  Montreal,  Sept.  24, 
1775,  and  remained  in  confinement  at  Fal- 
mouth, England ; Halifax,  Nova  Scotia ; and  New 
York,  successively.  He  was  paroled  in  November, 
1777,  after  his  arrival  in  New  York,  but  not  ex- 
changed until  May  3,  1778,  when  Colonel  Alexan- 
der Campbell  was  released  in  exchange,  and  en- 
tertained Allen  for  two  days  at  his  home  in  New 
York.  Allen  then  went  to  Valley  Forge,  where 
Washington  made  him  his  guest,  and  where  he 
met  Putnam,  Gates,  Lafayette,  and  other  general 
officers.  He  was  immediately  commissioned  by 
Congress  brevet  brigadier-general,  and  the  legisla- 


ture of  his  state  made  him  major-general  and 
commander -in-chief  of  the  state  militia.  By  this 
time  the  boundary  disputes  had  broken  out  again, 
and  he  devoted  himself  to  their  settlement.  As 
agent  to  Congress  he  was  the  prime  factor  in 
forcing  upon  that  body  the  recognition  of  Ver- 
mont as  a state.  In  this  matter  his  motives  and 
his  loyalty  to  the  colonists  have  been  questioned, 
and  were  at  the  time  open  to  reasonable  doubt. 
He,  however,  appears  to  have  had  the  confidence 
of  Washington,  and  whatever  lengths  he  went  in 
way  of  deceiving  the  British  with  promises  made 
to  be  broken,  his  whole  life  and  especially  his  re- 
fusals to  be  bribed  by  the  British  when  much 
larger  and  more  alluring  offers  were  held  out, 
fully  disproves  any  taint  of  treason.  He  resigned 
his  commission  as  major-general,  at  the  same  time 
declaring  himself  ready  “ to  serve  the  state  ac- 
cording to  his  abilities  ” if  ever  necessary.  He 
published  his  “ Narration  ” in  1779;  “ Vindication 
of  Vermont  and  Her  Right  to  Form  an  Indepen- 
dent State”  (1779);  “ Oracles  of  Reason,”  which 
he  called  “ A Compendious  System  of  Natural 
Religion,”  in  1784,  and  various  pamphlets.  His 
life  has  been  written  by  Jared  Sparks,  Henry  Hall, 
Hugh  Moore,  and  H.  W.  DePuy.  The  legislature 
of  Vermont  of  1885  ordered  a monument  to  be 
erected  over  his  grave,  a Tuscan  column  of  granite 
forty-two  feet  high  and  four  and  one-half  feet 
in  diameter.  A statue  of  Vermont  marble  sculp- 
tured by  Mead  stands  in  the  vestibule  of  the 
state  house  at  Montpelier,  and  another  of  Italian 
marble  by  the  same  sculptor  in  the  rotunda  of 
the  capitol  at  Washington.  A heroic  statue 
designed  by  Peter  Stevenson  was  unveiled  at 
Burlington.  July  4.1893,  and  surmounts  the  monu- 
ment erected  in  1885.  He  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Cornelius  and  Abigail  (Jackson) 
Brownson  of  Woodbury,  Ct.,  who  died  in 
Sutherland,  Vt.,  about  1783,  and  was  buried 
at  Arlington.  On  Feb.  9,  1784,  he  married 
Mrs.  Frances  Buchanan,  the  widowed  daughter 
of  Crean  Bush,  the  Tory,  who  in  the  New  York 
legislature  had  been  largely  instrumental  in  the 
passage  of  the  act  of  outlawry  against  him.  By 
this  marriage  one  daughter  and  two  sons  were 
born.  The  daughter,  after  her  father’s  death, 
entered  a convent  in  Montreal,  and  the  sons, 
Hannibal  and  Ethan  A.,  became  officers  in  the 
United  States  navy.  He  died  at  Burlington.  Vt., 
Feb.  12.  1789. 

ALLEN,  Harrison,  physician,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  17,  1841.  At  the  age  of 
twenty  he  was  graduated  from  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
the  following  year  joined  the  United  States  army 
as  assistant  surgeon,  serving  first  with  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac,  and  later  in  the  hospitals  of 
Washington.  In  1865  he  resigned  from  the  army 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


with  the  brevet  rank  of  major,  and  went  to  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  as  professor  of  com- 
parative anatomy  and  medical  zoology,  and  after- 
wards of  physiology.  He  also  acted  as  professor 
of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  Philadelphia  Den- 
tal college,  and  as  surgeon  and  secretary  to  the 
Philadelphia  hospital.  He  contributed  to  medical 
journals,  writing  chiefly  on  osteomyelitis,  human 
anatomy,  and  morbid  anatomy.  His  publications 
are:  “Outlines  of  Comparative  Anatomy  and 
Medical  Zoology  ” (1868) ; “Studies  in  the  Facial 
Region”  (1869);  “An  Analysis  of  the  Life-form 
in  Art  ” (1875) ; “ Monograph  on  the  Bats  of  North 
America”  (1864);  “Localization  of  Diseased  Ac- 
tion in  the  (Esophagus  ” (1877);  “The  Temporal 
and  Masseter  Muscles  of  Mammals  ” (1880);  “Sys- 
tem of  Human  Anatomy”  (1882);  “A  New 
Method  of  Recording  the  Motions  of  the  Soft 
Palate”  (1884) ; “ A Clinical  Study  of  the  Skull  ” 
(1890);  and  “The  Embryos  of  Bats”  (1895). 

ALLEN,  Heman,  diplomat,  was  born  at  Corn- 
wall, Ct.,  Oct.  15,  1740,  second  son  of  Joseph  and 
Mary  (Baker)  Allen.  His  father  died  in  1755, 
and  he,  after  going  with  his  brothers  to  the  New 
Hampshire  grants,  returned  and  became  a mer- 
chant at  Salisbury,  Ct.,  where  he  was  living  when 
the  war  of  the  revolution  broke  out.  He  was 
largely  interested  in  Vermont  and  owned  con- 
siderable property  there.  He  was  a delegate  from 
Rutland,  Vt.,  to  the  convention  of  January,  1777, 
that  declared  for  independence,  and  again  from 
Colchester,  Vt.,  to  the  Windsor  convention  that 
framed  the  state  constitution.  He  was  also  agent 
from  Dorset  convention  of  January,  1776,  to  pre- 
sent the  cause  of  the  people  of  Vermont  to  Con- 
gress, petitioning  to  be  allowed  to  serve  in  the 
common  cause,  under  officers  to  be  named  by 
Congress.  This  was  a very  successful  effort,  and 
he  reported  on  the  mission,  July  22,  1776.  In  all 
the  conventions  looking  to  the  affairs  of  Vermont, 
save  two,  his  name  appears  as  a delegate,  and  in 
the  two  he  served  as  delegate  at  large  or  coun- 
sellor. He  represented  Middlebury  in  the  state 
legislature  one  term.  He  was  captain  of  a com- 
pany in  the  regiment  of  Green  Mountain  Boys  in 
their  expedition  to  Canada.  At  the  battle  of 
Bennington  he  was  present  as  one  of  the  com- 
mittee of  safety,  and  there  contracted  a cold 
which  led  to  decline  and  death  in  May,  1778. 

ALLEN,  Heman,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Poult- 
ney,  Vt.,  Feb.  23,  1779,  son  of  Heber  Allen,  and 
nephew  of  Ethan  Allen.  In  1785  he  was 
graduated  from  Dartmouth  college,  and  after 
studying  law  lie  was  appointed,  in  1808,  sheriff  of 
Chittenden  county,  Vt. , serving  two  years.  From 
1811  to  1814  lie  was  chief  justice  of  the  county 
court,  and  from  1812  to  1817  a member  of  the 
lower  house  of  the  state  legislature.  While  in 
the  latter  body  he  received  the  appointment  of 


quartermaster  of  militia,  with  the  title  of  briga- 
dier-general. In  1817  he  was  elected  a representa- 
tive in  Congress,  but  resigned  the  following  year 
to  accept  from  President  Monroe  the  position  of 
United  States  marshal  for  the  district  of  Ver- 
mont. In  1823  President  Monroe  appointed  him 
United  States  minister  to  Chili,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1828.  He  married  Elizabeth  Hart, 
one  of  “ the  seven  graces  of  Stratford.”  He  re- 
signed in  1828,  and  from  1830  to  1836  was 
president  of  the  United  States  branch  bank  at 
Burlington ; and  at  the  expiration  of  its  charter 
he  removed  to  Highgate,  Vt.,  where  he  died 
April  9.  1852. 

ALLEN,  Henry  Watkins,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Prince  Edward  county,  Va.,  April  29.  1820. 
His  father  was  a practising  physician  and  re- 
moved to  Missouri,  where  the  son  was  educated 
at  the  Marionville  collegiate  institute.  He  studied 
law,  was  admitted  to  the  Mississippi  bar,  and  prac- 
tised his  profession.  In  1842  he  responded  to 
President  Houston’s  call  for  volunteers  to  aid  the 
people  of  Texas  in  their  war  with  Mexico,  and 
raised  a company  which  he  led.  He  returned 
to  Grand  Gulf,  resumed  practice,  and  was,  in 
1846,  elected  to  the  state  legislature.  He  then 
engaged  in  sugar  planting  in  West  Baton  Rouge, 
La.,  where  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legisla- 
ture of  Louisiana,  in  1853.  The  next  year  he  took 
a legal  course  at  Harvard  college,  and  in  1859 
started  for  Italy,  intending  to  enlist  with  Gari- 
baldi in  his  struggle  for  independence.  On  his 
arrival  the  war  being  over,  he  made  the  tour 
of  Europe,  and  returned  home,  where  he  again 
served  in  the  state  legislature.  When  Louisiana 
seceded  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  army  and 
was  made  lieutenant -colonel.  He  was  soon  pro- 
moted to  be  colonel  of  the  4th  Louisiana  regiment 
and  military  governor  of  Jackson,  Miss.  He  was 
wounded  at  Shiloh  and  at  Baton  Rouge,  where 
he  commanded  a brigade.  At  Vicksburg  he 
did  effective  service.  He  was  promoted  briga- 
dier-general in  1864,  and  the  same  year  elected 
governor  of  Louisiana.  In  this  capacity  he  or- 
ganized a route  of  trade  to  the  Mexican  border 
and  exchanged  cotton  for  supplies  needed  in  the 
state,  which  he  sold  to  the  people  at  moder- 
ate prices,  besides  giving  to  the  poor.  He  also 
secured  to  the  planters  the  right  to  pay  the  cotton 
tax  imposed  by  the  confederate  government  in 
kind,  and  was  largely  engaged  in  preventing  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  liquor  in  the  state. 
After  the  war  he  removed  to  the  city  of  Mexico, 
and  established  the  Mexican  Times.  He  died 
April  22,  1867. 

ALLEN,  Horatio,  civil  engineer,  was  born  in 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  in  1802,  son  of  Benjamin 
Allen,  professor  of  mathematics  in  Union  college. 
His  opportunities  for  acquiring  an  education  were 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


exceptionally  favorable,  and  he  entered  the  junior 
class  in  Columbia  college,  and  was  graduated  in 
1823.  His  predilec- 
tion was  to  study  law, 
but  after  one  year  he 
abandoned  it,  and 
fitted  himself  as  a 
civil  engineer,  for 
which  his  natural 
tastes  and  mathemat- 
ical attainments  bet- 
ter fitted  him.  His 
first  practical  work 
was  as  rodman  in  a 
party  engaged  on  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
canal.  In  1824  he  was 
made  resident  engineer  of  the  work.  His  next 
engagement  was  in  1825  as  resident  engineer  of 
the  Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  company,  under 
John  B.  Jervis,  chief  engineer.  Early  in  1827 
the  Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  company  com- 
missioned the  young  engineer  to  go  to  England, 
inspect  the  operations  of  the  new  motive  power, 
and,  if  found  practicable,  to  superintend  the 
building  of  three  engines  suitable  to  the  use  of  a 
road  of  sixteen  miles,  then  in  process  of  construc- 
tion between  the  mines  in  the  Lackawanna  valley 
and  the  canal.  He  was,  at  the  same  time,  to  pur- 
chase the  iron  rails  required  for  the  road.  In 
carrying  out  this  commission  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  George  Stephenson,  inspected  his 
plans  and  work,  and  also  visited  other  locomotive 
builders  and  projectors,  and  witnessing  the  practi- 
cal results  of  the  operations  on  the  Stockton  and 
Darlington  railway,  he  ordered  engines  of  the  type 
there  used.  When  the  “Stourbridge  Lion”  ar- 
rived in  New  York  it  was  tested  and  sent  to 
Honesdale,  Pa.,  by  boat.  On  its  first  trial,  Aug. 
9,  1829,  some  changes  had  to  be  made  to  accom- 
modate it  to  the  curves  in  the  road.  Mr.  Allen 
ran  the  engine  alone,  as  it  was  the  opinion  of  all 
present  that  either  its  immense  weight  would  break 
down  the  road,  or  that  the  curves  would  precipi- 
tate the  monster  into  the  creek  thirty  feet  below. 
He  says  of  this  experience:  “If  there  was  any 
danger  in  the  ride,  I did  not  think  it  necessary  to 
endanger  the  life  and  limb  of  more  than  one.  I 
had  never  run  a locomotive  or  any  other  engine 
before,  but  on  Aug.  9,  1829, 1 ran  the  1 Stourbridge 
Lion’  three  miles  and  back  to  the  place  of  starting.  ” 
In  1829  Mr.  Allen  was  appointed  chief  engineer  of 
the  South  Carolina  railroad,  extending  from 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  to  Augusta,  Ga.  The  road  was 
completed  in  1834.  and  was  then  the  longest  in  the 
world.  In  1834  Mr.  Allen  was  married  in  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,to  Mary  Moncrief,  daughter  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Simons,  rector  of  St.  Phillips  church  of  that  city. 
In  1838  he  was  appointed  chief  assistant  engineer 


of  the  Croton  water-works,  and  upon  the  comple- 
tion of  the  aqueduct  was  made  a member  of  the 
board  of  water  commissioners.  In  1842  he  was 
connected  with  the  Novelty  iron  works,  which 
furnished  engines  for  all  the  steamships  and  war 
vessels  built  in  America  at  that  time  as  well  as 
some  for  foreign  vessels.  The  company  was  dis- 
solved in  1870  and  Mr.  Allen  retired  from  business. 
He  was  for  a time  president  of  the  Erie  railway 
and  for  years  its  consulting  engineer.  He  was 
also  consulting  engineer  of  the  Panama  railroad 
company.  His  last  official  position  was  that  of 
consulting  engineer  of  the  East  River  bridge  of 
New  York  and  Brooklyn.  His  interest  in  education 
led  him  to  prepare  primary  works  on  arithmetic 
and  algebra,  to  meet  the  needs  of  younger  pupils ; 
he  also  published  a work  on  astronomy,  and  in- 
vented an  orrery  and  other  astronomical  instru- 
ments for  school  use.  The  University  of  the  city 
of  New  York  conferred  on  him  the  degree  LL.D. 
in  1857.  He  died  at  his  New  Jersey  home,  Dec. 
31,  1889. 

ALLEN,  Ira,  statesman,  was  born  in  Cornwall, 
Conn.,  April  21,  1751.  the  youngest  son  of  Joseph 
and  Mary  Baker  Allen,  and  brother  of  Ethan, 
Heman,  Hebar,  and  Levi  Allen.  He  received  a 
good  English  education,  and  was  a practical  land 
surveyor  when  very  young.  He  came  with  his 
brothers  to  Vermont  in  1771,  and  in  one  year  was 
an  extensive  proprietor  of  land  in  Burlington  and 
Colchester,  and,  with  his  brothers  and  Remember 
Baker,  founded  the  Onion  river  land  company, 
the  largest  landed  concern  in  the  state.  This 
ownership  brought  him  in  opposition  to  the 
claims  of  New  York  to  the  territory,  and  he 
served  as  secretary  of  the  committee  of  safety 
from  its  formation  to  its  close.  He  was  lieuten- 
ant in  Colonel  Warner’s  regiment  in  the  Canada 
campaign  and  a trusted  confidant  of  General 
Montgomery.  In  the  formation  of  the  new  state 
in  1778  he  was  a member  of  its  council  and  its 
secretary.  He  was  also  its  first  treasurer,  serv- 
ing as  such  nine  years,  besides  being  surveyor- 
general  until  1786.  About  this  time  a deter- 
mined opposition  to  his  holding  so  many  offices 
resulted  in  his  defeat  at  further  elections.  He 
served  as  captain,  colonel,  and  major-general  of 
the  state  militia  and  as  a member  of  the  board  of 
war  during  the  revolution.  He  was  prominent 
in  the  Haldiman  negotiations,  and  while  his  con- 
duct bordered  on  disloyalty  to  the  colonies,  and 
gave  color  to  the  charge  that  he  was  ready  to 
surrender  the  territory  of  Vermont  to  the  crown, 
the  fact  remains  that  his  action  delayed  the 
consummation  of  an  agreement,  and  saved  the 
territory  to  the  United  States.  In  1786.  with 
his  brother  Levi,  he  was  commissioned  to  negoti- 
ate a treaty  of  commerce  with  Canada,  and  pro- 
posed and  urged  the  cutting  of  a canal  to  con- 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


nect  Lake  Champlain  with  the  St.  Lawrence  river, 
offering  to  cut  it  at  his  own  expense  if  the 
British  would  allow  him  to  collect  tonnage.  He 
at  this  time  (1786)  was  an  enthusiastic  promoter 
of  the  plan  to  cut  a canal  between  the  southern 
waters  of  the  lake  and  the  head  waters  of  the 
Hudson  river.  His  official  connection  with  the 
state  closed  in  1790  with  the  settlement  of  the 
controversy  with  New  York.  In  1789  he  pre- 
sented to  the  legislature  a memorial  for  the 
establishment  of  the  Vermont  university,  and 
with  it  a subscription  list  of  £5643,  of  which 
he  contributed  £4000;  the  charter  being  granted 
Nov.  3,  1790.  In  1795  lie  went  to  Europe 
in  the  interest  of  his  canal  project  and  with 
a commission  from  the  governor  to  purchase 
arms  for  the  state.  The  British  cabinet  treated 
his  project  with  scant  encouragement,  and  lie 
went  to  France,  where  lie  purchased  twenty-four 
cannon  and  twenty  thousand  muskets.  Return- 
ing home,  his  ship  was  overhauled  by  a British 
cruiser  and,  on  inspection  of  cargo,  was  seized  as 
a prize,  the  English  officers  claiming  that  the 
arms  were  intended  for  the  Irish  rebels.  It 
took  Allen  eight  years  in  the  English  courts 
to  disprove  the  claim,  and  the  delay  ruined  him 
financially,  as,  during  his  absence,  his  landed 
property  was  depleted  through  fraudulent  tax 
sales,  executions  and  questions  of  title.  Annoyed 
in  his  last  days  by  lawsuits  and  imprisonment 
for  debt  by  exacting  creditors,  he  fled  the  state 
of  Vermont  and  passed  his  remaining  years 
in  Philadelphia.  During  his  protracted  visit 
to  England  in  1795-1803  he  wrote  largely  from 
memory  his  “ History  of  Vermont.”  Ira  Allen 
has  been  compared  with  Hamilton  in  likeness, 
intellectual  precocity,  early  entrance  into  public 
life,  statesmanship,  dash  of  unscrupulousness  in 
political  life,  personal  honor,  over-generous 
nature  in  sacrifice  for  others,  imposing  presence, 
and  pleasing  address.  He  has  been  called  the 
“Metternich  of  Vermont,”  and  the  “Father  of 
the  University  of  Vermont.”  He  married  Jerusha, 
daughter  of  Gen.  Roger  Enos,  and  of  their  chil- 
dren Ira  II.  became  prominent  in  Vermont  affairs. 
He  died  Jan.  1,  1814. 

ALLEN,  Ira  Wilder,  educator,  was  born  at 
Potsdam,  St.  Lawrence  Co.,  N.  Y.,  July  5,  1827, 
the  eldest  son  of  the  Rev.  Ira  Allen,  pastor  of  a 
church  at  Potsdam  for  nearly  fifty  years,  and  a 
direct  descendant  of  Ira  Allen,  the  Vermont 
patriot.  The  son  was  taught  at  home  and  in  the 
local  seminary,  and  from  1843  to  1846  was  em- 
ployed in  teaching  school.  Fie  entered  the  sopho- 
more class  of  Hamilton  college  in  1847,  and  was 
graduated  in  1850,  when  he  took  charge  of  Man- 
lius academy,  New  York.  During  his  second 
year  he  was  elected  professor  of  mathematics, 
astronomy,  and  civil  engineering  of  Antioch  col- 

[67J 


lege,  Ohio.  He  resigned  his  position  at  the  acad- 
emy and  took  an  extra  course  of  mathematics  at 
Hamilton  and  Harvard  colleges,  to  thoroughly  fit 
himself  for  his  new  position.  Obtaining  leave  of 
absence,  he  went  to  Europe  to  study  in  the  Ger- 
man universities  of  Gottingen  and  Berlin.  While 
abroad  he  investigated  the  school  system  of 
Europe,  and  travelled  extensively.  On  assuming 
his  duties  in  Antioch  college,  he  found  the  educa- 
tional affairs  of  the  college  to  be  of  the  first  order, 
but  the  financial  management  was  a failure. 
Accordingly,  he  aided  in  founding  a new  col- 
lege in  Indiana,  which  he  managed  for  the 
first  year,  and  then  he  went  to  Albany,  N.  Y., 
where  he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to 
practice;  his  love  of  teaching  however,  impelled 
him  to  return  to  the  schoolroom,  and  he  opened 
Allen  academy,  Chicago,  111.,  in  1863.  He  was 
elected  a life  member  of  the  National  teachers’ 
association,  also  a member  of  the  American 
archaeological  society,  and  of  the  Astronomical 
society.  The  degree  of  LL.I).  was  conferred 
upon  him  in  1874,  by  Union  Christian  college. 

ALLEN,  Joel  Asaph,  naturalist,  was  born  at 
Springfield,  Mass.,  July  19,  1838.  While  a student 
at  the  Lawrence  scientific  school  in  Cambridge 
he  attracted  the  attention  of  Agassiz,  whom  lie 
accompanied  on  the  scientific  expedition  to 
Brazil  in  1865.  He  joined  other  scientific  explor- 
ing parties,  notably 
in  1869  to  Florida,  and 
to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains in  1871.  In  1870 
he  was  elected  as- 
sistant in  ornithology 
at  the  museum  of 
comparative  zoology 
in  Cambridge,  and 
his  writings  for  the 
publications  of  that 
society  are  numerous 
and  valuable;  he  also 
wrote  extensively  for 
the  Boston  society  of 
natural  history.  He 
was  awarded  the 
Humboldt  scholarship  in  1871 , and  elected  a fellow 
of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences, 
and  a fellow  of  the  national  academy  of  science 
in  1876,  and  became  a member  of  many  of  the  im- 
portant scientific  societies  of  the  world.  In  1873 
he  led  the  scientific  party  that  accompanied  the 
Northern  Pacific  railroad  surveying  expedition. 
In  1885  he  was  chosen  curator  of  the  American 
museum  of  natural  history  in  New  York,  no 
made  numerous  geological  surveys  and  expedi- 
tions for  the  government,  and  his  reports  to  the 
interior  department  are  of  great  interest  and 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


value.  During  a journey  through  Virginia  he 
discovered  an  extinct  type  of  dog,  of  which  lie 
published  an  exhaustive  account.  He  edited  The 
Auk,  a quarterly  journal  of  ornithology,  and  The 
Bulletin  of  the  Nuttall  Ornithological  Club.  His 
publications  include:  “Mammals  and  Winter 

Birds  of  East  Florida”  (1871);  “The  American 
Bison,  Living  and  Extinct  ” (1872);  “Monographs 
of  North  American  Rodentia”  (with  Elliott 
Coues,  1877);  “History  of  North  American 
Pinnipeds”  (1880);  and  “The  American  Orni- 
thologists’ Union”  (1891).  He  has  also  written 
shorter  works,  among  which  are : “ On  Geographi- 
cal Variation  of  Color  Among  North  American 
Squirrels,”  “ Notes  on  Mammals  of  Massachusetts. 
Kansas,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Utah,  etc.,”  with 
a critical  revision  of  the  species,  and  complete 
lists  of  publications  on  Massachusetts  mammals 
and  birds. 

ALLEN,  John,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Rock- 
bridge county,  Va.,  Dec.  30,  1772.  In  1781  his 
father  emigrated  to  what  were  then  the  wilds  of 
Kentucky.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1795, 
practised  at  Shelbyville,  and  met  with  marked 
success  in  his  profession.  Early  fights  with  the 
Indians  had  developed  the  soldier  instinct  in  him. 
and  in  1812  he  raised  a regiment  and  went  to  the 
assistance  of  General  Harrison  on  the  Canadian 
frontier.  On  Jan.  18, 1813,  he  fought  in  the  battle 
of  Brownstown,  N.  Y.,  and  at  the  battle  of  the 
river  Raisin,  when  his  regiment  formed  the  left 
wing  of  the  army.  He  was  killed  Jan.  22,  1814. 

ALLEN,  John,  patriot,  was  born  in  Scotland, 
Jan.  13,  1746.  When  a very  young  man  he  was 
elected  a member  of  the  provincial  assembly  of 
Nova  Scotia,  whither  his  parents  had  emigrated 
when  he  was  a child.  The  struggle  for  liberty  in 
the  American  colonies  enlisted  his  sympathy,  and 
he  rendered  efficient  aid  by  winning  the  Indian 
tribes  along  the  northeastern  frontier  of  Maine  to 
their  cause.  In  1777  Congress  granted  him  the 
commission  of  colonel,  and  for  his  acceptance  of 
this  honor  the  British  not  only  set  a price  upon 
liis  head,  but  imprisoned  his  wife  and  burned  his 
dwelling.  Massachusetts  granted  him  twenty  - 
two  thousand  acres  of  land  in  Maine,  and  Con- 
gress two  thousand  acres  in  Ohio,  for  his  services 
and  losses  in  the  cause  of  the  country.  He  died 
Feb.  7.  1805. 

ALLEN,  John  Beard,  senator,  was  born  at 
Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  May  18,  1845.  He  was  pre- 
pared for  college  and  entered  at  Wabash,  but  left 
to  enlist  in  the  135th  Indiana  volunteers  as  a pri- 
vate. When  the  war  ended,  he  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  1870.  Removing  to 
Washington  territory  the  same  year  he  opened  a 
law  office,  and  in  April,  1875,  was  appointed  by 
President  Grant  United  States  attorney  for  the 
territory,  holding  the  office  until  1885.  He  was 


reporter  of  the  supreme  court  from  1878  and 
delegate  to  the  fifty -first  Congress.  When  Wash- 
ington was  admitted  as  a state  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  senate  for  the  term  which 
ended  March  5,  1893. 

ALLEN,  John  Henry,  mariner,  was  born  at 
St.  Andrews,  West  Indies,  in  1836.  His  first 
voyage  as  a seaman  was  made  in  1848,  and  he 
won  promotion  to  master  of  a vessel.  In  1861  he 
joined  the  navy  as  an  ensign,  and  served  in  the 
western  gulf  blockading  squadron,  winning  for 
his  gallant  action  in  the  battle  of  Mobile  the 
command  of  the  Selma.  After  the  close  of 
the  war  he  resigned  his  command  and  became 
a shipmaster  and  owner.  From  1880  he  re- 
sided in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  He  published  “The 
Fruits  of -the  Wine  Cup:  a Drama  in  Three  Acts”; 
‘ • Decline  of  American  Shipping : its  Cause  and 
Remedy”  (1884);  “The  Spanish-American  Reci- 
procity Treaty”  (1885) ; and  “ The  Tariff  and  Its 
Evils:  or,  Protection  Which  Does  Not  Protect” 
(1888).  On  Dec.  8,  1889,  he  sailed  for  Queens- 
town in  his  ship  Bridgewater  and  was  drowned 
on  the  voyage,  probably  in  January,  1890. 

ALLEN,  John  M.,  representative,  was  born  in 
Tishomingo  county,  Miss.,  July  8,  1847.  He  re- 
ceived a common-school  education,  and  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  army, 
in  which  he  served  as  a private  throughout  the 
civil  war.  He  then  studied  law  at  the  Cumber- 
land university,  Tenn.,  and  at  the  University  of 
Mississippi,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1870.  He 
opened  a law  office  at  Tupelo,  Lee  county,  and 
in  1875  was  chosen  district  attorney  for  the  first 
judicial  district  of  Mississippi,  and  served  for 
four  years.  In  1884  he  was  elected  to  represent 
his  district  in  the  49th  Congress,  and  was  re- 
turned to  the  50th.  51st,  52d,  53d,  54th  and  55tli 
congresses.  He  became  universally  known  as 
“ Private  Allen,”  through  a happy  repartee 
which  he  made  in  a political  speech  during  the 
canvass  for  his  first  election  to  Congress.  In  a 
joint  debate  his  competitor  opened  his  speech 
with:  “Fellow  citizens,  I slept  one  night  in  a 
tent  on  the  mountainside,  awaiting  the  battle 
on  the  morrow.”  When  he  had  finished  his 
speech,  Allen  rose  to  his  feet  and  said:  “Friends 
and  fellow  citizens,  what  General  Tucker  has 
told  you  about  sleeping  in  his  tent  that  night 
before  the  battle  is  true.  I know,  for  I was 
guarding  that  tent  all  night  long  in  the  cold 
and  the  wet.  Now,  I want  to  say  to  all  of 
you  who  were  generals  in  the  war,  and  slept  at 
night  in  your  guarded  tents,  vote  for  him:  but 
all  you  fellows  that  guarded  the  generals’  tents 
in  the  wet  and  cold,  like  me.  you  vote  for  ‘ Priv- 
ate Allen.’”  Allen  was  triumphantly  elected.  In 
Congress  he  showed  himself  a ready  and  effective 
debater. 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN,  Joseph  Henry,  historian,  was  born  in 
Northborough,  Mass.,  Aug.  21,  1820,  son  of  Joseph 
Allen,  a clergyman,  who  was  settled  over  the 
church  at  Northborough  for  sixty  years.  The 
family  came  from  England  and  settled  near  Ded- 
ham, Mass.,  in  1640.  He  was  graduated  from 
Harvard  college  in  1840,  and  from  Harvard  divin- 
ity school  in  1843.  He  was  a settled  pastor  until 
1857,  when  he  took  editorial  charge  of  the  Chris- 
tian Examiner.  From  1878  to  1882  he  was 
lecturer  on  ecclesiastical  history  in  Harvard  uni- 
versity, and  after  1860  was  editor  of  the  Unitarian 
Revieiv.  In  1879  he  received  the  degree  of  A.M. 
from  Harvard  college.  His  early  works  are : “ Ten 
Discourses  on  Orthodoxy”  (1849) ;“ Helven  Men 
and  Times”  ( 1846);  “Manual  of  Devotion” 
(1852) ; “ Memoirs  of  the  Rev.  Hiram  Witliing- 
ton”  (1852).  He  published  in  1882,  in  three 
volumes,  “Christian  History  in  Three  Great 
Periods.”  He  is  the  author  of  several  works  in 
exposition  of  liberal  theology,  and  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  “Allen  and  G reenough  ” series  of 
Latin  classics.  In  1894  he  published  ‘ ‘ History  of 
Unitarianism.” 

ALLEN,  Moses,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Northampton,  Mass.,  Sept.  14,  1748.  He  was 
graduated  at  Princeton,  1772,  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  1774,  and  was  installed  at  Christ  church 
parish,  near  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1775.  In  1777 
he  became  pastor  of  a church  at  Midway,  Ga.,  and 
in  1778  the  district  was  devastated  by  the  British 
force  under  General  Prevost,  and  his  church  was 
burned.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Savannah, 
where  he  was  acting  as  chaplain  to  the  Georgia 
brigade,  when  the  reduction  of  the  city  was 
effected  by  the  British.  He  was  drowned  in  at- 
tempting his  escape  from  the  prison  ship  in  which 
he  was  confined,  Feb.  8,  1779. 

ALLEN,  Nathan,  physician,  was  born  in 
Princeton,  Mass.,  April  25,  1813,  son  of  Moses 
and  Mehitable  (Oliver)  Allen,  and  a lineal  de- 
scendant of  Walter  Allen,  one  of  the  original 
proprietors  of  Old  Newbury,  who  died  in  Charles- 
town, Mass.,  in  1673.  His  boyhood  was  spent  on 
a farm,  and  after  acquiring  an  academical  educa- 
tion he  was  graduated  at  Amherst  college  in 
1836.  He  then  devoted  four  years  to  the  study  of 
medicine  at  the  Pennsylvania  medical  school,  and 
was  graduated  in  1841,  removing  to  Lowell,  Mass. 
Aside  from  establishing  a large  practice,  Dr. 
Allen  devoted  considerable  time  to  physiological 
research,  and  his  published  papers  attracted  at- 
tention among  physicians  in  both  the  old  world 
and  the  new.  In  1856  he  was  chosen  by  the  legis- 
lature a trustee  of  Amherst  college,  and  estab- 
lished in  that  institution  the  department  of 
physical  culture.  Governor  Andrew  appointed 
him  a member  of  the  Massachusetts  state  board 
of  charities  in  1864,  and  he  served  in  that  body 


throughout  its  existence,  a period  of  fifteen  years. 
In  1872  he  was  sent  by  Governor  Washburn  as  a 
delegate  to  the  international  congress  which  met 
in  London  to  discuss  prison  and  other  reforms. 
In  1873  Amherst  college  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  He  was  a member  of  the  Ameri 
can  medical  association,  the  American  academy 
of  medicine,  the  American  public  health  associa- 
tion, and  the  Massachusetts  medical  society. 
His  published  writings  include : “ An  Essay  on  the 
Condition  of  Mental  Philosophy  with  Medicine  ” 
(1841);  “ The  Opium  Trade”  (1850);  “The  Law 
of  Human  Increase;  or  Population  Based  on 
Physiology  and  Psychology”  (1868);  “Physical 
Culture  in  Amherst  College  ” (1869) ; “ The  Inter- 
marriage of  Relations  ” (1869);  “ Physical  Degen- 
eracy” (1870);  “The  Physiological  Laws  of  Hu- 
man Increase”  (1870);  “Lessons  on  Population 
Suggested  by  Grecianand  Roman  History  ” (1871 ) ; 
“Important  Medical  Problems”  (1874);  “State 
Medicine,  in  Its  Relation  to  Insanity  ” (1875) ; 
“ Normal  Standard  of  Women  for  Propagation” 
(1876);  “ Claims  of  the  Sick  Poor”  (1877);  “The 
New  England  Family”  (1882);  and  “Physical 
Development”  (1888).  He  died  in  Lowell.  Mass., 
Jan.  1,  1889. 

ALLEN,  Philip,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Sept.  1,  1785.  In 
1803  he  was  graduated  at  Rhode  Island  college, 
and  then  engaged  in  the  importation  of  goods 
from  the  West  Indies.  The  war  of  1812  hindered 
this  business,  and  he  began  to  manufacture  cotton 
goods  at  Smithfield,  R.  I.,  gradually  acquiring  a 
foremost  position  in  that  industry.  He  was  noted 
for  introducing  improvements  into  his  mills,  and 
the  “Allen  Prints,”  manufactured  at  the  works 
which  he  established  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1831, 
made  his  name  familiar  to  every  housewife  in  the 
country.  He  acquired  prominence  as  a states- 
man, being  elected  to  the  Rhode  Island  legislat  ure 
in  1819;  also  serving  on  the  committee  fertile 
settlement  of  the  state  debt.  He  was  democratic 
governor  of  Rhode  Island  in  1851,  and  was  re- 
elected to  the  same  office  in  1852  and  1853.  He 
was  a United  States  senator  from  Rhode  Island 
from  1853  to  1859,  and  served  on  the  committees 
on  commerce  and  naval  affairs.  He  died  at  his 
home  in  Providence,  Dec.  16, 1865. 

ALLEN,  Richard  L.,  author,  was  born  in 
Hampden  county,  Mass.,  in  October,  1803.  He 
entered  commercial  life  in  New  York  city  and 
wrote  on  agricultural  subjects.  He  afterwards 
studied  law  in  Baltimore,  but  his  health  becoming 
impaired  he  settled  on  a farm  in  Niagara  county, 
N.  Y.,  in  1832.  In  1842  Mr.  Allen  and  his  brother 
began  the  publication  of  the  American  Agricul- 
turist, and  in  1856  they  opened  a store  for  the 
sale  of  improved  agricultural  implements  in  New 
York.  Mr.  Allen  was  a clear  and  practical  writer 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


on  agricultural  topics,  and  published  “ History 
and  Description  of  Domestic  Animals”  (1848); 
“The  American  Farm  Book”  (1849);  “The  Dis- 
eases of  Domestic  Animals”;  “American  Far- 
mer’s Muck  Book  ” ; and  “ American  Agriculture.” 
He  died  in  Stockholm,  Sweden,  Sept.  22,  1869. 

ALLEN,  Robert,  quartermaster,  was  born  in 
Ohio  about  1815.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
United  States  military  academy  in  1836,  served 
in  the  Seminole  war,  and  also  in  Mexico,  acting 
as  assistant  quartermaster  in  the  march  to  Mon- 
terey. He  distinguished  himself  at  Vera  Cruz, 
and  received  the  brevet  rank  of  major  for  his 
conduct  at  Cerro  Gordo.  He  saw  service  at 
Contreras  and  Churubusco,  and  fit  the  taking  of 
the  city  of  Mexico.  He  was  chief  quartermaster 
of  the  Pacific  division  until  the  opening  of  the  civil 
war,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  department 
of  the  Missouri,  in  charge  of  supplies  and  transpor- 
tation for  the  armies  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  He 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  major,  1861 ; colonel, 
1862;  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  1863;  brig- 
adier-general U.  S.  army,  1864.  He  fitted  out 
Virginia,  Kentucky  and  North  Carolina  expedi- 
tions, and  Gen.  Sherman’s  army  for  the  march 
to  Chattanooga,  acting  as  chief  quartermaster  of 
the  Mississippi  from  1863  to  1866,  and  was  bre vet- 
ted major-general  in  1865.  On  the  cessation  of 
hostilities  he  was  made  chief  quartermaster  of 
the  Pacific,  and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in 
1878.  He  died  in  Switzerland,  Aug.  6,  1886. 

ALLEN,  Robert,  representative,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1777.  About  1804  he  settled  in 
Carthage,  Tenn.,  where  he  engaged  in  business 
pursuits.  He  was  elected  clerk  of  Smith  county 
in  1804,  commanded  a regiment  under  Jackson 
in  the  Creek  war  and  at  New  Orleans.  He  served 
as  a representative  in  the  16th,  l7th.  18th,  and 
19th  congresses.  He  died  at  Cai'thage,  Tenn., 
Aug.  19,  1844. 

ALLEN,  Samuel,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land in  1636.  In  1691  he  immigrated  to  America, 
where  he  bought  a grant  of  land  embracing 
about  sixty  miles,  including  the  seacoast  between 
Portsmouth  and  Dover,  N.  H.,  from  the  heirs  of 
John  Mason,  who  had  been  granted  the  land  by 
the  English  crown.  Mr.  Allen,  soon  after  his 
purchase,  became  involved  with  the  original  set- 
tlers respecting  his  titles.  He  was  in  litigation 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  his  sons,  who  in- 
herited the  property,  carried  on  the  suits  until 
1715,  when  the  Allen  family  relinquished  the 
claim.  (See  Belknap’s  “ New  Hampshire.”)  Mr. 
Allen  died  in  Newcastle,  N.  IT. , May  15,  1805. 

ALLEN,  Solomon,  itinerant  preacher,  was  born 
at  Northampton,  Mass.,  Feb.  23,  1751.  He  was  a 
brother  of  Thomas  and  Moses  Allen,  noted  chap- 
lains in  the  patriot  army.  Entering  the  Conti- 
nental army  as  a private,  he  attained  the  rank  of 


major.  He  was  one  of  Andre’s  guards  after  his 
capture,  and  assisted  in  suppressing  Shays’  rebel- 
lion in  Massachusetts.  In  1801,  he  became  an  itin- 
erant preacher,  and  for  twenty  years  rode  among 
the  settlements  of  western  New  York.  (See  ‘ • Last 
Hours  of  Moses  Allen,”  by  J.  N.  Danforth.)  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  28,  1821. 

ALLEN,  Stephen,  merchant,  was  born  in  New 
York  city  in  1767.  He  was  prominent  in  pub- 
lic movements,  and  was  largely  interested  in 
commerce.  In  1821  he  was  elected  mayor  of  New 
York,  and  was  one  of  the  prime-movers  in  the 
matter  of  introducing  Croton  water  into  the  city. 
He  lost  his  life  in  the  burning  of  the  steamboat 
Henry  Clay , on  the  Hudson  River,  July  1,  1852. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Northampton,  Mass.,  Jan.  17,  1743.  He  was  a 
brother  of  Solomon  and  Moses  Allen,  noted 
preachers  of  their  time.  He  was  graduated  from 
Harvard  in  1762.  In  1764  he  was  ordained  and 
went  to  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  where  he  was  installed 
as  first  pastor  of  the  church,  remaining  there 
forty-six  years.  In  the  war  of  the  revolution  he 
was  a volunteer  chaplain,  and  fought  as  a private 
at  the  battles  of  Bennington  and  Stillwater.  He 
died  Feb.  11.  1810. 

ALLEN,  Thomas,  financier,  born  in  Pittsfield, 
Mass..  Aug.  29.  1813,  son  of  Jonathan  Allen,  a 
captain  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  grandson  of 
Thomas  Allen,  the  “ fighting  parson  ” of  the  rev- 
olution. He  was  graduated  from  Union  college, 
N.  Y..  in  1832,  and  without  money  or  friends  he 


IitRKSHIUE  ATHt.N.ELM. 


went  to  New  York  city,  where  he  was  employed 
as  an  attorney’s  clerk  at  a salary  of  three  hundred 
dollars  per  year.  He  was  an  occasional  contribu- 
tor to  the  press,  and  in  September,  1833,  became 
editor  of  the  Family  Magazine,  a monthly  jour- 
nal. He  then  aided  in  compiling  a digest  of  the 
New  York  courts  from  the  earliest  period,  and  for 
his  labor  received  a small  but  select  law  library. 
In  1835  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  but  devoted 
his  time  almost  wholly  to  journalism.  On  Aug. 
16,  1837,  he  established  the  Madisonian  in  Wash- 
ington, through  the  columns  of  which  he  exerted 

[70] 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


a powerful  political  influence.  He  was  appointed 
to  the  office  of  public  printer  by  President  Har- 
rison, was  active  in  the  campaign  of  1840,  and 
was  one  of  those  who  stood  at  President  Har- 
rison’s bedside  at  his  death.  In  1842  he  retired 
from  politics  and  removed  to  St.  Louis.  Mo., 
where  he  married,  and  began  the  construction  of 
a railroad,  the  first  of  the  system  that  resulted  in 
the  Pacific  railroad,  the  great  highway  of  com- 
merce between  the  East  and  the  West.  In  1858 
he  founded  the  banking  house  of  Allen,  Copp  & 
Nesbitt  in  St.  Louis.  He  built  the  Iron  Mountain 
railroad,  which  opened  up  a rich  mineral  region. 
This  road  he  sold  in  1881  to  Jay  Gould,  receiving 
for  it  a check  for  two  million  dollars.  He  left 
many  monuments  to  his  public  enterprise,  among 
them  the  Berkshire  Athenaeum,  at  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  which  he  erected  at  a cost  of  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  the  fireproof  Southern  hotel  at 
St.  Louis,  opened  May,  1881 . In  November.  1880.  he 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  47th  Congress. 
He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  April  8,  1882. 

ALLEN,  Timothy  Field,  physician,  was  born 
at  Westminster,  Vt.,  April  24.  1837.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Amherst  college  in  1858,  and  from  the 
medical  school  of  the  University  of  the  city  of 
New  York  in  1861,  when  he  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  during 
1862  was  acting  assistant  surgeon  in  the  United 
States  army.  In  1863  he  established  himself  in 
New  York  city.  As  physician  and  scientist  Dr. 
Allen  lias  a national  reputation,  and  as  an  author 
his  published  works  have  been  favorably  received 
in  both  America  and  Europe.  His  “ Encyclo- 
paedia of  Materia  Medica,”  published  in  New 
York  1874— ’79,  and  the  index  to  the  same  issued 
in  1881,  is  a work  covering  the  whole  field  of 
homoeopathic  therapeutics  to  the  date  of  its  issue. 
In  1878  he  published  a work  on  ophthalmic  thera- 
peutics, and  his  practice  and  writings  have  con- 
tributed in  a large  degree  to  the  establishment  of 
homoeopathy.  In  1867  he  became  professor  of 
materia  medica  in  the  New  York  homoeopathic 
medical  college,  and  from  1882  to  1893  was  the  dean 
of  that  institution.  He  was  also  professor  of 
materia  medica  in  the  New  York  medical  college 
and  hospital  for  women.  He  was  president  of 
and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  New  York  ophthal- 
mic hospital  for  many  years ; also  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  American  institute  of  homoeopathy,  and 
of  the  state  and  county  homoeopathic  medical 
societies,  in  all  of  which  he  helol  the  office  of 
president.  As  a botanist,  Dr.  Allen  made  a 
specialty  of  the  c ha  race® ; his  works  thereon  being 
authoritative.  He  was  chosen  a fellow  of  the 
New  York  academy  of  sciences  and  of  the  na- 
tional association  for  the  advancement  of  science ; 
honorary  member  of  the  homoeopathic  medical 
society  of  France ; corresponding  member  of  the 


British  homoeopathic  medical  society ; honorary 
member  of  the  Albany  county  medical  society ; 
the  Rhode  Island  state  homoeopathic  medical 
society,  and  consulting  physician  to  the  Laura 
Franklin  hospital  of  New  York  city.  He  twice 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D..  and  that 
of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Amherst 
college  in  1885. 

ALLEN,  William,  jurist,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia about  1710.  He  married  a daughter  of 
Andrew  Hamilton,  and  came  into  public  notice 
first  in  1741,  when  he  succeeded  his  father-in-law 
as  recorder  of  Philadelphia.  In  1750  he  was  made 
chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania,  which  office  he 
held  four  years.  He  gave  his  influence  to  assist 
Benjamin  Franklin  in  founding  the  college  of 
Philadelphia,  and  was  a friend  and  patron  of 
Benjamin  West,  the  artist.  He  sympathized 
with  the  mother  country,  disapproved  of  war, 
and  in  1774  left  America  for  England,  where  he 
published  “The  American  Crisis,”  in  which  he 
proposed  a plan  for  reconciling  the  differences 
between  England  and  her  colonies.  He  died  in 
England  in  September,  1780. 

ALLEN,  William,  educator,  was  born  in 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Jan.  2,  1784,  son  of  Thomas 
Allen,  a clergyman.  He  was  a direct  descendant 
of  Governor  Bradford  on  his  father’s  side.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1802,  studied 
theology,  and  in  1804  was  licensed  to  preach  and 
was  first  stationed  in  western  New  York. 
While  holding  the  position  of  assistant  librarian 
at  Harvard  college,  he  began  the  “American 
Biographical  and  Historical  Dictionary”  (1809), 
which  was  the  first  work  of  the  kind  published  in 
the  United  States,  and  which  lie  revised  and 
enlarged  from  the  original  seven  hundred 
American  names  to  eighteen  hundred  names 
in  1832,  and  seven  thousand  names  in  1857. 
He  was  called  from  his  work  as  a librarian  in 
1810  to  preach  as  successor  to  his  father  in  Pitts- 
field, where  he  remained  seven  years.  In  1817  he 
was  appointed  president  of  Dartmouth  college, 
and  in  1820  of  Bowdoin  college.  He  served 
Bowdoin  for  nineteen  years,  retiring  at  the  age 
of  fifty-five,  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  liter- 
ary pursuits.  He  contributed  to  a new  edition  of 
Webster’s  dictionary  ten  thousand  words  not 
before  given.  He  wrote:  “Junius  Unmasked” 
(1828);  “Memoirs  of  Dr.  Eleazar  Wheelock  and 
of  Dr.  John  Codman ” (1853);  “A  Discourse  at 
the  close  of  the  Second  Century  of  the  Settle- 
ment at  Northampton,  Mass.  ” (1854) ; “ Wun- 
nissoo,  or  the  Vale  of  Housatonnuck,”  a poem 
(1856);  “ Christian  Sonnets  ” (I860);  “Poems  of 
Nazareth  and  the  Cross”  (1866) ; “ Sacred  Songs ” 
(1867).  His  “ Life  with  selections  from  hisCorres- 
pondence,”  was  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1847. 
He  died  July  16,  1868. 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN,  William,  governor  of  Ohio,  was  born 
at  Edenton,  Chowan  county,  N.  C.,  in  1807,  and 
being  orphaned  in  the  first  year  of  his  life  was 
taken  by  his  sister,  Mrs.  Thurman,  mother  of 
Allen  G.  Thurman,  to  Lynchburg,  Va.,  where  he 
received  his  education  at  a private  school  and  at 
the  Chillicothe  academy.  He  studied  law  with 
Edward  King,  hy  whom  he  was  taken  into 
partnership  on  his  admission  to  the  bar  in 
1827.  His  forensic  ability  early  brought  him  into 
prominence  at  the  bar,  and  his  success  as  a politi- 
cal speaker  gave  him  a nomination  for  represen- 
tative in  Congress  when  only  twenty-three  years 
old.  In  1832  he  was  elected  as  a democratic 
representative  to  the  23d  Congress,  where  he 
took  a leading  part  in  the  prominent  discussions, 
making  a notable  speech  on  the  Ohio  boundary 
line  question,  in  which  he  antagonized  John 
Quincy  Adams.  In  1837  he  was  elected  to  the 
U.  S.  senate  to  succeed  Thomas  Ewing.  Before 
the  close  of  his  first  term  he  was  re-elected  and 
held  his  seat  until  March  4,  1849;  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  foreign  relations,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  dispute  between 
Great  Britain  and  America  in  regard  to  the 
Oregon  boundary ; he  was  the  originator  of  the 
phrase,  Fifty-four  forty  or  fight.”  In  1873  he 
was  elected  governor  of  Ohio,  the  first  democrat 
elected  to  that  office  for  many  years.  He  was  in 
favor  of  the  strictest  economy  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  affairs  of  the  state,  and  of  reduc- 
tion in  taxation.  He  was  re-nominated  in  1875, 
but  having  espoused  the  greenback  cause  he 
failed  of  election.  He  died  July  11,  1879. 

ALLEN,  William,  philanthropist,  was  born  at 
Windham,  Conn.,  May  23,  1810.  His  early  years 
were  passed  in  Rhode  Island,  whither  his  parents 
had  removed  soon  after  his  birth.  The  straight- 
ened circumstances  of  the  family  prevented  his 
receiving  anything  more  than  a rudimentary 
education,  but  by  private  study  he  acquired  suf- 
ficient knowledge  to  enable  him  to  assume  the 
editorial  management  of  the  Rhode  Islander.  At 
the  age  of  nineteen  lie  removed  to  Ohio,  and 
edited  first  the  Ohio  State  Journal  and  later  the 
Cincinnati  Gazette.  After  leaving  that  paper,  he 
engaged  in  agriculture,  and  became  active  in 
advocating  the  establishment  of  a law  by  which 
western  settlers  could  obtain  a homestead  from 
the  government.  After  travelling  throughout 
the  country  delivering  lectures  and  spending 
more  than  §00,000,  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  see- 
ing the  homestead  law  adopted  by  Congress,  al- 
lowing one  hundred  acres  of  land  to  each  actual 
settler.  This  expenditure  of  time  and  money 
crippled  him  financially,  so  that  he  never  rallied, 
his  last  years  being  spent  in  abject  poverty.  Un- 
der the  homestead  law  more  than  122,000.000 
acres  of  land  were  given  away  in  the  first  twenty- 


five  years.  Mr.  Allen  died  in  the  Franklin 
county  infirmary  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  Nov.  29, 
1891. 

ALLEN,  William,  jurist,  was  born  at  Bruns- 
wick, Me.,  March  31,  1822,  son  of  William  Allen, 
president  of  Bowdoin  college,  and  grandson  of 
Thomas  Allen,  the  *•  fighting  parson  ” of  Benning- 
ton fame.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered 
Bowdoin  college  in  his  native  town,  but  removed 
to  Northampton  before  completing  his  studies, 
and  entered  Amherst  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1842.  The  following  year  he  spent 
in  studying  law  at  Yale  college,  and  in  1845  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Northampton,  where 
lie  practised  twenty-seven  years.  In  1872  he  was 
appointed  a judge  of  the  superior  court  and  in 
1881  he  was  raised  from  that  position  to  the 
bench  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts, 
holding  the  office  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  He 
died  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  June  4,  1891. 

ALLEN,  William  F.,  educator,  was  born  at 
Northborough,  Mass.,  Sept.  5,  1830,  son  of  a clergy- 
man. He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1851.  After  spend- 
ing three  years  i:i 
New  York  city  as  a 
private  tutor  h 3 
went  to  Europe, 
where  he  remained 
two  years,  interest- 
ing himself  in  his- 
torical and  antiqua- 
rian subjects.  In 
185G  he  returned  to 
the  United  States 
and  taught  in  a pri- 
vate school  in  West 
Newton,  Mass.  In 
1863  he  entered  the 
employ  of  the  freedman’s  and  sanitary  commis- 
sions, and  while  engaged  in  this  work  in  the 
south  collected  material  for  a book,  entitled 
“ Slave  Songs,”  that  was  published  in  1867.  After 
the  civil  war  he  taught  a year  each  at  Antioch 
college,  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio,  and  at  a military 
academy,  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.  From  1867  to  1870 
was  professor  of  ancient  languages  and  history ; 
from  1870  to  1876,  professor  of  Latin  and  his- 
tory ; from  1876  to  1889,  professor  of  history  in  the 
University  of  Wisconsin.  Professor  Allen  wrote 
the  annals  of  “Tacitus,”  and  a “Short  History 
of  the  Roman  People.”  He  died  Dec.  9,  1S89. 

ALLEN,  William  Frederick,  metrologist  was 
born  at  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Oct.  9,  1846,  son 
of  Joseph  Warner  Allen,  civil  engineer,  soldier  in 
the  civil  war,  who  served  as  colonel  under  Burn- 
side in  his  expedition  to  North  Carolina,  and  died 
there  in  1862.  The  son  attended  school  at  Borden- 
town, and  at  the  Protestant  Episcopal  academy 
[721 


ALLEN. 


ALLEN. 


in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  In  1862,  after  his  father’s 
death,  he  became  a rodman  on  the  Camden  & 
Amboy  railroad,  and  in  1863  was  promoted  to  be 
assistant  engineer.  He  engaged  on  several  roads 
then  in  course  of  construction  in  New  Jersey, 
and  in  1868  was  appointed  resident  engineer  of 
the  West  Jersey  railroad,  and  founded  the  town 
of  Wenonah,  N.  J.  On  Oct.  1,  1872,  he  became 
assistant  editor  of  the  Travellers’  Official  Guide, 
and  in  May,  1873,  was  made  its  editor,  and  busi- 
ness manager  of  the  National  railway  publication 
company,  then  of  Philadelphia,  afterwards  of 
New  York.  In  1875  Mr.  Allen  was  elected  per- 
manent secretary  of  the  general  time  conven- 
tion, composed  of  the  general  managers  and 
superintendents  of  the  principal  railroad  trunk 
lines,  which  then  met  to  determine  upon  schedules 
of  through  trains  on  the  eastern  and  western 
roads.  In  the  following  year  he  was  elected  secre- 
tary of  the  southern  time  convention,  consisting 
of  representatives  of  the  leading  southern  railway 
lines.  These  conventions  were  consolidated  in 
1886,  and  from  them  the  American  railway  asso- 
ciation developed,  and  Mr.  Allen  became  secretary 
of  the  association.  The  adoption  of  standard 
time,  based  upon  the  Greenwich  hour -meridians, 
on  a detailed  plan  proposed  by  him,  was  largely 
due  to  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Allen.  By  unanimous 
resolutions  of  the  conventions,  he  was  accorded 
their  thanks  for  the  accomplishment  of  the  prac- 
tical part  of  the  work,  which  was  principally  done 
between  Aug.  15  and  Nov.  18,  1883.  The  same 
system  was  afterwards  adopted  in  Japan,  Aus- 
tralia, Germany,  Austria,  Sweden,  Switzerland, 
Italy,  Belgium,  Holland,  Roumania,  Servia,  and 
part  of  Turkey,  for  which  purpose  a large  amount 
of  information  was  furnished  by  Mr.  Allen.  Mr. 
Allen  was  appointed  by  President  Arthur  one 
of  the  five  delegates  to  represent  the  United 
States  at  the  international  meridian  conference, 
held  at  Washington  in  October,  1884.  Twenty- 
five  nations  were  represented,  and  the  Greenwich 
meridian  was  adopted  as  the  prime  meridian  and 
standard  time  of  reckoning.  An  address  delivered 
by  Mr.  Allen  on  “ Standard  Time  as  Adopted  in 
the  United  States,”  was  reprinted  in  many  lan- 
guages, with  the  proceedings  of  the  conference. 
On  April  22,  1890,  he  was  elected  an  honorary 
member  of  the  K.  K.  geographical  society  of 
Vienna,  Austria,  in  recognition  of  his  services  in 
the  adoption  of  standard  time.  He  was  selected 
as  one  of  eight  delegates  to  represent  the  Ameri- 
can railway  association  at  the  meeting  of  the 
international  railway  congress,  held  in  London, 
England,  in  June  and  July,  1895,  at  which  the 
railways  of  thirty-six  nations  were  represented. 
He  was  one  of  the  council  of  the  American  metro- 
logical society  for  introducing  the  metric  sys- 
tem ; a member  of  the  American  economic 


society;  of  the  American  society  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  science ; of  the  American  academy 
of  political  and  social  science,  and  of  the  Ameri- 
can statistical  association. 

ALLEN,  William  Henry,  educator,  was  born 
near  Augusta,  Me.,  March  27,  1808.  After  pre- 
paratory study  in  the  Maine  Conference  seminary, 
he  entered  Bowdoin  college,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1833.  He  was  professor  of  Greek  and 
Latin  in  the  Methodist  seminary  at  Cazenovia, 
N.  Y.,  from  1833  to  1836,  when  he  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry 
in  Dickinson  college ; and  in  1846  he  accepted  ad- 
ditional duties  as  professor  of  English  literature 
and  philosophy,  acting,  during  1847-’48,  as  presi- 
dent of  the  college.  In  January,  1850,  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  president  of  Girard 
college,  and  in  1862  left  there  to  assume  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Pennsylvania  agricultural  college, 
which  he  held  until  1867,  when  he  returned  to 
Girard  college,  of  which  he  was  president  until 
his  death.  Dr.  Allen  was  chosen  president  of 
the  American  Bible  society  in  1872.  The  degree 
of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Union  college 
in  1850,  and  the  same  degree  by  Emory  and  Henry 
college,  Virginia.  He  was  a frequent  contributor 
to  the  secular  and  religious  press.  He  died  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa..  Aug.  29,  1882. 

ALLEN,  William  Henry,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Providence,  R I.,  Oct.  21,  1784.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  joined  the  navy,  and  had  risen 
to  the  rank  of  3d  lieutenant  on  the  Chesapeake, 
at  the  time  of  her  capture  by  the  Leopard  in 
1807,  and  was  entrusted  to  draft  the  letter  to 
Secretary  Crowninshield  charging  Capt.  James 
Barron  with  unofficer-like  conduct  during  that 
engagement.  In  1812,  when  the  Macedonian  was 
captured  by  the  United  States,  he  was  serving  as 
1st  lieutenant  on  the  latter  vessel,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  made  master-commander  of  the 
brig  Argus,  which  was  captured  by  the  British 
brig  Pelican.  Commander  Allen  was  killed  in 
this  engagement,  Aug.  14,  1813. 

ALLEN,  William  Howard,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  July  8,  1790.  His  educa- 
tion was  obtained  at  Hudson  academy  and  Doyles- 
ton  college.  Pa.,  and  in  1808  he  received  a mid- 
shipman’s appointment  in  the  United  States  navy. 
By  1813  he  had  been  promoted  as  2d  lieutenant 
of  the  Argus,  and  when  she  was  captured  by  the 
Pelican  off  the  coast  of  England,  he  was  detained 
as  a prisoner  in  that  country  until  after  the  war. 
In  1822,  after  having  served  as  subordinate  officer 
on  various  other  vessels,  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  schooner  Alligator  and  sent  against 
the  pirates  then  infesting  the  waters  of  the  West 
Indian  islands.  The  expedition  was  successful, 
but  he  was  mortally  wounded  in  a hand-to-hand 
combat  in  attempting  to  board  a piratical  vessel. 

[73  J 


ALLEN. 


ALLIBONE. 


A monument  has  been  erected  to  him  in  his 
native  town,  and  his  heroic  and  tragic  death  in- 
spired a touching  poem  by  his  friend  Fitz-Greene 
Halleek.  His  death  occurred  Nov.  9,  1822. 

ALLEN,  William  Vincent,  senator,  was  born 
at  Midway,  Madison  county,  Ohio,  Jan.  26,  1847. 
At  the  age  of  ten  he  emigrated  with  his  family  to 
Iowa,  where  he  attended  the  common  schools, 
and  for  a time  studied  at  Upper  Iowa  university. 
Soon  after  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he 
volunteered  as  a private  in  the  32d  Iowa  infantry, 
and  served  till  the  close  of  the  war,  during  the 
closing  months  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  James  I. 
Gilbert.  He  then  read  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
Ohio  bar  in  1869,  and  practised  in  Ohio  until  1884, 
when  he  removed  to  Nebraska,  where  in  1891  he 
was  elected  a judge  of  the  district  court.  In  1892 
he  was  permanent  chairman  of  the  populist  state 
convention,  and  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
senate  in  1893  for  the  full  term,  succeeding  Sena- 
tor Paddock.  In  the  senate  he  attracted  notice 
by  his  readiness  in  debate  in  advocacy  of  free 
silver,  and  his  earnest  efforts  in  behalf  of  the 
farming  interests. 

ALLEN,  Zachariah,  manufacturer,  was  born 
in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Sept.  15,  1795.  In  1813  he 
was  graduated  from  Brown  university,  and  after 
studying  law  and  medicine  was,  in  1815,  admitted 
to  the  bar.  He  engaged  in  manufacturing  in 
1822,  and  his  genius  and  mechanical  skill  con- 
tributed greatly  to  develop  and  advance  the  indus- 
tries of  Rhode  Island.  He  invented  many  ingen- 
ious applications  of  motive  power,  in  steam  and 
other  machinery,  and  devised  the  mutual  insur- 
ance plan  afterward  generally  adopted  by  New 
England  manufacturers.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  practical  volumes  on  science.  He  calcu- 
lated the  mechanical  force  of  the  fall  at  Niagara 
to  be  equal  to  seven  million  horse  power.  Among 
his  inventions  were,  in  1831,  the  first  furnace  for 
heating  dwellings,  and  in  1833.  an  automatic  cut- 
off valve  for  steam  engines,  extension  rollers, 
an  improved  fire-engine,  and  a storage  reser 
voir  for  water-power.  He  was  for  many  years 
president  of  the  Rhode  Island  historical  society, 
and  a trustee  of  Brown  university  for  fifty-six 
years.  His  family  connections,  the  strong  regard 
cherished  for  his  upright  and  attractive  character, 
and  his  many  distinguished  public  services,  made 
him  for  years  to  be  looked  upon  as  the  most  pro- 
minent and  representative  person  in  his  state. 
He  was  the  adviser  and  benefactor  of  all  educa- 
tional, charitable,  and  religious  efforts.  He  pub- 
lished “ The  Practical  Tourist  ” ; “ Practical 
Mechanics”;  “ Philosopbv  of  the  Mechanics  of 
Nature ” (1851) ; “Solar  Light  and  Heat  ” (1879), 
and  other  valued  works.  Brown  university  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1851.  (See 
memoir  by  Amos  Perry. ) He  died  Marqh  1 7.  1882. 


ALLERTON,  Isaac,  Pilgrim,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land about  1583.  In  1608,  he  settled  in  Leyden, 
and  embarked  for  America  with  his  wife,  Mary, 
on  the  Mayflower,  in  the  year  1620.  His  name 
is  attached  to  the  compact  which  was  drawn  up  on 
this  memorable  voyage.  He  was  a man  of  property 
and  acquired  considerable  influence  in  the  colony. 
He  accompanied  Myles  Standish  on  his  visit  of  con- 
ciliation to  the  Indian  chief  Massasoit.  His  wife 
Mary  died  Feb.  25,  1621.  He  became  an  agent  of 
the  colonists  and  in  1626  was  sent  to  England  sev- 
eral times  to  obtain  supplies,  to  purchase  certain 
rights  for  the  colonists,  and  to  bring  over  the  rem- 
nant of  the  congregation  left  at  Leyden.  He 
obtained  a patent  for  a trading  station  on  the 
Kennebec  river,  had  a quarrel  with  the  colonists, 
and  in  1631  he  was  dismissed  by  the  colony.  He 
hired  a vessel  and  tried  to  establish  himself  as  a 
trader  on  the  Kennebec  grant  and  at  Penobscot, 
but  did  not  succeed,  his  station  at  the  latter  post 
being  destroyed  by  the  French.  He  made  like 
attempts,  still  unsuccessfully,  at  Machias  in  1663. 
In  1634  he  lost  a vessel  and  valuable  cargo  when 
returning  from  France,  and  in  the  same  year  his 
second  wife,  Fear,  daughter  of  Elder  William 
Brewster,  whom  he  married  in  1626,  died  of  a 
pestilential  fever.  In  1635  he  had  leave  to  depart 
from  Marblehead.  He  was  chosen  first  a burgher 
and  afterwards  a member  of  the  council  of  New 
Amsterdam  in  1643.  He  resided  in  New  Haven 
from  1643  until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1659. 
His  daughter  Mary,  the  last  survivor  of  the  May- 
flower. died  in  1699. 

ALLIBONE,  Samuel  Austin,  author,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  17,  1816.  He 
received  a liberal  education,  and  was  a man  of 
literary  taste,  but  at  first  did  not  confine  his  atten- 
tion to  literature,  being  in  business  in  his  native 
city.  Gradually  his  leisure  hours  were  spent  in 
literary  labor,  and,  as  an  amatsuHSie  began  the 
great  work  with  which  his  name  is  so  widely  as- 
sociated and  to  which  he  devoted  many  years  of 
his  life.  His  home  was  a fine  old  colonial  man- 
sion, situated  on  Arch  street  above  Ninth,  in 
Philadelphia,  and  here  he  had  collected  a very 
large  library.  He  was  a devout  member  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  church,  and  an  earnest  Sun- 
day school  worker.  He  published  some  contribu- 
tions relating  to  theological  controversy,  but 
eventually  concentrated  his  attention  on  the 
“Critical  Dictionary  of  English  Literature,  and 
British  and  American  Authors.”  which,  a vast 
undertaking,  gave  him  little  time  for  other  em- 
ployments. In  1854  the  first  volume  was  published 
and  its  author  became  an  acknowledged  authority 
on  the  subjects  of  which  it  treated.  It  was 
seventeen  years  before  the  second  and  third  vol- 
umes appeared.  His  dictionary  contains  critical 
and  biographical  notices  of  46.000  British  and 
[74j 


ALLISON. 


ALLISON. 


American  authors.  In  connection  with  it  he 
compiled  several  books  of  prose  and  poetical  quo- 
tations and  valuable  indices  to  publications  of 
importance.  His  religious  tracts  and  handbook 
are  also  well  known.  In  1867  lie  was  made  book 
editor  and  corresponding  secretary  of  the  Ameri- 
can Sunday  school  union,  retaining  the  office  for 
six  years,  and  holding  it  again  from  1877  to  1879. 
His  publications,  additional  to  those  previously 
mentioned,  are:  “ A Review  by  a Layman  of  a 

work,  entitled.  New  Themes  for  the  Protestant 
Clergy”  (1852);  “New  Themes  Condemned” 
(1853) ; “ An  Alphabetical  Index  to  the  New 
Testament”  (1868);  “Explanatory  Questions  on 
the  Gospels  and  the  Acts  ” (1869) ; “ Union  Bible 
Companion”  (1871);  “Poetical  Quotations,  from 
Chaucer  to  Tennyson  ” (1873) ; “ Prose  Quotations, 
from  Socrates  to  Macaulay”  (1876);  and  “ Great 
Authors  of  All  Ages,  being  selections  from  the 
prose  works  of  eminent  writers  from  the  time  of 
Pericles  to  the  present  day”  (1880).  In  1879, 
when  the  Lenox  library  was  newly  endowed 
he  was  invited  to  become  the  librarian.  He 
accepted  and  removed  to  New  York  city,  but 
failing  health  compelled  him  to  resign  his  posi- 
tion in  1888,  and  he  died  Sept.  2,  1889. 

ALLIN,  Roger,  governor  of  North  Dakota,  was 
born  at  Brad  worthy,  Eng.,  Dec.  18,  1848.  When 
he  was  quite  young  his  parents  settled  at  Oshawa, 
Canada,  and  there  his  boyhood  was  spent.  He  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools  and  high  school 
of  Oshawa,  and  in  1868  he  went  to  Michigan, 
where  he  occupied  himself  in  farming  until  1878, 
when  he  removed  to  North  Dakota,  buying  a 
tract  of  land  from  the  government.  Becoming 
a citizen  of  the  Uni  ted  States,  he  identified  him- 
self with  the  Republican  party,  and  when  the 
organization  known  as  the  Farmers’  Alliance  was 
formed,  he  was,  for  a number  of  years,  one  of  its 
most  active  leaders.  In  1886  he  was  elected  to 
the  territorial  council  and  re-elected  in  1888;  and 
in  May,  1889,  was  chosen  a member  of  the  consti- 
tutional convention  for  North  Dakota,  and 
was  active  in  securing  the  incorporation  of  the 
prohibition  law  into  the  constitution.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  by  the  Republicans  to 
represent  the  3rd  senatorial  district  in  the  first 
State  senate,  and  in  1890  he  was  chosen  lieuten- 
ant-governor. In  1894  he  was  nominated  by  ac- 
clamation for  the  governorship  of  North  Dakota, 
was  elected,  and  took  the  office  in  January,  1895. 

ALLISON,  Burgess,  educator,  was  born  in 
Bordentown,  N.  J.,  Aug.  17,  1753.  When  but 
sixteen  years  old  he  began  to  preach  in  (he  Bap- 
tist church,  and  after  attendance  at  the  college  of 
Rhode  Island  in  1777  he  settled  in  his  native 
town,  where  he  preached  for  a short  time,  and 
then  founded  a very  successful  classical  boarding 
school.  In  1879  he  received  the  honorary  degree 


of  A.M.  from  the  college  of  Rhode  Island,  and 
that  of  D.D.  in  1804.  In  1796  he  relinquished 
teaching,  and  invented  and  introduced  into  use 
some  valuable  improvements  on  the  steam-engine 
in  its  adaptation  to  steam  navigation.  In  1801, 
he  returned  to  his  teaching  and  preaching,  but 
the  condition  of  his  health  soon  obliged  him 
to  discontinue  both.  In  1816  he  was  elected  first 
chaplain  of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  from 
1816  to  1824  held  the  same  position  at  the  U.  S. 
navy  yard  in  Washington.  He  contributed  fre- 
quently to  magazines,  but  wrote  no  books.  He 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  20,  1827. 

ALLISON,  James,  editor,  was  born  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  Sept.  27,  1823.  Was  graduated  from 
Jefferson  college  in  1845,  and  from  the  Western 
theological  seminary  at  Allegheny,  Pa.,  in  1848. 
After  serving  as  pastor  for  sixteen  years,  he  be- 
came, in  1864,  editor  and  proprietorof  the  Presby- 
terian Banner.  He  was  a member  of  the  Freed- 
men’s  Board  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  from  its 
organization  in  1865,  and  treasurer  of  the  board 
from  1870  to  1889.  His  degree  of  D.D.  was  con- 
ferred by  Jefferson  college. 

ALLISON,  Joseph,  jurist,  was  born  at  Harris- 
burg, Pa.,  in  1819,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1843.  Shortly  afterward  he  located  in  Philadel- 
phia and  soon  took  a leading  position  at  the 
local  bar.  He  was  first  elected  to  the  bench 
in  1851  by  a fusion  of  the  native  American 
and  Whig  parties.  After  that  he  was  regularly 
re-elected  on  the  republican  ticket,  and  in  his 
last  two  elections  was  indorsed  by  the  democrats. 
From  1865  Judge  Allison  was  presiding  judge  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas.  He  possessed  an  es- 
sentially judicial  mind,  and  was  deeply  versed  in 
the  law.  His  feelings  never  interfered  with  the 
interpretation  of  the  law,  and  his  rulings  were 
rarely  reversed.  He  died  Feb.  8.  1890. 

ALLISON,  William  Boyd,  senator,  was  born  at 
Perry,  Wayne  county,  O.,  March  2,  1829.  He  was 
of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  His  father,  John  Allison, 
removed  from  Bellefonte,  Pa. , where  he  was  born, 
to  the  newly  settled  state  of  Ohio,  in  1823.  In 
1845  William  Boyd  was  sent  to  the  academy  at 
Wooster,  O.,  where  he  remained  two  .years  ; he 
then  studied  for  a year  at  Allegheny  college, 
Pa.  In  1848  he  returned  to  Wooster,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1850.  In 
1855  he  was  a candidate  to  the  Whig  conven- 
tion that  nominated  Salmon  P.  Chase  for  gov- 
ernor. In  1856  he  supported  John  C.  Fremont 
for  President,  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  the  office  of  district  attorney  for 
his  county.  He  married  a daughter  of  Daniel 
Carter,  of  Wooster,  and  in  1857  located  in  Du- 
buque, la.,  where  he  opened  a law  office  and  took 
an  active  interest  in  politics,  being  in  1859  a 
delegate  to  the  republican  state  convention.  In 
l"5J 


ALLSTON. 


ALLSTON. 


1890  lie  was  chosen  a delegate  to  the  Chicago  con- 
vention. When  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  was 
appointed  upon  Governor  Kirkwood’s  staff.  In 
1863  lie  was  elected  representative  in  the  38th 

Congress,  and  was 
returned  to  the  39th, 
40th,  and  41st  con- 
gresses. In  1870  he 
declined  a re-nomin- 
ation, and  contested 
with  George  G. 
Wright,  of  Des 
Moines,  for  a seat  in 
the  senate.  He  failed 
of  an  election,  but  in 
1873  defeated  Janies 
Harlan,  and  took  his 
x seat  March  4,  1873. 

/Z  He  was  re-elected  in 

1878,  ’84,  ’90,  and  ’96. 
In  1880  President  Garfield  tendered  him  the  treas- 
ury portfolio,  which  he  declined.  The  same  posi- 
tion was  urged  upon  him  by  President  Harrison  in 
1888.  While  a representative  in  Congress  he  bore 
an  active  part  in  all  the  war  legislation  of  the 
period,  and  as  a member  of  the  ways  and  means 
committee  opposed  the  tariff  act  of  1870.  'As  a 
member  of  the  finance  committee  in  the  senate 
he  was  brought  in  contact  with  the  great  inter- 
ests of  both  the  east  and  the  west,  and  while  in  no 
sense  sectional  in  his  political  views,  he  became 
recognized  beyond  the  Mississippi  as  the  champion 
of  western  interests,  mainly  by  his  amendment 
to  the  Bland  silver  bill.  In  1893  Mr.  Allison  was 
chairman  of  the  American  delegates  who  attended 
the  international  monetary  conference  in  Brus- 
sels, where  he  acquitted  himself  with  great 
ability,  maintaining  the  American  contention  for 
the  use  of  both  metals,  and  winning  the  respect 
of  the  delegates.  Mr.  Blaine’s  estimate  of  Senator 
Allison  was  well  expressed  when  he  said  of  him, 
that  “a  man  could  scarcely  be  better  qualified  by 
tempei'ament,  experience  and  judgment,  as  a 
statesman.”  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  the  presidential  nomination  before  the  Repub- 
lican national  convention  of  1888,  and  again  in 
1896.  In  the  senate  he  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  appropriations. 

ALLSTON,  Joseph,  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, was  born  near  Charleston  in  1778,  son  of 
William  and  Rebecca  (Motte)  Allston.  He  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature,  where  he  served 
for  several  years,  and  was  afterwards  elected 
governor,  serving  from  1813  to  1814.  His  wife, 
Theodosia,  was  the  daughter  of  Aaron  Burr,  and 
on  that  account  lie  was  suspected  of  being  a party 
to  Burr’s  disloyalty,  and  of  aiding  him  in  his 
scheme  for  foundingan  empire  in  Mexico.  He  died 
Sept.  10.  1816. 


ALLSTON,  Robert  Francis  Withers,  gov- 
ernor of  South  Carolina,  was  born  in  All  Saints’ 
Parish,  S.  C.,  April  31,  1801.  He  was  graduated 
from  West  Point  in  1831,  standing  highin  hisclass, 
was  appointed  lieutenant  of  artillery,  served  one 
year,  resigning  his  commission  in  1833.  Return- 
ing to  South  Carolina  he  practised  the  profession 
of  civil  engineering  and  also  managed  an  extensive 
rice  plantation.  He  was  surveyor -general  of  the 
state  from  1833  to  1837,  and  in  1838  was  elected 
to  the  legislature  as  a member  of  the  lower  house. 
He  was  chosen  state  senator  in  1833,  and  was 
from  1847  to  1856  presiding  officer  of  the  senate. 
He  was  elected  governor  of  the  state  in  1856, 
serving  two  years.  He  was  especially  interested 
in  rice  culture,  and  wrote  an  interesting  and  use- 
ful book  on  the  subject.  From  1831  to  1838  he 
was  trustee  of  South  Carolina  college,  and  in 
1847  published  “Report  on  Public  Schools.”  In 
politics  he  was  a “state’s- rights  ” man.  He  died 
April  7,  1864. 

ALLSTON,  Theodosia  Burr,  was  born  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1783,  daughter  of  Aaron  and 
Theodosia  (Provost)  Burr.  She  was  tenderly 
reared,  her  father  directing  his  efforts  to  train 
her  up  to  become  something  more  than  a “ mere 
fashionable  woman  with  all  the  attendant  fri- 
volity and  vacuity  of  mind,”  and  she  is  admitted 
to  have  been  the  “most  charming  and  accom- 
plished woman  of  her  day.”  She  was  the  mis- 
tress of  her  father’s  house  in  Washington  when 
only  eleven  years  old,  at  a time  when  he  was  at 
the  zenith  of  his  political  popularity.  She  re- 
turned with  him  to  their  New  York  home,  and 
on  February  3,  1801,  after  he  had  been  elected 
vice-president  of  the  United  States,  she,  in  her 
eighteenth  year,  was  married  to  Joseph  Allston, 
a wealthy  young  planter  of  South  Carolina,  son 
of  William  Allston  and  relative  of  Washington 
Allston.  the  historical  painter.  He  afterward 
became  governor  of  the  state  of  South  Carolina, 
and  their  son,  Aaron  Burr  Allston,  was  proclaimed 
by  his  proud  grandfather  as  the  intended  heir  to 
the  throne  of  the  empire  of  Mexico,  which  he 
dreamed  of  wresting  from  the  Montezumas. 
Aaron  Burr  awoke  from  that  dream  to  find  him- 
self a prisoner  confronted  with  a charge  of 
treason,  while  the  lovely  Theodosia,  the  petted 
and  beloved  leader  of  the  social  circles  of  two 
capitals,  found  herself  an  object  of  distrust  and 
suspicion,  shunned  by  her  nearest  friends  and 
derided  by  those  who  before  had  not  been  so  for- 
tunate as  to  share  her  favor.  Upon  hearing  of 
her  father’s  imprisonment  at  Richmond  she  hast- 
ened to  his  side,  and  through  the  long  trial  clung- 
to  him  with  more  than  filial  devotion,  sharing  in 
his  disgrace,  and  by  her  beauty  and  heroism 
charming  even  tli9  most  bitter  of  his  enemies. 
From  her  childhood  she  had  been  his  friend  and. 


ALLSTON. 


ALLSTON. 


companion,  and  in  the  dark  hours  of  his  check- 
ered career  her  faith  in  him  and  her  devotion  to 
him  were  the  only  ties  that  bound  him  to  his  fel- 
low-beings. Subsequently,  when  her  exiled  father 
was  weary  of  his  four  years’  wanderings  in 
foreign  lands,  it  was  through  her  eloquent  appeals 
to  Mrs.  Madison,  Secretary  Gallatin,  and  other 
old-time  friends,  that  the  way  was  finally  opened 
for  his  return  to  his  America.  The  death  of  her 
son,  in  his  eleventh  year,  before  his  grandfather’s 
return,  prostrated  her  completely.  In  the  hope 
that  the  companionship  of  her  beloved  father 
would  restore  her  broken  health  and  spirit,  her 
husband  obtained  passage  for  her  to  New  York  in 
the  Patriot,  a coasting  schooner.  The  vessel  was 
never  heard  from  after  its  departure  from 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  December,  1812,  and  it  was 
believed  to  have  foundered  off  the  coast  of  Hat- 
teras.  Some  forty  years  afterward,  however,  a 
romantic  story  found  credence  and  went  the 
rounds  of  the  press,  to  the  effect  that  a dying 
sailor  in  Detroit  had  confessed  that  he  had  been 
one  of  a crew  of  mutineers,  who,  in  January, 
1813,  took  possession  of  the  Patriot,  bound  from 
Charleston  to  New  York,  and  compelled  the  crew 
and  passengers  to  “walk  the  plank.”  Charles 
Burr  Todd  has  written  biographical  “ Sketches  of 
Rev.  Aaron  Burr,  D.D.,  Col.  Aaron  Burr,  and 
Theodosia  Burr  Allston,”  published  in  New 
York,  1879. 

ALLSTON,  Washington,  artist,  was  born  at 
Brook  Green  Domain,  in  the  district  of  Wacca- 
maw,  S.  C.,  Nov.  5,  1779.  When  seven  years  of  age 
he  was  sent  to  Newport,  R.  I. , to  prepare  for  col- 
lege, and  was  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1800. 
His  talent  for  drawing  manifested  itself  at  an 

early  age,  and  his 
chief  pleasure  was 
in  drawing  and 
sketching.  His  first 
essay  at  painting 
was  a portrait  of  the 
eldest  son  of  Dr. 
Waterhouse,  profes- 
sor of  medicine  at 
Harvard  college; 
and  this  was  fol 
lowed  by  portraits 
of  four  members  of 
the  Channing  fam- 
ily. He  had  no  reg- 
ular instructor  in 
drawing  or  paint- 
ing until  after  he  went  abroad  in  May,  1801.  He 
studied  in  England  at  the  Royal  academy,  and 
afterwards  visited  Paris,  and  then  Rome,  where 
he  remained  for  several  years,  during  which  time 
he  gained  for  himself  a high  reputation  as  a color- 
ist. He  wascalled  the  “American  Titian,”  because 


of  the  wonderful  wealth  and  harmony  of  his  magi- 
cal color  combinations.  In  1809  he  returned  to 
America  and  married  Ann  Channing  a sister  of 
William  Ellery  Channing.  After  spending  two 
years  in  America,  he  sailed  for  England  in  1811, 
and  established  himself  in  London,  where  he  en- 
tered upon  a career  of  uninterrupted  prosperity. 
Many  of  his  pupils  became  artists  of  note;  and  lie 
painted  a number  of  subjects  of  great  merit,  among 
them:  “Uriel  in  the  Sun,”  “ Jacob’s  Feast,”  and 
“The  Dead  Man  Revived  by  Touching  the  Bones  of 
Elijah,”  a picture  which  took  a prize  of  two  hun- 
dred guineas  from  the  British  institute,  and  was 
afterwards  bought  by  the  Philadelphia  academy. 
His  work  at  this  period  shows  “ high  imaginative 
power,  and  a rare  mastery  of  color,  light  and 
shade.”  He  was  most  influenced  and  inspired  by 
the  Italian  masters,  though  his  principal  teachers 
were  West  and  Reynolds.  In  1818  he  returned  to 
America,  and  established  a studio  in  Boston,  mov- 
ing some  years  later  to  CV  mbridgeport.  where  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1819  he  was 
made  associate  of  the  Royal  academy.  His  sec  • 
ond  wife,  whom  he  married  in  1830,  was  a sister 
of  Richard  H.  Dana.  The  choicest  of  his  works 
during  this  period  are  in  Boston,  some  belonging 
to  the  Museum  of  fine  arts,  and  some  to  the  pri- 
vate collections  of  the  older  families  of  the  city. 
His  “Spanish  Girl,”  “ Spalatro’s  Vision  of  the 
Bloody  Hand.”  “The  Death  of  King  John,” 
“Jeremiah,”  “The  Witch  of  Endor,”  “Miriam 
and  Rosalie,”  are  best  known  in  America.  His 
“Belshazzars  Feast,”  a most  ambitious  under- 
taking, was  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  and 
became  the  property  of  the  Boston  Athenaeum. 
Allston’s  writings  display  much  talent,  and  his 
works  in  both  prose  and  poetry  have  been  highly 
praised  by  critics.  His  “America  to  Great 
Britain  ” was  declared  by  Charles  Sumner  to  be 
“ one  of  the  choicest  lyrics  in  the  language,"  and 
it  was  incorporated  in  “ Sybilline  Leaves.”  Some 
of  his  other  works  are : “ The  Sylphs  of  the  Sea- 

sons,” a poem  read  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  at 
Cambridge,  and  published  in  1813;  “The  Paint 
King”  and  the  “Two  Painters,”  “Monaldi,”a 
romance  of  Italian  life  (1841) ; “ Lectures  on  Art 
and  Poems”  (1850).  See  “Ware’s  Lectures  on 
the  Works  and  Genius  of  Washington  Allston  ” 
(Boston,  1852);  and  “Artist  Biographies.  Alls- 
ton,” by  M.  F.  Sweetzer  (Boston,  1879).  He  died 
in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  July  9,  1843. 

ALLSTON,  William,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1757.  He  married  a daugh- 
ter of  Rebecca  Motte  and  was  an  extensive 
planter  and  slave-owner.  During  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  he  served  with  distinction  as  captain 
under  Marion,  and  subsequently  was  elected  state 
senator,  to  which  office  he  was  many  times  re- 
elected. He  served  as  presidential  elector.  His 


ALMY. 


ALSOP. 


son,  Joseph  Allston.  was  a governor  of  South  Car- 
olina. Colonel  Allston  died  on  his  home  planta- 
tion June  26,  1839. 

ALLYN,  Robert,  educator,  was  born  at  Led- 
yard,  New  London  county,  Conn.,  Jan.  25,  1817. 
He  was  graduated  from  Wesleyan  university  in 
1841,  and  for  two  years  following  was  teacher  of 
mathematics  in  Wilbraham  academy.  In  1842 
he  joined  the  New  England  conference,  and  from 
1843  to  1845  preached  at  Colchester,  Conn.,  having 
been  transferred  to  the  Providence  coiiference. 
In  1845  he  became  principal  of  Wilbraham  acad- 
„emy,  resigning  the  position  in  1848  to  become 
principal  of  the  Conference  seminary  at  East 
Greenwich,  R.  I.  This  position  lie  retained  until 
1854,  being  a member  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives of  the  state  in  1852.  From  1854  to  1857  he 
was  commissioner  of  public  schools  of  Rhode 
Island,  and  editor  of  the  “Rhode  Island  School- 
master.” In  1854  he  was  again  a member  of  the 
state  legislature  and  also  appointed  a visitor  to 
the  military  academy  at  West  Point.  He  re- 
moved to  Ohio  in  1857  and  for  two  years  occupied 
the  chair  of  ancient  languages  in  Ohio  university. 
From  1857  to  1863  he  was  president  of  the  Wes- 
leyan female  college  at  Cincinnati,  and  from  1863 
to  1869  was  president  of  the  McKendree  college 
at  Lebanon,  111.  In  1865  Wesleyan  university 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and  he 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  McKendree 
college  in  1876.  In  1874  he  was  chosen  president 
of  the  Southern  Illinois  normal  university  at  Car- 
bondale.  111.,  and  held  that  office  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  Jan.  7,  1894. 

ALMY,  John  Jay,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Newport,  R.  I.,  April  24,  1814.  At  the  age  of 
fifteen  he  became  a midshipman  in  the  navy, 
being  promoted  past-midshipman  July  3,  1835, 
and  lieutenant,  March  8,  1841.  From  1846  to  1850 
he  was  on  the  Ohio  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Pacific  ocean,  and  he  was  present  at  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz  and  the  capture  of  Tuxpan.  From  1851 
to  1856  he  was  connected  with  the  coast  survey  on 
Chesapeake  bay  and  the  coast  of  Virginia,  and 
North  Carolina.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  Fulton,  and  served  first  on  the 
coast  of  Central  America  and  later  on  an  ex- 
pedition to  Paraguay.  On  April  24,  1861,  he  was 
promoted  commander,  and  did  service  in  the 
North  and  South  Atlantic  blockading  squadrons, 
capturing  and  destroying  four  blockade  runners. 
He  was  promoted  captain  March  3,  1865,  and 
from  1865  to  1867  he  was  on  duty  on  the  coast 
of  Brazil  and  South  Africa  as  commander  of  the 
Juniata.  From  1868  to  1869  he  was  on  ordnance 
duty  in  the  New  York  navy  yard,  receiving  pro- 
motion to  the  rank  of  commodore  Dec.  31,  1869. 
He  was  promoted  rear  admiral  in  1873,  and  was 
retired  April  24.  1877.  He  died  May  16,  1895. 


ALMY,  William,  manufacturer,  was  born  in 
Providence.  R.  I.,  Feb.  17,1761.  In  early  life  he 
was  a teacher.  He  married  a daughter  of  Moses 
Brown,  and  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton 
goods.  His  life  was  full  of  philanthropic  deeds, 
and  he  used  his  wealth  in  helping  others  to  help 
themselves.  He  established  the  New  England 
yearly  meeting  boarding  - house  in  Providence, 
now  known  as  “The  Friends’  School.”  He  had 
enrolled,  and  took  the  entire  responsibility  for  the 
education  of,  eighty  students.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  society  of  Friends,  and  was  highly 
esteemed  for  his  upright  and  benevolent  char- 
acter. He  died  Feb.  5,  1836. 

ALSOP,  Charles  Richard,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Middletown.  Conn.,  in  1803.  He  was  graduated 
from  Yale  college  in  1821.  after  which  he  studied 
law  for  three  years  under  Chancellor  Kent,  and 
practised  in  Middletown  and  in  New  York  city 
from  1824  to  1831.  In  1832  he  entered  into  mer- 
cantile business  in  Middletown,  and  continued  in 
this  until  1846.  He  was  elected  mayor  of  Middle- 
town  in  1843,  and  in  1855  became  a state  senator 
and  a member  of  Yale  college  corporation.  He 
died  March  5,  1865. 

ALSOP,  Joseph  W.,  physician,  was  born  in 
New  York  city.  Aug.  20,  1838.  He  was  educated 
in  the  scientific  schools  of  Yale  and  Columbia 
colleges,  and  obtained  his  M.D.  degree  from  the 
medical  department  of  the  university  of  the  city 
of  New  York.  His  father  was  a citizen  of  Mid- 
dletown, Conn.,  and  the  son  established  liimself 
in  practice  in  that  city,  soon  becoming  prominent 
in  municipal  affairs.  In  1881  he  was  elected  to 
the  state  senate  and  served  continuously  in  that 
body  for  six  years.  In  1881  he  was  made  a mem- 
ber of  the  state  board  of  agriculture,  holding  the 
office  until  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  elected 
a trustee  of  the  Connecticut  hospital  for  the 
insane  at  Middletown,  and  later  became  secre- 
tary of  the  board,  and  after  1881  acted  as  a 
director  of  the  Connecticut  industrial  school  for 
girls.  Dr.  Alsop  was  also  a director  of  the  Rus- 
sell library  company  and  of  the  St.  Luke  home 
for  aged  and  indigent  women.  In  1890  he  was 
nominated  for  lieutenant-governor  of  the  state. 
He  was  deeply  interested  in  agriculture  and  was 
one  of  the  most  successful  stock-breeders  in  the 
state.  He  died  at  Fenwick,  Conn..  June  24,  1891. 

ALSOP,  Richard,  author,  was  born  at  Middle- 
town,  Conn.,  Jan.  23,  1761.  After  studying  at 
Yale  college  a while  he  left  to  go  into  business, 
which  also  he  abandoned  to  devote  his  time  to 
literature  and  the  study  of  language.  In  1791  he 
published  at  Hartford,  in  connection  with  Theo- 
dore Dwight,  Benjamin  Trumbull.  Lemuel  Hop- 
kins and  others  of  the  literary  club  known  as 
the  “Hartford  Wits,”  a series  of  papers  called 
The  Echo  ( 1791— "95. ) It  is  said  of  these  papers 


ALTGELD. 


ALTHAM. 


that  they  were  “ Clever  travesties  and  exaggera- 
tions of  current  publications,  and  pompous  state 
papers,  in  short,  whatever  was  a mark  for 
polished  ridicule.  While  they  were  the  veriest 
bombast,  they  exerted  much  influence  on  the 
thought  of  the  time.”  They  were  published  in  a 
volume  in  1807.  Among  his  best  serious  poems 
was  a “Monody  on  the  Death  of  Washington.” 
In  1815  he  edited  “ Captivity  and  Adventures  of 
J.  R.  Jewett  among  the  Savages  of  Nootka 
Sound.”  He  died  in  Flatbush,  Long  Island,  Aug. 
20,  1815. 

ALTGELD,  John  Peter,  governor  of  Illinois, 
was  born  in  Prussia  in  1848,  and  early  in  life 
came  to  America  with  his  father’s  family,  who 
settled  on  a farm  near  Mansfield,  Ohio.  His  edu- 
cation was  scanty,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
volunteered  in  the  army,  engaging  in  the  final 
campaigns  of  Grant.  He  served  with  his  regi- 
ment until  it  was  disbanded  at  Columbus,  O., 
and  then  worked  on  his  father’s  farm,  studied  in 
the  library  of  a neighbor  and  at  a private  school 
at  Lexington.  O.,  and  for  two  years  taught  school. 
He  then  left  home  and  travelled  from  state  to 
state  earning  a precarious  livelihood,  until,  in  1869, 
he  reached  St.  Louis,  where  he  studied  law,  and 
removing  to  Savannah.  Mo. . in  1870,  he  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar.  In  1874  he  was  elected  prosecuting 
attorney  for  the  county.  In  October,  1875,  he 
resigned  and  removed  to  Chicago,  111.  In  1876  he 
was  a candidate  before  the  democratic  caucus  of 
the  state  legislature  for  United  States  senator. 
He  was  fairly  successful  in  his  law  practice,  and 
his  first  surplus  of  $500  he  invested  in  a city  lot, 
which  he  soon  sold  at  a handsome  profit.  During 
the  succeeding  five  years  he  accumulated  a mod- 
erate sum,  and  in  1882  he  made  a real  estate  deal 
which  astonished  even  Chicago.  He  bought 
seventy-five  acres  of  land  in  the  suburbs  for  from 
§2,500  to  §3,000  an  acre,  making  a payment  down 
of  §30,000  in  cash.  Two-tliirds  of  the  cash  was  sup- 
plied by  a friend  in  Lake  View,  and  the  remainder 
Mr.  Altgeld  borrowed  from  other  friends,  until  he 
found  himself  in  debt  nearly  §200,000.  He  sub- 
divided the  property,  had  the  streets  improved, 
and  afterwards  sold  out  the  land  at  an  immense 
profit.  This  was  the  largest  real  estate  transac- 
tion that  had  ever  been  made  in  Chicago,  and 
it  contributed  greatly  to  Mr.  Altgeld’s  reputation 
as  a shrewd  business  man.  He  subsequently 
bought  §225,000  worth  of  property  in  a single 
purchase,  and  borrowed  at  one  time  §380,000  to 
improve  the  same.  The  Unity  building  was 
erected  in  1895,  and  his  entire  holding  of  Chicago 
real  estate  was  estimated  in  1896  to  be  worth  from 
one  to  five  millions  of  dollars.  In  1886  Mr.  Alt- 
geld accepted  the  democratic  nomination  for 
the  office  of  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and 
though  the  district  was  accounted  Republican 


by  12,000  votes,  he  was  elected  by  a fair  majority, 
a result  largely  due  to  the  perfect  organization  of 
his  canvass.  In  August,  1891,  he  resigned  from 
the  bench.  The  democratic  state  convention  of 
April.  1892,  nominated  him  for  governor  of  Illi- 
nois. No  Democrat  had  been  elected  to  that 
office  since  1856,  but  Altgeld  began  a campaign 
which  was  remarkable  for  its  thoroughness,  and 
he  carried  the  election  by  a good  majority.  The 
most  notable  act  of  his  administration  as  gover- 
nor was  the  pardon  of  the  anarchists  who  had 
been  condemned  to  long  imprisonment  for  com- 
plicity in  the  Haymarket  murders  in  Chicago  in 
May,  1886.  His  action  raised  a storm  of  indig- 
nant protest  from  all  parts  of  the  country.  In 
July,  1894,  the  riotous  railroad  strikers  in  Chicago 
and  vicinity  were  in  possession  of  the  shops  and 
rolling  stock  of  the  roads  coming  into  Chicago, 
and  congested  the  traffic.  President  Cleveland 
sent  United  States  troops  to  the  protection  of  the 
roads,  and  General  Altgeld  protested  against  the 
act  as  interfering  with  the  rights  of  the  state. 
Mr.  Altgeld  was  one  of  the  Illinois  delegates  to 
the  Chicago  democratic  convention  of  1896 
which  nominated  William  J.  Bryan  for  the  presi- 
dency. The  same  year  he  was  a candidate  for 
re-election  to  the  governorship  and  was  defeated 
by  an  overwhelming  vote. 

ALTHAM,  George  J.,  inventor,  was  born  in 
Fall  River,  Mass.,  May  27,  1863;  son  of  Jonas  and 
Mary  (Hargrave)  Altham.  His  parents  were  of 
English  birth,  his  father  having  come  to  America 
to  establish  a factory  in  Fall  River.  When  the 
son  was  about  six  years  old  his  father  took  him  to 
England,  where  he  was  sent  to  school.  He  fin- 
ished his  common -school  education  at  Swansea, 
Mass.  He  first  turned  his  attention  to  aerial  navi- 
gation, making  at  his  father’s  farm  in  Swansea, 
Mass.,  experiments  in  aerostation  with  a view  of 
testing  what  angle  of  aeroplane  gave  the  greatest 
lifting  power.  To  prove  this  he  rigged  a machine 
somewhat  like  a common  derrick,  with  the  arm 
nearly  horizontal.  This  arm  he  caused  to  rotate, 
and  on  it  was  placed  an  aeroplane  set  at  different 
angles,  with  a finely  adjusted  spring  balanoe, 
that  would  register  the  sustaining  or  floating 
capacity  of  the  same  at  the  different  angles.  Mr. 
Altham  by  his  experiments  discovered  the  simple 
law  in  aerostatics  that  a forward  velocity  to  a mov- 
ing body  in  the  air  is  the  most  important  principle 
in  aerial  navigation.  He  then  invented  a double 
cylinder  engine  in  which  reciprocal  motion  was 
converted  into  rotary  motion,  and  constructed  on 
this  principle  a model  of  a new  marine  engine, 
which  he  patented.  About  1892  he  experimented 
in  a steam  turbine  to  overcome  the  heat  in  the 
bearings  caused  by  increase  in  speed.  He  ex- 
hibited the  result  at  the  Massachusetts  charit- 
able mechanics  association  in  1895,  and  was 
[79] 


ALVORD. 


ALVORD. 


awarded  the  silver  medal.  In  1896  he  per- 
fected his  hydrocarbon  motor,  which  was  pro- 
nounced practicable  for  use  in  a motor  carriage. 
Mr.  Altham  made  experiments  with  Mexican 
asphalt,  mixing  it  with  peat  and  producing 
a fuel  which  would  not  “run,”  and  which 
was  superior  to  cannel  coal  in  quick  combustion 
and  heat-giving  properties.  “ The  Altham  fuel” 
was  tried  in  February,  1896.  in  fire  engines  in 
Boston  and  other  cities,  and  was  highly  success- 
ful. 

ALTHAM,  John,  missionary.  He  came  with 
a companion  Jesuit  missionary.  Leonard  Calvert, 
to  Maryland  in  1633.  He  fitted  up  an  Indian 
hut  as  a chapel,  and  preached  the  gospel  through 
the  country  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, having  first  made  himself  acquainted  with 
the  Indian  dialects.  He  obtained  great  influence 
over  the  Indians,  which  he  used  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage of  the  embyro  settlement,  and  this  influ- 
ence was  greatly  augmented  by  his  conversion  of 
several  powerful  chiefs  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
faith.  Died  in  1641. 

ALVORD,  Benjamin,  soldier,  was  born  at  Rut- 
land, Vt.,  Aug.  18,  1813.  He  was  graduated  from 
West  Point  in  1833,  and  served  in  the  Seminole 
war.  In  1839  he  was  mathematical  instructor  at 
the  U.  S.  military  academy,  and  was  employed  in 
garrison  and  frontier  duty  from  1840  to  1846.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  war,  being  promoted  for 
meritorious  conduct  to  the  rank  of  major,  and 
was  General  Riley’s  chief  of  staff  in  the  march  from 
'Vera  Cruz.  He  was  promoted  to  paymaster  in 
1854;  to  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  1862; 
and  in  1865  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  in  the 
regular  army.  He  was  chief  of  the  pay  depart- 
ment from  1872  until  1881,  in  which  year  he  was 
placed  on  the  retired  list.  He  wrote  a number  of 
essays  on  matters  relating  to  his  profession,  and 
also  a treatise  on  mathematics.  He  died  Oct.  16, 
1884. 

ALVORD,  Corydon  A.,  printer,  was  born  in 
Winchester,  Conn.,  about  1812.  In  1845  he  re- 
moved from  Hartford,  where  he  had  learned  the 
printing  trade,  and  settled  in  New  York  city, 
where  he  became  well-known  as  a printer  of  illus- 
trated books,  his  specialty  being  the  facsimile 
reproductions  of  old  records,  books  and  news- 
papers; a reprint  in  facsimile  of  the  early  records 
of  New  York  city  was  partially  made  by  him,  but 
the  work  was  never  completed  by  reason  of 
changes  in  the  comptroller’s  office.  He  waspresi-’ 
dent  of  the  typothetae,  and  a member  of  the  typo- 
graphical society.  After  amassing  a fortune  he 
retired  from  business  in  1871,  and  made  his  home 
again  in  Hartford.  He  lost  his  property  through 
the  dishonesty  of  others,  and  spent  the  last  years 
of  his  life  in  writing  a history  of  Hartford  and 
Winchester.  He  died  Nov.  28,  1874. 


ALVARADO,  Jean  Bautista,  governor  of  Cal 
ifornia.  He  led  a revolt  against  the  authority  of 
Mexico.  On  the  death  of  Governor  Figueroa  in 
1835,  an  extremely  unpopular  man  named  Chico 
was  put  in  authority  by  the  Mexican  government. 
Public  opinion  obliged  him  to  surrender  his  posi- 
tion, and  in  November,  1836,  Alvarado  seized 
Monterey  and  held  that  city  with  a force  consist- 
ing of  native  Californians  and  adventurers  from 
the  United  States.  Independence  was  declared, 
a legislature  assembled,  and  Alvarado  was  elected 
as  governor  ad  interim.  For  a time  Lower  Cali- 
fornia remained  loyal  to  the  Mexican  rule,  but  it 
was  not  long  before  Alvarado,  by  shrewd  diplo- 
macy and  by  the  display  of  force,  won  Santa 
Barbara  and  Los  Angeles  to  himself.  He  claimed, 
therefore,  in  January,  1837,  that  the  whole  of 
California  was  united,  free,  and  independent.  An 
emissary  of  the  Mexican  government  was  sent  to 
treat  with  Alvarado,  whose  diplomacy  converted 
him  to  the  Californian  view  and  he  was  sent  back 
as  a friend  of  the  new  government.  To  end  this 
indeterminate  state  of  affairs,  the  Mexican  gov- 
ernment appointed  a governor  without  acquaint- 
ing Alvarado  of  its  action.  Hostilities  ensued, 
an  engagement  was  fought  in  which  one  man 
was  killed  and  the  Mexicans  were  whipped. 
“This,”  says  H.  H.  Bancroft,  “was  Alvarado’s 
greatest  victory,  and  the  most  crushing  defeat 
administered  by  him  to  the  south.”  In  1840  the 
central  government  recognized  him  as  governor 
of  what  was  called  the  “Department  of  Califor- 
nia,” thus  re  affirming  and  enlarging  his  power. 
For  two  years  his  authority  was  unquestioned; 
then  he  was  deposed,  and  a military  representa- 
tive of  the  Mexican  government  was  put  in 
charge.  After  his  deposition  he  was  engaged 
in  some  political  intrigues,  but  nothing  of  im- 
portance was  effected,  and  the  conquest  of  Cali- 
fornia by  the  United  States  put  an  end  to  all  at- 
tempts at  revolution  and  ended  the  career  of 
Alvarado. 

ALVORD,  Henry  Elijah,  educator,  was  horn 
at  Greenfield,  Mass.,  March  11,  1844.  He  was 
educated  at  Norwich  university,  where  in  1863  he 
was  given  the  degree  of  C.E.  and  B.S.  In  1862 
he  joined  the  army  as  a private,  and  through 
meritorious  service  was  promoted  major  in 
1865,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  was  commis- 
sioned captain  of  the  United  States  cavalry.  In 
1872  he  was  appointed  a special  Indian  courier. 
In  1886  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  agricul- 
ture in  the  Massachusetts  agricultural  college  at 
Amherst,  and  wrote  largely  for  the  agricultural 
periodicals  of  England  and  America.  He  also 
lectured  extensively.  He  was  employed  by  the 
United  States  government  and  the  state  of  Mass- 
achusetts in  making  experiments  in  agricultural 
science. 


AMAT. 


AMES. 


ALVORD,  Thomas  Gold,  statesman,  was  born 
at  Onondaga,  N.  Y..  Dec.  20.  1810,  son  of  Elisha 
and  Helen  (Lansing)  Alvord.  His  paternal  an- 
cestor, Alexander  Alvord,  immigrated  from  Som- 
ersetshire, England,  and  settled  at  East  Winsor, 
Conn.,  in  1631.  His  maternal  ancestor,  Abram 

Jacob  Lansing,  left 
Holland  in  16  3 0, 
and  located  at  Fort 
Orange.  He  became 
the  patroon  of  a 
large  grant  of  land 
which  he  called  Lan- 
singburgh.  His  pa- 
ternal grandfather, 
Thomas  Gold  Alvord. 
was  a soldier  in  the 
French  and  Indian 
war  of  1756.  and  also 
served  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war,  as  did 
his  maternal  grand- 
father. His  father  removed  immediately  after 
his  marriage  to  Onondaga  county.  He  returned 
to  Lansingburgh  in  1813,  and  there  young  Alvord 
received  his  preparatory  education  at  the  acad- 
emy. At  the  early  age  of  fifteen  he  entered  Yale 
college,  where  he  was  graduated  at  1828.  He 
then  worked  in  a country  store,  studied  law.  and 
in  October,  1832,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Salina, 
N.  Y.  In  1846,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  manu- 
facture of  lumber  and  salt.  The  lumber  supply 
practically  giving  out  about  1860.  he  confined 
himself  to  the  salt  manufacture.  Mr.  Alvord  re- 
presented his  district  in  the  New  York  assembly 
in  1843.  He  was  again  a successful  candidate 
in  1857,  and  from  this  time  on  for  twenty-four 
years  he  was  successively  re-elected  either  as 
assemblyman  or  to  some  other  state  office. 
Twice  again  in  1864  and  1879,  he  was  chosen 
speaker  of  the  assembly,  and  he  also  served  as 
speaker  pro  tempore  in  1852,  during  a portion  of 
the  term  of  Henry  J.  Raymond.  In  1864  he  was 
elected  lieutenant-governor,  and  he  served  during 
1865-66,  and  in  1867  and  1868  he  was  a member  and 
vice-president  of  the  state  constitution  conven- 
tion. He  was  permanent  chairman  of  the  state 
convention  which  met  in  Syracuse  in  1861.  His 
last  term  of  service  in  the  legislature  was  in 
1882,  after  which  he  retired  into  private  life. 

Afl  AT,  Thaddeus,  R.  C.  bishop,  was  born  in 
Barcelona,  Spain.  Dec.  31,  1811.  He  pursued  his 
education  in  the  Barcelona  diocesan  seminary. 
He  entered  a Lazarist  community  as  a novice 
Dec.  30,  1831,  and  in  1834  took  the  vows  of  the 
order.  In  1835  the  revolution  drove  him,  with 
many  others,  from  Spain,  and  he  took  refuge  in 
Paris,  where  he  completed  his  studies,  and  was 


ordained  in  1838.  He  was  sent  to  America  in  the 
same  year,  and  stationed  at  the  church  of  the 
Assumption  in  New  Orleans.  In  1841  he  was  ap- 
pointed master  of  novices  at  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo., 
and  in  1842  superior  of  the  seminary  of  the 
Lazarists  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  In  1847  Father  Amat 
was  appointed  rector  of  the  seminary  of  St. 
Charles  Borromeo,  Philadelphia,  and  for  four 
years  he  directed  and  developed  this  important 
institution.  He  attended  the  first  plenary  coun- 
cil of  Baltimore,  as  theologian,  and  was  there 
nominated  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  see  of 
Monterey.  He  was  consecrated  second  bishop  of 
Monterey  by  Cardinal  Fransoni  in  the  church 
of  the  Propaganda  at  Rome,  March  12,  1854. 
From  this  time  until  his  death  he  labored  zeal- 
ously for  the  interests  of  his  see  and  the  promo- 
tion of  religion,  building  churches  and  founding 
educational  and  charitable  institutions.  He  as- 
sisted at  the  second  plenary  council  of  Baltimore, 
and  at  the  first  provincial  council  of  San 
Francisco,  and  attended  the  council  of  the  Vati- 
can. He  built  the  cathedral  at  Los  Angeles,  and 
dedicated  it  to  St.  Bibiano.  He  was  greatly  be- 
loved and  respected  by  both  laymen  and  clerics. 
He  died  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  May  12,  1878. 

AMBIER,  James  M.  M.,  explorer,  was  born  in 
Virginia,  in  1848.  He  was  educated  at  Washing- 
ton and  Lee  university,  and  afterwards  was  grad- 
uated with  honors  from  the  University  of  Mary- 
land. After  this  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  where 
for  three  years  he  practised  medicine,  then  join- 
ing the  navy  as  surgeon.  He  went  with  the  ill- 
fated  DeLong  expedition,  to  the  Arctic  regions, 
and  after  heroically  refusing  to  save  himself  by 
abandoning  his  companions  he  died  of  starvation 
and  cold  on  the  Lena  Delta  in  November,  1881. 

AMERICUS  VESPUCIUS,  navigator.  See 
Vespucci,  Amerigo. 

AMES,  Adelbert.  soldier,  was  born  at  Rock- 
land, Me.,  Oct.  31,  1835.  He  entered  West  Point 
in  1856.  and  was  graduated  May  6,  1861,  as  2d 
lieutenant  2d  artillery,  U.  S.  A.,  and  a week  later 
promoted  to  1st  lieutenant  5th  artillery.  He  was 
first  assigned  to  the  duty  of  instructing  volunteers 
at  Washington,  and  afterwards  transferred  to 
G riffin’s  battery.  He  was  brevetted  major  for  his 
gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run.  where  he  was 
severely  wounded.  He  served  in  the  peninsular 
campaign,  and  was  present  at  the  siege  of  York- 
town  and  the  battles  of  Garnett  Farms ; and  for 
gallant  services  at  Malvern  Hill  he  was  brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel,  July  1,  1862.  He  engaged  in 
the  battles  of  Antietam,  Sept.  17,  and  Fredericks- 
burg. Dec.  13,1862.  His  regiment,  the  20th  Maine, 
being  out  of  service  on  account  of  an  epidemic, 
he  served  as  aid-de-camp  to  Generals  Hooker  and 
Meade  in  the  Chancellorsville  campaign.  He  was 
commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  May 


AMES. 


AMES. 


20,  1863,  and  in  the  first  day’s  fight  at  Gettysburg, 
July  1,  1863,  he  commanded  the  2d  brigade,  1st 
division,  11th  corps.  When  the  division  com- 
mander was  disabled,  General  Ames  succeeded  to 
the  command.  For  his  bravery  he  received  a 

brevet  as  col- 
onel in  the  reg- 
ular army.  He 
then  joined  the 
forces  besieging 
Charleston,  S. 
C. , and  served 
there  and  in 
Florida  until 
the  spring  of 
1864.  when  he 
was  assigned  to 
the  army  of  the 
James  and  or- 
dered to  Fort 
Monroe.  At 
the  battles  of 
Cold  Harbor, 
Darbytown 
Road,  and  in 
the  operations  about  Petersburg  and  Richmond, 
he  was  conspicuously  active.  He  was  ordered  to 
join  General  Butler  on  an  expedition  against  Fort 
Fisher,  N.  C.,  December,  1864.  After  the  failure 
of  the  first  attack  on  the  fort  made  by  General 
Butler  and  Admiral  Porter,  a second  expedition 
was  organized  with  the  land  forces  under  Gen. 
Alfred  H.  Terry.  The  expedition  reached  its  des- 
tination Jan.  12,  1865.  The  troops  were  disem- 
barked four  miles  north  of  the  fort  under  a heavy 
bombardment.  General  Terry  advanced  his  land 
force  to  within  half  a mile  of  the  fort,  where  he 
established  his  headquarters  and  gave  the  com- 
mand of  the  assaulting  party  to  General  Ames. 
He  advanced  on  the  15th,  after  the  guns  of  the 
fort  had  been  silenced  by  Porter’s  fleet,  but  the 
garrison  manned  the  parapet  and  poured  a deadly 
fire  on  the  blue  jackets,  who  sought  to  storm  the 
North-east  bastion ; the  first  brigade  also  made  a 
charge.  The  storming  party  scaled  the  parapet 
and  were  joined  by  their  comrades.  General 
Ames  ordered  up  Pennypacker’s  brigade.  His 
advance  was  resisted  with  desperation,  and  he 
then  brought  forward  the  third  brigade,  and 
Colonel  Bell  led  his  command  over  the  bridge  into 
the  fort,  but  fell  mortally  wounded.  General 
Ames  was  in  the  fort  directing  the  various  forces, 
and  his  command  rang  out,  ‘ 1 Advance  and  drive 
the  enemy  from  the  works.”  The  range  of  the 
fire  from  the  fleet  was  too  uncertain,  and  General 
Ames  sent  an  officer  to  General  Terry  to  signal 
the  fleet  to  cease  firing,  and  for  reinforcements. 
Abbott’s  brigade  was  ordered  up,  and  under  a 
general  assault  the  garrison  gave  way  and  re- 


treated along  the  sea -face  to  Battery  Buchanan ; 
and  Fort  Fisher,  the  last  of  the  Confederate 
strongholds,  was  captured.  For  this  victory  Gen- 
eral Ames  was  made  a brevet  major-general  of 
volunteers  and  promoted  to  a captaincy  in  the  5th 
artillery,  U.  S.  A.  General  Ames  was  in  charge 
of  territorial  districts  in  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina until  he  was  mustered  out  of  volunteer  ser- 
vice, April  30,  1866.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  24th  infantry  of  the  regular  army 
July  28,  1866,  and  was  appointed  by  President 
Grant,  July  15.  1868,  provisional  governor  of  Miss- 
issippi, then  in  a state  of  turbulence.  He  re- 
signed from  the  army  in  1870,  was  elected  U.  S. 
senator  from  the  reconstructed  State  of  Missis- 
sippi, and  served  through  the  41st,  42d,  and  part  of 
the  term  of  the  43d,  congresses,  until  he  was 
elected  governor  of  the  state  in  1873,  when  he  re- 
signed his  seat  as  a senator.  Dissensions  arose 
during  his  administration  between  the  Democrats, 
who  constituted  the  larger  body  of  the  white 
people,  and  the  Republicans,  most  of  whom 
were  lately  enfranchised  freed  men,  which  resulted 
in  the  disorganization  of  the  civil  government  and 
the  perpetration  of  outrages  and  murders.  Gen- 
eral Ames  asked  President  Grant  for  troops  to  aid 
in  maintaining  order,  but  was  recommended 
to  take  all  lawful  means  to  preserve  the  peace 
by  the  forces  in  his  own  state.”  He  raised  a mil- 
itia force  from  among  the  black  men  to  assist  the 
civil  officers,  and  this  course  was  severely  repro- 
bated by  the  white  citizens  of  the  state.  The 
legislature  found  articles  of  impeachment  against 
Governor  Ames  in  1873,  which  were  dismissed  on 
his  agreeing  to  resign  from  the  governorship. 
During  his  administration  he  saved  the  state  large 
sums  of  money  in  refusing  to  sanction  the  issue  of 
bonds  for  projected  railroads,  which  appeared  to 
be  a scheme  to  rob  the  state  of  between  one  and 
two  million  of  dollars.  General  Ames  married  a 
daughter  of  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler,  and  after  leaving 
the  South,  resided  in  Lowell.  Mass. 

AMES,  Charles  Gordon,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Dorchester.  Mass.,  Oct.  3,  1828.  He  spent  his 
early  years  on  a farm  and  in  a printing-office  in 
New  Hampshire ; was  for  a time  connected  with 
Geauga  seminary,  Ohio,  as  student  and  teacher ; 
was  ordained  as  a Free  Baptist  minister  in  1849, 
and  went  to  the  frontier  as  a missionary.  From 
1854-’57  he  edited  the  Minnesota  Republican  at 
Minneapolis.  In  1856  he  withdrew  from  his 
church,  and  in  1859  became  connected  with  the 
Unitarians.  He  gathered  new  congregations  in 
Illinois,  California,  and  Pennsylvania,  and  held 
pastorates  at  Albany,  N.  Y..  Germantown.  Pa., 
and  Philadelphia.  From  1877-80  he  was  in  Bos- 
ton as  editor  of  the  Christian  Register,  the  leading 
Unitarian  journal.  In  1889  he  succeeded  the  Rev. 
James  Freeman  Clarke,  as  pastor  of  the  Church 

[82] 


AMES. 


AMES. 


of  the  Disciples,  Boston.  Two  hundred  of  his 
sermons  were  published,  and  lie  contributed  many 
articles,  including  several  poems,  to  current  liter- 
ature. A little  volume  of  religious  studies,  en- 
titled, “As  Natural  as  Life,”  was  well  received; 
and  an  essay  on  “ George  Eliot’s  Two  Marriages  ” 
passed  through  five  editions.  During  the  war 
period  Mr.  Ames  delivered  many  patriotic  ad- 
dresses. He  was  always  actively  interested  in 
education,  philanthropy  and  social  reform.  In 
1896  he  received  from  Bates  college  the  degree 
of  D.D. 

AMES,  Edward  Raymond,  M.  E.  bishop,  was 
born  at  Athens,  O.,  May  20,  1806.  In  1828  lie 
entered  the  Ohio. university  at  Athens,  and  re- 
mained there  for  two  years,  earning  his  board 
and  tuition  by  teaching.  He  was  the  founder  of 
a school  at  Lebanon,  111.,  which  afterwards  grew 
into  MeKendree  college.  In  1830  he  entered  the 
itinerant  ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  ; in  1832  was  ordained  deacon,  and  in 
1834  elder.  At  the  general  conference  held  in 
Baltimore  in  1840,  he  was  a delegate,  and  was 
afterwards  chosen  corresponding  secretary  to  the 
missionary  society  for  the  south  and  west.  In 
1844  he  was  elected  presiding  elder  in  the  In- 
diana conference,  and  served  in  that  capacity  for 
eight  years.  He  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  in 
1844  from  the  State  university  of  Indiana.  In 
1848  lie  declined  an  election  as  president  of  As- 
bury  university.  He  was  made  a bishop  in  1852, 
and  died  April  25,  1879. 

AMES,  Fisher,  statesman,  was  born  at  Ded- 
ham. Mass.,  April  9.  1758,  son  of  Nathaniel  and 
Mary  (Fisher)  Ames.  He  belonged  to  one  of  the 
oldest  families  in  Massachusetts,  and  in  the  line 
of  his  foreign  ancestry  was  the  Rev.  William 
Ames,  a famous  English  divine,  who,  in  search  of 
greater  religious  lib- 
erty, emigrated  to  the 
Netherlands  in  the 
early  part  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.  Both 
the  father  and  grand- 
father of  Fisher  were 
physicians,  and  the 
father  supplemented 
his  moderate  practice 
by  keeping  a tavern 
and  publishing  an 
almanac.  When 
Fisher  was  six  years 
of  age  his  father  died, 
leaving  him  and  an 
older  brother  to  the  care  of  their  mother.  Despite 
her  straightened  circumstances,  the  widow  deter- 
mined that  Fisher,  who  early  manifested  intellec- 
tual superiority,  should  have  a good  education, 
and  soon  after  the  completion  of  his  twelfth 


year  he  was  admitted  to  Harvard  college, 
and  was  graduated  in  1774.  For  some  years 
young  Ames  taught  school  and  later  read 
law  for  a time  in  the  office  of  William  Tudor,  an 
eminent  lawyer  of  Boston;  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1781,  and  at  once  commenced  practice  at 
Dedham.  He  soon  became  prominently  known  by 
writing  a series  of  brilliant  political  papers,  which 
under  the  noms  des  plumes  of  “ Lucius  Junius 
Brutus,”  and  “Camillus,”  appeared  in  Boston 
journals,  and  attracted  a great  deal  of  attention. 
In  1781  he  was  sent  as  one  of  the  Dedham  dele- 
gates to  the  convention  which  met  to  devise 
measures  for  the  relief  of  the  widespread  discon- 
tent which  a depreciated  paper  currency  had 
created.  Young  Ames  made  so  able  and  convinc- 
ing a speech  that  the  sentiments  of  the  assembly 
were  changed ; his  words  electrified  the  conven- 
tion, and  it  adjourned  without  committing  itself 
to  the  disastrous  policy  which  had  been  con- 
templated. This  speech  made  the  reputation 
of  the  young  advocate,  and  when  it  became  known 
that  he  was  the  author  of  the  pseudonymous  ar- 
ticles in  the  Boston  journals  he  was  immediately 
sought  out  by  the  eminent  Federalists  of  the  day, 
and  became  prominently  identified  with  them  and 
the  principles  they  represented. 

In  the  spring  of  1788  he  was  elected  a member 
of  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  and  by  his 
valuable  services  created  such  universal  confi- 
dence in  his  ability  and  integrity,  that  he  was 
chosen  a member  of  the  Massachusetts  conven- 
tion for  ratifying  the  Federal  constitution.  When 
the  Federal  government  was  established  he  was 
sent  to  Congress  as  the  first  representative  of  the 
Boston  district,  being  elected  over  Samuel  Adams, 
the  most  popular  man  in  New  England,  and  the  one 
who,  more  than  any  other  individual,  was  instru- 
mental in  bringing  about  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  No  better  evidence  could  be 
given  of  the  high  regard  which  the  contemporaries 
of  Fisher  Ames  had  for  his  transcendent  abilities. 
He  remained  in  Congress  during  the  eight 
years  of  Washington’s  administration,  and  took 
active  and  prominent  part  in  the  discussion  of  all 
the  momentous  questions  which  came  before  that 
body.  His  eloquence  and  statesmanship  were 
unequalled,  and  his  power  of  moving  men  was 
remarkable.  In  the  debates  regarding  the  appro- 
priation for  the  Jay  treaty  in  1796,  the  Repub- 
licans who  opposed  the  appropriation  were 
counting  on  a clear  majority  of  six.  Ames  was 
confined  to  his  lodgings  by  a severe  illness,  but 
when  the  time  approached  for  the  vote  to  be 
taken  on  this  question,  which,  in  his  opinion, 
involved  the  validity  of  the  Constitution  and  the 
future  welfare  of  the  United  States,  he  was 
driven  to  the  house  and,  seeing  the  almost  inevit- 
able probability  of  defeat,  he  arose  and,  by  the 


AME  S. 


AMES. 


force  and  eloquence  of  his  speech,  so  electrified 
and  entranced  the  assembly,  that  when  he  had 
finished,  the  Republicans  at  once  moved  an 
adjournment,  fearing  to  put  the  question  to  a de- 
cision, lest  the  strong  feelings  aroused  should 
render  the  members  incapable  of  exercising 
their  calm  judgment.  The  state  of  Fisher 
Ames’s  health  obliged  him  to  retire  to  private 
life,  at  the  close  of  his  fourth  term  in 
Congress.  For  a time  he  practised  law.  and 
then  devoted  his  time  to  the  management  of 
his  farm  and  fruitery.  He  continued  to  contri- 
bute essays  and  articles  on  various  topics,  which 
were  then  agitating  the  public  mind,  to  the  news- 
papers. The  relation  of  French  politics  to  those 
of  America  was  one  of  the  questions  which  called 
forth  some  of  his  most  brilliant  productions. 
When  Governor  Sumner  was  in  office  Mr.  Ames 
accepted  a seat  in  the  council  of  the  common- 
wealth, and  delivered  a eulogy  on  Washington, 
before  the  Massachusetts  legislature.  He  was 
chosen  president  of  Harvard  college  in  1804,  but 
this  honor  he  was  obliged  to  decline  on  account 
of  his  ill  health.  His  writing  was  epigrammatic 
and  witty,  his  style  graceful  and  refined ; he  was 
a brilliant  conversationalist  and  a delightful  cor- 
respondent. His  writings  were  collected  and 
published,  with  a memoir  by  the  Rev.  J.  T. 
Kirkland,  in  1809;  and  in  1854,  his  son,  Seth  Ames, 
issued  a more  complete  edition  in  two  volumes, 
and  several  of  his  congressional  speeches  were 
published  by  a grandson  in  1891.  He  died  in 
Dedham,  Mass.,  July  4,  1808. 

AMES,  Frederick  Lothrop,  capitalist,  was 
born  in  Easton,  Mass.,  June  8,  1835,  the  only  son 
of  Oliver  and  Sarah  (Lothrop)  Ames,  his  mother 

being  a sister  of 
George  Van  Ness 
Lothrop.  United 
States  minister  to 
Russia.  Frederick 
prepared  for  college 
at  Phillips  Exeter 
academy,  and  was 
graduated  from  Har- 
vard university  in 
1854.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  firm 
of  Oliver  Ames  & 
Sons  in  1863,  and 
its  treasurer  in  1876, 
but  he  had  already 
engaged  in  exten- 
sive enterprises  on 
his  own  account,  especially  in  railroads;  and  lie 
became  one  of  the  ablest  advisers  and  directors  in 
such  enterprises,  finally  holding  directorships  in 
about  threescore  railroad  companies.  His  busi- 
ness energies  extended  to  many  other  fields. 


making  him  president  of  two  banks  and  director 
in  leading  telegraph,  trust  and  other  companies. 
He  was  courteous  and  dignified,  a man  con- 
versant with,  and  interested  in  the  great  ques- 
tions of  the  day,  with  decided  literary  and  artistic 
tastes.  He  was  devoted  to  the  welfare  of  Harvard 
university,  giving  large  sums  of  money  to  the 
Arnold  arboretum  and  the  botanical  department, 
serving  as  fellow  and  trustee  of  the  university, 
and  as  a loyal  son  was  devising  liberal  things  for 
her  benefit  , the  fulfilment  of  which  only  his  death 
prevented.  He  was  interested  in  horticulture, 
owned  extensive  green  houses  at  North  Easton, 
and  his  collection  of  orchids  was  unsurpassed  in 
variety,  value  and  condition.  His  interest  in 
architecture  exercised  a marked  influence  on  the 
public  and  private  buildings  in  Boston.  At  North 
Easton  he  directed  the  erection  of  the  Ames 
free  library  building,  built  at  his  own  expense; 
the  railroad  station,  and  his  gate  lodge,  of  moss- 
covered,  irregular-shaped  stones,  all  three  being 
Richardson’s  designs.  He  was  a liberal  patron  of 
fine  arts,  and  possessed  superb  collections  of  paint- 
ings, tapestries,  jades  and  crystals.  In  politics  Mr. 
Ames  was  a Republican.  He  was  once  elected  to 
the  state  senate,  but  cherishing  no  political  aspira- 
tions his  tastes  disinclined  him  to  accept  any 
further  office.  His  charities  were  large,  and  he 
not  only  gave  freely  of  his  money,  but  of  his  time 
and  influence.  He  was  president  of  the  home 
for  incurables,  a trustee  of  the  children’s  hospital, 
of  the  Massachusetts  general  hospital,  and  of  the 
McLean  insane  asylum,  and  was  constant  and 
faithful  in  performing  his  duties  to  those  insti- 
tutions. His  death  occurred  Sept.  13,  1893. 

AMES,  Frank  Morton,  manufacturer,  was 
born  in  North  Easton,  Mass.,  Aug.  14,  1833,  son  of 
Oakes  and  Eveline  (Gilmore)  Ames.  He  gained 
a practical  knowledge  of  the  shovel  business 
owned  by  the  Ames  family,  and  in  1858  removed 
to  Canton,  Mass.,  to  take  charge  of  the  business 
of  the  Kingly  iron  and  machine  company,  of 
which  he  became  president  and  principal  owner. 
He  was  for  several  years  trustee  of  the  New  Or- 
leans, Mobile  and  Texas  R.R..  and,  later,  treas- 
urer and  manager  of  the  South  side  plantation 
company  of  Louisiana,  president  of  the  Lamson 
sewer  company,  and  director  in  other  business 
enterprises.  In  1869  and  1882  he  served  in  the 
Massachusetts  state  legislature,  and  he  was  elected 
to  the  state  senate  in  1884. 

AMES,  Joseph,  artist,  was  born  in  Roxbury. 
N.  H.,  July  16.  1816.  During  His  boyhood  and 
youth  he  painted  portraits,  gaining  a local  repu- 
tation, and  later  went  to  Boston,  Mass.,  where  he 
established  a studio.  He  went  abroad  to  pursue 
His  studies,  working  principally  in  Rome,  where 
he  painted  a portrait  of  Pius  IX.  which  attracted 
considerable  attention.  Upon  his  return  to  Amer- 


[S4] 


AMES. 


AMES. 


ica,  he  re-opened  his  studio  in  Boston,  but  went 
from  there  to  Baltimore,  and  thence  to  New  York 
city.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  National 
academy  of  design  in  1870.  Some  of  his  most 
noteworthy  pictures  are : “Maud  Muller,”  “ Mir- 
anda,” the  “Old  Stone  Pitcher,”  “The  Death  of 
Daniel  Webster,”  “ Might;”  and  portraits  of  Presi- 
dent Felton  of  Harvard,  Ristori,  Emerson,  Rachel. 
Prescott,  and  Gazzaniga ; his  portraits  of  Ross 
Winans  and  a young  lady  of  Baltimore  were  ex- 
hibited in  1872.  He  died  Oct.  30,  1872. 

AMES,  Julia  A.,  editor,  was  born  near  Odell, 
Livingston  county,  111.,  Oct.  14,  1861.  Herfather 
was  a wealthy  citizen  of  Streator,  111.,  and  the 
daughter,  after  finishing  the  course  in  the  public 
schools  of  that  place,  was  graduated  from  the 
Illinois  Wesleyan  university  and  from  the  Chicago 
school  of  oratory.  She  became  interested  in  the 
work  of  the  Woman’s  Christian  temperance 
union.  She  contributed  articles  to  the  W.  C.  T. 
U.  department  of  the  Chicago  Inter-Ocean,  and 
later  became  assistant  national  superintendent 
of  press- work  for  the  union.  Her  work  on  the 
Union  Signal  increased  so  as  to  demand  her  un- 
divided attention,  and  in  1889  she  was  given 
charge  of  this  paper  during  the  editor’s  absence. 
In  1890  she  went  to  Europe,  where  she  was  enter- 
tained by  the  British  woman’s  temperance  asso- 
ciation, and  before  her  return  she  organized  a 
press  department  in  London.  She  died  Dec.  12, 
1891. 

AMES,  Lucia  T.,  author,  was  born  at  Bos- 
cawen,  N.  H.,  May  5,  1856.  When  very  young 
her  parents  removed  to  Illinois,  where  they  re- 
mained until  Lucia  was  fourteen  years  old,  when 
she  "went  to  Boston,  Mass. , to  study.  There  she 
engaged  in  writing  and  parlor  lecturing.  Among 
the  better  known  of  her  works  are:  “Great 

Thoughts  for  Little  Thinkers,  ’!  and  “ Memoirs  of 
a Millionaire,”  both  of  which  are  attractive  and 
helpful. 

AMES,  Mary  Clemmer  (Mrs.  Hudson),  was 
born  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1840,  daughter  of  Abra- 
ham and  Margaret  (Kneale)  Clemmer.  She  was 
educated  at  the  academy,  Westfield,  N.  Y.  In 
1857  she  married  a Mr.  Ames,  a man  very  greatly 
her  senior,  and  the  union  was  annulled  in  1874. 
She  early  began  to  write  poetry,  and  later  became 
a successful  novelist.  From  1866  to  1869  Mrs. 
Ames  resided  in  Washington,  where  she  was  en- 
gaged in  journalistic  work,  writing  regular 
letters  for  the  New  York  Independent . From 
1869  to  1871  she  was  employed  upon  the  Brook- 
lyn Daily  Union,  and  in  1872  resumed  her 
connection  with  the  Independent.  She  was 
writing  a novel  in  1879  when  she  met  with  a car- 
riage accident,  whereby  her  skull  was  fractured, 
and  her  literary  career  closed.  She  established 
a charming  home  in  Washington,  paying  for  the 


property  entirely  from  the  earnings  from  her 
literary  work.  June  19,  1883,  she  was  married 
to  Edmund  Hudson,  editor  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  Register,  and  with  him  made  a tour  of 
Europe.  Prominent  among  her  works  are : “Ten 
Years  in  Washington”  (1870);  ‘A  Volume  of 
Poems”  (1872);  “Outlines  of  Men,  Women  and 
Things”  (1873);  “Memorial  of  Alice  and  Phoebe 
Cary”;  “Erena”  (1870);  “A  Woman's  Right”; 
“His  Two  Wives”  (1874).  An  edition  of  her 
works  was  issued  in  1885.  She  died  Aug.  18,  1884. 

AMES,  Nathan  P.,  manufacturer,  was  born 
at  Westfield,  Mass.,  in  1803.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  a cutler  and  became  an  expert  forger  of 
edged  tools.  He  started  business  for  himself  in 
Chicopee  Falls,  Mass. , where  he  opened  a cutlery 
shop  in  1829.  The  establishment  soon  became 
famous  for  its  fine  swords,  and  received  large 
orders  from  the  United  States  government.  In 
1834  the  business  was  transferred  to  Cabotville, 
Mass. , where  the  corporation  of  the  Ames  manu- 
facturing company  was  organized,  and  among 
other  important  contracts  the  establishment  fur- 
nished many  of  the  swords  and  cannon  used  by 
the  government  in  the  civil  war.  Some  of  the 
prominent  statues  erected  in  New  York,  Wash- 
ington, and  Boston  were  cast  by  the  Ames  com- 
pany. Mr.  Ames  went  abroad  in  1840,  to  make 
himself  acquainted  with  the  latest  methods  in 
European  foundries.  He  died  in  Cabotville,  Mass. , 
April  23,  1847. 

AMES,  Oakes,  manufacturer,  was  born  in 
Easton,  Mass.,  Jan.  10,  1804,  the  eldest  son  of 
Oliver  and  Anna  Coffin  (Ray)  Ames.  The  son 
early  gained  a thorough  knowledge  of  the  details 
of  the  shovel  business,  and  became  overseer 
of  the  manufactory.  In  1860  Mr.  Ames  was 
elected  councillor  from  the  Bristol  district,  and 
served  in  the  cabinet  of  Governor  Andrew.  He 
was  in  1862  elected  to  represent  his  district  in 
the  38th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  four 
succeeding  congresses.  Prior  to  1864  Congress 
had  attempted,  by  offering  land  grants  and 
other  inducements,  to  persuade  men  of  enter- 
prise to  open  a railroad  through  the  great  central 
plains  and  so  connect  the  east  and  west.  Gov- 
ernment interests  imperatively  needed  such  a 
a road.  Urged  by  President  Lincoln  and  others, 
Oakes  Ames  undertook  this  immense  and  hazard- 
ous work,  risking  his  entire  fortune  in  the  enter- 
prise, and  though  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome 
were  very  great,  they  were  conquered,  and  on 
the  10th  of  May,  1869,  the  rails  of  the  Union 
Pacific  and  the  Central  Pacific  were  joined,  and 
the  east  and  west  united.  This  was  seven  years 
earlier  than  the  terms  of  the  contract  required, 
and  in  the  carriage  of  mails  and  the  transporta- 
tion of  troops  and  supplies  was  of  vast  service  to 
the  government.  The  necessary  limits  of  this 


AMES 


AMES. 


sketch  forbid  adequate  treatment  of  the  Credit 
Mobilier  affair,  about  which  there  has  been 
much  misunderstanding.  It  was  simply  a con- 
struction company  similar  to  those  by  which 
other  railroads  were  built  at  that  time  and  after- 
wards. It  was  not  until  this  matter  was  given  a 
political  turn  that  it  became  a subject  of  pub- 
lic scandal.  Several  representatives  and  sen- 
ators in  Congress  were  found  to  have  an  interest 
in  it,  and  it  is  claimed  that  Mr.  Ames  had  inter- 
ested them  thus,  in  order  to  influence  their  legis- 
lation. Congress  ordered  an  investigation,  and 
he  was  finally  condemned  and  censured  by  the 
house  of  representatives  for  “ Seeking  ” — so  reads 
the  resolve  — “to  procure  congressional  attention 
to  the  affairs  of  a corporation  in  which  he  was 
interested.”  The  facts  appear  to  be  that  no  spe- 
cial legislation  was  expected  or  desired.  Those 
congressmen  who  openly  avowed  their  owner- 
ship in  the  stock  retained  public  confidence, 
while  those  who,  frightened  by  public  clamor, 
denied  their  ownership,  were  politically  ruined. 
Up  to  that  time  the  honor  and  integrity  of  Oakes 
Ames  had  never  been  questioned,  and  those  who 
knew  him  best  gave  no  heed  to  the  charge  of  cor- 
rupt intent  on  his  part.  In  the  spring  of  1883 
the  legislature  of  Massachusetts  passed  resolu- 
tions of  gratitude  for  his  work,  and  faith  in  his 
integrity,  and  called  for  a like  recognition  on  the 
part  of  the  national  Congress.  Mr.  Ames  was 
simple  and  democratic  in  his  tastes,  caring  little 
for  the  luxuries  that  wealth  commands ; he  was 
a total  abstainer  from  intoxicating  drinks,  and 
under  a rugged  exterior  he  carried  a kind  heart. 
He  made  a bequest  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  for 
the  benefit  of  the  children  of  his  native  village, 
which  proved  of  great  advantage  to  them.  He 
died  at  North  Easton,  Mass.,  May  5,  1873. 

AMES,  Oakes  Angier,  manufacturer,  was 
born  in  Easton,  Mass.,  April  15,  1829,  son  of  Oakes 
and  Eveline  (Gilmore)  Arnes.  He  early  gained 
complete  knowledge  of  the  shovel  business  begun 
by  his  grandfather,  Oliver  Ames,  in  1803,  and  was 
for  many  years  its  painstaking  superintendent,  and 
ultimately  its  president.  His  business  interests 
extended  to  many  other  important  enterprises,  he 
being  president  of  the  South  Side  plantation  com- 
pany of  Louisiana,  and  director  in  the  American 
loan  and  trust  company  of  Boston,  and  in  other 
concerns.  He  served  as  president  of  the  North 
Easton  savings  bank  and  vice-president  of  the 
Easton  national  bank,  and  as  a trustee  of  the 
Taunton  lunatic  asylum,  in  which  and  in  similar 
positions  his  conservative  judgment,  business 
ability  and  integrity,  and  his  conscientious  giving 
made  him  an  efficient  helper. 

AMES,  Oliver,  manufacturer,  was  born  in 
Bridgewater.  Mass.,  April  11.  1779.  son  of  Captain 
John  and  Susannah  Howard  Ames.  The  history 


of  the  Ames  family  forms  an  interesting  chapter 
in  the  industrial  annals  of  New  England.  Captain 
John  Ames  laid  the  foundation  of  the  family  for- 
tune by  the  manufacture  of  shovels  in  Bridge- 
water.  His  son  Oliver  learned  the  business,  and 
in  1803  established  it  in  Easton.  Hitherto,  shovels 
were  very  heavy,  and  of  course  more  durable  than 
lighter  ones;  but  Mr.  Ames  said,  “ Iron  is  cheaper 
than  muscle,”  and  henceforth  made  lighter 
shovels,  by  which  more  work  could  be  accom- 
plished than  with  the  old  style  tool.  He  would 
never  allow  an  imperfect  article  to  be  put  upon 
the  market,  and  lie  thus  established  the  great 
reputation  which  the  Ames  manufactures  have 
since  maintained.  Oliver  Ames  served  the  town  of 
Easton  three  years  in  the  state  legislature,  and  one 
year  in  the  state  senate.  He  was  a man  of 
splendid  physique,  great  force  of  character  and  of 
unswerving  integrity.  He  died  at  North  Easton, 
Sept.  11. 1863,  at  the  ripe  age  of  eighty-four  years. 

AMES,  Oliver,  manufacturer,  was  born  in 
Plymouth,  Mass.,  Nov.  5,  1807,  second  son  of 
Oliver  and  Susannah  (Angier)  Ames.  He  began 


AMES  FREE  LIBRARY. 


the  study  of  law  in  Easton,  but  his  health  becom- 
ing impaired  he  joined  in  the  shovel  business 
with  his  father  and  his  brother  Oakes,  a co-part- 
nership being  formed  in  1844.  With  Oakes  he 
became  interested  in  railways  and  united  with 
him  in  building  the  Union  Pacific  railroad.  In 
1806  he  was  elected  its  president  and  held  that 
office  until  March,  1871.  His  judgment  and 
integrity  were  of  service  in  winning  final  suc- 
cess for  this  enterprise.  Mr.  Ames  served  in 
the  state  senate  in  1852  and  1857.  He  was  a 
bank  president  and  a director  in  many  railroads 
and  manufacturing  enterprises.  He  had  a clear, 
cultivated  intellect,  and  was  public-spirited  and 
philanthropic.  He  built  the  beautiful  and  costly 
church  at  North  Easton,  which  he  presented  to 
the  Unitarian  society,  left  a fund  to  build  and 
endow  the  fine  free  library,  left  large  funds  for 
the  schools  and  for  the  roads  of  Easton,  and  gave 
munificent  aid  to  many  other  enterprises.  He 
died  at  North  Easton,  March  9,  1877. 


AMES. 


AMMEN. 


AMES,  Oliver,  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was 
born  in  Easton,  Mass.,  Feb.  4,  1831,  son  of  Oakes 
and  Eveline  (Gilmore)  Ames.  After  a public- 
school  and  academic  education  lie  entered  Brown 
university  for  a partial  course  of  study.  He 
gained  a practical  knowledge  of  all  branches  of 

the  shovel  manufac- 
ture, at  which  he 
served  a full  appren- 
t ices  hip.  and  he 
became  a member  of 
the  firm  of  Oliver 
Ames  & Sons.  He 
held  various  offices  in 
the  state  militia,  and 
was  chosen  in  1857 
lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  4th  Massachusetts 
regiment.  He  was 
interested  in  town  af- 
fairs. and  served  for 
twelve  years  as  a 
member  of  the  Easton 
school  committee.  Mr.  Ames  enjoyed  a well- 
deserved  reputation  as  a business  man  and 
financier,  and  was  conspicuous  in  railroad,  bank- 
ing and  manufacturing  enterprises,  by  means  of 
which  he  acquired  a large  fortune.  In  1880  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  senate,  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  same  position  in  1881.  In  1882  he  was 
elected  lieutenant-governor  on  the  Republican 
ticket,  although  the  candidate  for  the  governorship 
on  the  same  ticket  was  defeated  by  Gen.  B.  F. 
Butler,  the  opposing  candidate.  Mr.  Ames  was 
re-elected  to  the  same  office  for  three  successive 
years,  with  George  D.  Robinson  as  governor.  In 
1886  he  received  on  the  first  ballot  the  almost 
unanimous  vote  of  the  Republican  state  conven- 
tion for  governor,  was  elected,  and  for  the 
two  following  years  was  re-elected  to  that  office, 
which  he  worthily  filled.  He  was  at  one  time  the 
president  of  the  Merchants’  club  of  Boston,  and 
he  was  also  president  of  the  Boston  art  club. 
Brown  university  conferred  upon  him  the  honor- 
ary degree  of  LL.D.  in  1892.  During  the  last 
year  of  his  life  he  was  engaged  in  the  erection  of 
a high-school  building  for  his  native  town,  which 
was  dedicated  Dec.  12.  1896,  and  which  is  a 
monument  worthy  of  the  donor.  He  died  at 
North  Easton.  Oct.  22,  1895. 

AMES,  Samuel,  jurist,  was  born  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  1.,  Sept.  6,  1806.  He  was  educated  at 
Phillips  Andover  academy,  and  was  graduated 
from  Brown  university  in  1823.  Three  years 
later  he  was  admitted  to  the  Rhode  Island  bar. 
and  became  prominent  in  public  affairs.  He 
was  a member  of  the  state  legislature  for  several 
terms,  presiding  as  speaker  in  1844-’45.  During 
what  is  known  as  the  Dorr  rebellion  of  1842  he 


acted  as  quartermaster  of  the  state  troops,  and  in 
1853  was  elected  by  the  legislature  to  represent 
Rhode  Island  in  the  adjustment  of  the  boundary 
between  that  State  and  Massachusetts.  He  held 
many  public  offices,  and  in  1856  was  made  chief 
justice  of  the  state  supreme  court,  holding  that 
office  until  a few  weeks  before  his  death.  He  was 
a delegate  to  the  peace  convention  of  1861.  He 
published  “Rhode  Island  Reports”  (vols.  4-7); 
and  “Angell  and  Ames  on  Corporations.”  He 
died  Dec.  20,  1865. 

AMMEN,  Daniel,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Brown  county,  O.,  May  15,  1820.  In  1836  he  was 
appointed  midshipman  and  served  in  various 
squadrons  until  1849,  when  he  was  advanced  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant.  He  was  attached  to  the 
coast  survey  on  several  expeditions,  and  aided  in 
the  selection  of  a naval  station  on  the  Pacific 
coast  in  1853-54.  He  served  on  the  steam  frigate 
Merrimac,  which,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war,  was  in  the  navy  yard  at  Norfolk.  Va.,  and 
which  was  seized  by  the  Virginian  state  authori- 
ties in  1861  and  rebuilt  as  an  iron-clad  for  the 
confederate  service.  He  was  made  executive 
officer  of  the  North  American  blockading  squad- 
ron, and  soon  after,  at  the  battle  of  Port  Royal,  as 
commander  of  the  Seneca , he  hoisted  the  stars  and 
stripes  over  the  conquered  forts.  In  1863  he  com- 
manded the  monitor  Patapsco  in  the  attack  on 
Fort  McAllister,  and  later  distinguished  himself  at 
Fort  Sumter,  and,  as  commander  of  the  Mohican , 
at  Fort  Fisher.  In  1864  he  won  especial  praise  for 
his  prompt  suppression  of  a mutiny  which  broke 
out  among  two  hundred  and  twenty  seamen  he 
was  convoying  to  the  Pacific  squadron,  on  board 
the  Ocean  Queen,  a California  passenger  ship.  He 
was  promoted  to  a captaincy  July  26,  1866,  raised 
to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral  in  1877,  and  was 
placed  upon  the  retired  list  June  4.  1878.  He  was 
a delegate  to  the  Paris  canal  congress,  and  favored 
the  construction  of  the  Nicaragua  canal.  He  is 
the  author  of  “ The  American  Interoceanic  Ship 
Canal  Question”  (1880);  “The  Atlantic  Coast” 
(1883) , one  of  the  series  entitled  “ The  Navy  in  the 
Civil  War  ” ; “ Country  Homes  and  their  Improve- 
ment” (1885) ; and  “ The  Old  Navy  and  the  New” 
(1891),  the  last  named  being  of  an  autobiographi- 
cal character. 

AMMEN,  Jacob,  soldier,  was  born  in  Botetourt 
county,  Va.,  Jan.  7,  1808.  He  was  graduated 
from  West  Point  in  the  class  of  1831,  and  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  instructor  in  mathematics  and 
subsequently  of  infantry  tactics  at  the  academy. 
He  was  on  active  duty  in  Charleston  harbor  during 
the  nullification  troubles  in  South  Carolina,  and 
resigned  from  the  army  in  1837,  going  to  George- 
town. Ky..  to  accept  the  position  of  professor  of 
mathematics  in  Bacon  college,  afterwards  teach- 
ing in  Jefferson  college,  Miss.,  and  the  University 

[87] 


AMORY. 


ANDERSON. 


of  Indiana  in  1839,  ’40,  ’43,  ’48.  He  engaged  in 
civil  engineering  at  Ripley,  O.,  from  1855  to  1861, 
and  when  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  joined  the 
army  as  captain  of  the  12th  Ohio  volunteers,  serv- 
ing in  the  campaigns  of  West  Virginia,  Tennessee 
and  Mississippi.  He  gained  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  in  July,  1862,  and  com- 
manded the  district  of  East  Tennessee,  when  he 
resigned  Jan.  14,  1865.  He  died  Feb.  6,  1894. 

AMORY,  Robert,  physician,  was  born  in 
Boston,  May  3,  1842.  He  was  graduated  from 
Harvard  university  in  1863,  and  from  Harvard 
medical  school  in  1866.  He  went  directly  to 
Euroj>e  to  study,  and  on  his  return  to  America 
began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Brookline,  Mass. 
In  1869  he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  the  physiologi- 
cal action  of  drugs,  at  Harvard,  and  professor  of 
physiology  at  Bowdoin  college  in  the  following 
year,  resigning  his  chair  in  1874.  For  six  years  he 
was  medical  examiner  for  Norfolk  county.  He 
also  served  as  secretary  of  the  Brookline  school 
committee,  and  as  president  and  manager  of 
the  Brookline  gas-light  company.  Among  his  pub- 
lications are,  with  Dr.  E.  H.  Clarke,  “ Physiological 
and  Therapeutical  Action  of  Bromides  of  Potassium 
and  Ammonium”  (1872) ; and  with  Prof.  Edward 
S.  Wood,  “ Wharton  and  Stille’s  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence,” fourth  and  fifth  edition  (1882);  “ Treat- 
ise on  Electrolysis  in  Medicine,”  (1886).  He  also 
contributed  to  London,  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
and  Boston  medical  journals. 

AMORY,  Thomas  Coffin,  author,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  16,  1812.  He  was  educated  at 
Harvard  college,  and  in  1834,  was  made  a member 
of  the  Suffolk  bar.  He  served  in  the  legislature 
of  Massachusetts,  and  in  the  municipal  govern- 
ment of  Boston  during  many  years,  and  at  the 
same  time  contributed  articles  to  periodicals. 
His  published  works  include : ‘ ‘ Life  of  James 
Sullivan,”  governor  of  Massachusetts  (1858) ; ‘‘The 
Military  Service  of  Major-General  John  Sullivan  ” 
(1868);  “Life  of  Sir  Isaac  Coffin;  His  English 
and  American  Ancestors”  (1886) ; and  a number 
of  poems  and  sketches  published  in  magazines; 
and  pamphlets  on  subjects  incident  to  the  times 
of  the  revolutionary  war.  His  ‘ ‘ William  Blaxton, 
Sole  Inhabitant  of  Boston,”  was  a poem  written 
at  the  time  of  the  threatened  destruction  of  the 
Old  South  Church,  Boston,  and  did  much  to  save 
that  historic  landmark.  He  died  Aug.  20,  1889. 

AMORY,  Thomas  J.  C.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Massachusetts  about  1830.  He  was  graduated 
from  West  Point  in  1851,  afterwards  serving  in 
the  Utah  expedition,  and  on  the  frontier  from  1851 
to  1860.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  he  was 
made  colonel  of  the  17th  Massachusetts  volun- 
teers. He  took  part  in  the  operations  in  North 
Carolina,  being  regularly  promoted  in  the  United 
States  army  up  to  the  rank  of  major,  which  he 


reached  on  Sept.  19,  1864,  and  was  brevetted  brig- 
adier-general of  volunteers,  Oct.  1. 1864.  He  died 
of  yellow  fever  in  Newberne,  N.  C.,  Oct.  8,  1864. 

ANDERSON,  Adna,  engineer,  was  born  in 
Ridgeway,  Orleans  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1827.  He 
studied  mathematics  and  civil  engineering.  At 
the  age  of  twenty  he  obtained  the  position  of 
assistant  engineer  in  the  construction  of  the  New 
York.  New  Haven  and  Hartford  railroad.  From 
1862  to  1863  he  was  connected  with  the  military 
railroad  construction  corps  of  the  army  of  the. Po- 
tomac, and  during  1863  was  chief  engineer  of 
military  railroads  in  Virginia.  The  following  year 
he  was  given  charge  of  military  railroads  in  Missis- 
sippi, and  from  November,  1864,  till  the  close  of 
the  war  he  acted  as  chief  superintendent  and  en- 
gineer of  military  railroads  in  the  United  States. 
He  subsequently  held  responsible  civil  positions, 
and  in  1880  was  made  engineer-in-chief  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  railroad.  After  the  road  was 
completed,  [he  remained  with  the  company  as 
honorary  vice-president  till  a year  before  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Philadelphia,  May  14, 
1889. 

ANDERSON,  Alexander,  wood  engraver,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  April  21,  1775.  He  was 
possessed  of  artistic  tastes,  and  in  early  boyhood 
engraved  upon  metal  surfaces.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  medical  department  of  Columbia  college 
in  1796,  and  in  1798  turned  his  attention  to  the 
art  of  engraving  on  wood.  He  manufactured 
tools  for  himself,  and  executed  the  first  wood  en- 
gravings produced  in  the  United  States.  His  en- 
gravings were  made  on  both  wood  and  metal  until 
1820,  when  he  confined  himself  solely  to  wood. 
Among  his  noted  productions  were  illustrations 
for  Bewick’s  “Birds,”  the  illustrations  for  Web- 
ster’s speller,  and  forty  engravings  to  illustrate  an 
edition  of  Shakespeare’s  works.  He  continued 
his  work  until  his  eighty-seventh  year,  being  for 
many  years  engraver  for  the  American  Tract 
Society.  Benson  J.  Lossing  delivered  his  memorial 
address,  which  was  published  by  the  New  York 
Historical  Society.  He  died  Jan.  17,  1870. 

ANDERSON,  Charles,  governor  of  Ohio,  was 
born  at  “ Soldiers’  Retreat,”  Louisville,  Ky., 
June  1.  1814,  son  of  Robert  Clough  and  Elizabeth 
(Clark)  Anderson,  and  brother  of  Richard  C. 
Anderson,  United  States  minister  to  Columbia, 
and  of  Gen.  Robert  Anderson.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Miami  university  in  1833,  and  in  1843  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  establishing  himself  in  prac- 
tice at  Dayton,  O.  He  soon  gained  a wide  prac- 
tice and  was  appointed  county  attorney.  In  1844 
he  became  a member  of  the  upper  house  of  the 
state  legislature,  and  after  finishing  his  term 
went  abroad.  On  his  return  he  settled  in  Cincin- 
nati, and  practised  there  until  1859,  when  he  pur- 
chased a farm  in  San  Antonio,  Texas,  where  he 


ANDERSON. 


ANDERSON. 


remained  until  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war. 
Returning  to  Ohio  he  volunteered  in  the  Federal 
army  and  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  93d  Ohio 
volunteers.  He  was  severely  wounded  in  the 
battle  of  Stone  river,  and  resigned  his  commis- 
sion, returning  to  Ohio,  where  in  1863  lie  was 
elected  lieutenant-governor,  with  John  Brough 
as  governor.  The  death  of  the  latter  in  1865  gave 
the  gubernatorial  chair  to  Mr.  Anderson.  He 
died  at  Paducah,  Ky.,  Sept.  2,  1895. 

ANDERSON,  Edwin  Hatfield,  librarian,  was 
born  in  Zionsville,  Indiana,  Sept.  27,  1861.  He 
was  graduated  from  Wabash  college,  Crawfords- 
ville,  - Ind.,  in  1883,  and  received  the  degree  of 
A.M.  in  1887.  Mr.  Anderson  won  a prize  in  each 
year  of  his  collegiate  course,  including  the  junior 
prize  essay  and  the  senior  Baldwin  prize  oration. 
After  leaving  college  he  settled  in  Chicago  and 
began  the  study  of  law,  but  his  natural  bent 
asserted  itself,  and  he  studied  more  literature 
than  law,  finally  devoting  himself  to  library 
science.  He  went  to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  became 
a student  in  the  library  school,  conducted  by 
Professor  Melvil  Dewey,  in  the  state  library.  He 
next  accepted  a position  as  an  assistant  in  the 
Newberry  library  at  Chicago.  After  a year  so 
spent,  Mr.  Anderson  was  chosen  librarian  of  the 
Carnegie  free  library,  at  Braddock,  Pa.,  and  took 
charge  in  May,  1892.  In  March,  1895,  he  was 
appointed  librarian-in-chief  of  the  new  Carnegie 
library  of  Pittsburg. 

ANDERSON,  Elbert  Ellery,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  Oct.  31,  1833,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college,  1852.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1854,  and  practised  in  New  York 
city.  He  was  one  of  three  commissioners  ap- 
pointed by  President  Cleveland  to  examine  into 
the  relations  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  Central 
Pacific  railways  to  the  U.  S.  government,  and 
wrote  the  majority  report.  He  was  for  several 
years  counsel  to  the  committee  which  conducted 
successfully  the  re-organization  of  the  Missouri, 
Kansas  and  Texas  railway.  He  was  originally  a 
member  of  Tammany  hall,  but  defected  and  aided 
in  forming  the  county  democracy,  co-operating  in 
the  movement  with  W.  C.  Whitney,  Abram  S. 
Hewitt  and  Edward  Cooper.  In  1894  he  was  made 
receiver  of  the  Chicago,  Peoria,  and  St.  Louis  rail- 
road. After  determining  the  condition  of  the 
road  he  resigned  the  receivership  in  order  to  save 
to  the  creditors  the  expense  of  his  salary,  which 
was  S6000  a year.  In  1875  he  was  chosen  one  of 
the  trustees  of  the  public  schools  of  New  York 
city. 

ANDERSON,  Galusha,  educator,  was  born  at 
Bergen,  Genessee  county,  N.  Y.,  March  7,  1832. 
His  father  was  of  Scotch  descent,  and  a strict 
Presbyterian.  The  boy,  becoming  converted  to 
the  Baptist  faith,  determined  to  become  a minis- 


ter. He  was  graduated  with  high  honors  from 
the  Rochester  university  in  1854,  and  from  the 
theological  seminary,  Rochester,  in  1856.  He  was 
ordained  pastor  and  took  charge  of  the  Baptist 
church  at  Janesville,  Wisconsin,  the  same  year. 
His  next  pulpit  was  in  St.  Louis,  from  1858  to  1866. 
In  1866  he  went  to  Newton,  Mass.,  as  professor  of 
homiletics  in  the  theological  seminary,  remaining 
there  for  seven  years.  In  1873  he  took  charge  of 
the  Strong  place  church  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  preached  five  years,  going  thence  to  the  Second 
Baptist  church,  Chicago,  in  1876.  In  1878  he  was 
made  president  of  the  Chicago  university,  and  for 
eight  years  he  endeavored,  faithfully,  to  establish 
the  institution  on  a firm  footing.  In  1886  he  re- 
signed, and  for  a short  time  preached  in  Salem, 
giving  up  his  church  there  to  accept  the  presi- 
dency of  Denison  university,  which  position  he 
filled  very  successfully  until  1890.  He  afterwards 
accepted  the  chair  of  homiletics  in  the  Divinity 
school  of  Chicago  university.  Dr.  Anderson  was 
the  first  Rochester  alumnus  to  receive  the  degree 
of  D.D.  from  that  university. 

ANDERSON,  George  B.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Wilmington,  N.  C.,  Nov.  6,  1830.  He  received 
an  appointment  as  cadet  to  the  military  academy 
and  was  graduated  with  the  class  of  1852  as 
brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  dragoons.  In  1855 
he  received  his  promotion  as  lieutenant,  and  in 
1858  as  adjutant.  He  remained  in  the  army  until 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  when  he  resigned 
to  enter  the  Confederate  service.  He  was  there 
rapidly  advanced  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general 
and  directed  the  coast  defences  of  North  Caro- 
lina. At  the  battle  of  Antietam  he  received  a 
wound,  from  the  effects  of  which  he  died  Oct.  16, 
1862. 

ANDERSON,  Henry  James,  educator,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  Feb.  6,  1799.  He  was 
graduated  from  Columbia  college  in  1818,  and 
studied  at  the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1820.  He  was  made 
professor  of  mathematics  and  astronomy  in 
Columbia  college  in  1825.  Here  he  passed  twenty- 
five  years,  when  he  resigned  and  made  extended 
travels  through  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  In 
France  he  made  the  friendship  of  Arago,  the 
great  astronomer,  and  in  1848  he  was  connected 
with  Lieutenant  Lynch’s  exploring  expedition  to 
the  Dead  sea  in  the  capacity  of  geologist.  While 
abroad  he  became  a convert  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith,  and  on  his  return  to  America  he 
became  very  prominent  in  church  work,  was 
president  of  the  society  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
for  many  years,  aided  in  organizing  the  Catholic 
union  of  New  York,  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Catholic  protectory  in  Westchester  county. 
In  1851  he  was  elected  a trustee  of  Columbia  col- 
lege, and  in  1866  professor  emeritus  of  the  chair 


ANDERSON. 


ANDERSON. 


he  had  so  long  occupied.  In  1874  lie  made  the  pil- 
grimage to  Lourdes,  France,  and  visited  Rome, 
where  he  had  the  honor  of  being  received  with 
special  favor  by  the  pope.  He  afterwards 
joined  the  American  scientific  expedition  sent  to 
Australia  to  view  the  transit  of  Venus,  and  being 
a volunteer  made  the  trip  and  provided  his  in- 
struments at  his  own  expense.  He  visited  India 
on  his  return,  and  while  in  the  Himalaya  moun- 
tains was  stricken  with  a disease  that  resulted  in 
his  death  at  Lahore.  Oct.  19,  1875. 

ANDERSON,  James  Patton,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Knoxville.  Tenn.,  Aug.  6,  1820.  During  the 
Mexican  war  he  commanded  a Mississippi  regi- 
ment, after  which  he  removed  to  Washington 
territory,  whence  he  was  sent  to  the  United 
States  Congress  as  a delegate,  1855-57.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  joined  the  Con- 
federate army  as  a brigadier-general,  and  by  his 
gallantry  at  Shiloh  and  Stone  river  he  won  the 
rank  of  major-general,  Feb.  17,  1864,  and  was 
assigned  to  the  military  district  of  Florida.  He 
afterwards  commanded  a division  in  the  army 
of  the  Tennessee.  He  died  in  Memphis,  Tenn., 
1873. 

ANDERSON,  John  A.,  representative,  was 
born  in  Washington  county,  Pa.,  June  16,  1834. 
He  was  graduated  from  Miami  university  in  1853, 
and  in  1857  was  ordained  a Presbyterian  min- 
ister, preaching  in  San  Francisco.  In  1862  he 
joined  the  army  as  chaplain  of  the  3d  California 
infantry,  and  in  the  following  year  was  appointed 
California  agent  of  the  United  States  sanitary 
commission,  in  which  position  he  served  until 
1867.  From  1873  to  1879  he  held  the  presidency 
of  the  Kansas  state  agricultural  college.  In  1878 
he  was  elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the  46th 
Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  47tli,  48th, 
49th,  50th  and  51st  congresses.  In  1889  he  was 
appointed  United  States  consul-general  at  Cairo, 
Egypt,  by  President  Harrison,  remaining  there 
until  shortly  before  his  death,  which  occurred  in 
Liverpool,  England,  May  18,  1892. 

ANDERSON,  John  Jacob,  educator,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  Sept.  30,  1821.  He  received  his 
primary  education  at  the  New  York  public 
schools,  and  at  Rutgers  college.  In  1845  he  was 
appointed  principal  of  one  of  the  large  public 
schools  of  New  York  city,  and  he  held  this  posi- 
tion for  upwards  of  twenty  years,  meanwhile 
having  control  of  the  evening  schools  in  the  city, 
and  giving  numerous  lectui'es  before  educational 
bodies.  It  was  while  thus  employed  that  he 
wrote  his  well-known  series  of  school  histories, 
which  were  literally  a growth  evolved  out  of  his 
own  experience  as  a teacher.  His  first  volume  — 
the  “Introductory  School  History  of  the  United 
States  ” — was  not  written  for  publication,  but 
was  arranged  on  the  catechetical  plan,  copied  by 


one  pupil  after  another  of  the  class  he  was  fitting 
for  the  Free  academy,  and  was  used  in  manu- 
script. Mr.  Anderson  in  this,  his  first  book,  was 
the  pioneer  in  associating  narrative  with  its  geo- 
graphy. He  was  the  first  to  insert  in  his  books 
sectional  maps  covering  every  part  of  the  story, 
and  to  recommend  that  these  should  be  reproduced 
on  blackboards,  slates  and  paper,  by  the  pupils. 
For  Ids  books  exhibited  at  the  International  ex- 
position in  Paris  in  1875,  Dr.  Anderson  was 
awarded  a medal,  the  only  award  made  for  school 
histories  by  the  exhibition.  The  University  of  the 
city  of  New  York  in  1876  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Pli.D.  His  publications  include:  “Pic- 
torial School  History  of  the  United  States  ” (1863) ; 
“ Introductory  School  History  of  the  United 
States”  (1865);  “Common  School  History  of  the 
United  States”;  “Grammar  School  History  of 
the  United  States”;  “ A Manual  of  General  His- 
tory”; “A  School  History  of  England  ” (1870) ; 
“The  Historical  Reader”  (1871);  “The  United 
States  Reader”  (1872) ; “A  New  Manual  of  General 
History”  (1869);  “A  Pictorial  School  History”; 
“A  School  History  of  France  ” ; “The  Historical 
Reader  ” (1872) ; and  “ A School  History  of 
Greece.  ” 

ANDERSON,  Joseph,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  Dec.  16,  1836.  He 
removed  with  his  parents  to  America  in  1842, 
and  afterwards  resided  in  Astoria,  N.  Y.,  and  in 
New  York  city.  He  passed  from  a New  York 
public  school  to  the  College  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  was  graduated  in  1854.  He  studied  at 
the  Union  theological  seminary  and  was  ordained 
by  the  third  presbytery  of  New  York  in  1858, 
pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  church  of 
Stamford,  Conn.  In  1861  he  was  called  from 
Stamford  to  become  pastor  of  the  First  church  in 
Norwalk.  In  1864  lie  went  to  Bath,  Me.,  and  in 
February,  1865,  began  his  ministry  with  the  First 
church  in  Waterbury,  Conn.  He  became  promi- 
nent in  the  ecclesiastical  life  of  the  Congrega- 
tional body  in  Connecticut;  was  twice  moderator 
of  the  general  association,  and  once  moderator  of 
the  general  conference.  In  1878  he  received  the 
degree  of  S.  T.  D.  from  Yale  college,  and  in  1884 
was  elected  a member  of  the  Yale  corporation. 
He  made  a special  study  of  the  American  Indians, 
their  antiquities  and  languages,  and  collected  an 
extensive  library  of  books  and  pamphlets  relating 
thereto ; also  a collection  of  stone  implements,  rep- 
resenting all  parts  of  North  America.  The  bibli- 
ography of  members  of  the  American  historical 
association,  issued  in  1891  by  the  Smithsonian  in- 
stitution. gives  three  pages  to  the  list  of  the  titles 
of  Dr.  Anderson’s  historical  papers.  His  name 
appears  among  the  members  of  the  American 
antiquarian.  Oriental,  Historical  and  Philological 
societies. 


ANDERSON. 


ANDERSON. 


ANDERSON,  Joseph  R.,  manufacturer,  was 
born  at  Walnut  Hill,  Va„  Feb.  6,  1813.  Iu  1832 
lie  was  appointed  military  cadet  at  West  Point, 
and  was  graduated  in  1836,  being  promoted  in  the 
army  to  2d  lieutenant  of  3d  artillery.  He  served 
as  assistant  engineer  in  the  bureau  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  in  1836,  and  in  building  Fort  Pulaski, 
Ga.,  1836-37.  He  resigned  from  the  U.  S.  army 
Sept.  30,  1837,  and  became  assistant  engineer  of 
the  state  of  Virginia.  From  1838  to  1841  he  was 
chief  engineer  of  the  valley  turnpike  company, 
and  from  1841  to  1861  was  superintendent  and 
proprietor  of  Tredegar  iron  manufactory  and  can- 
non foundry  at  Richmond,  Va.  He  was  elected 
to  the  Virginia  house  of  delegates  in  1852,  hold- 
ing the  office  three  years.  In  1861  he  joined  the 
Confederate  army  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  serving  through  the  war  in  the  ordnance 
department.  In  1866  the  United  States  govern- 
ment confiscated  the  Tredegar  iron  works,  which 
had  furnished  most  of  the  cannon  and  ammuni- 
tion for  the  army  of  the  confederacy.  The  com- 
pany was  re-organized  in  1867,  and  General  An- 
derson was  chosen  its  president.  He  died  at  the 
Isles  of  Shoals,  N.  H.,  Sept.  7,  1892. 

ANDERSON,  Larz,  philanthropist,  was  born  at 
“Soldiers’  Retreat,”  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  April, 
1803,  son  of  Richard  Clough  and  Elizabeth  (Clark) 
Anderson.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
with  the  class  of  1822.  He  married  a daughter  of 
Nicholas  Longworth  of  Cincinnati,  O.,  in  which 
city  he  made  his  home,  and  became  widely  known 
by  reason  of  his  public  spirit  and  the  liberality  and 
wisdom  with  which  he  dispensed  in  worthy  chari- 
ties out  of  the  abundance  of  his  wealth.  He  died 
in  Cincinnati,  Feb.  27,  1878. 

ANDERSON,  Martin  Brewer,  educator,  was 
born  at  Brunswick,  Me.,  Feb.  12, 1815.  His  father 
was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent  and  his  mother  of 
English  origin,  a woman  of  marked  intellectual 
qualities.  After  being  graduated  from  Waterville 
college  in  1840,  he  studied  for  a year  in  the  theo- 
logical seminary  at  Newton,  Mass.  In  1841  he 
became  tutor  of  Latin,  Greek,  and  mathematics 
at  Waterville  college,  where  lie  was  later  ap- 
pointed professor  of  rhetoric  and  lecturer  on 
modern  history,  remaining  there  until  1850,  when 
he  removed  to  New  York  city  and  assumed  the 
editorship  of  the  New  York  Recorder,  a weekly  Bap- 
tist journal.  In  1853  he  went  to  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
as  the  first  president  of  the  University  of  Roch- 
ester, which  position  he  held  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  a period  of  thirty-seven  years.  He  was  a 
man  of  marked  ability  as  a teacher,  writer  and 
speaker.  He  was  a member  of  the  New  York 
state  board  of  charities,  member  of  the  social 
science  congress,  commissioner  of  the  state  reser- 
vation at  Niagara  Falls,  associate  editor  of  “John- 
son’s Cyclopaedia,”  and  honorary  member  of  the 


Cobden  club,  England;  president  of  the  home 
mission  society  and  of  the  foreign  mission  society- 
He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Colby  uni- 
versity. He  died  Feb.  20,  1890. 

ANDERSON,  Mary  Antoinette,  actress,  was 
born  at  Sacramento,  Cal.,  July  28,  1859.  The 
nest  year  her  parents  removed  to  Louisville,  Ky., 
and  her  father  became  a soldier  in  the  Confeder- 
ate service.  He  died  in  Mobile,  Ala.,  in  1863, 
being  only  twenty-nine  years  old.  His  widow 
married,  in  1867,  Dr. 

Hamilton  Griffin,  a 
practising  physician 
of  Louisville,  and 
Mary  was  sent  to  the 
Ursuline  convent  to 
be  educated  under 
the  care  of  the  Pre- 
sentation nuns.  She 
made  but  small  pro- 
gress with  her  stud- 
ies, and  spent  more 
time  on  Shakespeare 
than  with  her  regu 
lar  lessons.  When 
but  twelve  years  old 
she  witnessed  a fairy  play,  and  decided  that  she 
would  like  to  be  an  actress.  A year  later  she 
saw  Edwin  Booth  in  Richard  III,  and  it  is  related 
that  she  went  home  from  the  performance  and 
frightened  a colored  servant  into  hysterics  by 
acting  the  part  in  her  presence.  Her  step-father 
encouraged  the  girl’s  ambition  and  directed 
her  future  education.  She  took  lessons  in  music, 
literature  and  dancing.  In  1874  she  met  Char- 
lotte Cushman,  and  was  advised  by  her  to  con- 
tinue her  study  for  the  stage  and  “ to  begin  at  the 
top.”  Early  in  1875  she  received  a few  prepara- 
tory lessons  from  Vanderhoff,  and  made  her  first 
public  appearance  at  McCauley’s  theatre,  Louis- 
ville, in  the  character  of  Juliet,  Nov.  27,  1875. 
To  obtain  the  use  of  the  theatre  she  agreed  to 
raise  four  hundred  dollars,  and  so  did  by  selling 
tickets  about  the  city  for  three  months  previous 
to  the  performance.  Despite  her  inexperience 
and  extreme  youth  she  was  not  made  the  sub- 
ject’of  severe  criticism,  although  her  acting  was 
crude,  and,  conscious  of  her  faults,  she  labored 
assiduously  to  correct  them.  She  was  induced 
to  go  to  St.  Louis  to  fill  an  open  date  for  Man- 
ager DeBar,  who,  by  advertising  her  as  a 
southern  girl,  “daughter  of  a Confederate  sol- 
dier killed  in  battle,”  and  thus  appealing  to  public 
sentiment  and  curiosity  made  the  engagement 
a success,  which  induced  Manager  Morton  to 
engage  her  to  star  through  the  southern  states, 
a venture  which  resulted  in  financial  disaster. 
After  her  return  she  filled  a week’s  engagement  in 
Louisville  in  January,  1876,  interpreting  Evadne 
f91J 


ANDERSON. 


ANDERSON. 


Juliet,  Bianca,  and  Julia.  The  public  found  a 
warm  place  for  her  in  its  big  heart,  and  the 
critics  accused  it  of  being  so  blinded  by  the  arch 
beauty  of  the  young  actress  that  it  was  incapable 
of  correct  judgment  as  to  her  acting.  However, 
they  soon  began  to  speak  of  her  as  the  “ hope  of 
the  American  stage.”  She  played  with  stock 
companies  in  St.  Louis,  New  Orleans  and  other 
southern  cities;  then  two  weeks  with  John 
McCullough  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  where  for 
the  first  days  of  her  engagement  she  received  the 
most  severe  criticism.  This,  however,  wore  off, 
and  the  last  nights  of  her  engagement  wit- 
nessed crowded  houses  and  enthusiastic  applause. 
On  Nov.  12,  1877,  she  began  what  proved  to  be 
a very  successful  engagement  in  New  York  city, 
at  the  Fifth  Avenue  theatre,  and  henceforth  she 
was  ranked  among  the  leading  actresses  of  Amer- 
ica. From  this  time  on  her  career  was  a series  of 
brilliant  triumphs  so  far  as  her  audiences  were 
concerned ; and  the  critics,  although  denying  her 
technical  accuracy,  acknowledged  that  her  youth- 
ful crudities  were  wearing  off.  Mary  Ander- 
son at  twenty  was  supremely  beautiful,  and 
so  winning  and  sincere  that  it  was  impossible 
to  withhold  admiration  for  her  beauty,  or  deny 
honest  liking  for  her  sweet,  pure  character. 
It  is  said  Edwin  Booth  advised  her  to  study 
such  parts  as  Parthenia.  She  made  a tour  of 
the  English  provincial  cities  and  appeared  in  the 
Lyceum  theatre,  London,  in  1884-’85.  One  of 
the  events  of  her  tour  was  the  opening,  at  Strat- 
ford - on  - Avon,  of  the  Memorial  theatre,  where 
a distinguished  audience  gathered  to  see  her 
first  attempt  at  Rosalind,  and  her  portrait  in  that 
character  adorns  one  of  the  panels  in  the  theatre. 
In  1885  she  returned  to  America  laden  with  hon 
ors,  and  was  warmly  received.  She  opened  at  the 
Star  theatre,  New  York,  as  Rosalind,  and  inter- 
preted the  character  frequently  in  her  tour 
through  the  United  States.  In  1886  she  revisited 
Europe,  where  she  remained  two  years.  She  ap- 
peared as  Perdita  at  Henry  Irving’s  theatre,  and 
made  a decided  triumph  in  the  part.  Her  sec- 
ond tour  of  England  was  a continuous  ovation, 
and  on  her  return  to  the  United  States  in  1888, 
she  added  Perdita  to  her  American  repertoire. 
In  March,  1889,  she  was  obliged  to  cancel  her  en- 
gagements and  disband  her  company,  owing  to 
serious  illness.  She  sailed  for  Europe  in  April,  and 
in  the  following  year  was  married  in  St.  Mary’s 
chapel,  Hampstead,  to  Antonio  de  F.  Navarro, 
of  New  York.  She  sold  her  theatrical  wardrobe 
and  abandoned  the  stage.  In  her  “Memoirs” 
Mrs.  Navarro  gives  the  credit  of  her  success  to 
powerful  friends,  social  and  political  influence, 
money,  skilled  manager,  and  liberal  advertising. 
In  closing  her  book  she  says:  “I  have  written 
these  pages  more  for  young  girls  (who  may  have 


the  same  ambitions  that  Iliad)  than  anyone  else; 
to  show  them  that  the  glitter  of  the  stage  is  not  all 
gold,  and  thus  to  do  a little  toward  making  them 
realize  how  serious  an  undertaking  it  is  to  adopt  a 
life  so  full  of  hardships,  humiliations,  and  even 
dangers.”  William  Winter  published  in  1886 
• The  Stage  Life  of  Mary  Anderson.” 

ANDERSON,  Nicholas  Longworth,  soldier, 

was  born  in  Cincinnati,  O.,  April  22,  1838,  son  of 
Larz  Anderson,  and  nephew  of  General  Robert 
Anderson.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1858,  after  which  he  spent  about  two  years  in 
study  at  the  German  universities.  Returning  to 
America  in  1860,  he  began  the  study  of  law,  but 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  enlisted  as  a 
private.  On  April  19,  1861,  he  was  commissioned 
lieutenant  and  adjutant  of  the  6th  Ohio  volun- 
teers; on  June  12,  following,  he  was  made  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, and  in  August  of  the  succeeding 
year,  colonel.  He  was  with  the  regiment  in  the 
West  Virginia  campaign,  and  shared  in  all  the 
marches  and  battles  of  Generals  Buell,  Rosecrans, 
and  Thomas,  being  wounded  at  Shiloh,  and  again 
at  Stone  River,  and  at  Chickamauga.  On  March 
13,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  for 
gallant  conduct  at  Stone  River,  and  major-gen- 
eral for  distinguished  gallantry  at  Chickamauga. 
The  war  over  he  completed  his  preparation  for  the 
bar,  to  which  he  was  duly  admitted  at  Cincinnati, 
where  he  practised  his  profession,  afterwards  re- 
moving to  Washington,  D.  C. 

ANDERSON,  Rasmus  Bjorn,  author,  was 
born  at  Albion,  Dane  county,  Wis.,  Jan.  12,  1846, 
son  of  Bjorn  and  Abel  Catherine  von  Krogh 
Anderson.  His  parents  emigrated  from  Norway 
in  1836,  and  settled  in  the  wilds  of  Wisconsin. 
They  were  the  first  couple  that  took  up  land  and 
abode  in  the  township  of  Albion.  Here,  when  the 
son  was  four  years  old,  the  father  fell  a victim  to 
the  cholera.  The  mother  lived  until  1885,  to  see 
her  son  honored  by  the  country  of  her  adoption. 
He  attended  the  common  schools,  and  also  received 
instruction  from  a Norwegian  Lutheran  clergy- 
man. The  Norwegians  had  founded  a college  at 
Decorah,  Iowa,  and  the  boy  became  one  of  its  first 
students.  His  progress  was  remarkable,  and  in 
1866  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Greek  and 
modern  languages  in  Albion  academy.  His  suc- 
cess at  this  school  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
authorities  of  the  university  of  Wisconsin,  and 
after  a term  as  a post-graduate  student  in  that 
institution  he  was  in  1869  made  instructor  in 
languages,  and  in  1875  the  professorship  of  Scan- 
dinavian languages  and  literature  was  created  for 
him,  which  he  acceptably  filled  for  ten  years. 
He  founded  a Scandinavian  library  at  the  univer- 
sity. From  1885  to  1889  he  was  United  States 
minister  to  Denmark,  receiving  the  appointment 
192J 


ANDERSON. 


ANDERSON. 


from  President  Cleveland.  His  works  include 
translations  of  sagas  and  folk  tales  from  the 
Scandinavian,  and  a translation  of  the  works  of 
Bjorn  Bjornson  in  seven  volumes.  He  published 
“Julegrave”  (1872);  ‘‘The  Scandinavian  Lan- 
guages” (1873) ; “ Den  Norske  Maalsag  ” ; “Amer- 
ica not  Discovered  by  Columbus”  (1874) ; “ Norse 
Mythology  ” (1875) ; “ Viking  Tales  of  the  North  ” 
(1879);  “The  Younger  Edda  ” (1880);  a trans- 
lation of  Dr.  F.  W.  Horn’s  “History  of  the  Liter- 
ature of  the  Scandinavian  North  ” (1885) ; “ Snord 
Sturluson  ” (1889) ; and  “ The  First  Chapter  of 
Norwegian  Immigration;  Its  Causes  and  Results” 
(1896). 

ANDERSON,  Richard  Clough,  lawyer,  was 
born  at  “Soldiers’  Retreat,”  near  Louisville,  Ivy., 
Aug.  4,  1788,  son  of  Richard  Clough  and  Elizabeth 
(Clark)  Anderson.  He  received  his  education  at 
William  and  Mary  college,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1804.  He  then  studied  law  under 
Judge  Tucker  of  Virginia,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  He  returned  to  Kentucky,  where  he  won 
reputation  as  a lawyer.  He  was  prominent  in 
politics,  being  for  a number  of  years  in  the  state 
legislature,  after  which  he  was  elected,  in  1816,  a 
representative  in  the  15th  and  was  returned  to 
the  16th  Congress.  In  1822  he  was  again  elected 
to  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legislature  and  was 
chosen  speaker,  which  office  he  filled  until  he  was 
sent  as  U.  S.  minister  to  Colombia  by  President 
Monroe  in  1823.  While  at  his  official  post  Presi- 
dent Adams  appointed  him  as  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  the  Panama  congress.  He  started  out 
on  the  journey,  but  before  reaching  his  destina- 
tion he  died  in  Tubaco,  July  24,  1826. 

ANDERSON,  Richard  Clough,  soldier,  was 
bora  in  Hanover  county,  Va.,  Jan.  12,  1750.  At 
the  breaking  out  of  the  revolutionary  war  he 
entered  the  service  as  captain  of  the  5th  Vii-ginia 
continentals,  and  throughout  the  war  he  served 
bravely  and  efficiently,  especially  at  the  battles 
of  Brandywine  and  Germantown.  At  Trenton, 
Dec.  24,  1776,  he  crossed  the  Delaware  river  in 
advance  of  the  main  army,  forming  the  advance 
outpost  of  the  continental  troops,  and  forced  back 
the  Hessians.  He  then  served  in  the  south,  en- 
tering Charleston,  S.  C.,  with  Pulaski’s  army  in 
1779,  and  aided  in  the  defence  of  that  city.  He 
was  also  at  Savannah.  Ga.,  in  October  of  the  same 
year,  and  was  on  board  the  Wasp  when  Pulaski 
was  taken  north  to  be  treated  for  the  wound 
he  received.  He  attended  the  gallant  Pole  in  his 
last  hours  and  received  from  him  his  sword  as  an 
evidence  of  friendship.  At  the  end  of  the  war  he 
received  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  re- 
moved to  Kentucky,  then  a wilderness  infested 
by  hostile  Indians.  Here  he  distinguished  himself 
by  his  bravery  and  resolution  in  fighting  the 
savages.  In  1788  he  was  a member  of  the  state 


convention,  and  in  1793  a presidential  elector. 
The  first  cargo  of  produce  ever  shipped  directly 
from  Kentucky  to  Europe  was  sent  in  a vessel 
constructed  by  him  and  despatched  by  way  of  the 
Mississippi  river  and  New  Orleans  in  1797.  He 
was  married  in  1785  to  Elizabeth,  sister  to  George 
Rogers  Clark.  They  had  three  sons,  Richard 
Clough,  Larz.  and  Robert.  Their  home  near 
Louisville  was  known  as  “Soldiers’  Retreat.” 
He  died  Oct.  16,  1826. 

ANDERSON.  Richard  Herron,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Statesburgh,  S.  C.,  Oct.  7,  1821.  He  was 
graduated  from  West  Point  in  1842,  and  commis- 
sioned brevet  2d  lieutenant  of  1st  dragoons. 
After  serving  at  the  cavalry  school  for  practice 
in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  he  was  assigned  to  frontier  duty 
in  Arkansas  and  Iowa.  In  1844  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  2d  dragoons,  and  during  1845-46 
was  in  military  occupation  of  Texas  and  on  re- 
cruiting service.  He  served  from  1846-’48  in  the 
Mexican  war,  being  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Vera 
Cruz  in  March,  1847,  the  skirmish  of  La  Hoya  in 
June,  the  battle  of  Contreras  in  August,  the 
skirmish  at  San  Augustine  in  Aug-ust,  the  battle 
of  Molino  del  Rey,  and  the  capture  of  the  city  of 
Mexico  in  September.  He  was  brevetted  1st  lieu- 
tenant for  gallant  conduct  at  San  Augustine,  and 
in  July,  1848,  he  was  promoted  full  lieutenant. 
In  1849-50  he  was  on  recruiting  service  and  at 
the  cavalry  school  for  practice  at  Carlisle,  Pa. 
On  March  3,  1855,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
captain,  and  serve!  until  1857  on  frontier  duty 
He  resigned  his  commission  March  3,  1861,  and 
joined  the  Confederate  army,  where  he  was  made 
brigadier-general.  The  following  year  he  was 
promoted  major-general,  and  after  fighting  gal 
lantly  in  many  important  engagements,  he  won 
by  promotion  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general.  He 
lived  quietly  at  his  home  in  Beaufort,  S.  C. . from 
the  close  of  the  war  until  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  June  26.  1879. 

ANDERSON,  Robert,  soldier,  was  horn  at 
“Soldiers’  Retreat,”  near  Louisville,  Ky..  June  14, 
1805,  son  of  Richard  Clough  and  Elizabeth  (Clark) 
Anderson.  He  was  appointed  a cadet  to  the 
United  States  military  academy,  and  was  gradu- 
ated from  West  Point  in  the  class  of  1825,  receiv- 
ing commission  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  3d  artillery. 
He  was  stationed  at  the  St.  Louis  arsenal  when 
the  Black  Hawk  war  broke  out,  and  joined 
General  Atkinson  as  assistant  inspector-general 
on  his  staff.  In  his  official  position  he  twice 
mustered  Abraham  Lincoln  out  of  the  service 
and  in  again.  He  also  had  charge  of  the 
Indians  captured  at  Bad  Axe,  and  personally 
conducted  Black  Hawk  to  Jefferson  barracks. 
His  adjutant  at  this  time  was  Lieut.  Jefferson 
Davis.  He  was  instructor  at  West  Point  fro  nr 
1835-37,  served  in  the  Seminole  war  in  1837-’38 


ANDERSON. 


ANDERSON. 


and  was  brevetted  captain.  In  the  Mexican  war 
lie  served  on  the  staff  of  General  Scott  as  assist- 
ant adjutant-general,  and  was  wounded  in  the 
battle  of  Molino  del  Rev.  'He  was  made  major  of 

the  1st  artillery  in 
1857,  and  took  com- 
mand of  the  troops 
stationed  in  Charles- 
ton harbor  with  head- 
quarters  in  Fort 
Moultrie,  Nov.  20, 
1860.  When  the  polit- 
ical disturbance  in 
South  Carolina 
reached  the  point  of 
warlike  demonstra- 
tions, he  demanded 
reinforcements  in  or- 
/V?  / /1/  r / der  to  defend  the  gov- 

/CtTZn  (uccIm£(u_^  e r n me  n t property. 

Failing  to  receive  support  he  on  the  night  of 
Dec.  26,  1860,  spiked  the  guns  at  Fort  Moultrie 
and  burned  the  carriages,  and  withdrew  the 
eighty-three  men  of  his  command  to  Fort  Sumter, 
where  he  made  his  famous  defence.  On  April 
14,  1861,  he  surrendered  the  fort  to  the  South 
Carolinians,  marching  out  with  the  honors 
of  war,  after  defending  it  bravely  against  a 
bombardment  of  thirty-six  hours.  He  sailed 
with  his  men  for  New  York  city  the  next 
day,  where  he  received  from  the  authorities 
and  the  nation  the  honor  and  thanks  justly  due 
for  his  brave  action.  President  Lincoln  imme- 
diately promoted  him  brigadier-general  in  the 
United  States  army,  and  assigned  him  to  the  de- 
partment of  Kentucky  and  subsequently  to  the 
department  of  the  Cumberland.  His  health 
failed  him  and  he  was  relieved  from  active  duty 
in  October,  1861,  and  resigned  from  active  service 
Oct.  27,  1863.  He  received  promotion  as  brevet 
major-general.  Feb.  3,^1865.  In  1869  he  went 
abroad,  hoping  to  recuperate  his  health.  Gen- 
eral Anderson  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Soldiers’  Home  in  Washington.  He  translated 
and  adapted  from  the  French  ‘ ‘ Instructions  for 
Field  Artillery,  Horse  and  Foot”  (1840),  and 
“ Evolutions  of  Field  Batteries”  (1860).  He  died 
in  Nice,  France,  Oct.  27,  1871. 

ANDERSON,  Robert  Houstoun,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  Oct.  1,  1835.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1853, 
and  was  graduated  in  1857  brevet  2d  lieuten- 
ant of  infantry.  From  1857  to  1858  he  served  on 
garrison  duty  at  Fort  Columbus,  N.  Y. , and  on 
Dec.  29,  1857,  was  promoted  2d  lieutenant  of 
the  9th  infantry.  From  1858  to  1861  he  was  on 
frontier  duty  at  Fort  Walla  Walla,  Washington 
territory,  and  resigned  May  17,  1861,  to  join  the 
Confederate  army  in  the  civil  war.  He  was 


commissioned  a major,  and  arose  by  successive 
promotions  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  for 
gallant  service  throughout  the  war.  In  1867  lie 
was  elected  chief  of  police  in  his  native  city, 
where  he  died  Feb.  8,  1888. 

ANDERSON,  Rufus,  missionary,  was  born  at 
North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  Aug.  17,  1796.  He  was 
graduated  from  Bowdoin  college  in  1818  and  from 
the  Andover  theological  seminary  in  1822.  He 
was  ordained  as  minister  in  1826,  and  held  the 
position  of  corresponding  secretary  to  the  Ameri- 
can board  of  foreign  missions  for  forty-two  years, 
making  visits  in  its  interests  to  the  Levant,  India, 
Syria,  Turkey  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  From 
1867  to  1869  he  delivered  at  Andover  seminary 
lectures  on  foreign  missions.  In  1868  Dartmouth 
college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D., 
and  he  was  made  a fellow  of  the  American 
Oriental  society.  His  publications  include  : “For- 
eign Missions,  their  Relations  and  Claims  ” ; 
“Memoir  of  Catharine  Brown”  (1825);  “Obser- 
vations upon  the  Peloponnesus  and  Greek 
Islands”  (1830);  "The  Hawaiian  Islands,  their 
Progress  and  Condition  under  Missionary  Labor  ” 
(1864);  “Bartimeus,  the  Blind  Preacher  of 
Maui”;  “ Kapiolani,  the  Heroine  of  Hawaii.” 
and  several  publications  relating  to  missions. 
He  died  May  30, 1880. 

ANDERSON,  Thomas  Davis,  clergyman,  was 
born  inRoxbury,  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  26,  1853.  He 
was  graduated  from  Brown  university  in  1874, 
and  from  the  Newton,  Mass.,  theological  institu- 
tion in  1877.  His  first  charge  was  the  First  Bap- 
tist church  in  Portland,  Me.,  where  he  remained 
for  live  years,  then  removing  to  Baltimore,  where, 
for  the  live  succeeding  years,  he  preached  in 
the  Seventh  Baptist  church  From  1883  to 
1889  he  was  an  overseer  of  Columbian  university, 
Washington,  D.  C.  In  1887  he  removed  to  Prov- 
idence, R.  I.,  to  assume  pastoral  charge  of  the 
Central  Baptist  church,  and  in  1890  he  was  made 
a fellow  of  Brown  university,  and  secretary  of  the 
corporation.  He  published  a number  of  sermons 
in  various  journals,  and  is  the  author  of  “Memo- 
rial Address  on  E.  G.  Robinson”  (1895).  He 
received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Brown  univer- 
sity in  1894. 

ANDERSON,  Thomas  Mac  Arthur,  soldier,  was 
born  near  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  Jan.  21,  1836.  He 
was  educated  at  Mount  St.  Mary’s  college,  Mary- 
land, and  was  graduated  from  the  Cincinnati 
law  school.  He  practised  at  the  bar  of  Ohio  and 
Kentucky  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war. 
when  he  enlisted  in  the  6th  Ohio  volunteers  as  a 
private,  April  20,  1861.  On  May  7 he  was  pro- 
moted 2d  lieutenant  in  the  2d  U.  S.  cavalry ; on 
May  14,  captain  of  the  12th  infantry,  and  was 
transferred  to  the  21st  infantry  Sept.  21.  1886. 
He  was  brevetted  major  Aug.  1,  1864,  for  his  con- 

[94] 


ANDRE. 


ANDREW. 


duct  in  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  and  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, August,  1864,  for  “ gallant  and  meri- 
torious ” service  at  Spottsylvania.  He  was  twice- 
wounded,  and  confined  in  Libby  prison,  whence 
he  escaped.  He  was  attorney  for  the  government 
on  the  Texas  border  in  the  Mexican  depredation 
claims  of  1873 ; commanded  the  infantry  in  Mac- 
kenzie’s campaign  in  1875,  and  in  1879  was  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  the  9th  infantry.  In  1886  he  be- 
came colonel  of  the  14th  infantry,  commanding 
Fort  Cuvier  in  Washington  territory.  He  was 
commander  of  the  loyal  legion  for  the  state  of 
Oregon  in  1891,  was  first  president  of  the  legion 
and  of  the  Washington  society  of  sons  of  the 
Aanerican  revolution,  and  first  vice-president  of 
the  military  service  institution.  He  is  the  author 
of  “Conspiracies  Preceding  the  Rebellion,”  and 
many  essays  on  military  subjects. 

ANDRE,  John,  soldier,  was  born  either  in 
London  or  at  Southampton,  England,  in  1751,  the 
son  of  a Genevese  merchant.  He  was  carefully 
educated  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  entered  his 
father’s  counting-room.  On  March  4,  1771  he 
entered  the  British  army  as  second  lieutenant, 
was  on  a leave  of  absence  in  Germany  nearly 
two  years,  and  in  1774  re-joined  his  regiment  in 
America.  In  November,  1775,  he  was  taken  a 
prisoner-of-war  at  St.  John’s,  and  was  detained 
at  Lancaster  and  Carlisle,  Pa.,  until  the  latter 
part  of  1776,  when  he  was  exchanged,  going  at 
once  to  New  York  and  receiving  promotion  to 
the  rank  of  captain.  In  1777  he  was  aide-de- 
camp  to  Major-General  Grey,  serving  thus  on 
the  expedition  to  Philadelphia,  and  Brandywine 
and  Germantown.  In  September,  1778,  he  ac- 
companied Gen.  Grey  in  the  New  Bedford  expe- 
dition, and  was  sent  back  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton  as 
despatch  bearer.  On  Gen.  Grey’s  return  to  Eng- 
land, Andrt;  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Clin- 
ton with  the  rank  of  major.  While  the  British 
army  was  in  winter  quarters  in  New  York  city 
Benedict  Arnold  wrote  a letter  to  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  pretending  dissatisfaction  with  the  ac- 
tions of  the  patriots.  The  letter  was  signed 
“Gustavus,”  and  Clinton  handed  it  to  Andrd, 
giving  him  charge  of  the  matter.  Andrd  replied 
over  the  signature “ John  Anderson,”  and  a cor- 
respondence ensued.  In  the  latter  part  of  1779 
Lord  Rawdon  was  dismissed  from  the  office  of 
adjutant-general,  and  Andrd  was  chosen  his 
successor.  In  December  he  accompanied  the  ex- 
pedition against  Charleston,  and  shortly  after  the 
surrender  of  the  Americans  in  May.  Andrd  re- 
turned to  New  York,  renewing  his  correspondence 
with  Arnold.  This  was  continued  during  the 
summer,  and  on  the  night  of  September  21 
Andr£  and  Arnold  met  at  Stony  Point,  and  prep- 
arations were  definitely  made  for  the  surrender 
of  West  Point  to  the  British.  Andrd  was  pro- 


vided with  papers  relating  to  the  condition  of  the 
works  at  West  Point,  plans  of  the  fortress,  and 
the  number  of  men  stationed  therein.  But  the 
sloop-of-war  Vulture,  in  which  he  had  been  taken 
to  Arnold,  had  been  compelled  to  sail  down  river 
under  fire  from  the  American  outposts,  and 
Arulrd  was  forced  to  proceed  by  land.  The  papers 
were  concealed  in  his  boots,  and  Andrd,  dis- 
guised in  civilian’s  clothing  furnished  by  Joshua 
Smith,  a farmer,  attempted  to  pass  the  American 
lines  by  means  of  a passport  furnished  by  Arnold. 
He  had  nearly  reached  Tarrytown  when  a party 
of  three  militiamen  emerged  from  the  bushes, 
where  they  had  been  concealed,  and  challenged 
him.  The  first  man  was  John  Paulding,  who  had 
only  four  days  before  escaped  from  British  captiv- 
ity, and  who  was  wearing  a British  uniform. 
This  deceived  Andrd,  who,  supposing  himself 
among  friends,  expressed  his  desire  to  reach  New 
York.  He  was  thereupon  arrested  and  searched, 
the  papers  being  found  in  his  boots.  Large 
bribes  were  offered  by  him  to  be  allowed  to  pass, 
but  the  captors  carried  him  to  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Jameson,  who  commanded  the  outposts.  Arnold 
was  notified  of  the  capture  and  barely  succeeded 
in  escaping  to  the  British  lines.  On  Sept.  29, 
1780,  Andrd  was  tried  before  a board  of  distin- 
guished military  officers,  and  was  sentenced  to  be 
hanged  as  a spy.  The  British  endeavored  in 
every  possible  way  to  obtain  his  release  or  ex- 
change, but  in  vain.  The  young  officer  met  his 
fate  with  an  equanimity  which  called  forth  the 
warmest  praise  and  sympathy  from  British  and 
Americans  alike.  His  remains  were  taken  to 
Westminster  Abbey,  where  upon  the  sarcophagus 
is  inscribed:  “ He  fell  a sacrifice  to  his  zeal  for 

his  king  and  country,  on  the  second  of  October 
1780,  aged  29.”  Andre's  charming  character  is 
well  depicted  in  “ The  Life  of  Major  Andrd  ” by 
Winthrop  Sargent  (1862).  For  other  accounts 
see  life  of  Benedict  Arnold  in  Jared  Sparks’s 
“American  Biography”;  “Narrative  of  the 
Causes  which  led  to  the  Death  of  Major  Andr<$.” 
by  Joshua  H.  Smith  (1808),  and  “ Vindication  of 
the  Captors  of  Major  Andre,”  by  Benson  (1817). 
The  three  militiamen  who  captured  Andrd  — 
John  Pauding,  Isaac  Van  Wart,  and  David 
Williams — were  awarded  by  Congress  a silver 
medal  and  the  sum  of  §200  per  annum.  • John 
Andre  suffered  his  ignominious  death  at  Tappan, 
N.  Y.,  he  having  been  refused  his  request  of 
meeting  his  end  as  a soldier  by  being  shot.  A 
rough  boulder  marks  the  spot,  on  which  is  cut  in 
deep  letters:  “ Andrd,  executed  Oct.  2,  1780.” 
ANDREW,  James  Osgood,  M.  E.  bishop,  was 
born  in  Wilkes  county,  Ga.,  May  3,  1794.  In 
1812  he  entered  the  South  Carolina  conference; 
in  1814  was  ordained  a deacon  in  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church  and  was  admitted  to  the  ministry 


ANDREW. 


ANDREW. 


in  181G.  He  preached  on  various  circuits  in  Geor- 
gia and  South  Carolina,  and  was  afterwards  in 
pastoral  charge  of  . churches  at  Savannah,  Ga., 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  Greensboro,  Ga.,  and  Athens, 
Ga.  In  1829  he  became  presiding  elder,  and  in 
1832  was  made  bishop.  In  1844  at  the  general 
conference  in  New  York  he  was  asked  to  re'sign 
his  bishopric,  or  to  give  freedom  to  his  slaves, 
of  whom  he  owned  several.  He  decided  to  give  in 
his  resignation,  but  the  southern  delegates  re- 
quested him  to  reserve  his  decision  for  a season, 
and  in  a body  protested  against  the  action  of  the 
general  conference  and  repudiated  its  jurisdiction. 
Later  at  the  conference  meeting  at  Petersburg, 
Va.,  May,  1846,  the  Methodist  church,  south,  was 
formed,  which  severed  all  connection  with  the 
parent  body.  Bishop  Andrew  was  selected  as  its 
senior  bishop.  In  1866  he  was  retired  from  active 
duty  at  his  own  request.  He  was  the  author  of 
“Family  Government,”  and  a volume  of  “Mis- 
cellanies.” Hediedat  Mobile,  Ala.,  Marchl,  1871. 

ANDREW,  John  Albion,  war  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Windham,  Me.,  May 
31,  1813;  son  of  a prosperous  merchant  of  that 
place.  He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in 
1837,  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Henry  H.  Fuller 
in  Boston,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1840, 
and  practised  his  profession  in  Boston.  He  ad- 
vocated the  views  of  the  Whigs,  being  a per- 
suasive speaker  and  an  active  worker  in  that 
party  until  he  joined  the  anti-slavery  party  of 
Massachusetts  in  1849.  He  repudiated  the  fugi- 
tive slave  law  of  1850,  and  acquired  considerable 
celebrity  by  his  defence  of  fugitive  slaves  arrested 
in  Boston  and  under  process  of  law  returned  to 
their  owners  in  Virginia  in  1854.  He  was  elected 
to  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legislature  in  1858. 
He  was  at  the  head  of  the  Massachusetts  dele- 
gation to  the  Republican  convention  held,  at 
Chicago  in  1860,  and  voted  at  first  for  William 
H.  Seward,  afterwards  announcing  the  change 
of  the  vote  of  part  of  the  Massachusetts  dele- 
gates to  Abraham  Lincoln.  On  returning  to 
Massachusetts  his  popularity  was  established  and 
lie  was  nominated  for  governor  and  elected, 
receiving  the  largest  popular  vote  that  had  ever 
been  cast  for  a candidate  to  that  office.  A close 
student  of  the  times  and  far  in  advance  as  to  the 
trend  of  public  affairs,  he  anticipated  civil  war 
and  bent  all  his  energies  in  putting  the  state  in  a 
position  to  promptly  meet  any  emergency.  His 
purpose  was  declared  in  his  inaugural  address. 
He  not  only  sought  to  place  the  militia  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  thorough  preparation  for  war,  but 
endeavored  to  induce  the  governors  of  Maine  and 
New  Hampshire  to  co-operate  with  him.  When 
the  President’s  proclamation  of  April  15,  1861, 
was  issued,  he  was  ready  with  five  infantry  regi- 
ments, a battalion  of  riflemen,  and  a battery, 


and  they  were  despatched  to  the  defence  of 
Washington.  'One  of  these  regiments,  the  famous 
6th  Massachusetts,  was  assailed  by  a mob  in  pass- 
ing through  Baltimore. , This  regiment  was  the 
first  to  touch  the  southern  soil  and  the  first  to 
sprinkle  it  with  its  blood.  Governor  Andrew 
was  equally  active  in  responding  to  all  subsequent 
calls  for  troops  and  in  caring  for  the  sick  and 
wounded  in  the  field,  and  early  in  1862  urged 
upon  the  government  the  necessity  of  emancipa- 
tion, and  the  policy  of  employing  colored  troops 
in  the  war.  In  that  same  year  he  was  prominent , 
at  a gathering  — which  he  instigated  — of  the 
governors  of  the  loyal  states  at  Altoona,  Pa.  He 
formulated  a plan  and  wrote  an  address  which 
was  issued  for  the  encouragement  of  the  national 
government.  By  his  influence  with  the  secre- 
tary of  war,  colored  troops  were  recruited,  and 
the  first  regiment  organized  was  the  54th  Massa- 
chusetts, which  left  Boston  in  May,  1863,  and  made 
a good  record  in  the  army.  Governor  Andrew 
was  re-elected  four  successive  years,  declining 
the  nomination  offered  him  in  1865  to  give  atten- 
tion to  private  business  and  to  recruit  his  failing 
health.  During  his  governorship  he  advocated  a 
modification  in  the  divorce  laws  of  the  state, 
which  prohibited  the  marriage  of  a divorced  per- 
son, and  despite  sharp  opposition  from  the  clergy 
his  recommendation  was  substantially  agreed  to 
by  act  of  legislature.  Previous  to  the  suspension 
of  the  habeas  corpus  act  in  1864  he  opposed  the 
action  of  the  Federal  government  in  making 
arbitrary  arrests  of  southern  sympathizers  in 
Massachusetts.  He  was  opposed  to  capital  pun- 
ishment, and  repeatedly  recommended  its  repeal. 
As  governor  he  sent  to  the  legislature  twelve  veto 
messages,  all  but  two  of  which  were  sustained. 
His  farewell  address,  which  he  delivered  to  the 
legislature  of  Massachusetts,  Jan.  5,  1866,  advo- 
cated a temper  of  good  faith  and  generosity  to 
the  south ; one  pregnant  phrase  being,  “ demand- 
ing no  attitude  of  humiliation,  inflicting  no  acts 
of  humiliation,”  and  excited  intense  interest  at 
the  time,  not  only  in  New  England,  but  through- 
out the  country  and  in  Europe. 

He  was  president  of  the  first  national  Unitarian 
conference  held  in  1865,  and  there  sought  to  direct 
the  deliberations  of  that  body  to  such  a statement 
of  faith  as  should  meet  the  approval  of  those 
who  accept  the  birth,  life,  mission  and  teaching 
of  Jesus  Christ  as  supernatural.  On  leaving  the 
office  of  governor  he  was  tendered,  but  declined, 
the  presidency  of  Antioch  college,  Ohio.  Return- 
ing to  private  life  in  1866,  Governor  Andrew  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law.  He  was  married  to 
Eliza  Jane  Hersey,  of  Hiugham,  Mass.,  on  Dec. 
25,  1848,  and  of  this  union  were  born  four  chil- 
dren. The  best  accounts  of  his  life  are  contained 
in  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe’s  “ Men  of  Our  Times,” 


The  Cyclopcedia  Publishing  Company. 


ANDREW. 


ANDREWS. 


in  a memoir  of  Governor  Andrew  with  “ Personal 
Reminiscences”  by  Peleg  W.  Chandler;  in  a 
“ Sketch  of  the  Official  Life  of  John  Albion  An- 
drew,” by  A.  G.  Brown ; and  in  a “ Discourse  on 
the  Life  and  Character  of  Governor  Andrew,”  by 
Rev.  E.  Nason.  Governor  Andrew  died  sud- 
denly in  Boston.  Oct.  30.  1867. 

ANDREW,  John  Forrester,  representative, 
was  born  at  Hingham,  Plymouth  Co.,  Mass.,  Nov. 
26,  1850,  son  of  Gov.  John  A.  and  Eliza  (Hersey) 
Andrew.  Was  graduated  from  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1872,  and  obtained  his  degree  of  LL.B.  in 
1875.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk  county 
Bar  the  same  year,  and  practised  law  in  Boston. 
Elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature  of 
Massachusetts  in  1880-’81-’82  he  served  on  the 
judiciary  and  other  committees,  and  as  a mem- 
ber of  the  committee  on  the  revision  of  the 
statutes  in  1882.  In  1884  he  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate  by  the  Republican  party,  and  in  1885  was  re- 
elected to  the  same  office  by  the  Democrats,  also 
serving  on  the  judiciary  committee.  He  was  com- 
missioner of  parks  for  the  city  of  Boston  during  the 
•years  1885-90,  and  again  in  1894.  In  1889  he 
was  elected  to  the  51st  Congress  from  the  3d 
Massachusetts  district  on  the  democratic  ticket. 
During  this  Congress  he  served  upon  the  com- 
mittees on  foreign  affairs  and  reform  in  the  civil 
service.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  52d  Congress 
by  a greatly  increased  majority.  During  this 
Congress  he  served  upon  the  committee  on 
foreign  affairs  and  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  reform  in  the  civil  service.  In  1893  he 
was  nominated  to  the  53d  Congress,  but  was  de- 
feated. although  he  ran  far  ahead  of  his  ticket. 
He  was  for  many  years  a member  of  the  New 
England  historic -genealogical  society,  as  well  as 
president  of  several  charitable  institutions.  He 
died  of  apoplexy  in  Boston,  Mass.,  May  30,  1895. 

ANDREWS,  Allen  S.,  educator,  was  born  in 
Randolph  county,  N.  C.  His  father  was  a soldier 
in  the  war  of  1812.  Allen  S.  was  born  near 
Fuller’s  Ford,  N.  C.,  the  oldest  of  nine  children. 
He  was  reared  a farmer’s  boy,  accustomed 
to  active  life  on  a plantation.  In  his  early 
manhood  he  was  a Methodist  preacher  con- 
nected with  the  North  Carolina  annual  con- 
ference. He  was  elected  to  the  professorship 
of  English  literature  in  the  Greensboro  female 
college,  and  at  the  end  of  his  first  year 
was  elected  professor  of  English  in  Trinity  col- 
lege, N.  C.,  where  he  completed  his  education 
and  was  graduated  in  1854.  In  the  autumn  of 
1854,  he  was  transferred  to  the  Alabama  annual 
■conference,  and  took  charge  of  the  collegiate  insti- 
tute at  Glenville,  Ala.  In  1857  he  resigned  from 
that  institution  and  returned  to  the  active  work 
of  the  ministry.  In  1871  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  Southern  university,  but  after  holding  that 


position  four  years  he  again  returned  to  the  work 
of  the  itinerant  ministry.  In  1883,  while  pastor  of 
the  first  Methodist  church  in  Selma,  Ala.,  he  was 
again  elected  president  of  the  Southern  university. 
In  1870  the  Southern  university  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D.,  and  in  1886 
both  the  Southern  university  and  the  Agricultural 
and  Mechanical  college  at  Auburn,  Ala.,  gave 
him  that  of  LL.  D.  He  represented  his  church  in 
general  conference,  and  in  1880  was  a member  of 
the  first  ecumenical  conference  of  Methodism  in 
London. 

ANDREWS,  Christopher  Columbus,  states- 
man, was  born  in  Hillsborough,  N.  H.,  Oct.  27, 
1829.  He  was  educated  in  a country  academy, 
studied  law,  and  practised  his  profession  in  Newton 
and  in  Boston,  Mass.,  until  1854.  He  then  re- 
moved to  Kansas,  and  afterward  to  Minnesota. 
He  became  locally  prominent  in  politics,  and  was 
chosen  state  senator  of  Minnesota  in  1859.  Though 
he  opposed  the  election  of  Abraham  Lincoln  in 
1860,  he  was  an  ardent  supporter  of  his  adminis- 
tration, and  he  enlisted  as  a private  in  a Minne- 
sota regiment.  He  served  throughout  the  war 
with  bravery  and  honor,  and  in  March,  1865,  was 
bre vetted  major-general.  From  1869  to  1877  he 
was  minister  to  Norway  and  Sweden,  under  ap- 
pointment by  President  Grant,  in  1880  was  ap- 
pointed supervisor  of  the  United  States  census  in 
the  district  of  Minnesota,  and  in  1882  President 
Arthur  appointed  him  consul-general  to  Brazil. 
Among  his  published  works  are ; “ Minnesota  and 
Dakota  ” (1856) ; “ Practical  Treatise  on  the 

Revenue  Laws  of  the  United  States”  (1858); 
‘ 1 Hints  to  Company  Officers  on  their  Military 
Duties”  (1863);  and  a “Digest  of  the  Opinions 
of  the  Attorneys- General  of  the  United  States” 
(1867). 

ANDREWS,  Clement  Walker,  librarian,  was 
born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Jan.  13, 1858.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Boston  Latin  school  and  Harvard 
college,  from  which  latter  institution  he  received 
in  1879  the  degree  of  A.B.,  and  in  1880  that  of 
A.M.  He  was  instructor  in  organic  chemistry  at 
the  Massachusetts  institute  of  technology  from 
1883  to  1892,  and  librarian  of  the  institute  from 
1889  to  1895.  In  September,  1895,  he  removed  to 
Chicago  to  accept  the  position  of  librarian  in 
the  John  Crerar  library  of  that  city,  where  he 
introduced  a library  system  similar  to  the  one  he 
had  organized  at  the  Massachusetts  institute  of 
technology. 

ANDREWS,  Edmund,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Putney,  Vt.,  April  22, 1 824.  After  his  graduation 
from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1849  he  took 
up  the  study  of  medicine,  receiving  the  degrees  of 
M.D.  and  A.M.  in  1852.  From  1851  to  1853  he 
was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  university, 
and  in  1853-54  was  also  assistant  lecturer  on  an- 


ANDREWS. 


ANDREWS. 


atomy.  In  1854  and  1855  he  was  professor  of 
comparative  anatomy  and  demonstrator  of  human 
anatomy,  resigning  to  accept  a position  in  the 
Rust  medical  college.  He  went  to  Chicago  in 
1856.  where  he  became  a prominent  surgeon.  He 
aided  in  founding  the  Chicago  medical  college, 
and  was  made  professor  of  the  principles  and 
practices  of  surgery  and  of  clinical  and  military 
surgery  in  that  institution.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war,  he  joined  the  1st  Illinois  light  ar- 
tillery as  hospital  surgeon.  After  the  war  he 
visited  the  chief  European  hospitals.  He  was 
surgeon-in-chief  of  Mercy  hospital,  consulting 
surgeon  of  various  charitable  institutions,  and 
taught  the  science  of  surgery  in  the  Northwestern 
university  medical  school.  He  made  many  valu- 
able improvements  in  surgical  instruments  and 
his  original  investigations  led  to  the  use  of  free 
incision,  digital  exploration,  and  disinfection  of 
lumbar  abscesses,  which  treatment  had  been  sup- 
posed unsafe.  He  published  a work,  “ Rectal 
and  Aural  Surgery.”  which  passed  through  several 
editions.  He  was  for  many  years  president  of 
the  Chicago  academy  of  science,  and  president 
of  the  Illinois  state  medical  society.  In  1881  he 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan. 

ANDREWS,  Edward  Gayer,  M.  E.  bishop, 
was  born  at  New  Hartford,  N.  Y.,  August  7, 
1825.  He  was  educated  at  the  Wesleyan  univer- 
sity at  Middletown,  Conn.,  from  which  institution 
he  was  graduated  in  1847,  and  entered  upon  his 
work  as  a Methodist  preacher.  He  was  ordained 
deacon  in  1848  and  elder  in  1850.  In  1864 
he  went  to  Cazenovia,  N.  Y.,  where  for  two  years 
he  was  a professor,  and  from  1866  to  1874  was 
principal  of  the  seminary.  He  was  a member  of 
the  Oneida  conference  in  1848,  and  of  the  New 
York  East  conference  in  1864.  In  1872  he  was 
elected  bishop  and  ordained  at  Brooklyn.  N.  Y. 
For  a number  of  years  his  home  was  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  whence  he  removed  in  1882  to  New 
York  city. 

ANDREWS,  Elisha  Benjamin,  educator,  was 
born  in  Hinsdale,  N.  H.,  Jan.  10,  1844,  son  of 
Erastus  and  Almira  (Bartlett)  Andrews.  In 
boyhood  he  worked  on  his  father’s  farm,  and  his 
opportunities  for  early  school  training  were 
limited.  His  ambition  to  prepare  himself  for 
college  was  changed  into  a patriotic  desire  to 
serve  his  country,  when  in  1861  President  Lincoln 
called  for  seventy-five  thousand  volunteers. 
A boy  of  sixteen  he  enlisted  as  a soldier  in  the 
4th  Connecticut  infantry,  subsequently  the  1st 
Connecticut  heavy  art  illery.  He  was  commissioned 
2d  lieutenant  in  1868.  In  the  summer  of  1864, 
at  the  siege  of  Petersburg.  Va.,  he  received  a 
wound  that  destroyed  the  sight  of  his  left  eye, 
and  incapacitated  him  for  further  active  service. 


and  he  received  an  honorable  discharge  in  Octo- 
ber, 1864.  He  resumed  his  studies  at  Power's 
institute  and  the  Wesleyan  academy,  and  matri- 
culated at  Brown  university  in  1866,  graduating 
in  1870.  He  was 
appointed  princi- 
pal of  the  Connec- 
ticut literary  insti- 
tution, Suftield, 

Conn.,  remaining 
there  two  years. 

He  entered  New- 
ton theological 
seminary  in  1872, 
was  graduated 
in  1874,  and  be- 
came pastor  of 
the  First  Baptist 
church  at  Beverly, 

Mass.,  resigning  in 
1875  to  accept  the 
presidency  of  Deni- 
son university,  Granville,  O.  His  success  there 
led  to  his  election  to  the  chair  of  homiletics 
in  the  Newton  theological  seminary,  in  1879. 
This  position  he  resigned  in  1882  to  accept  the 
professorship  of  political  economy  and  history 
in  Brown  university,  which  position  he  held 
until  1888,  spending  one  year  of  the  time  in 
Germany  at  the  universities  of  Berlin  and 
Munich.  In  1888  he  became  professor  of  politi- 
cal economy  and  public  finance  in  Cornell  uni- 
versity. His  varied  attainments  and  his  fame  as 
an  educator  made  him  a prominent  candidate  for 
the  presidency  of  Brown  university,  and  upon 
the  resignation  of  President  Robinson  in  1889  he 
was  unanimously  chosen.  In  that  responsible 
position  Professor  Andrews  accomplished  a work 
not  in  the  college  only,  but  before  the  public, 
which  attested  his  executive  ability,  and  his 
thoughtful  consideration  of  vital  economic  ques- 
tions. He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  sent 
by  the  United  States  government  to  the  monetary 
conference  at  Brussels  in  1892.  He  published 
treatises,  more  or  less  extended,  on  public 
affairs  and  on  various  questions  of  the  day 
that  were  of  general  interest.  Among  his 
published  works  are:  “Institutes  of  Our  Con- 
stitutional History”  (1887);  “Institutes  of 
General  History”  (1889);  “Institutes  of  Eco- 
nomics” (1889);  “Eternal  Words,”  a volume 
of  sermons  (1894);  “Wealth  and  Moral  Law” 
(1894);  “ History  of  the  United  States”  (2  vols., 
1894);  “An  Honest  Dollar,  a Plea  for  Bimetal- 
lism” (1894);  “History  of  the  United  States 
during  the  Last  Quarter  Century  ” (2  vols.,  1896). 
He  became  a member  of  the  Rhode  Island  histori- 
cal society  and  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  and  was 
given  the  degree  of  D.D.  by  Colby  university  and 


ANDREWS. 


ANDREWS. 


that  of  LL.D.  by  the  university  of  Nebraska  in 
1884.  In  1894  be  declined  the  office  of  co-presi- 
dent of  Chicago  university,  and  in  1896  he  visited 
Europe. 

ANDREWS,  George  Leonard,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  Aug.  31,  1828.  In 
184T  be  entered  the  U.  S.  military  academy  at 
West  Point,  where  be  was  graduated  in  1851  at 
the  head  of  his  class.  He  was  commissioned 
brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  U.  S.  engineer 
corps,  and  served  three  years  as  assistant  to 
Col.  Sylvanus  Thayer,  during  which  time  he 
superintended  the  erection  of  fortifications  in 
Boston  harbor.  In  1854  he  served  as  instructor  in 
the  department  of  military  engineering  at  the 
military  academy.  He  resigned  his  commission 
in  1855  and  became  a civil  engineer.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  vol- 
unteer army  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  2d  Mass- 
achusetts infantry,  of  which  he  was  made  colonel 
June  13,  1862.  He  commanded  the  regiment  in 
several  skirmishes,  and  in  the  battles  of  Winches- 
ter and  at  Cedar  Mountain,  where  his  command 
constituted  the  rear  guard  in  the  retreat.  He 
then  fought  at  Second  Bull  Run,  Chantilly,  and 
Antietam,  and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers,  Nov.  10,  1862,  for  " distinguished  brav- 
ery.” In  1863  he  joined  the  Red  River  expedition, 
served  as  a brigade  commander,  and  was  chief  of 
staff  to  General  Banks  from  March  6 to  July  9, 
1863.  He  took  part  in  the  Teche  campaign,  par- 
ticipating in  the  combat  at  Fort  Bisland,  the  ad- 
vance upon  Opelousas  and  Alexandria,  and  the 
siege  of  Port  Hudson,  of  which  place  he  received 
the  surrender.  He  took  charge  of  the  organ- 
ization of  the  colored  troops,  at  first  known  as 
the  “Corps  d’  Afrique,”  having  at  one  time  under 
his  command  nineteen  thousand  colored  soldiers. 
From  Dec.  28,  1864,  to  Feb.  13,  1865,  he  com- 
manded the  military  district  including  Port  Hud- 
son and  Baton  Rouge,  and  from  Feb.  27  to  June 
6.  1865,  he  officiated  as  provost  marshal-general  of 
the  army  of  the  Gulf.  He  was  present  at  the  at 
tacks  on  the  city  and  defences  of  Mobile,  and  was 
bre vetted  major-general  of  volunteers  for  “ faith- 
ful and  meritorious  services”  during  these  en- 
gagements. In  June,  1865,  he  was  appointed 
chief  of  staff  to  Major-General  Canby,  serving  in 
that  capacity  until  Aug.  24,  1865,  when  he  was 
honorably  mustered  out  of  service.  From  1865 
to  1867  he  was  a planter  in  Washington  county, 
Miss.,  and  from  1867  to  1871  he  served  as  U.  S. 
marshal  for  the  district  of  Massachusetts.  In  1871 
he  was  appointed  by  President  Grant  professor  of 
the  French  language  in  the  U.  S.  military  acad- 
emy, and  by  the  operation  of  law  became  the  pro- 
fessor of  modern  languages  in  1882.  At  the 
age  of  sixty  four  years,  on  Aug.  13,  1892,  he  was 
retired  from  active  service. 


ANDREWS,  John,  educator,  was  born  in  Cecil 
county,  Md.,  April  14,  1746.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  college  of  Philadelphia  in  1765.  In  1767 
he  was  admitted  to  the  priesthood  of  the  estab- 
lished church  in  London,  there  being  at  that  date 
no  episcopate  in  America.  He  was  appointed  a 
missionary  of  the  society  for  the  propagation  of 
the  gospel  in  Pennsylvania.  In  1769  he  built  the 
church  of  St.  John  at  York.  Pa.  His  pronounced 
loyalty  obliged  him  to  vacate  a parish,  which  he 
later  held  in  Queen  Anne  county,  Md.,  and  he  re- 
moved to  Yorktown,  where  he  taught  in  a school. 
In  1785  he  became  principal  of  the  Episcopal 
academy,  then  newly  established  in  Philadelphia. 
In  1789  he  accepted  the  chair  of  moral  philosophy 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  at 
the  same  time  elected  to  the  office  of  vice-provost. 
From  1802  to  1806  he  was  acting  provost;  and 
from  1810  to  1813  provost  of  the  university.  He 
published  a work  entitled  the  “Elements  of 
Logic.”  He  was  rector  of  a church  at  Bristol, 
Pa.,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  March  29,  1813. 

ANDREWS,  Joseph,  engraver,  was  born  at 
Hingham,  Mass.,  Aug.  17,  1806.  After  learning 
both  wood  and  copper-plate  engraving  in  Boston 
he  went  to  Lancaster  in  1827,  where  he  engaged 
in  the  printing  business  with  his  brother,  remain- 
ing there  until  1835,  when  he  went  to  London 
and  studied  the  art  of  engraving  under  Joseph 
Goodyear  for  about  nine  months.  While  in 
Europe  he  made  several  fine  engravings,  among 
which  were  “ Annette  de  1’  Arbre,”  by  W.  E. 
West,  and  the  head  of  Franklin,  by  Duplessis. 
On  a visit  to  Paris  five  years  later,  he  engraved 
six  portraits  for  the  historical  gallery  at  Versailles, 
which  were  published  under  the  auspices  of  Louis 
Philippe.  He  also  produced  many  fine  engrav- 
ings in  this  country,  among  them  Rothermel’s 
“ Plymouth  Rock  in  1620,”  and  Stuart’s  head  of 
Washington.  His  best  known  portraits  are  those 
of  Trumbull ; John  Q.  Adams,  half-length ; Zach- 
ary Taylor,  full-length ; Jared  Sparks,  after  an  un- 
finished picture  by  Stuart ; Oliver  Wolcott,  Amos 
Lawrence.  Thomas  Dowse,  James  Graham,  and 
Charles  Sprague.  Among  his  other  works  are: 
“Passing  the  Ford,”  after  Alvan  Fisher;  “The 
Panther  Scene  from  ‘ The  Pioneers,’  ” after  George 
L.  Brown;  “Swapping  Horses,”  after  W.  S. 
Mount;  “Parson  Wells  and  His  Wife,”  after  F. 
O.  C.  Darley,  and  “ The  Pilgrim’s  Progress,”  after 
Hammatt  Billings.  He  died  at  Hingham,  Mass., 
May  9,  1873. 

ANDREWS,  Judson  Boardman,  educator, 
was  born  at  North  Haven,  Conn.,  April  25,  1834, 
son  of  Silas  and  Ruth  (Yale)  Andrews,  his  mother 
being  a descendant  of  a brother  of  Elihu  Yale, 
founder  of  Yale  college.  He  was  graduated  from 
Yale  in  1855,  after  which  he  spent  a few  years  in 
the  study  of  medicine  at  Jefferson  medical  college 


ANDREWS. 


ANDREWS. 


in  Philadelphia.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war  he  joined  the  Union  army  and  obtained  the 
captaincy  of  a company  in  the  77th  N.  Y.  volun- 
teers. After  serving  in  the  Peninsular  campaign 
he  resigned  in  the  summer  of  1862,  and  in  1863 
was  graduated  at  Yale  medical  school.  In  July, 
1863,  he  returned  to  the  war  as  assistant  surgeon 
in  a Connecticut  regiment.  In  September,  1865, 
he  was  mustered  out  of  service,  and  after  prac- 
tising two  years  he  was  made  an  assistant  physi- 
cian in  the  New  York  state  lunatic  asylum  at 
Utica,  N.  Y.  This  position  he  held  until  1880,  re- 
signing then  to  become  superintendent  of  the 
New  York  state  hospital  for  the  insane  at 
Buffalo.  The  following  year  he  was  called  to 
the  chair  of  insanity  in  the  Buffalo  medical  col- 
lege, and  discharged  the  duties  of  both  positions 
until  1893,  when  he  resigned.  In  1886  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Erie  county  medical  so- 
ciety, and  he  was  instrumental  in  establishing 
the  New  York  state  medical  society,  of  which  he 
was  made  president  in  1892.  lie  was  a member 
of  the  American  medico-psychologjcal  associa- 
tion, and  its  president  in  1892.  Dr.  Andrews 
edited  the  American  Journal  of  Insanity  for  a 
number  of  years.  He  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  3,  1894. 

ANDREWS,  Justin,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Worcester  county.  Mass.,  in  1819.  When  a young 
man  he  became  connected  with  the  Boston  Daily 
Times  as  a reporter.  On  Dec.  1,1844.  he  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Boston  Eagle.  When  the  Boston 
Herald  was  started  in  1846  Mr.  Adams  became 
identified  with  it.  returning  temporarily  to  the 
Times,  which  paper  he  left  permanently  in  1856 
to  become  assistant  editor  on  the  Herald,  then 
published  by  E.  C.  Bailey.  On  April  1.  1869, 
in  conjunction  with  his  brother,  Charles  H. 
Andrews,  E.  B.  Haskell,  R.  M.  Pulsifer  and  G.  G. 
Bailey,  he  bought  the  interest  of  E.  C.  Bailey, 
and  for  four  years  longer  remained  as  one  of  the 
Herald’s  editors.  On  Jan.  1,  1873,  Mr.  Andrews 
disposed  of  his  interest  and  retired  from  news- 
paper life,  after  thirty  years’  service.  He  died  at 
his  home  in  Newton,  Mass.,  Aug.  31,  1894. 

ANDREWS,  Lorrin,  missionary,  was  born  at 
East  Windsor,  Conn.,  April  29,  1795.  He  was 
graduated  from  Jefferson  college,  Kentucky,  and 
Princeton  theological  seminary,  and  was  ordained 
by  the  presbytery  of  New  Jersey.  In  1827  he 
went  as  missionary  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  under 
the  direction  of  the  American  board  of  foreign 
missions,  where  he  mastered  the  language  and 
founded  a school,  and  from  1831  to  1841  taught 
in  the  seminary,  which  became  the  Hawaii  uni- 
versity. In  1840  anti-slavery  scruples  caused  him 
to  sever  his  connection  with  the  American  board, 
and  lie  acted  as  Seamen’s  chaplain  at  Lahaina. 

In  1845  the  government  of  the  Islands  appointed 

[100] 


him  a judge  and  secretary  of  the  privy  council, 
which  offices  he  held  until  1855.  Among  his  pub- 
lished literary  works  may  be  noted  a Hawaiian 
dictionary,  a translation  of  parts  of  the  Bible 
into  the  Hawaiian  language,  and  some  works  on 
the  antiquities  of  the  Sandwich  Islands.  He 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the 
college  of  New  Jersey  in  1858.  Dr.  Andrews  died 
at  Honolulu.  Sept.  29,  1868. 

ANDREWS,  Newton  Lloyd,  educator,  was 
born  at  Fabius,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  14,  1841.  He  was 
prepared  for  college  at  the  Newark.  N.  J.,  high 
school,  and  was  graduated  at  Madison  university 
in  1862,  and  from  the  Hamilton  theological  semin- 
ary in  1864.  He  became  principal  of  the  prepar- 
atory school  of  the  university,  and  in  1868  was 
appointed  professor  of  the  Greek  language  and 
literature  in  the  university.  In  1872  he  was  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  “Half-Century  History  of 
Colgate  University.”  He  spent  the  year  1879-80 
in  study  and  travel  in  Europe ; and  on  his  return, 
by  request  of  President  Dodge,  assumed,  in  addi- 
tion to  his  professorship,  the  post  of  dean  of  the 
college  faculty.  The  death  of  President  Dodge  in 
January,  1890,  enlarged  greatly  the  range  of  his 
administrative  duties,  and  under  the  title  of  dean 
he  had  charge  of  the  college  from  January,  1890, 
until  July.  1895,  when,  upon  the  election  of 
George  W.  Smith,  LL.D.,  as  president,  he  resigned 
as  dean,  and  spent  the  year  1895-'96  in  Europe. 
While  retaining  his  relation  as  professor  of  Greek 
he  was  appointed  in  1896  to  be  lecturer  on  the  his- 
tory of  art. 

ANDREWS,  Samuel  James,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Danbury,  Conn..  July  31,  1817.  He  was 
graduated  from  Williams  college  in  1839,  and 
opened  a law  office  in  New  York  city,  but  after 
practising  a short  time  he  entered  the  Congrega- 
tional ministry.  He  afterwards  occupied  the 
position  of  tutor  in  Trinity  college.  Hartford. 
He  finally  adopted  the  Irvingite  doctrine,  and  in 
1868  became  minister  of  the  Catholic  Apostolic 
church  in  Hartford.  He  wrote  an  analytical 
study  of  the  gospels  under  the  title  of  ‘ ‘ The  Life 
of  Our  Lord  Upon  Earth.”  which  has  become  a 
standard  work.  In  1879  he  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  Union  college. 

ANDREWS,  Stephen  Pearl,  philosopher,  was 
born  at  Templeton.  Mass.,  March  22,  1812.  son  of 
Elisha-  Andrews,  clergyman.  He  was  educated 
at  Amherst,  studied  law  with  his  brother  at  New 
Orleans  and  engaged  in  practice  there,  when  he 
became  first  counsel  of  Mrs.  Myra  Clark  Gaines  in 
her  famous  suits.  He  was  an  ardent  advocate  of 
abolition,  and  in  1839  removed  to  Texas  with 
the  avowed  purpose  of  laboring  to  overthrow 
slavery  in  the  state.  He  conceived  the  idea  of 
raising  sufficient  money  to  purchase  alP  the 
slaves  in  Texas  and  thus  free  them,  and  in  1845 


ANDREWS. 


ANDREWS. 


visited  England  in  the  hope  of  procuring  finan- 
cial assistance.  He  was  gifted  with  oratorical 
powers  of  a superior  order ; and  so  ably  did  he 
present  the  cause  in  which  his  whole  heart  was 
enlisted  that  British  capitalists  and  statesmen 
looked  upon  the  project  with  favor  and  would 
have  supported  it  financially  had  not  the  fear  of 
war  with  the  United  States  deterred  them. 
Upon  his  return  to  America  Mr.  Andrews  joined 
the  abolitionists  at  Boston.  While  in  England  he 
became  interested  in  phonography,  and  was  active 
in  introducing  the  system  of  phonographic  re- 
porting in  America.  Removing  to  New  York  in 
1847  he  published,  in  co-operation  with  A.  F. 
Boyle,  a series  of  phonographic  text-books,  and 
edited  two  journals,  the  Anglo-Saxon  and  the 
Propagandist,  which  were  printed  in  phonetic 
type,  and  devoted  to  phonography  and  spelling 
reform.  He  was  the  originator  of  a system  of 
philosophy  which  he  called  “ Integralism,”  and  of 
a universal  language  which  he  called  “Alwato.” 
While  still  a young  man  he  claimed  to  have  dis- 
covered a unity  of  law  in  the  universe,  and  on 
this  his  system  of  philosophy  and  language  was 
based.  The  elements  of  his  philosophy  were  pub- 
lished in  a work  entitled,  “ Basic  Outlines  of  Uni- 
versology.”  According  to  his  system  a radical  ad- 
justment of  all  forms  of  belief,  all  ideas,  all  thought 
was  possible.  He  was  a pioneer  in  the  field  of 
social  science,  and  was  regarded  as  a leader  of  rad- 
ical thought  on  social  questions.  He  instituted  a 
series  of  conferences  known  as  the  “ Colloquium,” 
for  the  interchange  of  religious,  philosophical 
and  political  ideas  between  men  of  widely  diver- 
gent views,  and  he  was  for  many  years  a member 
and  vice-president  of  the  “ Liberal  club  ” of  New 
York,  and  a member  of  the  American  academy  of 
arts  and  sciences,  and  of  the  American  ethno- 
logical society.  He  was  a thorough  Greek  and 
Latin  scholar,  was  master  of  Hebrew.  Sanskrit 
and  Chinese,  and  had  more  or  less  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  thirty  two  additional  languages.  He  pub- 
lished: ••  Discoveries  in  Chinese;  or.  the  Symbol- 
ism of  the  Primitive  Characters  of  the  Chinese 
System  of  Writing  as  a Contribution  to  Philology 
and  Ethnology  and  a Practical  Aid  in  the  Acqui- 
sition of  the  Chinese  Language”  (1854);  and  a 
new  French  instructor,  introducing  a novel 
method  of  teaching  the  French  language;  ‘•Com- 
parison of  the  Common  Law  with  the  Roman, 
French  or  Spanish  Civil  Law  on  Entails  and  other 
Limited  Property  in  Real  Estate”  (1839) ; “ Cost, 
the  Limit  of  Price  ” (1851) ; “ The  Constitution 
of  Government  in  the  Sovereignty  of  the  Indi- 
vidual ” (1851);  - Love,  Marriage  and  Divorce, 
and  the  Sovereignty  of  the  Individual,  a Discus- 
sion by  Henry  James.  Horace  Greeley  and  Stephen 
Pearl  Andrews,  edited  by  S.  P.  Andrews  ” (1853) ; 
“Constitution,  or  Organic  Basis  of  the  New 


Catholic  Church”  (1860) ; “ The  Great  American 
Crisis”;  “An  Universal  Language”;  “The  Pri- 
mary System  of  Universology  and  Alwato” 
(1871) ; “ Primary  Grammar  of  Alwato  ” (Boston. 
1877) ; “ The  Labor  Dollar  ” (1881) ; “ Elements  of 
Universology”  (1881);  “Ideological  Etymology” 
(1881);  and  “The  Church  and  Religion  of  the 
Future”  (1885).  He  died  in  New  York  city,  May 
21,  1886. 

ANDREWS,  Timothy  Patrick,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1795.  When  lie  was  very 
young  he  immigrated  with  his  parents  to  America. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  war  of  1812,  Andrews, 
but  then  seventeen  years  old,  ran  away  from 
home  and  joined  Commodore  Barney,  who  was  at 
that  time  facing  the  enemy  in  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Barney  employed  him  as  aide,  and  the  boy  after- 
wards entered  the  regular  army,  becoming  pay- 
master in  1822.  During  the  Mexican  war  he 
commanded  the  regiment  of  voltigeurs,  and  for 
his  bravery,  especially  at  Molino  del  Rey  and 
Chapultepec,  he  was  made  brigadier-general  by 
brevet.  He  afterwards  became  deputy  paymaster- 
general  in  1861,  and  in  1862  was  promoted  pay- 
master-general. He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
March  11.  1868. 

ANDREWS,  William  Draper,  inventor,  was 
born  at  Grafton,  Mass.,  May  23,  1818.  In  1840  he 
obtained  employment  with  a wrecking  company 
in  New  York.  Familiarity  with  pumping  appa- 
ratus led  him  to  make  experiments  looking  to  its 
improvement;  and  in  1844  he  invented  a centri- 
fugal pump,  for  which  in  1846  he  received  a 
patent.  Later  he  developed  an  anti  - friction 
centrifugal  pump,  which  came  into  universal  use. 
The  ‘ • Cataract  ” is  considered  the  best  of  the  sev- 
eral other  centrifugal  pumps  patented  by  him. 
He  obtained  patents  also  for  siphon  gang-wells, 
balanced  valves,  safety  elevatoi-s,  boilers,  oscillat- 
ing steam-engines,  friction  and  differential  power 
gearing,  to  the  number  of  twenty-five  in  the 
United  States,  and  nine  foreign  patents.  His 
pumps  were  applied  with  great  success  to  the 
U.  S.  monitors  in  the  civil  war,  as  a means  of  sub- 
merging the  ships  in  action  or  lightening  them 
when  retreat  was  necessary,  water  being  pumped 
at  the  rate  of  thirty  tons  a minute  into  or  out  of 
the  water  compartments.  His  pumps  were  also 
of  very  great  service  in  dredging  channels  through 
the  sand  bars  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Johns  river, 
Fla.,  in  the  improvements  effected  in  the  deepen- 
ing of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  in  fixing  the 
foundations  for  the  piers  of  suspension  bridges. 
In  1885  the  water  supply  of  Brooklyn  was  aug- 
mented by  means  of  his  gang- wells,  which  supplied 
daily  an  average  of  twenty-five  million  gallons  of 
water.  \arious  medals  and  diplomas  were 
awarded  Mr.  Andrews  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe. 

[101J 


ANDROS. 


ANGELL. 


ANDROS,  Sir  Edmund,  colonial  governor,  was 
born  in  London,  Eng.,  Dec.  6.  1637,  son  of  Ainias 
and  Elizabeth  (Stone)  Andros.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  war  with  the  Dutch,  and  in  1672 
was  commissioned  major  in  Prince  Rupert’s  regi- 
ment of  dragoons.  In  1674  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  province  of  New  York, 
and  in  1677,  while  on  a visit  to  England,  was 
knighted  in  token  of  appreciation  of  his  services. 
His  extremely  arbitrary  measures,  his  repeated 
attempts  to  extend  his  jurisdiction,  and  his  rigid 
enforcement  of  the  revenue  laws  aroused  the  in- 
dignation of  the  American  colonists,  and  in  1681, 
upon  their  complaint,  he  was  recalled.  In  1686, 
he  was  again  sent  to  America  as  governor  of  the 
New  England  colonies,  and  in  1688  he  was 
appointed  governor  and  captain-general  of  the 
united  dominion,  into  which  James  II.  proposed 
to  consolidate  the  colonies  of  New  York,  New 
Jersey  and  New  England.  He  was  authorized  to 
remove  magistrates,  to  appoint  the  members  of 
his  own  council  and  with  their  advice  to  levy 
taxes  and  control  the  provincial  troops.  He  de- 
manded the  surrender  of  the  charters  of  the  col- 
onies, compelled  landholders  to  purchase  new 
titles  at  exorbitant  rates,  abolished  the  general 
court,  restricted  the  liberty  of  the  press,  and  at- 
tempted to  enforce  obnoxious  ecclesiastical  laws. 
Upon  the  refusal  of  Connecticut  to  relinquish  her 
charter,  Andros  marched  to  Hartford  at  the  head 
of  sixty  soldiers  to  obtain  the  document  by  force. 
Tradition  says  that  the  charter  was  hidden  in  an 
oak,  afterward  known  as  the  “Charter  Oak  but 
Broadhead  in  his  “History  of  New  York”  (vol. 
II..  p.  472)  brings  forward  historical  data  to  prove 
the  incorrectness  of  the  tradition.  The  secretary 
of  the  Connecticut  assembly,  by  order  of  Andros, 
closed  the  record  on  Oct.  31.  1687,  with  the  state- 
ment that  the  viceroy  had  that  day  assumed  the 
governorship  of  Connecticut.  Early  in  1688  his 
arbitrary  seizure  of  some  land  in  Maine,  belong- 
ing to  the  Penobscot  Indians,  brought  on  the 
memorable  Indian  war  of  that  year.  Then  came 
the  revolution  in  England,  and  when  the  tidings 
reached  Boston  the  colonists  seized  and  impris- 
oned Andros,  who  was  sent  to  England  in  1689, 
where  he  was  immediately  liberated  without  trial. 
In  1691  he  published  a “ Narrative  on  Pi-oceed- 
ings  in  New  England.”  and  this  work,  republished 
in  London  at  the  time  of  the  American  revolu- 
tion. was  usedtoshow  the  turbulent  and  seditious 
spirit  of  the  colonists.  In  1692  Sir  Edmund  was 
made  governor  of  Virginia.  The  leading  men  of 
this  colony  were  conspicuous  for  their  loyalty  to 
the  crown,  and  Sir  Edmund  was  more  at  home 
among  them  than  he  had  been  among  the  Puri- 
tans of  the  north.  He  succeeded  in  winning  the 
favor  of  the  people  and  Help  to  establish  the 
William  and  Mary  college,  Williamsburg,  and 


ruled  wisely  and  well  until  1698,  when  he  became 
involved  in  a controversy  with  Janxes  Blair,  the 
ecclesiastical  head  of  the  colony,  and  was  recalled. 
From  1704  to  1706  he  was  governor  of  the  island 
of  Gxxernsey,  aixd  the  remaining  years  of  his  life 
were  spent  in  retirement  in  London.  See  W.  H. 
Whitmore’s  “Andros  Tracts,”  with  notes  and  a 
memoir  of  Sir  Edmund  Andx-os  (Boston.  1691  and 
1773) ; Bancroft’s  “History  of  the  United  States” 
(vol.  I.);  and  Palfrey’s  “History  of  New  Eng- 
land” (vol.  III.).  He  died  in  London.  Feb. 
24,  1714. 

ANGEL,  Benjamin  Franklin,  diplomatist,  was 
born  in  Burlington,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  28,  1815.  He 
received  an  academic  education  in  Geneseo, 
N.  Y.,  aixd  for  several  years  before  he  reached 
his  majority  he  wrote  leadiixg  political  editorials 
in  the  democratic  newspapers  of  the  town.  In 
1836  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  aixd  afterwards 
was  twice  elected  surrogate  of  the  county.  He 
later  held  the  offices  of  supreme  court  commis- 
sioner and  master  and  examiner  in  chancery. 
In  1852  he  was  a delegate  to  the  democratic 
national  convention,  and  in  1853  was  appointed 
by  President  Pierce  consul  at  Honolulu.  In  the 
senate  his  nomination  was  rejected  while  Mr. 
Angel  was  discharging  his  official  duties  ten 
thousand  miles  from  home.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  by  the  way  of  China,  the  East 
Indies,  Egypt,  and  through  Europe,  and  wrote 
intei'esting  letters  of  his  tour.  In  1857  he  was 
appointed  minister  to  Sweden  by  President 
Buchanan,  where  he  remained  until  1862.  In 
1864  he  was  a delegate  to  the  Chicago  democratic 
convention.  In  1873  and  1874  he  was  president 
of  the  New  York  state  agricultural  society.  He 
died  at  Geneseo.  N.  Y.,  Sept.  12,  1894. 

ANGELL,  Henry  C.,  oculist,  was  born  at 
Pi'ovidence,  R.  I.,  Jan.  27,  1829.  He  studied 
medicine  at  the  Hahnemann  medical  college, 
Philadelphia,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1853. 
and  then  spent  four  years  in  attendance  on  the 
hospitals  of  Paris,  Berlin.  London  and  Vienna. 
Returning  to  the  United  States  in  1857  he  settled 
in  Boston.  He  was  made  professor  of  opthalmol- 
ogy  in  the  Boston  university  school  of  medicine 
at  its  foundation.  Px-ofessor  Angell  published: 
“ Recoi'ds  of  William  M.  Hunt”  (1879);  “How 
to  Take  Care  of  our  Eyes”  (1880) ; and  “ Diseases 
of  the  Eye”  (1882).  He  also  contributed  on  art 
subjects  to  the  American  Art  Review  and  the 
Atlantic  Monthly.  He  was  president  of  the  Phil- 
harmonic society  of  Boston,  and  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Historical  society;  a member  of 
the  Bostonian  society,  etc. 

ANGELL,  James  Burrili,  educator,  was  born 
at  Scituate,  R.  I.,  Jan.  7.  1829.  He  i-eceived  liis 
primary  instruction  at  the  local  academies  and 
Providence  university  grammar  school;  entered 
[102] 


ANGELL. 


ANTHON. 


Brown  university  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  was 
graduated  in  1849  with  the  highest  honors  in  his 
class.  During  the  year  following  his  graduation  he 
travelled  in  the  South,  engaged  in  civil  engineer- 
ing in  Boston,  and  at  Brown  university  as  assis- 
tant librarian ; going  thence  to  Europe,  where  he 
spent  two  years  in  study  and  travel.  On  his  re- 
turn he  became  professor  of  modern  languages 
and  literature  in  Brown  university,  retaining  the 
chair  until  1860,  when  he  resigned  to  assume  the 
editorship  of  the  Providence  Journal , which  lie 
held  through  the  period  of  the  civil  war.  In  1866  he 
was  chosen  the  tenth  president  of  the  University 
of  Vermont,  and  in  1871  the  fourth  president  of 
the  University  of  Michigan.  In  1880  he  was 
granted  an  extended  leave  of  absence,  on  his 
appointment  by  President  Hayes  as  envoy  extra- 
ordinary and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  China. 
In  this  capacity  he  negotiated  two  important 
commercial  and  immigration  treaties.  In  1887  he 
again  resigned  his  academic  duties  in  order  to  serve 
as  a member  of  the  joint  commission  appointed 
to  arbitrate  the  fisheries  dispute  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States.  The 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
Brown  university  in  1868,  and  by  Columbia  college 
in  1888.  Besides  numerous  lectures,  addresses 
and  magazine  articles,  he  is  the  author  of  “ Prog- 
ress in  International  Law ” (1875);  “The  Higher 
Education”  (1879);  and  of  “The  Diplomacy  of 
the  United  States”  in  “Narrative  and  Critical 
History  of  America”  (1888).  He  was  appointed 
U.  S.  minister  to  Turkey  in  April,  1897. 

ANGELL,  Joseph  Kinnicut,  editor,  was  born 
in  Providence,  R.  I.,  April  30,  1794.  He  was 
graduated  from  Brown  university  in  1813,  studied 
law,  and  in  1816  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  From 
1828  to  1831  he  was  editor  of  the  La  w Intelligencer 
and  Revieic,  and  from  1845  to  1849  reporter  of  the 
Rhode  Island  supreme  court,  editing  and  pub- 
lishing the  first  reports  of  the  court.  His  publica- 
tions include:  “ A Treatise  on  the  Right  of  Prop- 
erty in  TideWaters”  (1826);  “Inquiry  Relative 
to  an  Incorporeal  Hereditament”  (1827);  “A 
Practical  Summary  of  the  Law  of  Assignment  ” 
(1835) ; “ Treatise  on  the  Common  Law  in  Rela- 
tion to  Water  Courses  ” (1840) ; (3d  ed.  1848) ; 

‘ • Treatise  on  the  Law  Concerning  the  Liabilities 
and  Rights  of  Common  Carriers  ” ; (2d  ed.  1845, 
London  ed.  1849);  “Treatise  on  the  Limitations 
of  Actions  at  Law  and  Suits  in  Equity  and  Admir- 
alty” (2d  ed.  1846) ; and  a “ Treatise  on  the  Law 
of  Fire  and  Life  Insurance.”  In  conjunction 
with  Chief  Justice  Samuel  Ames  he  wrote  a 
“Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Private  Corporations” 
(4th  ed.  1858);  and  he  left  incomplete  a “Treat- 
ise on  the  Law  of  Highways,”  which  was  finished 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Durfee  and  passed  through  sev- 
eral editions.  He  died  in  Boston.  May  1,  1857. 


ANGUS,  Samuel,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia  in  1784.  He  was  appointed  midship- 
man Nov.  6,  1799,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant 
Feb.  4.  1807;  commander,  July  24,  1813;  and  cap- 
tain, April  27,  1816.  He  was  on  board  the 
Constellation  during  the  engagement  of  that  ves- 
sel with  the  French  frigate  La  Vengeance  in  1800, 
and  later  served  on  the  Enterprise.  In  1812  he 
was  seriously  injured  in  the  attack  near  Black 
Rock,  and  in  the  flotilla  battle  in  Delaware  bay ; 
his  injuries  later  resulting  in  mental  impairment, 
which  rendered  him  unfit  for  service.  He  was 
dismissed  June21,  1824,  and  died  at  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
May  29,  1840. 

ANTHON,  Charles,  educator,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  Nov.  19,  1797,  son  of  George 
Christian  Anthon,  a German  physician,  who 
served  in  the  British  army  in  America  until  the 
surrender  of  Detroit  in  1788,  when  he  married 
the  daughter  of  a French  officer  and  settled  in 
New  York  city.  Charles  was  graduated  from 
Columbia  college  in  1815,  with  honors.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1819,  but  did  not  practise 
law,  taking  up  the  study  of  the  classics  with  a 
view  to  the  adoption  of  the  profession  of  pedagogy. 
He  was  adjunct  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  in 
Columbia  college  from  1820  to  1830;  Jay  profes- 
sor of  Greek  and  Latin  from  1830  to  1837 ; 
rector  of  Columbia  grammar  school  from  1837 
to  1844,  and  Jay  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin 
literature,  1857  to  1867.  He  published  a number 
of  valuable  classical  works,  among  which  were 
a new  edition  of  Lempri ore’s  “ Classical  Diction- 
ary,” which  was  published  in  England ; “ Ancient 
and  Mediaeval  Geography,”  “ A System  of  Greek 
Prosody  and  Metre.”  and  various  Greek  and 
Latin  grammars,  readers,  etc.,  which  were 
adopted  as  college  text -books.  He  also  edited 
and  compiled  many  volumes,  consisting  of 
Greek  and  Roman  literature,  lexicons,  etc.,  relat- 
ing to  the  study  of  the  dead  languages.  Colum- 
bia college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  1831.  He  died  July  29.  1867. 

ANTHON,  John,  jurist,  was  born  in  Detroit, 
Mich.,  May  14,  1784.  son  of  Dr.  George  Christian 
Anthon,  a German  by  birth,  and  until  1788  sur- 
geon-general in  the  British  army,  when  he  re- 
moved from  Detroit  to  New  York  city.  John 
with  his  two  brothers,  Charles  and  Henry,  re- 
ceived a good  education,  and  was  graduated  in 
1801  from  Columbia  college  with  the  highest 
honors,  receiving  the  degree  of  B.A.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1805.  In  the  war  of  1812  he 
was  commander  of  a military  company,  and  was 
stationed  near  Fort  Hamilton,  N.  Y.  He  was  for 
a time  regimental  paymaster,  and  also  judge  ad- 
vocate. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  New 
York  law  institute,  of  which  lie  was  in  succession 
vice  - president  and  president  for  twenty  - four 


[103  J 


ANTHONY. 


ANTHONY. 


years.  He  was  aLso  influential  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  supreme  court  in  New  York  state. 
Columbia  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  1861.  He  had  two  sons,  Charles  Ed- 
ward, numismatist,  and  William  Henry,  lawyer. 
He  wrote  many  valuable  and  authoritative  books 
on  legal  subjects,  among  them,  - American  Pre- 
cedents of  Declarations  ” (1810);  "The  Law  Stu- 
dent, or  Guides  to  the  Study  of  the  Law  and  Its 
Principles”  (1850);  ‘-Analysis  of  Blackstone’s 
Commentaries,”  and  “Nisi  Prius  Reports.”  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  March  5,  1863. 

ANTHON,  Henry,  clergyman,  was  born  in  New 
York  city.  March  11,  1795.  He  was  graduated  at 
Columbia  college  in  1813  with  the  degree  of  A.M., 
pursued  his  theological  course  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Bishop  Hobart,  was  admitted  to 
the  diaconate  of  the  Episcopal  church  in  1815, 
in  1816  had  charge  of  St.  Paul’s  church,  Tivoli- 
on-the-Hudson,  N.  Y.,  and  afterwards  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  priesthood.  From  1819  to  1822  he 
resided  in  South  Carolina,  for  the  benefit  of  his 
health,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1822  assumed  pas- 
toral charge  of  Trinity  church,  Utica,  N.  Y., 
where  he  remained  until  1829,  in  which  year  he 
became  rector  of  St.  Stephen’s  church.  New  York. 
In  1837  he  accepted  the  rectorate  of  St.  Mark’s 
in  the  Bowery,  New  York  city,  where  he  offi- 
ciated up  to  the  time  of  his  dearth.  As  a memorial 
of  Dr.  Anthon.  his  parishioners  completed  the 
church  of  All  SouLs  (Anthon  memorial),  which 
was  primarily  a chapel  of  St.  Mark’s  church.  A 
tablet  to  his  memory  was  erected  in  the  chancel. 
He  published  " Historical  Notices  of  St.  Mark's 
Church,  from  1795  to  1845”  (1845).  Columbia 
college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  S.T.D. 
in  1832.  He  was  a trustee  of  Hobart  college  from 
1825  to  1836.  He  died  Jan.  5,  1861. 

ANTHONY,  Andrew  Varick  Stout,  artist, 
was  bom  in  New  York  city  in  1835.  He  studied 
drawing  and  engraving  at  an  early  age,  and  on 
the  formation  of  the  American  water-color  society 
was  one  of  its  charter  members.  He  became 
recognized  among  the  few  successful  engravers  of 
their  own  creations.  Among  his  best  works  are 
his  illustrations  for  Whittier’s  “Snow-Bound” 
(1867) ; “ Ballads  of  New  England  ” (1870) ; “Mabel 
Martin”  (1876) ; Longfellow’s  “Skeleton in  Armor  ” 
(1877) ; and  Hawthorne’s  “ Scarlet  Letter  ” (1878). 
He  resided  for  a number  of  years  in  New  York 
and  California,  and  in  1878  settled  in  Boston,  but 
removed  again  to  New  York  city,  where  in  1896 
he  had  charge  of  the  art  department  in  the  pub- 
lishing house  of  Harper  and  Brothers. 

ANTHONY,  Daniel  Read,  journalist,  was  bom 
at  South  Adams,  Mass.,  Aug.  22.  1824.  Son  of 
Daniel  and  Lucy  (Read)  Anthony,  and  brother 
of  Susan  B.  Anthony,  the  reformer.  His  first 
American  ancestor,  John  Anthony,  immigrated 


from  Wales,  settling  at  Dartmouth.  Mass.,  in 
1646.  Daniel  Read,  his  maternal  grandfather, 
served  in  the  Continental  army,  and  accompanied 
Benedict  Arnold  to  Quebec.  His  parents  removed 
to  Washington  county.  N.  Y.,  in  1826.  and  at  the 
age  of  thirteen  he  was  employed  as  clerk  in  his 
father’s  factory,  and  in  1847  removed  with  the 
family  to  Rochester.  Here  he  taught  school  for 
two  years,  after  which  he  engaged  in  the  insur- 
ance business.  He  joined  the  first  party  of  free- 
state  settlers  that  left  Boston  and  Worcester 
under  the  auspices  of  the  New  England  emigrant 
aid  society  in  July.  1854.  bound  for  Kansas,  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  town  of  Lawrence, 
Kansas.  He  returned  to  New  York  in  1855  to 
attend  the  first  Republican  state  convention  held 
in  that  state,  and  remained  in  Rochester  until 
1857,  when  he  settled  permanently  at  Leaven- 
worth. Kansas.  He  was  major  of  the  7th  Kansas 
volunteer  cavalry  in  September.  1861,  was 
appointed  provost -marshal  of  Kansas  city  on  the 
8th  of  October,  and  promoted  lieutenant -colonel 
on  the  29th.  He  commanded  a regiment  at  the 
battle  of  the  Little  Blue,  which  defeated  a 
band  of  guerrillas  four  times  its  strength.  In 
June,  1862.  while  in  temporary  command  of  Gen. 
Robert  B.  Mitchell’s  brigade  in  Tennessee,  he 
issued  orders  forbidding  his  officers  and  soldiers 
under  severe  penalties  to  return  fugitive  slaves 
to  their  masters,  and  refused  to  countermand 
the  order  when  charged  to  do  so  by  General 
Mitchell,  whereupon  he  was  arrested  on  a charge 
of  insubordination.  The  U.  S.  senate  sent  a mes- 
sage to  President  Lincoln  asking  him  to  com- 
municate the  reasons  for  the  arrest,  and  Colonel 
Anthony  was  released  and  restored  to  his  com- 
mand by  General  Halleck.  He  immediately  re- 
signed his  commission,  however,  and  returning 
to  Leavenworth  resumed  his  duties  as  postmaster, 
to  which  office  he  had  been  appointed  by  President 
Lincoln.  In  March.  1863,  he  was  elected  mayor 
of  Leavenworth,  and  in  defending  himself  against 
mob  violence  had  several  personal  affrays  that 
nearly  cost  him  his  life.  In  1*74.  by  appointment 
of  President  Grant,  he  again  became  postmaster 
of  Leavenworth,  and  was  re-appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Hayes.  President  Arthur  made  him  gov- 
ernment director  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad. 
In  1861  Col.  Anthony  issued  the  first  number  of 
the  Leavenworth  Daily  Conservative,  which  an- 
nounced the  admission  of  Kansas  into  the  union. 
In  September.  1864.  he  purchased  a half  interest 
in  the  Leavenworth  Bulletin,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing June  became  sole  proprietor  of  that  journal, 
which  he  conducted  until  1871,  when  it  was  con- 
solidated with  the  Leavenworth  Daily  Times.  In 
1876  he  became  owner  of  the  Leavenworth  Com- 
mercial. and  continued  his  editorship  of  that 
journal  and  the  Daily  Times  until  November. 
[1M1 


ANTHONY. 


AJNTHONY. 


L887,  when  lie  sold  a controlling  interest  in  the 
plant  to  an  eastern  syndicate.  In  1889  he  again 
assumed  editorial  control  of  the  Times,  which  in 
the  two  years  of  his  absence  had  fallen  into  pub- 
lic disfavor.  By  the  wisdom  and  ability  of  his 
management,  he  soon  restored  to  the  journal  its 
old-time  popularity. 

ANTHONY,  Edmund,  publisher,  was  born  in 
Somerset,  Mass.,  Aug.  2,  1808.  In  1824  he  entered 
the  office  of  the  Columbian  Reporter  at  Taunton, 
Mass.,  where  he  learned  the  trade  of  printing, 
continuing  in  that  office  until  1831,  when  he  com- 
menced the  publication  of  the  Independent 

Gazette,  which  re- 
mained under  his 
charge,  with  a change 
of  name,  until  1850, 
when  he  removed  to 
New  Bedford,  Mass. 
He  held  the  office  of 
town  clerk  of  Taun- 
ton from  1835  to  1845, 
and  that  of  town 
treasurer  from  1838  to 
1844,  and  was  also 
treasurer  of  Bristol 
county  for  several 
years.  In  1850  he  es- 
. tablished  in  New  Bed- 

ford  The  Daily  Even- 
ing Standard  and  the 
Republican  (weekly)  Standard.  These  publica- 
tions were  continued  by  Mr.  Anthony’s  imme- 
diate descendants,  under  the  firm  name  of  E. 
Anthony  & Sons.  In  1864  Mr.  Anthony  com- 
menced to  publish  the  Springfield  Union,  a lead- 
ing newspaper  in  western  Massachusetts.  Soon 
after  returning  to  New  Bedford,  he  was  appointed 
deputy  collector  of  internal  revenue,  and  later 
postmaster  of  New  Bedford,  holding  the  latter 
office  until  his  death.  He  was  a prominent  man 
in  municipal  affairs,  being  a member  of  the  city 
government  for  several  years,  and  for  more  than 
twelve  years  special  justice  of  the  police  court. 
Mr.  Anthony’s  influence  was  always  thrown  on 
the  side  of  all  movements  for  the  welfare  of  his 
fellowmen.  He  died  Jan.  24,  1876. 

ANTHONY,  Henry  Bowen,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Coventry,  R.  I.,  April  1,  1815,  son  of  Wil- 
liam Anthony,  who  managed  the  third  cotton 
manufactory  built  in  Rhode  Island.  His  mater- 
nal grandfather,  James  Greene,  was  a member  of 
the  society  of  Friends  and  a relative  of  Nathaniel 
and  Ray  Greene.  His  first  American  ancestor 
was  John  Anthony,  of  Hampstead,  Eng.,  who 
came  to  Boston  in  1634  on  the  Hercules,  and 
located  in  Rhode  Island  about  1640.  The  family 
were  Quakers.  Henry  Bowen  received  a liberal 
education  at  a private  school  in  Providence, 


entered  Brown  university  in  1829  and  was  gradu- 
ated in  1833,  when  he  joined  his  brother  in  the 
manufacture  of  cotton  in  Providence,  spending 
much  of  his  time  at 
Savannah,  Ga., 
where  he  was  a 
casual  contributor  to 
newspapers  and 
magazines.  In  1838 
he  assumed  editorial 
charge  of  the  Provi- 
dence Journal ; his 
success  as  an  editor 
being  instant  and 
marked,  and  in  1840 
he  acquired  an  inter- 
est in  the  publica- 
tion. His  course  in 
1841-’42,  during  the 
discussions  w li  i c h 

arose  in  the  struggle  to  change  the  govern- 
ment of  the  state,  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  se- 
curing an  enlarged  suffrage,  and  which  brought 
the  contestants,  known  as  the  “Dorrites”  and 
‘•Algerines,”  to  the  verge  of  civil  war,  was  marked 
by  courtesy,  sound  common  sense  and  prac- 
ticability; as  champion  of  “Law  and  Order” 
he  helped  to  educate  public  opinion,  and  was 
largely  responsible  for  the  triumph  of  his 
party.  He  was  a genuine  son  of  Rhode  Island, 
and  held  to  its  traditions;  thinking  no  change 
in  its  landmarks  desirable,  he  wished  to  preserve 
the  institutions  which  its  history  had  made  mem- 
orable. He  desired  no  extension  of  suffrage,  and 
no  change  of  commercial  policy.  In  1837  he  was 
married  to  Sarah  Aborn,  daughter  of  Christopher 
Rhodes  of  Rhode  Island.  In  1849  he  was  elected 
as  a Whig  to  the  governorship  of  the  state 
and  held  the  office  for  two  years,  declining  a third 
term.  On  the  death  of  his  wife  in  1854  he  trav- 
elled in  Europe,  and  upon  his  return  took  up 
his  editorial  work.  His  influence  as  a journalist 
extended  beyond  the  borders  of  his  own  state, 
and  his  faithful  labors  for  many  years  built  up  the 
Providence, Journal.  In  1859  the  general  assem- 
bly elected  him  United  States  senator,  and  he 
was  re-elected  five  consecutive  terms.  He  was 
a firm  supporter  of  President  Lincoln.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  public  printing 
for  twenty-two  years,  during  which  time  the  con- 
tract system  was  abolished  and  the  national  print- 
ing office  established.  He  suggested  many  re- 
forms and  restrictive  acts  not  carried  out,  and 
endeavored  to  have  the  public  printing  restricted 
to  the  legitimate  demands  of  the  government. 
From  1863  he  served  on  the  committee  of  naval 
affairs  and  was  for  many  years  its  senior  member. 
In  March,  1869,  he  was  elected  president  pro 
tempore  of  the  senate,  and  re-elected  in  March 
005 ! 


ANTHONY. 


ANTHONY. 


1871,  serving  throughout  the  41st  and  42d  con- 
gresses; was  again  elected  in  1883,  but  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health  was  obliged  to  decline.  He 
was  orator  on  the  occasion  of  the  presentation 
by  the  state  of  Rhode  Island  to  the  national 
government  of  the  statues  of  Roger  Williams 
and  Nathaniel  Greene,  which  were  placed  in 
Statuary  Hall  in  the  capitol  at  Washington.  He 
left  to  Brown  university  the  “ Harris  collection 
of  American  poetry,”  numbering  about  six  thou- 
sand volumes.  This  collection  was  begun  by  Albert 
G.  Greene,  continued  by  Caleb  Fiske  Harris,  and 
completed  by  Senator  Anthony.  His  addresses, 
historical  and  memorial,  were  collected  and  pri- 
vately printed  in  1875.  They  embrace  his  tribute 
to  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  delivered  in  the  U.  S. 
senate  July  9,  1861 ; to  John  R.  Thompson.  Dec.  4, 
1862;  to  William  Pitt  Fessenden,  Dec.  14.  1869; 
to  William  A.  Buckingham,  in  December,  1875; 
to  Henry  Wilson,  Jan.  21,  1876;  and  three  ad- 
dresses on  Charles  Sumner, — on  the  announce- 
ment of  his  death  in  tire  senate,  on  his  delivery 
of  the  senator’s  body  to  the  governor  of  Mass- 
achusetts, and  on  the  presentation  by  Senator 
Boutwell  of  resolutions  of  respect  to  Mr.  Sum- 
ner’s memory.  His  address  on  presenting  to 
Congress  a bill  to  provide  for  repairing  and  pro- 
tecting the  monument  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  erected 
to  De  Tiernay,  the  commander  of  the  naval  forces 
sent  out  by  France  in  1780  to  aid  the  revolution- 
ary cause,  was  one  of  his  most  notable  speeches. 
The  president  of  the  United  States,  a large  num- 
ber of  senators  and  the  officials  of  his  native  state 
and  city  attended  the  funeral.  A memorial  vol- 
ume was  published  by  the  general  assembly  of 
the  state  of  Rhode  Island  in  1885.  The  date  of 
his  death  was  Sept.  2,  1884. 

ANTHONY.  John  Gould,  naturalist,  was  born 
at  Providence,  R.  I.,  May  17,  1804.  From  his  boy- 
hood he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  natural 
history,  and  was  engaged  in  commercial  business 
in  Cincinnati  for  more  than  thirty -five  years.  In 
1863,  his  publications  on  natural  history  having 
attracted  the  attention  of  Professor  Agassiz,  he 
became  the  curator  of  the  conchological  depart- 
ment of  the  museum  of  comparative  zoology. 
Here  he  became  a recognized  authority  on  Ameri- 
can mollusca.  In  1865  he  was  Agassiz’s  compan- 
ion upon  the  Thayer  expedition  to  Brazil.  The 
following  is  a sequential  list  of  his  publications: 
“A  New  Trilobite”  (Ceratocephala  Ceralepta) 
(1838);  “Fossil  Encrinite”  (1838):  “Description 
of  a New  Fossil  (Calymene  Bucklandii)  ” (1839); 
“Descriptions  of  Three  New  Species  of  Shells” 
(1839);  “Descriptions  of  Two  New  Species  of 
Anculotus”  (1839);  “Description  of  New  Fluvi- 
ate  Shells  of  the  Genus  Melania.  Lam.,  from  the 
Western  States  of  North  America”  (1854);  “De- 
scriptions of  New  Species  of  American  Fluviate 


Gasteropods”  (1861);  “Description  of  Two  New 
Species  of  Monocondytoca  ” (1865) ; “ Description 
of  a New  Exotic  Melania”  (1865);  “Description 
of  a New  Species  of  Shells”  (1865);  and  “De- 
scriptions of  New  American  Fresh-Water  Shells  ’’ 
(1866).  He  died  Oct.  16,  1877. 

ANTHONY,  Susan  Brownell,  reformer,  was 
born  in  South  Adams,  Mass..  Feb.  15. 1820,  daugh- 
ter of  Daniel  and  Lucy  (Read)  Anthony.  Her 
father,  who  was  a Quaker,  removed  his  family 
from  Massachusetts  to  Washington  county,  N.  Y., 
in  1826,  where  he  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 

cotton  goods.  His  

daughters  were  re- 
quired to  work  in  his 
mill,  to  insure  their 
being  able  to  support 
themselves,  and  were 
at  the  same  time  given 
a liberal  education  at 
a Friends’  boarding 
school  near  Philadel- 
phia. In  1835  Susan 
began  to  teach  school 
in  New  York  state. 

Her  first  speech  was 
made  at  a meeting  of  XuX 
the  New  York  teach- 
ers’ association  in  1847.  The  speech  consisted  of 
three  quiet  little  sentences,  but  was  an  act  of 
unparalleled  audacity  at  that  day.  Miss  Anthony’s 
example  wrought  a change  in  the  standing  of  the 
women  teachers  in  the  conventions,  where  they 
began  to  participate  in  the  discussions,  and  to  vote 
and  have  a voice  in  matters  pertaining  to  the  pro- 
fession in  which  they  are  so  largely  in  the  majority. 
In  1849  Miss  Anthony  began  to  speak  in  public  on 
behalf  of  the  temperance  cause,  of  which  she  was 
an  earnest  advocate.  In  1851.  being  refused  ad- 
mission to  a temperance  convention  on  account  of 
her  sex,  she  called  a convention  to  discuss  temper- 
ance in  Albany,  N.  Y\,  and  in  1852  was  mainly  in- 
strumental in  organizing  the  Woman’s  New  York 
State  temperance  society.  She  soon  realized  that 
the  ballot  would  give  to  women  more  power  to  com- 
bat intemperance  and  other  evils  than  any  argu- 
ments that  she  could  wield ; she.  therefore,  became 
a woman  suffragist  and  for  more  than  forty  years 
worked  steadily  for  that  cause.  Miss  Anthony’s 
remarkable  executive  ability,  her  logical  reason- 
ing. and  her  simple,  direct,  and  pertinent  aptitude 
of  expression  soon  gave  her  national  prominence 
as  an  advocate  of  woman’s  rights.  She  was  an 
ardent  abolitionist,  and  in  conjunction  with  her 
friend  and  co-worker,  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton, 
rendered  great  assistance  to  the  abolition  party 
during  the  anti-slavery  agitation.  They  obtained 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  signatures  to  petitions 
beseeching  Congress  to  abolish  slavery  as  a war 
10fiJ 


ANTHONY. 


APPEL. 


measure.  “Send  petitions;  they  furnish  the  only 
background  for  my  demands,”  said  Charles  Sum- 
ner to  Miss  Anthony.  During  the  years  1854-55, 
female  suffrage  conventions  were  called  by  her  in 
each  county  of  the  state  of  New  York.  In  1858, 
in  a report  read  before  a teachers’  convention  at 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  she  advocated  co-education  of  the 
sexes,  and  in  1860  her  efforts  largely  contributed 
to  the  passage  of  an  act  of  the  New  York  legisla- 
ture giving  to  married  women  the  guardianship 
of  their  children  and  the  control  of  their  own  earn- 
ings. In  every  step  made  towards  the  betterment 
of  woman’s  condition.  Miss  Anthony  was  the  pio- 
neer. In  1867,  with  Mrs.  Stanton,  she  organized 
and  carried  on  a campaign  in  Kansas,  and  won 
many  votes  in  favor  of  womans’  suffrage.  In  1868, 
in  connection  with  Mrs.  Stanton,  George  Francis 
Train,  Parker  Pillsbury  and  others,  she  began  to 
publish  in  New  York  the  Revolutionist.  This 
journal  was  devoted  to  the  promulgation  of 
women’s  rights  doctrines,  and  existed  for  two 
years,  when  it  perished  for  lack  of  financial  sup- 
port, leaving  Miss  Anthony  with  heavy  debts, 
which  she  cancelled  with  the  proceeds  of  her  lec- 
tures. In  1872  she  was  arrested  for  illegally  voting 
at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  was  fined  one  hundred 
dollars,  which  fine  she,  according  to  her  declara- 
tion made  to  the  judge,  “would  never  pay.”  In 
1880  she  spoke  before  the  judiciary  committee  of 
the  _U.  S.  senate,  as  she  had  many  times  spoken 
before  representative  congressional  committees. 
In  1892  she  was  made  president  of  the  National 
womans’  suffrage  association.  To  her  is  mainly 
due  the  extension  of  the  right  of  suffrage  to  women 
on  educational  questions  and  in  municipal  affairs 
in  some  states,  and  their  complete  enfranchise- 
ment in  Wyoming,  as  well  as  the  existence  of  a 
committee  on  woman  suffrage  in  the  United 
States  senate  with  a committee  room  for  its  ex- 
clusive use. 

ANTHONY,  William  Arnold,  physicist,  was 
born  in  Coventry,  R.  I.,  Nov.  17,  1835.  After 
his  graduation  from  the  Yale  scientific  school  he 
taught  in  Rhode  Island  for  three  years,  and  in 
1860  received  his  degree  from  Yale.  During  the 
two  years  that  followed  he  was  professor  of 
sciences  in  the  Providence  conference  seminary 
at  East  Greenwich,  R.  I.  He  subsequently  taught 
the  sciences  in  Antioch  college,  Iowa  agricultural 
college,  and  Cornell  university.  He  made  many 
successful  experiments  in  electricity  and  devised 
several  practical  improvements  in  mechanical 
electrical  appliances-  He  contributed  frequently 
to  the  more  prominent  scientific  journals,  and 
prepared,  with  C.  F.  Brackett,  an  “ Elementary 
Text-Book  on  Physics”  (1885).  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  American  institute  of  electrical 
engineers,  and  of  the  American  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science. 


ANTONIO,  Joseph,  delegate,  was  born  at  Taos, 
Taos  county.  New  Mexico,  Aug.  25,  1846.  He 
received  his  early  education  at  Lux’s  academy  in 
Taos,  and  attended  Bishop  Lammy's  school  at 
Santa  F<5  for  two  years,  when  he  entered  Web- 
ster college,  Missouri,  where  he  was  graduated 
four  years  later.  He  then  completed  a com- 
mercial course,  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits, 
and  became  the  proprietor  of  the  noted  medic- 
inal hot  springs  at  Ojo  Caliente,  New  Mexico. 
He  served  as  county  judge  of  Taos  county  for  six 
years,  was  a member  of  the  territorial  legislature 
for  a like  period,  and  he  was  a state  senator  when 
elected  territorial  delegate  to  Congress  in  1884. 
He  represented  his  territory  in  the  49th,  50th, 
51st,  52d  and  53d  congresses  as  a Democrat.  He 
was  defeated  in  the  election  of  1894  by  Thomas  B. 
Catoon,  Republican. 

ANTONY,  Edwin  LeRoy,  representative,  was 
born  near  Waynesboro,  Burke  purity,  Ga.,  Jan. 
5,  1852.  When  he  was  seven  years  of  age  his 
family  removed  to  Texas,  settling  in  Brazoria 
county  and  remaining  there  until  after  the  civil 
war.  In  1867  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Milan 
county,  and  two  years  later  entered  the  Univer- 
sity of  Georgia,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
in  1873.  In  1874  he  was  admitted  to  the  Texas 
bar,  and  two  years  later  was  elected  county  at- 
torney, being  also  ex-officio  district  attorney  of 
Milan  county.  In  1886  he  was  made  special  judge, 
and  soon  afterwards  served  in  the  municipal  gov- 
ernment. He  was  elected  a representative  from 
the  7th  district  to  the  52d  Congress  in  1892.  as  a 
Democrat,  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Roger  Q. 
Mills,  who  had  been  chosen  senator. 

APPEL,  Theodore,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Easton,  Pa.,  April  30,  1823.  He  was  graduated  at 
Marshall  college,  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  in  1842,  and 
from  the  seminary  of  the  Reformed  church  in 
1845.  Was  pastor  at  Waynesboro’,  Pa.,  and  Cove- 
town,  Md.,  from  1845  to  1851.  Was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  Marshall  college,  pastor  of  the 
local  church,  and  editor  of  the  Mercersburg 
Review  from  1851  to  1853.  In  1853  he  became 
professor  of  mathematics  and  astronomy  in 
Franklin  and  Marshall  college  at  Lancaster,  Pa., 
and  occupied  that  position  until  1877.  From  1873 
onwards  he  delivered  astronomical  lectures  in 
many  places  with  success.  From  1878  to  1886  he 
was  superintendent  of  home  missions  of  the  Re- 
formed church  and  editor  of  the  Reformed  1 Mis- 
sionary Herald.  After  that  time  he  engaged  in 
literary  labors.  In  1886  he  published:  “College 
Recollections,”  “Beginnings  of  the  Theological 
Seminary,”  and  “ Letters  to  Boys  and  Girls  about 
the  First  Christmas  at  Bethlehem.”  From  1887 
to  1894  he  acted  a.s  editor  of  the  Reformed  Mes- 
senger. and  published  the  “ Life  of  Dr  John 
W.  Nevin”  in  1889. 


rioT] 


APPLETON. 


APPLETON. 


APPLE,  Joseph  Henry,  educator,  was  born 
Aug.  4,  18G5,  son  of  Joseph  H.  and  Elizabeth 
Ann  (Geiger)  Apple.  His  ancestry  was  Scotch- 
lrish  and  German.  He  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools;  at  Allegheny  college,  Meadville,  Pa. ; 
and  at  Franklin  and  Marshall  college.  Lancaster, 
Pa.,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1885.  He  ac- 
cepted the  principalship  of  a school  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, Pa.,  and  in  1887  he  became  professor  of 
mathematics  in  the  state  normal  school,  Clarion, 
Pa.  In  1891  he  was  elected  associate  professor  of 
mathematics  in  Pittsburg  central  high  school. 

In  1893  he  was  called  to  assume  charge  of  the 
Frederick  female  seminary  at  Frederick,  Md. 
He  entered  upon  the  work  with  a zeal  that  at 
once  lifted  the  institution  into  a new  plane  of 
usefulness  which  is  best  described  by  noting  its 
change  of  name  to  the  Woman’s  college  of  Fred- 
erick. Mr.  Apple  was  a member  of  the  national 
guard  of  Pennsylvania  for  ten  years,  holding 
offices  therein  of  various  grades,  and  at  college 
was  a member  of  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi.  In  addition 
to  his  scholastic  work  Professor  Apple  took  a 
private  course  in  theology  and  was  licensed  as  a 
preacher  by  the  Reformed  church  in  the  United 
States. 

APPLE,  Thomas  Gilmore,  educator,  was 
born  at  Easton,  Pa..  Nov.  14,  1839.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Marshall  college,  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  in 
1850,  and  in  1853  took  pastoral  charge  of  the  Ger- 
man Reformed  church,  Easton.  Pa.  He  retained 
his  pastorate  for  twelve  years,  resigning  to  accept 
the  presidency  of  Mercersburg  college.  In  1871 
he  was  made  professor  in  the  Lancaster  theological 
seminary,  and  from  1878  to  1889,  in  addition  to  his 
professorship  in  the  theological  seminary,  was 
president  of  the  Franklin  and  Marshall  college. 
He  was  for  more  than  thirty  years  editor  of  the 
Mercersburg  Review  and  of  the  Reformed  Quar- 
terly Review , and  later  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
church  history  and  exegesis  in  the  theological  sem- 
inary of  the  Reformed  church  at  Lancaster,  Pa. 
He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Franklin  and 
Marshall  college  in  1868,  and  that  of  LL.D.  from 
Lafayette  college  in  1878. 

APPLETON,  Daniel,  publisher,  was  born  in 
Haverhill,  Mass.,  Dec.  10,  1785,  son  of  Daniel 
and  Lydia  (Ela)  Appleton.  He  began  his  com- 
mercial career  as  clerk  in  a dry  goods  store  and 
early  established  himself  in  the  dry  goods  busi- 
ness in  Haverhill  and  later  in  Boston.  In  1825 
lie  removed  to  New  York  city,  and  locating  in 
Exchange  Place  opened  an  establishment  for  the 
sale  of  dry  goods  and  books,  in  partnership  with 
his  brother-in-law,  Jonathan  Leavitt.  In  1830 
Mr.  Leavitt  withdrew  from  the  concern,  and 
William  Henry,  Mr.  Appleton’s  eldest  son,  took 
his  place  as  head  of  the  book  department.  Later 
the  dry  goods  business  was  abandoned,  and  Mr. 

1108] 


Appleton  removed  to  larger  premises  in  Clinton 
Hall,  corner  of  Beekman  and  Nassau  streets, 
where  he  devoted  his  capital  and  energy  to  im- 
porting and  selling  books.  In  1830  he  made  his 
first  venture  as  a publisher,  and  issued  a volume 
three  inches  square, 
and  a half  inch 
thick,  with  192 
pages,  entitled 
“Crumbs  from  the 
Master’s  Table,”  con- 
sisting of  bible  texts 
compiled  by  W. 

Mason.  A copy  of 
this  book  is  pre- 
served in  the  Ap- 
pleton family.  A 
still  smaller  volume, 

“Gospel  Seeds,”  ap- 
peared in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  and 
was  followed  in 
1832,  the  year  of  the 
cholera  epidemic,  by  “A  Refuge  in  Time  of  Plague 
and  Pestilence.”  In  1838  Mr.  Appleton  visited  Eu- 
rope and  established  the  London  agency  of  the 
house  at  16  Little  Britain;  he  also  purchased 
in  Paris  a number  of  rare  illuminated  missals  and 
MSS.  specimens  of  the  work  of  the  early  monks, 
which  were  eagerly  bought  in  America  and  af- 
forded the  firm  a large  profit.  In  1838  William 
Henry  Appleton  was  admitted  to  a partnership, 
and  the  firm  became  D.  Appleton  & Co.,  and  re- 
moved to  200  Broadway.  In  1840  they  issued 
Tract  No.  90  by  Dr.  Pusey,  which  was  followed  by 
the  writings  of  Drs.  Newman,  Manning,  Palmer, 
Maurice  and  others  of  the  Oxford  school.  In 
1848  Mr.  Appleton  retired,  making  the  proviso 
that  the  official  signature  of  the  firm  should 
remain  Daniel  Appleton  & Co.  A printing  house 
and  bindery  were  established  by  the  firm  in 
Franklin  St.,  N.  Y.,  in  1853.  In  1857  the  “New 
American  Cyclopaedia  ” was  begun,  the  last 
volume  being  issued  in  1863.  The  work  proved  a 
success,  upwards  of  thirty  thousand  sets  being 
sold.  In  1868,  owing  to  the  increase  of  business, 
the  mechanical  departments  were  transferred  to 
Brooklyn,  where  an  immense  block  of  buildings 
had  been  erected  to  accommodate  them.  In 
1861  the  first  copy  of  “The  Annual  Cyclopaedia” 
was  issued,  a volume  appearing  every  year  there- 
after, uniform  in  style  and  size  with  the  Ameri- 
can Cyclopaedia,  of  which  during  the  years 
1873-76  a revised  edition  was  prepared  with  en- 
gravings and  maps.  “ Appleton’s  Cyclopaedia  of 
American  Biography,”  a valuable  work  of  refer- 
ence, in  6 vols.,  was  commenced  in  1886  and 
“Johnson’s  Universal  Cyclopaedia  Revised”  in 
1893,  in  8 vols.  The  wide  range  of  books  pub- 


APPLETON. 


APPLETON. 


lished  by  the  Appletons  comprises  school  text- 
books, medical  and  scientific  works,  Spanish  books 
for  the  Central  and  Southern  American  trade, 
the  literature  concerning  the  civil  war,  poems, 
novels;  covers,  in  fact,  the  whole  range  of  litera- 
ture. The  works  of  Darwin,  Huxley,  Spencer, 
and  Tyndall  were  first  printed  in  America  by 
this  firm  under  royalty  agreement  with  the 
authors.  Owing  to  the  theological  prejudices  of 
the  time,  the  publication  of  these  books  brought 
odium  upon  the  Appletons.  They  were  also  the 
first  to  produce  in  New  York  the  works  of  Mine. 
Muhlbach,  one  of  the  most  popular  novels  pub- 
lished by  the  house  being  her  “ Joseph  II.  and 
His  Court,”  the  sale  of  which  was  rivalled  by 
Disraeli’s  “ Lothair,”  of  which  eighty  thousand 
copies  were  sold.  Among  the  firm’s  illustrated 
publications  are:  “Picturesque  America,”  “Pic- 
turesque Europe,”  “Picturesque  Palestine,”  and 
“ The  Art  of  the  World.”  The  members  of  the 
firm  of  D.  Appleton  & Co.  in  189T  were:  William 
Henry,  Daniel  Sidney,  William  Worthen,  Daniel 
and  Edward  Dale  Appleton.  Daniel  Appleton 
died  in  New  York  city,  March  27,  1849. 

APPLETON,  Daniel  Sidney,  publisher,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  9,  1824,  fourth  son 
of  Daniel  and  Hannah  (Adams)  Appleton.  In 
1843  he  was  graduated  at  Yale  college,  studied 
one  year  in  the  Yale  law  school,  and  entered  his 
father’s  business.  He  acted  as  manager  of  the 
London  branch  until  1849,  when  he  was  recalled 
to  the  United  States  by  the  illness  of  his  father, 
on  whose  death  he  was  admitted  to  partnership 
and  assumed  direction  of  the  mechanical  depart- 
ments of  the  house,  acting  also  as  its  financial 
adviser.  Failing  health  caused  him  to  sever  his 
connection  with  the  firm  some  years  before  his 
death,  though  lie  continued  to  hold  an  advisory 
interest.  He  was  a member  of  the  Union,  the 
Century,  the  University,  and  the  New  York  yacht 
clubs,  and  a director  in  several  financial  institu- 
tions. He  died  Nov.  13.  1890. 

APPLETON,  Francis  H.,  agriculturist,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  June  17,  1847.  His  family 
removed  to  Salem  while  he  was  still  an  infant, 
and  he  was  there  reared  and  educated,  his  home 
being  with  his  maternal  grandfather,  Nathaniel 
Silsbee,  an  East  India  merchant.  His  paternal 
grandfather  was  William  Appleton  of  Boston. 
Mr.  Appleton  entered  St.  Paul’s  school  at  Con- 
cord, N.  H.,  in  1859,  was  graduated  from  Harvard 
college  in  1869,  and  becoming  interested  in  agri- 
culture settled  himself  at  Peabody,  Mass.,  where 
he  cultivated  an  extensive  farm.  He  was  reporter 
on  agriculture  for  the  Massachusetts  commission- 
ers at  the  Vienna  exposition  in  1873,  and  from 
1873  to  1875  was  curator  at  the  Bussey  institute. 
He  became  a trustee  of  the  Peabody  institute, 
of  the  Massachusetts  society  for  promoting  agri- 


culture, and  of  the  Massachusetts  agricultural 
college,  and  president  of  the  Essex  county  agri- 
cultural society ; a member  of  the  local  farmers' 
club,  of  the  state  board  of  agriculture,  of  the 
board  of  control  of  the  state  experiment  station, 
an  active  member  of  the  Massachusetts  horticul- 
tural society,  of  which  he  was  vice-president,  and 
secretary  of  the  Bay  State  agricultural  society. 
In  1887  he  was  elected  secretary  of  the  state 
board  of  agriculture,  but  declined  the  office.  He 
represented  the  town  of  Peabody  in  the  lower 
house  of  the  state  legislature  of  1891  and  1892,  and 
in  the  latter  year  was  a delegate  to  the  national 
Republican  convention.  In  1896,  he  became 
president  of  the  New  England  agricultural  soci- 
ety, and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  inspector 
of  rifle  practice  by  Governor  Wolcott. 

APPLETON,  George  Swett,  publisher,  was 
born  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Aug.  11,  1821,  third  son 
of  Daniel  and  Hannah  (Adams)  Appleton.  He 
attended  Phillips  academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  and 
later  went  to  Europe,  where  he  studied  for  four 
years  at  the  University  of  Leipsic,  Germany, 
after  which  he  travelled,  becoming  proficient 
in  the  Italian,  German  and  French  languages. 
He  was  a connoisseur  of  painting  and  accumulated 
a fine  collection  of  masterpieces  of  art.  Upon 
his  return  to  America  he  was  for  several  years 
engaged  in  the  book  publishing  business  in  Phila- 
delphia. In  1849  he  returned  to  New  York  and 
was  admitted  to  partnership  with  his  brothers 
in  the  firm  of  D.  Appleton  & Co.  His  eminent 
attainments  as  a scholar  and  connoisseur  of  art 
were  of  great  service  to  the  firm ; of  which,  in  fact, 
he  was  the  literary  counsellor.  He  instituted 
and  carried  on  the  monthly  issue  of  Appleton  s 
Art  Journal  for  many  years;  developed  the  re- 
sources of  the  house  for  publishing  foreign  classics 
in  the  original  and  in  English,  and  text-books  to 
facilitate  the  study  of  foreign  languages;  and 
planned  the  Popular  Science  monthly.  Mr. 
Appleton  died  at  his  home  in  Riverdale,  on  the 
Hudson.  July  7,  1878. 

APPLETON,  James,  temperance  reformer, 
was  born  at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Feb.  14.  1785,  son  of 
Samuel  and  Mary  (White)  Appleton.  He  was 
prominent  in  public  affairs,  being  elected  when 
quite  young  to  the  Massachusetts  legislature.  He 
held  the  rank  of  colonel  in  the  Massachusetts 
militia  during  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  at  the 
close  of  which  he  was  appointed  brigadier-gen- 
eral. He  then  removed  to  Portland.  Me.,  and  in 
1836  was  elected  to  the  Maine  legislature,  where 
he  served  one  term,  and  later  was  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  governor.  His  speeches 
on  total  abstinence,  and  on  the  abolition  of 
slavery  were  able  and  influential.  In  1853  he 
returned  to  his  native  town,  where  he  died  Aug. 
25,  1862. 


riogj 


APPLETON. 


APPLETON. 


APPLETON,  Jesse,  educator,  was  born  at 
New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  Nov.  17,  1772,  the  fifth  in 
descent  from  Samuel  Appleton,  the  founder  of 
Ipswich,  Mass.  He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college  in  1792,  licensed  to  preach  in  179.1,  and 
from  the  first  was  regarded  as  a preacher  of  more 
than  common  power  anti  promise.  He  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  at 
Hampton,  N.  H.,  February,  1797.  He  held 
Arminian  views,  in  spite  of  which  he  was  highly 
esteemed  in  his  denomination,  and  often  called 
to  preach  before  missionary  and  Bible  societies. 
He  instigated  the  publication  of  the  Piscataqua 
Evangelical  Magazine ; was  a trustee  of  Phillips 
Exeter  academy,  and  a member  of  the  academy 
of  arts  and  sciences.  He  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  Dartmouth  college.  In  1809  he  was 
chosen  president  of  Bowdoin  college,  and  he  held 
that  position  until  his  death.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent classical  scholar  and  an  impressive  preacher. 
Some  of  his  addresses,  with  a biographical  sketch 
by  Rev.  Dr.  Nicholls,  were  published  in  1820 ; ser- 
mons and  lectures  with  a memoir  by  Rev.  B. 
Tappan,  (1822) ; and  “ The  Works  of  Jesse  Apple- 
ton.  D.D.”  (2  vols.  1836).  His  daughter,  Jane, 
married  Franklin  Pierce,  afterwards  President  of 
the  United  States.  Dr.  Appleton  died  Nov.  12, 
1819. 

APPLETON,  John,  jurist,  was  born  in  New 
Ipswich,  N.  H.,  in  1805,  and  was  graduated  from 
Bowdoin  college  in  1823.  He  practised  law  in 
Sebec,  Piscataquis  county.  Me.,  in  1826.  In  1832 
he  removed  to  Bangor.  He  was  appointed  reporter 
of  decisions  in  1841,  associate  justice  of  the  sup- 
reme judicial  court  in  1852,  and  chief  justice  in 
1862.  In  1883  he  retired  to  private  life.  He  was 
the  author  of  “Appleton  on  Evidence,”  a compila- 
tion of  matter  which  he  originally  wrote  for  the 
“ American  Jurist.”  He  died  Feb.  5,  1891. 

APPLETON,  John,  diplomatist,  was  born  in 
Beverly,  Mass.,  Feb.  11,  1815.  He  was  graduated 
from  Bowdoin  college  in  1834,  and  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1837.  In  1838  he  became  editor  of  the 
Eastern  Argus,  published  in  Portland,  Me.,  and 
in  1845  he  was  appointed  chief  clerk  of  the  navy 
department  at  Washington,  and  later  chief  clerk 
of  the  state  department.  He  was  sent  to  Bolivia 
as  charge  d’  affaires  in  1848.  On  his  return  to 
the  United  States  in  1849  he  began  the  practice 
of  law  in  Portland  with  the  Hon.  Nathan  Clifford. 
He  was  elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the  32d 
Congress  in  1850.  In  1855  he  went  to  London  as 
secretary  of  the  legation ; in  1855-56  was  assistant 
secretary  of  state;  and  in  1860  was  appointed 
U.  S.  minister  to  Russia  by  President  Buchanan. 
He  died  in  Portland.  Me.,  Aug.  22,  1894. 

APPLETON,  John  Adams,  publisher,  was 
born  in  Boston.  Mass.,  Jan.  9,  1817,  second  son 
of  Daniel  and  Hannah  (Adams)  Appleton.  He 


spent  a part  of  his  early  manhood  in  Michigan, 
and  returned  to  New  York  to  take  the  position  of 
head  salesman  in  his  father’s  business.  In  1848 
lie  was  admitted  to  partnership,  and  weighty  ques- 
tions of  finance  or  policy  were  generally  referred 
to  him.  His  duties  were  general,  and  no  part 
of  the  vast  establishment  escaped  his  watchful 
eye.  Mr.  Appleton  brought  his  two  sons,  Daniel 
and  Edward  D.,  into  the  business  as  soon  as  their 
education  was  completed,  Daniel  being  admitted 
as  a partner  in  1880  and  Edward  Dale  in  1884. 
The  tablet  to  the  memory  of  John  A.  Appleton  in 
St.  John’s  church,  Stapleton,  Staten  Island,  of 
which  he  was  senior  warden,  was  erected  by  the 
members  of  the  church,  and  the  friends  and  em- 
ployes of  the  firm  of  D.  Appleton  & Co.,  New 
York.  He  died  at  his  home  on  Staten  Island, 
July  13,  1881. 

APPLETON,  John  Howard,  educator,  was 
born  in  Portland,  Me.,  Feb.  3,  1844.  He  is  a direct 
descendant  of  the  Samuel  Appleton,  who  emi- 
grated from  Suffolk,  England,  to  Massachusetts 
in  1635,  and  who  founded  the  prominent  New 
England  family  of  his  name.  He  received  his 
early  training 
at  the  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  high 
school,  and  was 
graduated  at 
Brown  university 
in  the  scientific 
course  with  the 
degree  of  bach- 
elor of  philosophy 
in  1863.  He  be- 
came an  instruct- 
or in  chemistry  at 
Brown  in  1864, 
and  professor  of 
chemistry  in  1868. 

sealer  of  weights  and  measures,  chemist  of  the 
Rhode  Island  state  board  of  agriculture,  chemist 
for  the  Providence  water  works,  and  in  1891,  by 
special  designation  of  President  Harrison,  he 
became  a member  of  the  commission  appointed  to 
test  the  coinage  of  the  United  States  mints.  He 
was  a member  of  several  scientific  associations 
and  a contributor  to  various  scientific  periodicals. 
He  published  a series  of  text -books  on  chemistry: 
“Qualitative  Analysis”;  “Quantitative  Analy- 
sis”; “ The  Young  Chemist”;  '’The  Beginner’s 
Handbook  of  Chemistry  ” (1885) ; “ Lessons  in 
Chemical  Philosophy,”  and  “ The  Metals  of  the 
Chemist.”  These  books  became  extensively  used 
in  educational  institutions  throughout  the  United 
States. 

APPLETON,  John  James,  diplomatist,  was 
born  in  France  in  1789,  son  of  John  Appleton, 
U.  S.  consul  at  Calais.  He  attended  Phillips 

[110J 


' Xf 


He  was  for  manv  vears  state 


APPLETON. 


APPLETON. 


Exeter  academy  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1813.  President  Monroe  appointed  him 
secretary  of  the  legation  at  Brazil,  and  later  he 
represented  the  United  States  at  Madrid,  Stock- 
holm and  Naples  as  charge  d’affaires.  He  nego- 
tiated a treaty  with  Sweden  which  was  made  the 
basis  of  subsequent  relations  between  the  two 
governments.  He  was  for  a time  U.  S.  cliargd 
d’affaires  at  Naples.  He  resided  chiefly  in  France, 
his  father  having  left  him  a large  property  in  that 
country.  He  died  at  Rennes,  France,  March 
4,  1865. 

APPLETON,  Nathan,  manufacturer,  was  born 
in  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  Oct.  6,  1779,  son  of 
Isaac  and  Mary  (Adams)  Appleton.  He  received 
an  ordinary  education,  studied  for  a time  at 
Dartmouth,  but  left  college  to  become  a clerk  in 
the  importing  house  of  his  brother  Samuel,  who 
admitted  him  to  partnership  on  the  attainment  of 
his  majority.  In  association  with  other  promi- 
nent business  men,  he  established  the  Waltham 
cotton  mills  in  1813.  where  he  introduced  the  first 
power  loom  used  in  the  United  States.  Later  they 
purchased  water  privileges  at  Pawtucket  Falls, 
founded  the  Merrimac  manufacturing  works,  and 
formed  the  nucleus  of  a manufacturing  centre, 
which  in  1821  became  the  city  of  Lowell,  Mass. 

He  was  also  instrumental  in  founding  the  Hamil- 
ton mills.  In  1815  he  was  elected  to  the  state 
legislature,  where  he  served  several  terms.  In 
1830,  he  was  elected  a representative  in  the  22d 
Congress,  and  was  again  elected  in  1842  to  the 
28th  Congress.  He  was  a member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts historical  society,  and  of  the  academy 
of  Science  and  Arts.  He  published  ‘ ' Remarks 
on  Currency  and  Banking”  (1858);  and  several 
essays  and  speeches  on  kindred  subjects,  as  well 
as  an  account  of  the  origin  of  Lowell  and  the 
growth  of  the  cotton  industry.  He  was  noted 
for  his  benevolence,  which  his  great  wealth  gave 
him  ample  means  to  indulge.  An  interesting  ac- 
count of  his  life  has  been  written  by  Robert  C. 
Winthrop.  He  died  July  14.  1861. 

APPLETON,  Samuel,  philanthropist,  was  born 
at  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  June  22,  1766,  son  of  Isaac 
and  Mary  (Adams)  Appleton.  As  one  of  the 
twelve  children  of  a farmer  not  over  well-to-do, 
he  was  compelled  to  begin  work  at  an  early  age, 
and  had  little  opportunity  for  education.  But  so 
well  did  he  employ  his  leisure  moments,  that  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  he  taught  the  village  school. 
When  twenty  years  of  age  he  set  out  for  Maine, 
where,  in  the  woods,  two  miles  from  any  dwell- 
ing, he  cleared  some  land  and  built  a hut.  He 
carried  all  his  implements  and  provisions  to  his 
cabin  on  his  back  over  a road  that  he  had  blazed 
out  for  himself.  Here  for  two  years  he  lived 
alone.  The  logs  he  cut  in  Maine  woods  brought 
him  money  enough  to  open  a store  in  New 

[liij 


Ipswich,  and  he  prospered  so  well  that  in  1794  he 
removed  to  Boston,  where  he  engaged  in  the  im- 
porting business.  In  1813,  in  connection  with  his 
brother  Nathan,  Francis  C.  Lowell,  Patrick  T. 
Jackson,  Paul  Moody  and  others,  he  established 
cotton  mills  at  Waltham  and  Pawtucket  Falls. 
In  1823  he  retired  from  business,  and  thenceforth 
devoted  his  entire  income  to  benevolent  uses.  At 
his  death  nearly  one-half  of  his  great  estate,  over 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  was  bequeathed 
to  different  charitable  objects.  He  died  in  Boston 
July  12,  1853. 

APPLETON,  Thomas  Gold,  author,  was  born 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  March  31,  1812,  son  of  Nathan 
and  Maria  (Gold)  Appleton.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1831,  after  which  he  spent 
many  years  in  foreign  travel.  He  was  a noted 
connoisseur  and  a liberal  patron  of  the  arts,  his 
gifts  to  the  Boston  and  Cambridge  museums  and 
the  Boston  public  library  being  especially  munifi- 
cent. His  water-color  sketches  of  scenes  on  the 
river  Nile  prove  him  an  artist  of  talent,  while  his 
writings,  in  both  prose  and  verse,  are  character- 
ized by  a graceful  ease  and  elegance  of  style  that 
lends  a charm  even  to  their  charming  subjects. 
A list  of  his  publications  includes:  “A  Sheaf  of 
Papers  ” (1874) ; “ A Nile  Journal,”  illustrated  by 
Eugene  Benson  (1876) ; “ Syrian  Sunshine  ” (1877) ; 
“Windfalls”  (1878);  and  “Chequer  Work,”  a 
volume  of  tales  and  essays  (1879).  His  “ Life 
and  Letters.”  prepared  by  Susan  Hale,  was  pub- 
lished in  1885.  He  died  in  New  York,  April  17, 
1884. 

APPLETON,  William,  representative,  was 
born  at  Brookfield,  Mass.,  Nov.  16,  1786,  son  of 
Joseph  Appleton,  a clergyman.  His  early  mer- 
cantile training  was  acquired  in  a country  store. 
He  went  to  Boston  in  1807,  where  he  engaged  in 
commercial  business  and  accumulated  a large 
fortune.  From  1832  to  1836  he  was  president  of 
the  United  States  branch  bank,  and  of  the  Provi- 
dent institution  for  savings.  He  held  the  position 
of  president  of  the  Massachusetts  general  hospital 
and  was  prominent  in  other  philanthropic  enter- 
prises. By  his  will  he  left  the  sum  of  $30,000  to 
the  Massachusetts  hospital,  also  liberal  legacies  to 
similar  institutions.  He  was  elected  a representa- 
tive to  the  32d  Congress  in  1850  on  the  Whig  ticket, 
and  was  re-elected  to  the  33d  Congress.  He  was 
also  a member  of  the  special  session  of  the  37th 
Congress  called  in  July,  1861,  and  resigned  his 
seat  in  August,  1861.  He  died  Feb.  20,  1862. 

APPLETON,  William  Henry,  publisher,  was 
born  in  Haverhill.  Mass  , Jan.  27,  1814,  eldest  son 
of  Daniel  and  Hannah  (Adams)  Appleton.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Haverhill, 
and  removed  to  New  York  in  1825.  He  became  a 
clerk  in  his  father’s  store  in  1830,  was  made  head 
of  the  book  department,  and  in  1835  went  to 


APPLETON. 


ARCE. 


England  as  buyer,  after  which  he  made  frequent 
trips  to  the  great  cities  of  Europe  in  the  interests 
of  the  firm.  In  1838  he  was  taken  into  partner- 
ship by  his  father,  and  in  1848  became  head  of  the 
firm.  In  1868  he  built  the  Appleton  church  home 
at  Macon,  Ga.,  for  the  education  of  orphan  girls, 
to  commemorate  the  consecration  of  his  friend, 
John  Watrus  Beckwith,  as  second  P.  E.  bishop  of 
Georgia,  and  left  an  endowment  for  the  support 
of  the  school  while  it  remains  under  the  care  of 
the  deaconesses  of  St.  Katherine,  so  named  in 
memory  of  his  oldest  daughter,  who  died  in  China. 

APPLETON,  William  Hyde,  educator,  was 
born  in  Portland,  Me.,  June  10,  1842.  His 
younger  brother  was  John  Howard  Appleton, 
chemist.  He  prepared  for  college  and  entered 
Harvard  university  in  the  class  of  1860.  After 
his  graduation  he  studied  law,  and  afterward 
received  the  degrees  of  Master  of  Arts  and  Bach- 
elor of  Laws  from  Harvard.  He  then  served  as 
an  instructor  in  Greek  at  Harvard  for  two  years, 
and  subsequently  went  abroad,  where  he  studied 
in  the  German  universities,  returning  to  America 
in  1872,  to  become  professor  of  the  Greek  and 
German  languages  in  Swarthmore  college.  After 
ten  years’  service  in  that  capacity  he  was  given  a 
year’s  leave  of  absence,  and  in  1881  sailed  for  an- 
other period  of  study  abroad.  He  spent  most  of 
his  vacation  in  study  in  Greece,  and  returning  in 
1882  resumed  his  work  at  Swarthmore,  as  professor 
of  the  Greek  and  English  languages  and  literature. 
In  1888,  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  Swarthmore  college  in  honor  of  his  long 
and  eminently  successful  connection  with  the  in- 
stitution. In  1889  he  became  acting-president  of 
the  college,  and  in  the  following  year  was  elected 
president.  Preferring  his  work  as  teacher,  he 
consented  to  hold  the  office  only  until  a successor 
should  be  appointed,  and  in  1891.  upon  the  elec- 
tion of  Charles  De  Garmo  as  president,  he  re- 
sumed his  former  duties.  He  published  in  1893 
“ Greek  Poets  in  English  Verse.” 

APPLETON,  William  Sumner,  genealogist, 
was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  11,1840,  son  of 
Nathan  and  Harriot  (Sumner)  Appleton.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1860,  which 
institution  in  1864  conferred  upon  him  the  degree 
of  A. M.,  and  in  1865  that  of  LL.B.  Mr.  Apple- 
ton  devoted  a large  part  of  his  time  to  travel, 
visiting  nearly  every  part  of  the  world.  In  1860 
the  Boston  numismatic  society  was  formed,  and 
Mr.  Appleton  was  made  its  secretary.  He  also 
became  prominently  identified  with  the  Boston 
society  of  natural  history,  the  New  England 
historic -genealogical  society,  and  the  Boston  art 
club.  He  was  made  a fellow  of  the  American 
academy  and  a member  of  the  Massachusetts 
historical  society.  Among  his  published  writ- 
ings are:  “Medals  of  Washington”  (1863); 


“Ancestry  of  Mary  Oliver ” (1867) ; “Memorials 
of  the  Cranes  of  Chiltown”  (1868);  “Ancestry 
of  Priscilla  Baker”  (1870);  “Genealogy  of  the 
Appleton  Family”  (1874);  “ Issues  of  the  U.  S. 
Mint”  (1876);  “ Records  of  Descendants  of  Wil- 
liam Sumner”  (1879);  “The  Family  of  Babcock 
of  Massachusetts”  (1881);  “Augustine  Duprd. 
and  His  Work  for  America”  (1890);  “The 
Family  of  Merriam  of  Massachusetts  ” (1892) ; 
“Early  Wills  Illustrating  the  Ancestry  of 
Harriot  Coffin  ” (1893) ; “ The  Sumner  Genealogy 
to  1895”;  and  “A  Century  of  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States”  (1896).  He  also  edited  three 
volumes,  the  5th,  21st,  and  24th  reports,  as 
record  commissioner  of  Boston,  and  in  1864  and 
1865  was  editor  of  the  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register. 

APSLEY,  Lewis  Dewart,  representative,  was 
born  in  Northumberland,  Pa.,  Sept.  29,  1852. 
When  he  was  fifteen  years  old  he  entered  the 
employ  of  John  Wanamaker  in  Philadelphia.  In 
1877  he  removed  to  Massachusetts,  where  with 
the  assistance  of  friends  he  purchased  an  interest 
in  a rubber  manufacturing  company,  which 
under  his  management  became  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  prosperous  rubber  concerns  in  the  state. 
In  1885  he  becamea  manufacturer  of  rubber  cloth- 
ing in  Hudson,  Mass.  Among  the  prominent 
positions  held  by  Mr.  Apsley  may  be  noted  those 
of  president  and  treasurer  of  the  Apsley  rubber 
company,  president  of  the  Millay  last  company, 
president  of  the  Hudson  board  of  trade,  and  a 
director  of  the  Hudson  national  bank.  In  1892 
he  was  elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the  53d 
Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  54th  Con- 
gress. In  1896  he  was  vice-chairman  of  the  Re- 
publican national  congressional  committee,  where 
he  served  on  the  labor,  agriculture  and  invalid 
pension  committees,  and  as  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  manufactories,  as  successor  to  Represen- 
tative Page  of  Rhode  Island. 

ARBUCKLE,  Matthew,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Greenbrier  Co.,  Va.,  in  1775.  In  1799  he  joined 
the  U.  S.  army  as  ensign,  and  for  his  faithful  and 
meritorious  service  was  regularly  promoted  by 
brevet  until  in  1830  he  attained  the  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general. He  was  in  active  service  during 
the  Mexican  war,  and  afterwards  became  com- 
mander of  the  seventh  military  department.  He 
was  successful  in  maintaining  peace  with  the  In- 
dians and  enjoyed  their  confidence.  He  died  at 
Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  June  11,  1851. 

ARCE,  Francisco,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Lower 
California  in  1822.  When  a child  he  was  removed 
to  Alta,  California.  In  1846,  at  the  time  of  the 
conquest  by  the  United  States,  he  was  an  officer 
in  the  Mexican  army,  also  occupying  the  position 
of  secretary  to  the  Californian  commander.  The 
so-called  “ Arce  affair”  took  its  name  from  him. 
[112] 


ARCHDALE. 


ARGALL. 


In  June,  1846,  he  led  a band  of  men  who  were 
taking  horses  from  Sonoma  to  the  south.  At  that 
time  Capt.  John  C.  Fremont  was  in  command  of 
a United  States  surveying  party,  and  he  urged 
the  settlers  to  attack  Arce’s  party  and  capture  the 
horses,  which  they  did,  thus  beginning  the  “Bear 
Flag  ” revolt  and  the  United  States  hostilities 
against  California.  Arce  died  in  1878. 

ARCHDALE,  John,  colonial  governor,  was 
born  in  England,  son  of  Thomas  Archdale,  of 
Bucks  county.  His  first  visit  to  America  was  to 
New  England  in  1664  as  agent  for  Governor  Gorges 
of  Maine,  who  had  married  his  sister  Mary.  His 
second  visit,  in  1686,  was  to  North  Carolina,  where 
for  two  years  he  acted  as  a commissioner  for  his 
brother-indaw.  In  1695  Lord  Ashley  was  sent 
by  the  English  proprietors  to  govern  North  Caro- 
lina, the  people  there  being  in  a turbulent  condi- 
tion, but  he  declined,  and  John  Arclidale  was 
chosen  in  his  place.  Hewatt  says:  “He  was  a 
man  of  considerable  knowledge  and  discretion,  a 
Quaker,  and  a proprietor ; great  trust  was  reposed 
in  him,  and  much  was  expected  from  his  negotia- 
tions.” He  arrived  in  the  summer  of  1695.  and 
was  received  with  great  cordiality  by  the  settlers. 
Governor  Archdale  restored  harmony  and  peace 
among  the  colonists,  reconciled  them  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  proprietors,  and  regulated 
their  policy  and  traffic  with  the  Indians.  Public 
roads  were  made,  water  passages  cut.  and  many 
improvements  introduced.  He  concluded  a treaty 
of  peace  between  the  two  Indian  tribes,  allied  re- 
spectively to  the  Spanish  and  British  governments, 
and  this  increased  the  feeling  of  good-will  among 
the  Indians  toward  the  English.  Archdale  en- 
couraged the  planters  to  cultivate  rice,  dividing  a 
bag  of  that  cereal,  which  had  been  given  him, 
among  the  men.  The  experiment  was  highly  suc- 
cessful. Governor  Arclidale  carried  to  England 
an  address  from  the  council  to  the  proprietors, 
“Expressing  the  deep  sense  they  had  of  their 
lordships’  paternal  care  for  their  colony  in  the 
appointment  of  a man  of  such  abilities  and  integ- 
rity, to  the  government,  who  had  been  so  happily 
instrumental  in  establishing  its  peace  and  se- 
curity.” The  address  recited  many  of  the  wise 
and  beneficial  actions  of  the  governor.  At  the 
close  of  the  year  1696  he  embarked  for  England, 
appointing  Joseph  Blake  as  his  successor.  In 
1698  he  was  elected  a member  of  Parliament,  but 
his  Quaker  principles  would  not  permit  him  to 
take  the  oath  in  the  prescribed  form,  so  he  was 
not  allowed  to  take  his  seat.  In  1707  he  published 
an  exhaustive  and  interesting  work  entitled,  “A 
New  Description  of  the  Fertile  and  Pleasant 
Province  of  South  Carolina,  with  a Brief  Account 
of  its  Discovery,  Settling,  and  Government  up  to 
this  Time,  with  Several  Remarkable  Passages 
during  My  Time.”  See  “An  Historical  Account 


of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Colonies  of  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia,”  vol.  I.,  by  Alexander 
Hewatt. 

ARCHER,  Branch  T.,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Farquhar  county,  Va..  Dec.  13.  1790.  He  became 
a physician,  practising  successfully  in  Virginia. 
He  also  served  his  native  state  several  years  as  a 
representative  in  the  legislature.  In  1831  he  went 
to  Texas,  ■where  he  took  an  active  interest  in  the 
politics  of  that  revolutionary  period.  In  1835  a 
convention  of  the  American  settlers  was  called 
for  the  consideration  of  Texan  independence, 
over  which  Archer  presided,  and  he  was  selected, 
with  Stephen  Austin  and  N.  H.  Wharton,  com- 
missioner to  Washington  to  obtain  aid  from  the 
United  States  government.  He  became  a very 
prominent  figure  in  Texan  politics,  being  a mem- 
ber of  the  first  Texan  congress,  speaker  of  the 
house  of  representatives  of  the  republic,  and  its 
secretary  of  war  from  1839  to  1843.  He  died  in 
Brazoria  county.  Tex.,  Sept.  23,  1856. 

ARENTS,  Albert,  metallurgist,  was  born  in 
Clausthal.  Germany,  March  14,  1840.  After  re- 
ceiving a thorough  education  in  the  mining 
schools  of  Germany  and  at  the  University  of  Ber- 
lin, he  removed  to  America,  where  he  filled  several 
responsible  positions  as  superintendent  of  mines, 
of  metallurgical  mills,  and  of  smelting  works 
in  the  mineral  sections  of  the  far  west.  In 
1882  he  was  elected  a member  of  the  American 
institute  of  mining  engineers,  and  lie  prepared  a 
number  of  valuable  technical  papers  for  the 
journal  of  transactions  of  that  society.  He  was 
the  inventor  of  numerous  improvements  now 
widely  used  among  engineers.  The  more  valuable 
of  his  inventions  are  the  Arents  roasting-furnace, 
the  Eureka  lead  furnace,  and  the  siphon  tap  for 
use  on  lead  furnaces. 

ARGALL,  Sir  Samuel,  deputy -governor  of 
Virginia,  was  born  in  England  in  1572.  He  came 
to  America  as  early  as  1609  on  a trading  and 
fishing  expedition.  The  following  year  he  con- 
ducted Lord  Delaware  to  Virginia,  and  while  in 
America  established  trade  with  the  Indians.  In 
1612  his  abduction  of  Pocahontas  occurred.  This 
has  been  erroneously  looked  upon  as  one  of 
Argali’s  many  acts  of  treachery  and  baseness. 
Powhatan,  the  Indian  chief  and  father  of  Poca- 
hontas, held  in  captivity  a number  of  English- 
men whom  Argali  proposed  to  liberate  by  secui'ing 
Pocahontas  as  a means  of  exchange.  He  went 
to  her  uncle,  Pastancy,  who,  in  consideration  of 
a copper  kettle,  agreed  to  assist  him  in  beguiling 
the  young  Indian  girl  to  Argali’s  ship.  The  strat- 
agem succeeded,  and  the  English  prisoners  were 
released.  Pocahontas  was  well  treated,  and 
declared  her  wish  to  “dwell  with  the  English, 
who  loved  her  best,”  In  the  latter  part  of  1613 
he  went  with  a vessel  of  fourteen  guns, — under 
[113] 


ARGUELLO. 


ARMISTEAD. 


order  of  the  new  governor  of  Virginia.  Sir 
Thomas  Dale, — to  reduce  the  French  settlements 
of  Mount  Desert  off  the  coast  of  Maine,  St.  Croix, 
and  Port  Royal,  N.  S.,  and  in  June,  1614,  having 
accomplished  his  purpose,  he  took  his  French 
prisoners  to  England.  In  May,  1617,  he  returned 
to  America  with  the  appointment  of  deputy -gov- 
ernor of  Virginia,  and  during  his  two  years  in 
this  office  he  made  himself  exceedingly  unpopu- 
lar by  his  arrogance  and  greed.  He  was  recalled 
in  April,  1619.  and  died  in  England  in  1639. 

ARGUELLO,  Luis  Antonio,  governor  of  Cali- 
fornia, was  born  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  June  21, 
1784,  son  of  Josd  Dario  and  Ignacia  Moraga  Argii- 
ello.  He  entered  the  military  service  as  cadet  of 
the  San  Francisco  company  on  Sept.  6,  1799,  the 
following  year  became  an  ensign,  and  in  March, 
1806,  was  promoted  to  the  lieutenancy  and  a few 
months  later  his  father  turned  over  to  him  the 
command  of  the  company.  In  1817  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  captain,  and  with  this  rank 
he  held  the  command  of  San  Francisco  until 
his  appointment  as  governor.  In  1818  he  made  a 
boat  voyage  up  the  Sacramento  river,  and  in  1821 
made  an  expedition  to  the  far  north.  On  Nov.  9, 
1822,  he  was  elected  president  of  the  provincial 
deputation,  and  thus  became  temporary  governor 
of  California  in  place  of  Sola,  who  had  previously 
been  elected  a deputy  to  the  imperial  congress. 
About  November  22  he  took  possession  of  the  office 
of  governor,  and  removed  from  San  Francisco  to 
Monterey.  The  office  was,  at  that  time,  a very 
difficult  one,  the  troops  being  unpaid,  and  affairs 
being  generally  in  a very  lax  and  slovenly  condi- 
tion. Argiiello  immediately  devised  a system  of 
taxation  by  which  sufficient  means  could  be  raised 
to  pay  official  salaries  and  other  obligations.  His 
administration  was  marked  by  prompt  and  judi- 
cious action  in  all  emergencies.  In  the  fall  of 
1825,  Argiiello  delivered  over  the  government  to 
Echeandia,  his  successor,  and  early  in  1826  he  re- 
sumed his  position  as  commandante,  but  having 
had  a disagreement  with  Echeandia,  that  gov- 
ernor ordered  his  pay  as  commandante  to  cease 
on  April  15, 1826,  without  giving  any  explanation. 
Argiiello  died  at  San  Francisco,  March  27,  1830. 

ARMISTEAD,  George,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Newmarket,  Va.,  April  10,  1780.  He  was  one  of 
five  brothers,  all  of  whom  served  with  distinction 
in  the  war  of  1812,  three  being  in  the  regular 
army  and  two  in  the  militia.  One  of  his  brothers 
was  the  third  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  his 
full  length  portrait  was  placed  in  the  library  on 
the  academy  grounds.  His  grandfather  was  a 
member  of  the  house  of  burgesses  and  of  the 
council  of  the  state  of  Virginia.  On  his  mother’s 
side  he  was  descended  from  Col.  John  Baylor, 
who  was  with  Washington  at  Winchester.  He 
entered  the  army  as  2d  lieutenant  in  1799, 


passed  through  the  regular  grades  of  promotion, 
and  as  major  of  the  3d  artillery  was  present  at 
the  capture  of  Fort  George  on  Lake  Ontario, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  gallantry. 
He  was  in  command  of  Fort  McHenry  on  Sept. 
14,  1814,  when  it  was  attacked  by  the  British 
under  Admiral  Cochrane,  and  his  defence  of  the 
fortification  not  only  saved  it  and  Baltimore  from 
capture,  but  preserved  the  entire  Atlantic  sea- 
board from  further  invasion.  When  the  foe  ap- 
proached he  alone  of  all  the  garrison  knew  that 
the  magazine  was  not  bomb-proof,  and  he  dared 
not  reveal  the  fact  lest  his  men  should  refuse  to 
remain.  The  strain  upon  his  nervous  system 
during  the  bombardment  was  extreme,  and  his 
death,  which  occurred  some  three  years  and  a 
half  later,  was  due  to  its  effects.  The  citizens  of 
Baltimore,  in  token  of  their  gratitude,  presented 
him  with  a handsome  silver  vase  in  the  pattern 
of  a bomb-shell,  a set  of  goblets  and  a salver;  he 
was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  by  the  President, 
and  was  given  the  old  flag  that  waved  over  the 
fort  during  the  engagement,  and  the  sight  of 
which  “by  the  dawn’s  early  light  ” had  inspired 
Francis  Scott  Key  to  pen  his  immortal  “Star 
Spangled  Banner.”  This  flag  came  into  posses- 
sion of  Colonel  Armistead’s  descendants,  who 
guard  it  with  jealous  care  and  exhibit  it  only  on 
rare  occasions.  Colonel  Armistead  died  at  Balti- 
more, Md„  April  25,  1818. 

ARMISTEAD,  Lewis  Addison,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Newbern,  N.  C. , Feb.  18. 1817,  son  of  Walker 
Keith  Armistead,  a soldier  in  the  war  of  1812, 
holding  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  and  pro- 
moted to  brevet  brigadier-general  in  1832.  The 
son  studied  for  two  years  at  West  Point,  but  was 
not  graduated.  He  was  appointed  second  lieuten- 
ant in  the  6tli  infantry  on  July  10,  1839,  and 
promoted  to  first  lieutenant  in  March,  1844.  He 
served  under  General  Scott  during  the  war  with 
Mexico,  distinguishing  himself  and  receiving 
brevets  for  his  conduct  at  Contreras,  Churubusco, 
Molino  del  Rey  and  Chapultepec,  and  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  captain  in  March,  1855.  He  was 
later  engaged  against  the  Indians  in  the  far 
west,  and  received  his  commission  as  major  for 
gallantry,  during  the  Indian  campaign.  He  was 
at  Los  Angeles  at  the  outbreak  of  the  hostilities 
between  the  states,  and  after  much  hesitation 
decided  to  cast  his  lot  with  Virginia,  the  home 
of  his  ancestors,  saying  to  Capt.  Winfield  Scott 
Hancock,  then  a major  only  by  brevet:  "Here 
is  my  major’s  uniform  — you  may  some  time 
have  need  of  it.”  He  at  the  same  time  left  in 
his  hands  for  safe  keeping,  and  to  be  given  to  his 
family  in  case  he  should  fall  in  battle,  valuable 
private  papers,  which  General  Hancock  returned 
to  his  sister,  the  wife  of  a Federal  officer,  at  the 
close  of  the  war.  Armistead  also  gave  Hancock 
flU] 


ARMITAGE. 


ARMOUR. 


a little  prayer-book,  which  the  general  always 
kept.  He  returned  to  Virginia,  and  was  given  a 
brigadier-general's  commission  in  the  Confederate 
army,  was  severely  wounded  at  Antietam,  and 
fell  while  leading  his  brigade  in  the  desperate 
charge  of  Pickett’s  division  at  Gettysburg,  having 
almost  reached  the  Federal  lines.  He  was  left  on 
the  field  after  the  Confederates  had  been  repulsed 
July  3,  1863,  and  died  in  the  Federal  hospital  im- 
mediately after  the  battle. 

ARMI5TEAD,  Walker  Keith,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Virginia  about  1785,  brother  of  George 
Armistead.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point 
in  1803,  his  class  being  the  second  to  be  grad- 
uated at  the  academy,  and  was  promoted  2d 
lieutenant  of  engineers.  In  1805  he  was  pro- 
moted 1st  lieutenant  and  in  1806,  captain.  From 
1808  to  1811,  he  served  as  superintending  engineer 
of  the  Norfolk  (Va.)  defences,  being  advanced  to 
a major's  commission  on  July  23,  1810.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  at  the  military  academy, 
remaining  there  until  the  outbreak  of  the  war  of 
1812,  when  he  was  assigned  to  duty  on  the 
Niagara  frontier  as  chief  engineer  of  the  army. 

On  July  31,  1812,  he  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel,  was  engaged  at  Fort  Niagara  during 
its  bombardment  in  November,  1812,  and  in  1813 
as  engineer  of  the  forces  for  the  defence  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Chesapeake  bay,  including  Norfolk 
and  Craney  Island.  From  1814  to  1818  he  served 
as  superintending  engineer  of  the  defences  of 
Chesapeake  bay  and  its  tributary  waters,  being 
promoted  colonel  and  chief  engineer  of  the  U.S. 
army  on  Nov.  12,  1818.  For  three  years  following 
he  was  in  command  of  a corps  of  engineers, 
in  charge  of  the  engineer  bureau  at  Wash- 
ington, and  inspector  of  the  military  academy. 

On  June  1,  1821,  the  army  being  reorganized,  he 
was  promoted  colonel,  and  from  1821  to  1827  -was 
stationed  at  the  headquarters  of  the  3d  artillery, 
established  at  Fort  Washington,  Md.,  Boston, 
Mass.,  New  London,  Conn.,  Upperville,  Va.,  and 
Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  and  served  in  the  Florida  war 
against  the  Seminole  Indians  from  1836  to  1838. 

For  two  years  he  was  on  court-martial  duty,  and 
from  May,  1840,  to  May,  1841,  was  in  command 
of  the  Florida  army  serving  against  the  Semi- 
noles.  For  two  years  following  this  he  was  on 
the  board  to  select  a site  for  a western  armory, 
and  in  1843  and  1844  commanded  his  regiment  at 
Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C.  In  the  latter  part  of  1844,  he 
went  to  Upperville,  Va.,  on  sick  leave,  and  died 
there  Oct.  13,  1845. 

ARMITAGE,  Thomas,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Pontefract,  Yorkshire,  Eng.,  Aug.  2,  1819.  He 
was  licensed  as  a local  preacher  by  the  Wesleyans, 
delivering  his  first  sermon  in  his  sixteenth  year. 

He  imbibed  political  opinions  which  led  him  to 
the  United  States  in  1838,  settled  in  New  York, 

[115J 


entered  the  Methodist  ministry,  and  labored  as  a 
circuit  preacher  for  ten  years.  Doubts  assailed 
him  as  to  thedootrineof  sinless  perfection,  and  in 
regard  to  the  Methodist  church  government ; and 
in  1848  he  left  that  denomination  to  join  the  Bap- 
tists. He  was  baptized  in  the  Pearl  street  church, 
Albany,  ordained  a few  months  later,  andinstalled 
as  pastor  of  the  Norfolk  street  church,  July  1, 1848. 
The  congregation  later  erected  a new  place  of 
worship,  the  “ Fifth  Avenue  Baptist  church,” 
where  Dr.  Armitage  ministered  to  them  until  his 
death.  In  1850  he  was  largely  instrumental  in 
founding  the  American  Bible  Union,  of  which, 
in  1856,  he  became  the  president.  Dr.  Armitage 
was  an  eloquent  and  powerful  preacher  and  a 
cultivated  scholar.  He  was  deeply  interested  in 
the  revision  of  the  scriptures,  particularly  in 
.regard  to  the  translation  of  the  Greek  word  for 
baptism.  His  published  writings  are : ‘ ‘ Lectures 
on  Preaching,  its  Ideal  and  Inner  Life”  (1880), 
and  a “ History  of  the  Baptists”  (1886).  George- 
town college,  Kentucky,  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  D.D.  in  1853,  and  later  gave  him  that 
of  LL.D.  He  died  Jan.  20,  1896. 

ARMITAGE,  William  Edmond,  2d  bishop 
of  Milwaukee,  and  82d  in  succession  in  the 
American  episcopate,  was  born  in  New  York  city, 
Sept.  6,  1830.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia 
college  in  1849,  and  finished  a course  at  the 
General  theological  seminary  in  1852.  He  was 
ordained  a deacon,  June  27, 1852,  and  admitted  to 
the  priesthood,  Sept.  27,  1854.  His  first  curacy 
was  at  St.  John’s  church,  Portsmouth,  N.  H. ; his 
second  at  St.  Mark’s,  Augusta,  Me.  He  next 
became  rector  of  St.  John’s.  Detroit,  and  there 
officiated  until  his  election  as  assistant  bishop  of 
Milwaukee.  He  was  consecrated  Dec.  6,  1866. 
and  labored  harmoniously  with  his  diocesan,  Dr. 
Kemper,  until  the  death  of  that  venerable  prelate 
in  1870,  when  he  succeeded  him  in  the  bishopric 
of  Wisconsin.  He  received  the  degree  of  S.T.D. 
from  Columbia  in  1866.  He  was  an  earnest 
preacher  and  a polished  writer.  He  died  from 
the  effects  of  a surgical  operation  at  St.  Luke’s 
hospital,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  7,  1873. 

ARMOUR,  Philip  D.,  manufacturer,  wTas  born 
at  Stockbridge,  Madison  county,  N.  Y.,  May  16, 
1832.  He  received  a common-school  education, 
and  when  twenty  years  old  went  with  a party  to 
California  in  search  of  gold,  where  he  remained 
for  several  years.  Upon  his  return  he  settled  in 
Milwaukee,  Wis.,  where  he  engaged  in  a grocery 
and  commission  business.  In  1863  he  became 
associated  with  John  Plankinton  in  the  business 
of  packing  pork  and  beef.  In  1875  he  removed  to 
Chicago  and  greatly  extended  the  business.  In 
1895  his  establishment  employed  twelve  thousand 
persons,  to  whom  it  paid  in  wages  nearly  seven 
millions  of  dollars  annually.  Mr.  Armour  also 


ARMSTRONG. 


ARMSTRONG. 


owned  a number  of  grain  elevators,  and  a glue 
factory.  Two  of  liis  best  known  charities 
are  the  Armour  mission,  and  the  Armour  insti- 
tute in  Chicago,  erected  by  him  at  a cost  of 
SI. 500.000. 

ARMSTRONG,  David  Hartley,  senator,  was 
born  in  Nova  Scotia,  Oct.  21,  1812.  After  attend- 
ing the  Maine  Wesleyan  seminary,  he  went  to  St. 
Louis  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  and  there  became 
instructor  of  the  first  public  school  in  Missouri. 

In  1847  he  was  elected  comptroller  of  St.  Louis, 
filling  the  position  for  three  years,  and  subse- 
quently serving  as  vice-president  of  the  board 
of  police  commissioners.  He  was  appointed  post- 
master of  St.  Louis  in  1854.  During  the  civil 
war  his  sympathies  were  with  the  Confederacy, 
and  he  was  imprisoned  for  expressing  his  views. 

At  one  time  he  was  receiver  of  the  Missouri  Paci- 
fic railroad.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  by  the 
governor.  United  States  senator,  to  fill  the  unex- 
pired term  of  Senator  Bogy,  deceased,  serving 
until  June  27,  1879,  when  James  Shields,  who 
had  meantime  been  elected  by  the  state  legisla- 
ture, took  his  seat.  He  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
March  18,  1893. 

ARMSTRONG,  David  Maitland,  artist,  was 
born  at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  about  1837.  In  1858, 
he  was  graduated  from  Trinity  college,  Hartford ; 
and  after  studying  law  and  practising  it  a short 
time,  he  abandoned  it  for  art,  opening  a studio 
in  New  York  city.  He  went  to  Europe,  studied 
genre  and  decorative  painting  under  the  best 
teachers  in  Rome  and  Paris,  including  Luc  Oliver 
Merson.  He  held  the  office  of  United  States 
consul-general  to  Italy,  during  four  years,  and 
in  1878  was  director  of  the  American  art  depart- 
ment at  the  Paris  exposition,  receiving  at  that 
time  the  decoration  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

He  subsequently  returned  to  New  York,  where 
he  re-opened  his  studio.  He  became  a member 
of  the  society  of  American  artists  and  of  the 
Architectural  league. 

ARMSTRONG,  James,  naval  officer,  was  born 
at  Slielbyville,  Ky.,  Jan.  17,  1794.  At  the  age 
of  fifteen  he  entered  the  U.  S.  navy  as  midship- 
man on  the  sloop-of  war  “ Frolic.”  This  vessel 
was  taken  by  the  British  in  1814.  On  April  27, 
1816,  Armstrong  was  promoted  lieutenant,  and 
on  March  3,  1825,  was  made  commander.  His 
promotion  to  the  rank  of  captain  occurred  Sept. 

8,  1841,  and  in  1855  he  was  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  East  India  squadron,  and  two  years 
later  was  active  in  the  capture  of  the  Chinese 
barrier  forts  near  Canton.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  commander  of  the  Pensacola 
(Fla.)  navy  yard,  which  he  was  soon  afterwards 
compelled  to  surrender.  On  April  4.  1867,  lie  was 
placed  on  the  retired  list,  with  the  rank  of  com- 
modore, and  died  Aug.  25,  1868. 

rue] 


ARMSTRONG.  James  F.,  naval  officer,  was 
born  at  Salem,  N.  J..  Nov.  20,  1817.  He  joined 
the  U.  S.  navy  March  7,  1832,  as  midshipman, 
and  was  assigned  to  the  frigate  Delaware,  where 
he  served  with  ability  for  four  years,  being  trans- 
ferred to  the  Boston  in  1837,  and  winning  pro- 
motion to  passed  midshipman  the  following  year. 
He  was  made  lieutenant  Dec.  8.  1842.  and  on 
June  8,  1861,  was  promoted  commander,  serving 
in  this  capacity  on  the  steamship  Sumpter  of  the 
blockading  squadron.  Fort  Macon  was  taken 
in  the  spring  of  the  following  year,  Armstrong 
taking  an  active  part.  On  April  4,  1867,  he  was 
made  captain,  on  the  retired  list.  He  was  again 
on  the  active  list,  serving  from  Sept.  27,  1871, 
until  Sept.  2.  1872,  when  he  was  again  retired. 
He  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  April  19,  1873. 

ARMSTRONG,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1725.  On  immigrating  to  America  he 
made  Pennsylvania  his  home,  and  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war  distinguished  himself  as  a brave 
and  efficient  soldier.  His  first  expedition  was  in 
1756,  when  he  led  a company  successfully  against 
the  Kittaning  Indians.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Revolutionary  war  in  1776,  he  was  made  a 
brigadier-general  of  the  Continental  army,  taking 
part  in  the  defence  of  Fort  Moultrie,  and  com- 
manding a brigade  at  Brandywine  and  German- 
town. In  1777  he  left  the  army  on  a question  of 
rank,  and  in  1778  was  a delegate  to  the  Conti- 
nental Congress.  He  was  again  made  a delegate 
in  1787.  He  died  at  Carlisle.  Pa..  March  9.  1795. 

ARMSTRONG,  John,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  Nov.  25,  1758,  son  of  John  Arm- 
strong. officer  in  the  Continental  army.  When 
he  was  sixteen  years  old.  and  pursuing  his  studies 
at  Princeton  college,  he  enlisted  in  Colonel  Potter’s 
Pennsylvania  regiment.  He  was  aid-de-camp  to 
Gen.  Hugh  Mercer,  at  the  battle  of  Princeton, 
and  on  the  death  of  that  general  was  made  aid- 
de-camp  on  the  staff  of  General  Gates,  and  re- 
mained with  him  until  the  close  of  the  campaign 
against  Burgoyne,  which  ended  at  Saratoga.  He 
was  then  made  adjutant-general  of  the  south- 
ern army  under  General  Gates.  On  Gates 
being  superseded  by  General  Greene.  Armstrong 
was  made  major  and  continued  on  his  staff. 
In  1783  Armstrong  wrote  the  celebrated  “ New- 
burg Letters,”  which  were  circulated  anony- 
mously among  the  officers  of  Gates’s  command, 
then  stationed  at  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  waiting  dis- 
missal, and  in  distress  for  their  arrears  of  pay. 
The  letters  were  forceful,  clear,  and  remark- 
ably well  written:  their  object  being,  as  Arm- 
strong afterwards  declared.  “to  do  justice  to  an 
ill-used  and  long-suffering  soldiery.”  Washing- 
ton appeared  at  the  second  meeting  called  for  by 
these  letters  and  denounced  their  author  as  one 
who  had  less  at  heart  the  good  of  his  country  than 


ARMSTRONG. 


ARMSTRONG. 


of  himself.  On  his  return  to  his  native  state  after 
the  close  of  the  war,  Armstrong  was  chosen  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  also  adjutant-general  of  Penn- 
sylvania, then  governed  by  a president.  He  held 
office  through  the  administrations  of  Presidents 
Dickinson  and  Benjamin  Franklin.  In  1787  he 
was  elected  delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress, 
but  after  finishing  his  term  he  for  a time  took  no 
part  in  politics.  In  1789  he  married  Alida,  the 
youngest  sister  of  Robert  R.  Livingston,  chancel- 
lor of  New  York,  and  at  once  removed  to  that 
state,  taking  up  his  residence  near  the  Livingston 
manor  in  Dutchess  county  and  devoting  his  at- 
tention to  agriculture.  In  1799  he  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  senate  as  successor  to  John 
Laurance,  who  had  resigned.  In  1801  he  resigned 
and  was  succeeded  by  De  Witt  Clinton,  who  re- 
signed in  1803,  and  Armstrong  again  took  the 
seat,  but  resigned  the  nest  year.  In  1804  Robert 
R.  Livingston,  who  was  then  minister  to  France, 
resigned,  and  Armstrong  succeeded  him  in  the  em- 
bassy. He  held  the  office  six  years,  and  from 
1806  he  also  acted  as  minister  to  Spain. 

On  July  6,  1812,  he  was  made  brigadier-general, 
and  was  placed  in  command  of  New  York  city 
and  its  defences.  At  the  beginning  of  Madison’s 
second  term,  in  1813,  he  was  appointed  to  his 
cabinet  as  secretary  of  war.  Henry  Adams  said 
of  him,  “Whatever  were  Armstrong’s  faults,  he 
was  the  strongest  secretary  of  war  the  govern- 
ment has  yet  seen.”  It  has  been  said  that  the 
energy  he  infused  into  the  regular  army  lasted 
for  half  a century.  In  1813  the  Canadian  ex- 
pedition failed,  and  three  months  later  the 
British  fired  and  sacked  Washington  city.  These 
two  disasters  were  laid  at  the  door  of  the  secre- 
tary of  war,  and  he  was  censured,  chiefly  through 
the  instigation  of  Monroe,  who  influenced  the 
President  to  demand  Armstrong’s  resignation, 
and  Monroe  succeeded  him,  taking  his  portfolio 
Sept.  27,  1814.  Armstrong  went  to  Frederick,  Md., 
and  later  to  his  farm  at  Red  Hook,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  spent  his  remaining  years  in  literary  work. 
His  publications  include:  “Letters  of  Verus,  ad- 
dressed to  the  Native  American”  (1797);  “A 
Biographical  Sketch  of  the  Late  Robert  R.  Liv- 
ingston” (1820);  “Notices  of  the  War  of  1812” 

(2  vols.,  1836),  and  several  reviews  and  treatises. 

He  also  contributed  to  Jared  Sparks’s  “ American 
Biography  ” the  lives  of  Anthony  Wayne  and 
Richard  Montgomery,  and  had  completed  a mil- 
itary history  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  the  manu- 
scripts of  which  were  destroyed  by  fire.  He 
died  at  Red  Hook,  N.  Y..  April  1, 1843. 

ARMSTRONG,  Moses  K.,  representative,  was 
born  at  Milan,  O.,  Sept.  19,  1832.  He  received 
his  education  at  Huron  institute  and  Western 
reserve  college,  0.,  and  removed  to  Minnesota  in 
1856,  where  he  was  elected  surveyor  of  Mower 

rmj 


county,  and  in  1858  was  appointed  surveyor  of 
United  States  lands.  On  the  admission  of  Min- 
nesota as  a state  he  removed  to  Yankton  on  the 
Missouri  river,  and  on  the  organization  of  Dakota 
in  1861  was  elected  to  the  legislature  of  the  terri- 
tory, being  re-elected  in  1862  and  1863,  serving  as 
speaker  during  the  last  year.  In  1864  he  was 
editor  of  the  Dakota  Union.  He  was  also  terri- 
torial treasurer,  clerk  of  the  supreme  court  in 
1865,  a member  of  the  territorial  senate  1866,  and 
in  1867  president  of  that  body.  In  1872  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  first  national  bank  of  the 
territory.  He  was  a representative  from  his  dis- 
trict in  the  42d  and  43d  congresses,  and  was  also 
employed  by  the  United  States  government  in 
locating  the  boundary  lines  and  making  surveys 
in  Southern  Dakota,  and  the  Northern  Red  river 
valley,  and  was  secretary  of  the  peace  commission 
sent  to  the  Sioux  Indians. 

ARMSTRONG,  Richard,  missionary,  was  born 
in  Northumberland  county,  Pa.,  Sept.  19,  1805. 
He  was  graduated  from  Dickinson  college  and 
Princeton  theological  seminary,  and  went  to  the 
Sandwich  Islands  in  1832  as  a missionary.  He 
served  the  missions  at  Nukahiva  and  Walluka, 
and  in  1840  succeeded  Hiram  Bingham  at  Hono- 
lulu. He  attained  not  a little  distinction,  and 
was  chosen  minister  of  instruction  by  the  Ha- 
waiian government.  He  was  also  appointed  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  education,  and  later  he  acted 
as  privy  councillor.  He  died  suddenly,  from  acci- 
dent. in  Honolulu,  Sept.  23,  1860. 

ARMSTRONG,  Robert,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Loudon,  Tenn.,  Sept.  17,  1790.  He  rendered  emi- 
nent service  in  the  Creek  war  of  1813-T4,  as  cap- 
tain of  Tennessee  artillery  under  Jackson.  He 
sustained  a severe  wound  at  the  battle  of  Talla- 
dega, Ala.,  Jan.  24,  1814,  and  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  for  his  distinguished  gallantry 
at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans.  In  1836  he  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Wahoo,  commanding  the 
Tennessee  cavalry  volunteers.  At  the  close  of 
his  military  service  he  was  made  postmaster  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  by  President  Jackson,  holding 
the  office  from  1829  to  1845.  From  1845  to  1852 
he  was  United  States  consul  to  Liverpool,  Eng., 
under  appointment  by  President  Polk,  and  on  his 
return  to  the  United  States  in  1852  he  founded 
and  edited  the  Washington  Union.  He  was  always 
on  the  most  confidential  terms  with  President 
Polk,  and  was  bequeathed  a sword  by  President 
Jackson.  He  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  23, 
1854. 

ARMSTRONG,  Samuel  Chapman,  educator, 
was  born  at  Wailuku,  Island  of  Maui,  Hawaii, 
Jan.  30,  1839,  son  of  Richard  and  Clarissa  (Chap- 
man) Armstrong,  who  were  among  the  first  mis- 
sionaries to  that  group  of  islands.  Shortly  after 
Samuel’s  birth  his  father  was  appointed  minister 


ARMSTRONG. 


ARNOLD. 


of  public  instruction  under  the  government,  in 
which  position  he  had  charge  of  the  entire  school 
system,  and  controlled  the  educational  facilities 
of  a population  of  65,000  people.  Samuel  was 
trained  in  this  atmos- 
phere till  his  father’s 
death  in  1860,  when  he 
removed  to  the  United 
States,  entered  Wil- 
liam’s college,  Wil- 
liamstown,  Mass.,  and 
was  graduated  in  1862. 
He  then  volunteered  in 
the  Union  army,  raised 
a company  of  infantry 
in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and 
went  to  the  field  as 
captain  of  the  125th 
N.  Y.  volunteers.  He 
was  captured  at  Har- 
per’s Ferry,  exchanged 
in  three  months,  attached  to  the  army  of  the 
Potomac,  and  received  the  famous  charge  of 
Pickett’s  cordons  on  the  third  day  at  Gettys- 
burg. He  was  promoted  major  in  July,  1863,  and 
appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  9th  U.  S. 
colored  infantry,  subsequently  being  promoted 
colonel  and  transferred  to  the  8th  U.  S.  colored 
troops  composed  of  northern  negroes.  With  a 
division  of  the  24th  army  corps  he  followed  the 
Confederates  under  Lee  to  the  surrender  at 
Appomattox,  after  which,  at  the  request  of 
General  Birney,  he  was  promoted  brevet  briga- 
dier-general, and  ordered  to  garrison  duty  on 
the  Rio  Grande  frontier,  Texas.  Four  months 
later  he  was  mustered  out  of  the  service,  but 
was  almost  immediately  employed  by  General 
Howard  of  the  Freedman’s  bureau,  to  settle  the 
race  troubles  that  had  sprung  up  at  Hampton, 
Va.,  between  refugee  negroes  and  returned  Con- 
federate families.  He  was  put  in  charge  of  the 
work  of  the  bureau  at  that  point,  with  the  super- 
vision of  ten  counties  in  eastern  Virginia.  While 
so  engaged  he  planned  the  establishment  of  a 
thorough  educational  system  in  that  locality, 
which  was  adopted  by  the  American  missionary 
association,  and  in  1868  the  Hampton  normal  and 
agricultural  institute  for  negroes  was  opened,  with 
General  Armstrong  as  principal.  Afterwards  his 
life  was  wholly  identified  with  that  of  this 
humane  enterprise,  of  which  he  was  really  the 
founder.  His  successful  management  was  com- 
plimented by  the  government  in  1878,  when  he 
was  urged  to  admit  a number  of  Indian  children, 
although  such  a feature  had  not  been  contem- 
plated in  the  original  plan  of  the  school,  which  at 
the  time  of  his  death  numbered  nearly  eight  hun- 
dred pupils, — about  two  hundred  Indians  and  six 
hundred  negroes.  He  died  May  11,  1893. 


ARMSTRONG,  Samuel  T.,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  in  that  state  in  1784.  When  a 
young  man  he  went  into  business  as  a bookseller 
in  Boston,  where  he  met  with  great  success  and 
became  influential  in  public  matters.  Buchanan’s 
“Researches  in  Asia”  and  Scott’s  “ Commentary 
on  the  Bible”  were  both  published  by  him.  and 
though  the  expense  was  large  for  the  time  the 
books  proved  profitable.  He  held  the  ortices  of 
mayor  of  Boston  and  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  acting  as  governor  during  the 
unexpired  term  of  John  Davis.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  American  board  of  commissioners 
for  foreign  missions.  He  died  March  26,  1850. 

ARNOLD,  ABRAHAM  B.,  physician,  was 
born  at  Jebenhausen,  Wurtemburg,  Feb.  4,  1820. 
He  came  to  America  when  fourteen  years  of  age, 
and  entered  the  college  at  Mercersburg,  Pa., 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1838.  He  then 
studied  medicine  in  New  York  city,  attending  at 
the  same  time  the  lectures  of  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  university  of  Pennsylvania.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  medical  department  of 
the  Washington  university  at  Baltimore  in  1848. 
He  then  established  himself  in  practice  in  Balti- 
more, and  in  1872  was  elected  professor  of  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  medical 
department  of  Washington  university,  and  when 
this  school  was  consolidated  with  the  college 
of  physicians  and  surgeons  in  1877  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  clinical  medicine,  and 
diseases  of  the  nervous  system.  In  1877  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  medical  and  chirurgieal 
faculty  of  Maryland.  He  was  a delegate  to  the 
medical  congress  held  at  Philadelphia  in  1876. 
and  also  a member  of  the  American  medical 
association. 

ARNOLD,  Albert  Nicholas,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Cranston,  R.  1.,  Feb.  12,  1814.  He  was 
graduated  from  Brown  university  in  1838  with 
the  degree  of  A.  M.,  and  at  the  Newton  theologi- 
cal institution  1841 . He  had  pastoral  charge  of 
the  First  Baptist  church  at  Newburyport,  Mass., 
from  1841  to  1843.  From  1844  to  1855  he  was 
employed  in  missionary  work  in  Greece,  and  dur- 
ing 1856-1857  filled  the  chair  of  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory at  the  Newton  theological  seminary.  In 
1858  he  accepted  a call  to  Westboro,  Mass.,  where 
he  remained  until  1864,  resigning  to  beconfe  pro- 
fessor of  Biblical  criticism  and  pastoral  theology 
at  the  Hamilton  literary  and  theological  institu- 
tion. He  held  the  chair  of  New  Testament  Greek 
at  the  Baptist  theological  seminary,  Chicago, 
from  1869  to  1873.  In  1875  he  was  made  trustee 
of  Brown  university.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  university  of  Roch- 
ester in  1860.  He  wrote  “Prerequisites  to  Com- 
munion” (1860);  and  “One  Woman’s  Mission  ” 
(1871).  He  died  in  Cranston,  R.  I.,  Oct.  11.  1883. 
[US] 


ARNOLD. 


ARNOLD, 


ARNOLD,  Benedict,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
was  born  in  England,  Dec.  21,  1615.  He  came  to 
America  and  settled  in  Providence  some  time 
previous  to  1636.  In  1637  was  one  of  the  original 
thirteen  heads  of  families  who  signed  the  agree- 
ment for  majority  rule.  He  made  a study  of  the 


OLD  MILL  AT  NEWPORT. 

Indian  languages,  which  enabled  him  to  conduct 
negotiations  with  the  savages,  and  in  1645  he  was 
appointed  as  emissary  for  that  purpose.  In  1654 
he  was  made  assistant  for  Newport,  to  which 
town  he  had  removed  the  previous  year,  and  in 
1657  he  purchased  with  Coddington  the  island  of 
Quondnoquat,  afterwards  Jamestown.  In  that 
same  year  he  was  elected  president  of  Rhode 
Island,  to  succeed  Roger  Williams,  who  had 
resigned.  In  1660  he  was  made  assistant,  and  in 
1662  was  re-elected  to  the  presidency.  The  fol- 
lowing year  the  royal  charter  was  issued,  under 
which  he  was  made  first  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  and  to  this  office  he  was  four  times 
re-elected.  His  efforts  secured  the  re-establish- 
ment of  friendly  relations  and  final  union 
between  Rhode  Island  and  her  sister  colony . the 
Providence  plantations.  He  died  June  20,  1678. 

ARNOLD,  Benedict,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  Jan.  14,  1741;  son  of  Benedict 
and  Hannah  (Waterman)  Arnold;  grandson  of 
Benedict  Arnold,  who  was  a member  of  the 
assembly  in  1695;  great-grandson  of  the  Benedict 
Arnold  who  succeeded  Roger  Williams  as  presi- 
dent of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island  under  its 
first  charter,  1663-1666,  and  who  was  governor 
under  the  second  charter,  1669-1672,  1677-1678; 
and  great-great-grandson  of  William  Arnold,  who 
came  from  Leamington,  Warwickshire  Eng.,  to 
Providence,  in  1636.  His  father  did  business 
as  a cooper,  owned  vessels  which  were  engaged 
in  the  West  India  and  coasting  trade,  and  filled 
the  various  local  offices  of  town  surveyor,  collec- 
tor, assessor,  and  selectman.  His  mother  was  a 
woman  of  exemplary  piety  and  dignity  of  charac- 
ter. Benedict  as  a boy  was  high-spirited,  daring 


and  reckless,  the  leader  of  his  companions  in  all 
their  boyish  escapades,  generous  and  courageous, 
always  giving  his  protection  to  those  smaller  and 
weaker  than  himself.  He  received  a good  educa- 
tion at  private  classical  schools,  and  was  then 
apprenticed  to  the  Doctors  Lathrop,  connections 
of  his  mother.  These  physicians  did  business  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  as  druggists,  importing  their 
drugs  and  supplying  the  medical  stores  for  the 
British  army  during  the  French  war.  From  this 
employ  he  ran  away  at  the  age  of  fifteen  to  join 
the  provincial  troops  on  the  Northern  border. 
Rough  experience  soon  dispelled  his  romantic 
ideas  of  the  charm  of  a soldier’s  life,  and  he  re- 
turned to  Norwich,  where  he  remained  until  1762, 
when  with  the  generous  assistance  of  his  em- 
ployers he  established  a book  and  drug  business 
at  New  Haven,  in  which  he  was  very  successful. 
The  sign  which  he  used  at  this  shop  is  in  the 
possession  of  the  Connecticut  historical  society. 
In  business  he  was  energetic  and  ambitious,  and 
soon  extended  his  operations,  engaging  in  trade 
with  the  West  Indies,  owning  vessels,  which  lie 
sometimes  navigated  himself,  and  making  fre- 
quent visits  to  Quebec  and  other  parts  of  Canada, 
whence  he  shipped  horses  and  cattle  to  the  West 
Indies.  In  these  various  ventures  he  amassed  a 
considerable  fortune.  In  1767  he  married  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Samuel  Mansfield,  high  sheriff 
of  the  county.  By  this  lady,  who  died  June  19, 
1775,  he  had  three  sons.  He  was  absent  in  the 
West  Indies  at  the  time  of  the  Boston  massacre 
in  1770,  and  thus 
wrote  home  regard- 
ing it:  “Good  God! 
are  the  Americans 
all  asleep,  and  tamely 
yielding  up  their 
liberties  ? or  are  they 
all  turned  philoso- 
phers, that  they  do 
not  take  immediate 
vengeance  on  such 
miscreants  ? ” On  his 
return  to  New  Haven, 
where  he  was  very 
popular,  he  was  yj 

elected  captain  of  the  "j'*shrt(ruC‘ 
governor  s guard,  an  independent  military  com- 
pany composed  of  the  most  ardent  and  zealous 
young  men  of  the  city.  When  the  news  of  the 
battle  of  Lexington  reached  New  Haven,  Arnold, 
addressing  his  company  and  fellow  townsmen, 
called  for  volunteers  to  go  with  him  to  Boston, 
and,  obtaining  ammunition  from  the  selectmen 
by  threats,  at  the  head  of  a well-drilled  company 
of  sixty  he  marched  to  Cambridge.  His  first  act 
was  to  propose  to  the  committee  of  public  safety 
an  expedition  to  capture  Ticonderoga  and  Crown 


[119] 


ARNOLD. 


ARNOLD. 


Point,  the  keys  to  New  York  and  Canada.  He 
was  immediately  commissioned  as  colonel,  sup- 
plied with  money  and  other  accessories,  and 
authorized  to  raise  four  hundred  men  in  western 
Massachusetts  for  the  service. 

Learning  that  another  expedition  had  already 
started  forward  on  the  same  errand,  he  left  offi- 
cers to  raise  the  troops,  and,  overtaking  Col. 
Ethan  Allen’s  expedition,  claimed  the  command 
to  which  he  was  entitled  by  his  commission.  The 
volunteers  refused  to  serve  except  under  their 
own  leader,  and  Arnold  was  forced  to  cede  the 
point  and  accompany  the  “Green  Mountain  Boys” 
as  a volunteer.  He  rode  with  Allen,  and  on 
the  10th  of  May  with  eighty -three  men  they 
took  Ticonderoga.  On  the  14th  a detachment  of 
fifty  of  the  men  enlisted  for  Arnold’s  command 
arrived,  and  brought  with  them  a schooner, 
which  they  had  captured  at  Skenesborough.  Ar- 
nold immediately  armed  this  vessel,  sailed  down 
the  lake,  and  captured  St.  John’s  fort ; also  a 
sloop,  a number  of  bateaux,  and  some  valuable 
stores.  He  constructed  boats  to  convey  the  cap- 
tured guns  and  stores  from  the  fort  to  Cambridge, 
vigorously  provided  against  an  expected  attack 
of  the  British,  and  was  otherwise  active  and  effi 
cient.  But  his  enemies  misrepresented  him  to  the 
Massachusetts  legislature,  which  sent  a commis- 
sion of  inquiry  into  his  conduct,  and  ordered  that 
he  should  be  made  subordinate  to  Colonel  Hinman, 
sent  from  Connecticut.  Arnold  immediately  re- 
signed his  commission,  discharged  his  men,  and 
returned  to  Cambridge  in  July,  1775.  Here  he 
met  Washington,  whose  confidence  and  friend- 
ship he  enjoyed.  To  Washington  he  proposed 
sending  troops  by  way  of  the  Kennebec  and  the 
untrodden  wilds  of  Maine,  to  co-operate  with  Gen- 
eral Schuyler,  who  was  then  maturing  his  plans 
for  the  surprise  and  capture  of  Quebec.  Wash- 
ington thought  well  of  the  enterprise  and  selected 
Arnold  for  its  promotion,  who  left  Cambridge 
with  1,100  men  Sept.  11,  1775.  Arnold  showed 
admirable  capacity  as  a leader ; liis  personal  mag- 
netism and  power  of  inspiring  men  with  enthusi- 
asm was  exhibited  to  an  extraordinary  degree 
in  this  terrible  march  through  the  wilderness. 
An  officer  in  his  command  thus  wrote  of  him : 
“Our  commander  is  a gentleman  worthy  of  the 
trust  reposed  in  him;  a man,  I believe,  of  invinc- 
ible courage,  of  great  prudence;  ever  serene,  he 
defies  the  greatest  danger  to  affect  him  or  diffi- 
culties to  alter  his  temper;  in  fine,  you  will  ever 
find  him  the  intrepid  hero  and  the  unruffled 
Christian.”  After  a two  months’  march,  in  which 
almost  incredible  hardships  were  endured,  he 
arrived  opposite  Quebec,  with  a half-starved  rem- 
nant of  his  army,  a third  of  which  had  returned 
to  Cambridge  with  Enos.  Nothing  daunted,  lie 
crossed  the  closely-guarded  river  by  stealth,  and 


climbed  the  difficult  path  to  the  plains  of  Abraham. 
His  force  was  not  sufficient  to  storm  the  city,  and 
as  he  could  not  entice  the  garrison  to  make  a 
sortie,  he  was  obliged  to  await  the  coming  of  Gen- 
eral Montgomery,  immediately  on  whose  arrival 
with  a small  corps  the  attack  on  Quebec  was  made, 
Dec.  31,  1775.  Montgomery  was  killed  at  the 
first  fire,  Arnold  was  seriously  wounded  and 
forced  to  retreat.  General  Schuyler,  in  writing  to 
Washington  of  the  event,  says:  “Colonel  Arnold 
has  great  merit.  It  has  been  peculiarly  unfortu- 
nate that  one-third  of  his  troops  left  him.  If  the 
whole  had  been  with  him  when  he  arrived  at  Que- 
bec he  would  probably  have  had  the  sole  honor 
of  giving  that  important  place  to  America.” 

Arnold  was  promoted  by  Congress  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general,  and  maintained  the  blockade  of 
Quebec  till  the  following  spring,  when  he  was  re- 
lieved by  General  Wooster  and  given  command 
at  Montreal.  The  Americans,  having  driven  from 
Canada  the  British,  determined  to  obtain  the 
supremacy  of  Lake  Champlain.  Arnold,  who  had 
effected  a conjunction  with  Gates  at  Ticonderoga, 
was  chosen  to  superintend  the  construction  of  a 
fleet  to  aid  their  designs,  and  in  the  encounter 
which  took  place  between  his  fleet  and  that  of  Sir 
Guy  Carleton  near  the  island  of  Valcour,  Oct.  11, 
1776,  his  bravery  and  resolute  resistance  alone 
prevented  the  surrender  of  the  defeated  Ameri- 
cans to  the  British,  whom  he  held  at  bay  until 
night,  when  they  withdrew.  The  way  of  escape 
for  the  Americans  lay  through  the  British  lines, 
and  the  intrepid  Arnold  determined  to  hazard  the 
attempt.  The  crippled  ships,  under  cover  of  a 
heavy  mist,  passed  the  hostile  lines  in  safety  and 
reached  Schuyler’s  island,  some  twelve  miles 
away,  where  they  were  compelled  to  lay-to  for  re- 
pairs. Here  they  were  overtaken  by  the  Brit- 
ish. Arnold  in  the  Congress  engaged  the  entire 
force  of  the  enemy,  until  his  other  vessels  escaped, 
when  he  ran  his  ship  ashore,  burned  her,  and 
avoiding  an  Indian  ambuscade  by  taking  an  un- 
usual route,  reached  Crown  Point  in  safety.  It 
was  the  obstinate  resistance  of  Arnold  at  this  time 
which  discouraged  Carleton,  and  caused  him  to 
retire  into  winter  quarters  at  Montreal,  thus 
making  it  possible  for  three  thousand  men  to  be 
detached  from  the  northern  army  and  sent  to  the 
assistance  of  Washington,  which  enabled  him  to 
strike  his  weighty  blows  at  Trenton  and  at  Prince- 
ton. 

Feb.  19,  1777,  Congress  appointed  five  major- 
generals,  all  of  whom  were  Arnold’s  juniors,  and 
none  of  whom  had  rendered  any  conspicuous  ser- 
vice to  the  country.  In  view  of  Arnold’s  dis- 
tinguished services  this  was  an  almost  incred- 
ible slight,  but  Arnold,  in  this  more  patriotic 
and  magnanimous  than  some  of  his  fellow 
officers  did  not  resign,  saying,  “ Every  personal 


ARNOLD. 


ARNOLD. 


injury  shall  be  buried  in  my  zeal  for  the 
safety  and  happiness  of  my  country,  in  whose 
cause  I have  repeatedly  fought  and  bled,  and 
am  ready  at  all  times  to  risk  my  life.”  In  April, 
1777„  Tryon  invaded  Connecticut  with  two  thou- 
sand troops.  Arnold,  who  was  visiting  his  family 
at  New  Haven,  joined  Generals  Wooster  and 
Silliman  at  Reading,  and  the  following  day 
marched  to  Ridgefield  with  four  hundred  men. 
More  than  a hundred  volunteers  flocked  to  the 
standard  of  this  favorite  commander,  who  threw 
up  barricades,  and  with  a force  of  five  hundred 
offered  gallant  resistance  to  the  British,  who 
numbered  two  thousand.  His  horse  fell,  pierced 
by  nine  balls,  and  while  entangled  in  the  stirrups 
a soldier  with  fixed  bayonet  rushed  up  to  him 
and  cried,  “Surrender;  you  are  my  prisoner!” 
“Not  yet,”  said  Arnold,  and  drawing  a pistol  shot 
him  dead.  Obtaining  another  horse,  he  rallied 
the  scattered  militia  and  followed  the  retreating 
enemy,  they  being  enabled  to  reach  their  ship 
only  after  a strong  party  of  marines  came  to 
their  aid.  Arnold’s  second  horse  was  shot,  and 
a bullet  passed  through  his  own  collar.  Congress 
could  no  longer  withhold  his  promotion,  and  the 
new  major-general  was  presented  by  that  body 
with  a horse  “ properly  caparisoned,”  but  his  rela- 
tive rank  was  not  restored.  General  Washington 
offered  him  a command  on  the  Hudson,  which  he 
declined,  obtaining  leave  to  go  to  Philadelphia 
and  ask  Congress  for  the  restoration  of  his  rank, 
and  to  vindicate  himself  from  counter  charges 
made  against  him  by  certain  officers  whom  he 
had  impeached  for  misconduct  and  neglect  of 
duty.  The  matter  was  referred  to  the  board  of 
war.  which  exonerated  him  from  these  charges, 
declaring  that  his  character  had  been  ‘ ‘ cruelly  and 
groundlessly  aspersed,”  and  Congress  confirmed 
its  decision,  but  still  did  not  restore  his  rank. 
Arnold  sent  in  his  resignation,  declaring  his  love 
for  his  country  and  his  readiness  to  die  in  her  ser- 
vice, but  adding:  “Honor  is  a sacrifice  no  man 
ought  to  make;  as  I received,  so  I wish  to  trans- 
mit it  to  posterity.”  He  rescinded  his  resigna- 
tion on  learning  of  threatened  danger  from  Bur- 
goyne’s  advance,  and  again  took  to  the  field  to 
“ do  his  duty  faithfully  in  the  rank  he  then  held, 
and  trust  to  the  justice  of  his  claims  for  a future 
reparation.”  He  joined  General  Schuyler  at  Fort 
Edward.  A division  of  the  army  was  effected, 
and  Arnold  took  command  of  one  wing  and  pre- 
pared to  move  his  forces  down  the  Hudson,  when 
news  came  to  him  that  in  spite  of  Washington’s 
letters  in  his  behalf  and  of  his  brilliant  record  of 
service,  the  question  of  his  rank  had  been  decided 
in  Congress  against  him.  Mortified  and  wounded, 
the  proud  soldier  refrained  from  resigning  by 
the  persuasion  of  General  Schuyler,  who  appealed 
to  him  on  the  ground  of  the  “absolute  necessity 


1121 J 


of  his  services.”  He  led  an  expedition  to  relieve 
Fort  Stanwix,  then  besieged  by  a force  of  British 
and  Indians  under  St.  Leger,  accomplished  his 
purpose  by  means  of  a brilliant  stratagem,  drove 
St.  Leger  back  to  the  Lakes  and  raised  the  siege 
of  Fort  Stanwix.  Schuyler  was  superseded  by 
Gates,  and  on  Sept.  19  occurred  the  first  battle  of 
Bemis  Heights,  in  which  Arnold  commanded  the 
left  wing  of  the  army,  and  rendered  signal  service 
in  preventing  Burgoyne  from  marching  into 
Albany  a victor.  Differences  arose  at  this  time 
between  Arnold  and  General  Gates,  and  Arnold 
was  deprived  of  his  command  at  the  second  battle 
of  Bemis  Heights;  nevertheless  he  rushed  into 
the  midst  of  the  battle  and  led  the  Americans  to 
victory,  while  Gates  stayed  within  his  tent. 
Arnold  -was  shot  in  the  thigh,  being  the  only  com- 
missioned officer  who  received  a wound.  Con- 
gress sent  him  a vote  of  thanks,  and  restored  him 
to  his  rank  above  the  five  major-generals,  who 
had  been  appointed  over  him.  His  wound  still 
rendering  him  incapable  of  active  field  service,  he 
was  assigned  to  the  command  of  Philadelphia, 
where  he  had  his  headquarters  in  the  Penn  House. 
A pleasing  trait  of  Arnold’s  character  was  ex- 
hibited at  this  time  in  his  disinterested  kindness 
and  generosity  to  the  children  of  his  friend, 
General  Warren,  whose  death  at  Bunker  Hill  had 
left  them  destitute.  Arnold  contributed  liberally 
to  their  support  until  he  had  induced  Congress  to 
provide  a proper  maintenance  for  them.  In 
March,  1779,  he  purchased  “Mount  Pleasant,  ” a 
beautiful  residence  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill, and  in  1779  married  Peggy,  daughter  of  Chief 
Justice  Shippen,  and  by  this  marriage  came  into 
close  connection  with  several  distinguished  Tory 
families.  Early  in  his  command  at  Philadelphia, 
Arnold’s  duty  compelled  him  to  execute  an  arbi- 
trary and  very  unpopular  military  order,  which 
made  him  the  object  of  personal  hostility.  He 
became  involved  in  controversies  with  President 
Reed  and  the  Pennsylvania  authorities.  Charges 
were  made  against  him  and  investigated  by  a 
committee  of  Congress,  and  on  all  those  relating 
to  his  honesty  he  was  acquitted ; but  two  trivial 
charges  of  ignoring  red-tape  formalities  were 
proved ; the  committee,  however,  disregarding 
these,  recommended  a verdict  of  unqualified  ac- 
quittal. His  enemies  still  pursued  the  matter, 
and  a trial  by  court-martial  was  then  ordered,  and 
Arnold  was  sentenced  to  a reprimand  from  Wash- 
ington. Washington  discharged  this  unpleasant 
duty  with  all  possible  consideration,  and  accom- 
panied his  very  mild  reprimand  with  assurances 
of  his  continued  esteem  and  favor;  but  no  kind- 
ness of  commander  or  friend  could  lessen  the 
sting  of  a reprimand,  which  Arnold  felt  to  be 
wholly  undeserved.  He  spoke  intemperately  and 
bitterly  against  Congress;  and  the  loyalists,  eager 


ARNOLD. 


ARNOLD. 


to  win  so  distinguished  a soldier  and  patriot  to  . 
their  views,  soothed  him  with  their  sympathy 
when  his  proud  and  haughty  spirit  smarted  under 
the  stinging  recollection  of  the  wrongs  lie  had 
suffered  at  the  hands  of  his  ungrateful  compa- 
triots. Things  were  very  dark  and  disheartening 
for  the  Revolutionist  cause  at  that  time.  The 
army  was  unpaid,  clad  in  rags,  half  starved  ; there 
was  no  money  in  the  treasury,  and  Congress  and 
the  states  were  divided  by  factions. 

Washington  wrote  May  28,  1780,  that  he  had 
“almost  ceased  to  hope.”  This  was  the  time 
chosen  by  the  British  emissaries  and  Tories  to 
allure  Arnold  into  the  belief  that  his  defection 
from  the  patriotic  cause  would  be  the  means  of 
bringing  peace  to  his  country,  and  that  a recon- 
ciliation with  the  parent  country  would  effect 
all,  and  more  than  all,  that  the  Americans  could 
hope  to  gain  by  continued  resistance.  On  the 
31st  day  of  July,  1780,  Arnold  on  his  way  to 
Philadelphia  from  Connecticut,  visited  Washing- 
ton in  his  camp,  and  was  tendered  the  command 
of  the  left  wing  of  the  army,  which  honor  he 
declined  on  the  plea  that  his  wounds  still  ren- 
dered him  incapable  of  active  service  in  the  field. 
He  then  asked  for  the  command  at  West  Point, 
which  was  given  him,  and  he  was  soon  estab- 
lished in  his  headquarters  at  Beverly,  formerly 
the  residence  of  Beverly  Robinson,  one  of  the 
instruments  of  his  seduction.  Here  he  continued 
his  treasonable  correspondence  with  the  agents 
of  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  on  the  21st  of  Septem- 
ber met  Adjutant- General  Andrd  near  Stony 
Point,  where  they  made  arrangements  for  the 
surrender  of  West  Point.  Plans  of  the  works, 
number  of  troops  and  armament  were  furnished 
by  Arnold,  who  gave  to  the  English  officer  also 
a horse  and  a passport.  Andrd  was  captured  as 
he  was  returning  to  New  York  after  the  inter- 
view, and  the  treasonable  papers  concealed  in  his 
boots  revealed  the  whole  plot.  Arnold,  hearing 
by  a mere  chance  of  Andre’s  capture,  fled  to  New 
York,  where  he  was  protected  by  the  British. 
He  was  appointed  to  a brigadier-generalship  in 
the  English  army,  and  later  issued  “ An  Address 
to  the  Inhabitants  of  America.”  He  offered  him- 
self in  exchange  for  the  captured  Andre,  but  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  would  not  permit  the  exchange. 
Rewards  were  offered  for  his  capture,  and  an 
attempt  to  kidnap  him,  planned  by  General 
Washington  and  Major  Lee,  was  frustrated  by  an 
accident  . In  1781  Arnold  was  sent  by  his  new  com- 
mander to  conduct  a raiding  party  into  Virginia 
and  later  in  the  same  year  to  make  an  attack  on 
New  London.  Rewards  being  offered  for  his  cap- 
ture. his  lifewas  constantly  in  danger,  and  in  De- 
cember he  was  sent  to  England  to  confer  until  the 
ministers  upon  the  conduct  of  the  war.  He  was 
accompanied  by  his  family,  and  had  for  a fellow 


voyager  Lord  Cornwallis,  who  had  been  ex- 
changed. He  was  received  with  great  favor  by 
the  king,  at  whose  request  he  prepared  an  article 
headed,  “Thoughts  on  the  American  War” 
(1782).  which  was  a carefully  considered  plan  for 
reconciliation.  Arnold  received  £1315  to  indem- 
nify him  for  loss  of  property  incurred  by  the  step 
he  had  taken,  and  Mrs.  Arnold  was  given  a pen- 
sion of  £500  per  annum  and  £100  per  annum  to 
each  of  her  children.  The  system  of  preferment 
in  the  British  army,  and  the  opposition  of  the 
Whigs,  prevented  his  employment  in  active  ser- 
vice and  he  resumed  mercantile  occupations,  and 
in  1787  removed  to  St.  John.  N.  B..  where  he 
built  ships  and  carried  on  trade  with  the  West 
Indies.  Arnold,  who  had  been  condemned  for 
his  extravagant  way  of  living  in  Philadelphia, 
and  had  followed  the  same  course  in  London, 
displayed  great  ostentation  in  St.  John,  where 
his  hauteur  and  reserve  made  him  personally  dis- 
liked. In  1791  he  returned  to  London.  General 
Arnold  rendered  great  service  to  the  British  gov- 
ernment in  the  West  Indies  in  1794-’95.  but 
appealed  in  vain  to  be  put  on  active  service  in  the 
war  between  France  and  England  in  1796.  In 
1798  the  king  granted  to  General  Arnold  and  his 
family  13.400  acres  of  land  in  Upper  Canada. 
His  four  sons  by  his  second  marriage  were  edu- 
cated at  the  Royal  military  college,  and  all 
received  commissions  in  the  British  army.  His 
life  was  written  by  Jared  Sparks,  in  volume  III. 
of  his  American  Biographies,  and  more  fully  by 
Isaac  Newton  Arnold  in  his  “ Life  of  Benedict 
Arnold,  his  Patriotism  and  his  Treason”  (Chi- 
cago. 1880).  He  died  June  14.  1801. 

ARNOLD,  George,  author,  was  born  in  New 
York  city.  June  24.  1834.  Before  he  arrived  at 
school  age  his  parents  removed  to  Illinois,  where 
he  attended  the  public  schools  until  his  fifteenth 
year:  they  then  settled  at  Strawberry  Farms. 
N.  J.  Having  a talent  for  drawing,  he  entered 
the  studio  of  a painter  in  New  York,  but  soon 
abandoned  his  purpose  of  becoming  an  artist  and 
dovoted  himself  to  literature.  His  contributions 
to  Vanity  Fair  and  the  New  York  Leader  soon 
brought  him  into  popular  favor,  and  a series  of 
articles,  entitled  the  “McArone  Papers.”  added 
to  his  reputation,  and  established  his  fame  as  a 
humorist.  His  poems  are  remarkable  for  their 
sweetness  and  delicacy  of  sentiment.  His  works 
were  collected  after  his  death  by  William  Winter, 
and  published  in  two  duodecimo  volumes.  “ The 
Jollv  Old  Pedagogue”  is  his  best -known  poem. 
He  died  Nov.  3.  1865. 

ARNOLD,  Isaac  Newton,  statesman,  was  born 
at  Hartwick.  Otsego  county,  N.  T ..  Nov.  30.  1815, 
son  of  George  W.  Arnold,  physician,  who  emi- 
grated from  Rhode  Island  in  1800  and  settled  in 
the  wilderness  of  western  New  York.  In  1835  lie 


[122] 


ARNOLD. 


ARNOLD. 


was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  the  following  year 
removed  to  the  village  of  Chicago,  111.  When 
Chicago  was  organized  as  a city,  he  was  elected 
city  clerk,  and  subsequently  held  other  municipal 
offices.  He  was  elected  to  the  Illinois  state  legis- 
lature in  1842  and  1843,  and  in  1844  was  a presi- 
dential elector.  Again  in  1850  he  was  elected  to 
the  state  legislature,  and  in  1860  represented  his 
district  in  the  37th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to 
the  38th  Congress.  He  introduced  the  bill  pro- 
hibiting slavery  in  the  territories,  and  in  Febru- 
ary, 1864,  he  offered  the  first  resolution  adopted 
by  Congress  for  an  amendment  of  the  constitu- 
tion, so  as  to  abolish  slavery.  His  most  admirable 
speech  was  that  on  the  confiscation  bill,  delivered 
before  the  house  of  representatives,  May  2,  1862. 

He  was  appointed  one  of  the  auditors  of  the  U.  S. 
Treasury  in  1865.  His  “ Life  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln and  the  Overthrow  of  Slavery,”  published  in 
1867,  is  greatly  prized  for  its  insight  into,  and  ex- 
planation of,  Lincoln’s  relation  to  the  events  of 
his  administration,  an  insight  which  is  partially 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  two  men  were  close  per- 
sonal friends.  In  1880  his  “ Life  of  Benedict  Ar- 
nold ” was  published.  Mr.  Arnold  was  a polished 
and  eloquent  speaker,  and  lectured  before  literary 
societies  in  England  and  America.  He  was  for  a 
number  of  years  president  of  the  Chicago  histori- 
cal society.  He  died  April  24,  1884. 

ARNOLD,  Lauren  Briggs,  agriculturist,  was 
born  in  Herkimer  county.  N.  Y.,  Aug.  31,  1814. 

He  received  an  academical  education  and  was 
graduated  from  Union  college  in  1843,  and  in 
1857  lie  organized  one  of  the  earliest  farmers’ 
clubs  in  western  New'  York,  and  read  to  it  his 
first  essay  on  dairying.  In  1868  he  built  a model 
cheese  factory,  where  he  had  a perfect  dairy  lab- 
oratory, which  enabled  him  to  make  several  val- 
uable discoveries  in  the  chemistry  of  cheese- 
making. In  1874,  his  health  having  failed,  he 
took  a five-acre  farm  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.  He 
lectured  upon  dairy  husbandry  at  Cornell  univer- 
sity and  before  farmers’  organizations,  and  wrote 
largely  for  the  agricultural  press.  In  1886  he 
was  sent  by  the  government  to  represent  the 
United  States  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Brit- 
ish dairy  association  in  London.  He  died  March 
8,  1888. 

ARNOLD,  Lemuel  Hastings,  governor  of 
Rhode  Island,  was  born  at  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt., 
Jan.  29,  1792,  son  of  Jonathan  Arnold,  a surgeon 
in  the  Revolutionary  war.  After  his  graduation 
from  Dartmouth  college  in  1811  he  devoted  three 
years  1,0  the  study  of  law,  going  then  to  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  where  he  practised  for  seven  years. 

In  1821  he  entered  a manufacturing  business,  in 
which  he  w-as  quite  successful.  He  represented 
Providence  in  the  general  assembly  from  1826  to 
1831,  when  he  was  elected  governor  of  Rhode 

[123J 


Island,  serving  a second  term  by  re-election. 
During  the  Dorr  rebellion  of  1842-  43  he  was  a 
member  of  the  executive  council,  and  in  1844 
he  was  elected  to  represent  his  state  in  the  29  th 
Congress,  w'here  he  served  throughout  his  term. 
He  died  June  27.  1852. 

ARNOLD,  Lewis  G.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Morristown,  N.  J.,  in  December,  1815.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837,  and  was  given 
the  rank  of  2d  lieutenant  of  artillery.  He 
served  in  the  Florida  war  in  1837-38;  in  escort- 
ing the  Cherokee  Indians  to  the  west  in  1838; 
and  on  the  northern  frontier  during  the 
Canadian  border  disturbances.  He  fought  with 
conspicuous  bravery  during  the  Mexican  war, 
being  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  where 
he  w'as  w'ounded.  He  also  served  at  the  battle  of 
Cerro  Gordo,  the  capture  of  San  Antonio  and  the 
battles  of  Contreras  and  Churubusco,  receiving 
the  rank  of  captain  for  gallantry  in  the  last  en- 
gagement, and  brevet  major  for  conduct  at 
Chapultepec.  In  1848  he  was  assigned  to  garri- 
son duty  at  Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  remaining  there 
five  years.  From  1853  to  ,1857  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  Florida  hostilities,  and  was  on  gar- 
rison duty  until  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war. 
In  May,  1861,  he  was  promoted  major,  and  in 
November  of  the  same  year  received  the  brevet 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  services  during 
the  bombardment  of  Fort  Pickens,  Fla.  In 
January,  1862,  he  was  promoted  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers,  and  was  stationed  at  various 
posts  in  Florida  and  Louisiana  until  November, 
when  he  was  on  sick  leave.  In  August,  1863,  he 
was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  of  artillery,  and 
was  retired  from  active  service  Feb.  8,  1864.  He 
died  in  South  Boston.  Mass.,  Sept.  22,  1871. 

ARNOLD,  Peleg,  jurist,  was  born  at  Smith- 
field.  R.  I.,  in  1752.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
and  practised  his  profession  in  his  native  state.  He 
served  in  the  general  assembly  of  Rhode  Island, 
and  in  1787  was  a delegate  to  the  Continental 
congress,  where  lie  remained  two  years.  He 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court 
of  the  state  soon  after  his  return  to  Rhode  Island, 
and  died  in  his  native  town,  Feb.  13,  1820. 

ARNOLD,  Richard,  soldier,  was  born  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  April  12,  1828,  son  of  Lemuel  Hast- 
ings Arnold,  governor  of  Rhode  Island.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1850.  In  1853  he  was 
a member  of  the  party  exploring  for  the  Northern 
Pacific  railroad,  and  from  1855  to  1861  was  aid  to 
General  Wool  in  California.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  war  he  was  commissioned  captain  in  the 
5th  artillery  and  did  service  at  Bull  Run,  and 
throughout  the  peninsular  campaign  under  Gen- 
eral McClellan.  He  was  brevetted  major,  June 
29,  1862,  for  services  rendered  at  Savage  Station. 
Va.,  anil  in  the  following  November  was  promoted 


ARNOLD. 


ARNOLD. 


brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  For  distin- 
guished services  at  Port  Hudson  he  was  on  July 
8,  1863,  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regu- 
lar army.  He  commanded  a division  of  cavalry 
in  the  Red  River  expedition  led  by  General  Banks 
in  1864,  and  later  rendered  important  help  in  the 
reduction  of  Fort  Morgan  in  Mobile  Bay,  for 
which  he  was  commissioned  brevet  major-general 
of  volunteers,  Aug.  2,  1864.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  received  successively  the  brevets  of 
colonel,  brigadier-general  and  major-general  in 
the  regular  army.  Dec.  5,  1877,  he  was  made 
acting  assistant  inspector-general  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  East,  and  was  major  of  the  5th  ar- 
tillery at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  Governor’s  Island,  New  York  harbor,  Nov.  8, 
1882. 

ARNOLD,  Richard,  violinist,  was  born  at 
Eilenburg,  Prussia,  Jan.  10,  1845.  His  parents 
immigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1853,  settling 
at  Buffalo  and  later  at  Cincinnati,  where  Richard 
became  the  leader  of  a theatre  orchestra  at  the 
age  of  eleven  years.  He  had  commenced  the 
study  of  the  violin 
when  he  was  but  four 
years  old,  and  had 
played  in  public  before 
he  was  seven.  In  1864 
he  returned  to  Eu- 
rope, and,  entering 
the  class  of  Ferdinand 
David  at  the  Leipsic 
conservatory,  spent 
the  three  following 
years  in  diligent 
study,  graduating 
at  the  head  of  his 
class  in  1867.  From 
1869  to  1876  he  was 
one  of  the  first  violins 
in  Theodore  Thomas’  orchestra,  and  from  1878  to 
1891  he  was  the  leader  and  solo  violinist  of  the 
New  York  philharmonic  club,  when  he  withdrew 
to  give  his  time  to  teaching  and  solo  playing.  He 
was  elected  a member  of  the  philharmonic  society 
in  1879,  a director  in  1880,  concert-meister  in  1885 
and  vice-president  in  1896. 

ARNOLD,  Samuel  Greene,  historian,  was  born 
in  Providence,  R.  I.,  April  12,  1821.  His  gradua- 
tion at  Brown  university  in  1841  was  followed 
by  two  years’  service  in  a Providence  counting 
house,  after  which  he  visited  Europe,  and  on 
his  return  studied  law  at  the  Harvard  law  school, 
whence  he  was  graduated  an  LL.B.,  in  1845.  He 
then  travelled  extensively  in  the  Orient,  in 
Europe  and  in  South  America,  settling  down 
to  the  practice  of  his  profession  upon  his  return 
to  Providence.  In  1852  he  was  elected  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Rhode  Island  as  a Whig — the  only 

fl24 


candidate  on  that  ticket  elected.  He  was  again 
elected  to  the  same  office  in  1861  and  1862.  He 
was  a delegate  to  the  peace  convention  of  1861, 
and  served  as  an  aide  to  Governor  Sprague  with 
the  rank  of  colonel,  commanding  a battery  of 
artillery  in  the  early  stages  of  the  war.  He  was 
chosen  U.  S.  senator  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of 
J.  F.  Simmons,  and  served  from  December,  1862, 
until  March.  1863.  He  afterwards  devoted  much 
of  his  time  to  historical  research.  His  published 
works  are : ‘ ' The  Spirit  of  Rhode  Island  History  ” 
(1853);  “History  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island 
and  the  Providence  Plantations”  (7  vols., 
1859— ’60) ; and  a “History  of  Middleton,  R.  I.” 
(1876);  together  with  many  orations,  memorials 
and  public  addresses.  He  died  Feb.  13,  1880. 

ARNOLD,  Thomas  Dickens,  representative, 
was  born  in  Spottsvlvania  Co.,  Va..  May  3,  1798. 
He  studied  without  a teacher  and  acquired  a fair 
rudimentary  education.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  of  1812  he  enlisted,  although  but  fourteen 
years  old,  and  served  until  its  close.  He  then 
studied  law,  and  after  his  admission  to  the  bar 
practised  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.  In  1830  he  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  22d  Congress,  and 
made  himself  notorious  in  that  body  and  else- 
where by  a very  personal  speech  in  which  he 
denounced  Senator  Houston  and  Maj.  M.  A. 
Heard.  The  latter,  who  was  present,  attacked 
Mr.  Arnold  when  leaving  the  capitol  in  company 
with  over  two  hundred  members,  and  though 
armed  with  a horse-pistol  and  a cane,  both  of 
which  he  used  vigorously,  Heard  was  decidedly 
worsted  in  the  struggle,  and  Arnold  carried  off 
the  horse-pistol  as  a trophy.  General  sympathy 
seemed  to  be  with  Mr.  Arnold,  and  he  was  pre- 
sented with  a sword  cane,  upon  which  was  in- 
scribed, "Presented  to  Thomas  D.  Arnold,  for 
his  brave  defence  against  the  attack  of  Morgan 
Heard.”  He  was  made  brigadier-general  of  the 
Tennessee  militia  in  1836,  and  in  1840  was  elected 
representative  to  the  27th  Congress,  serving  two 
years.  He  died  May  26,  1870. 

ARNOLD,  Warren  O.,  manufacturer,  was 
born  at  Coventry,  Kent  county,  R.  I.,  June  3, 
1839.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  town,  and  from  the  age  of  eighteen 
till  he  was  twenty-five  he  followed  mercantile 
pursuits.  In  1864  he  engaged  in  manufacturing 
cotton  goods,  and  afterwards  changed  his  busi- 
ness to  the  manufacture  of  woolens.  He  had 
never  been  in  political  life  until  1886,  when  he 
was  elected  to  represent  the  second  Rhode 
Island  district  in  the  50tli  Congress.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1888,  failed  of  election  in  1890  and  in 
1892,  but  was  elected  in  1894  to  the  54th  Con- 
gress. He  served  on  the  committees  on  appro- 
priations, banking,  Indian  affairs  and  manufac- 
tures. 

1 


ARTHUR. 


ARTHUR. 


ARRINGTON,  Alfred  W.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Iredell  county,  N.  C.,  Sept.  10,  1810,  son  of  Archi- 
bald Arrington,  a representative  to  the  27th  and 
28th  congresses  for  North  Carolina.  He  received  a 
fair  education,  and  at  the  age  of  nineteen  entered 
the  itinerant  ministry  of  the  M.  E.  church.  He 
preached  with  great  success  in  Indiana  and  Mis- 
souri until  1824,  when  he  relinquished  the  min- 
istry for  the  study  of  law.  Being  admitted  to  the 
bar,  he  practised  successfully  in  Missouri,  and  in 
1836  he  removed  to  Arkansas  and  was  elected  to 
the  state  legislature.  In  1844  he  withdrew  his 
name  from  the  Whig  electoral  ticket,  and  sup- 
ported James  K.  Polk  for  President.  He  soon 
after  removed  to  Texas,  and  in  1850  he  was 
elected  judge  of  the  12th  district  court.  He  left 
Texas  in  1857  for  Wisconsin,  and  finally  settled  in 
Chicago,  111.,  where  he  acquired  eminence  as  a 
constitutional  lawyer.  He  was  an  impassioned 
speaker.  His  “Apostrophe  to  Water”  was  used 
by  John  B.  Gough  in  his  lectures  with  thrilling 
effect.  He  wrote  under  the  pen  name  of  ‘ ‘ Charles 
Summerfield,”  and  his  poems  and  sketches  were 
largely  read.  His  “Sketches  of  the  Southwest” 
and  the  “Rangers  and  Regulators  of  Tanaha” 
were  published  in  1857 ; and  a volume  containing 
a sketch  of  his  character,  his  memoirs,  and  a col- 
lection of  his  poems,  was  issued  in  1867.  He  died 
in  Chicago,  from  overwork,  Dec.  31,  1867. 

ARTHUR,  Chester  Alan,  21st  president  of 
the  United  States,  was  born  at  Fairfield,  Frank- 
lin county,  Vt.,  Oct.  5,  1830,  the  eldest  son  of 
William  and  Malvina  (Stone)  Arthur.  His 
father  was  educated  in  Ireland,  a graduate  of 
Belfast  college,  who  came  to  America  and  settled 
in  Vermont,  where  he  became  a Baptist  preacher. 
His  maternal  grandfather,  Uriah  Stone,  was  a 
pioneer  settler  of  New  Hampshire,  who  located  in 
Piermont  about  1763.  Chester  attended  school 
first  at  Union  Village,  N.  Y.,  and  afterwards  at 
Schenectady.  He  entered  the  sophomore  class  at 
Union  college,  when  fifteen  years  old,  and  during 
his  course  taught  school  for  two  terms  to  aid  in 
defraying  his  expenses.  He  was  graduated  with 
high  honors  in  the  class  of  1848,  entered  the  law 
school  at  Ballston  Spa,  and  after  a short  term  of 
lectures  returned  to  his  father’s  home  at  Lan- 
sing, N.  Y.,  where  he  continued  his  law  studies, 
fitted  a class  of  boys  for  college,  and  taught  in 
the  academy  at  North  Pownal,  Vt.,  as  principal, 
having  not  yet  reached  his  majority.  In  1853  he 
entered  the  law  office  of  Erastus  D.  Culver  in  New 
York  city,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854,  and 
became  one  of  the  firm  of  Culver,  Parker  & Arthur. 
Arthur  imbibed  anti-slavery  principles  from  his 
father,  who  was  one  of  the  early  abolitionists, 
and  became  an  advocate  of  that  party  and  was  one 
of  those  who  formed  the  New  York  anti-slavery 
society  at  the  house  of  Gerrit  Smith  at  Peterboro, 


N.  Y.,  Oct.  21,  1835.  In  several  notable  suits  at 
law  he  defended  the  rights  of  negroes,  both  as 
escaped  slaves  and  as  citizens,  and  in  these  suits 
was  opposed  by  the  most  learned  legal  talent  in 
the  country,  winning  his  causes  in  the  highest 
courts.  See  “ Lemmon  v.  People,”  and  the  case 
of  Lizzie  Jennings  (1855).  He  was  a delegate  to 
the  New  York  state  convention  at  Saratoga  in 
1856,  and  was  conspicuous  in  his  active  support 
of  General  Fremont  in  the  presidential  campaign 
of  that  year.  In  1857  he  took  an  active  part  in 
the  reorganization  of  the  state  militia,  was  made 
judge-advocate  of  the  2d  brigade,  and  in  1860 
Governor  Morgan  appointed  him  engineer-in- 
chief on  his  staff,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he 
was  made  acting  quartermaster-general  of  the 
state.  General  Arthur  displayed  remarkable 
executive  ability  during  his  administration  of 
this  office,  having  to  provide  clothing  and  trans- 
portation for  nearly  700,000  men  furnished  by 
the  state  of  New  York  to  suppress  the  rebellion. 
His  war  account  with  the  National  government, 
although  much  larger  than  that  of  any  other 
state,  was  the  first  audited  at  Washington,  and  it 
was  allowed  without  the  reduction  of  one  dollar, 
while  the  accounts  of  other  states  were  cut  down 
from  one  million  to  ten  millionsof  dollars.  In  De- 
cember, 1861,  he  was  one  of  a board  of  engineers, 
and  submitted  to  the  government  a report  on  the 
harbor  defences  of  the  state  and  the  conditions 
of  the  Federal  forts.  In  February,  1862,  he  was 
commissioned  inspector-general,  and  in  May  he 
officially  visited  the  New  York  troops  in  McClel- 
lan’s army,  and  while  on  this  duty  also  served  as 
an  aide  on  the  staff  of  Col.  Henry  J.  Hunt,  com- 
manding the  artillery  reserve  of  the  army,  in 
anticipation  of  an  immediate  attack  on  Rich- 
mond. He  was  ordered  back  to  New  York  in 
June  by  Governor  Morgan,  and  acted  as  secre- 
tary of  the  meeting  of  the  governors  of  the  loyal 
states  at  the  Astor  House,  New  York.  June  28, 
1862,  which  prompted  the  President  on  July  1, 
1862,  to  call  for  300,000  volunteers. 

At  Governor  Morgan’s  request,  General  Arthur 
resigned  his  commission  as  inspector-general,  and 
was  re-commissioned  as  quartermaster-general 
July  10,  1862.  The  multiplicity  of  cares  laid 
upon  him  at  this  time  is  shown  in  his  report 
made  at  the  close  of  the  official  year,  under  date 
of  Jan.  27,  1863.  It  says:  “From  August  to 
December  1st,  the  space  of  four  months,  there 
were  completely  clothed,  uniformed  and  equip- 
ped, supplied  with  camp  and  garrison  equipage, 
and  transported  from  this  state  to  the  seat 
of  war,  sixty-eight  regiments  of  infantry,  two 
battalions  of  cavalry,  and  four  battalions  of 
artillery. ” Horatio  Seymour  having  succeeded 
Governor  Morgan  as  chief  executive  of  the  state, 


ARTHUR. 


ARTHUR. 


General  Arthur  resigned  as  quartermaster- 
general,  his  resignation  taking  effect  Jan.  1, 1863. 
In  1862  he  formed  a law  partnership  with  Henry 
G.  Gardner,  which  in  1867  was  dissolved,  and 
General  Arthur  practised  alone  until  Jan.  1, 
1872,  when  the  firm  of  Arthur,  Phelps,  and 
Knevals  was  formed.  Despite  an  extensive  law 
practice  he  retained  his  interest  in  city,  state 
and  national  politics,  and  so  strengthened  his 
position  through  his  membership  with  political 
organizations  that  he  was  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  prominent  and  influential  leaders  of  the 
Republican  party.  He  was  for  a time  counsel  to 
the  city  department  of  assessment  and  taxes,  a 
position  which  he  resigned.  General  Arthur  was 
appointed  by  President  Grant  collector  of  the 
port  of  New  York,  Nov.  20,1871.  His  term  ex- 
pired in  1875,  and  he  was  promptly  re-appointed 
by  the  same  administration,  and  his  second  con- 
firmation by  the  U.  S.  senate  was  made  without 
referring  it  to  a committee.  The  Republican 
state  convention  of  1876,  held  March  22  at 
Syracuse,  elected  delegates  most  of  whom  were 
pledged  to  support  Senator  Conkling  for  the  presi- 
dential nomination.  Alonzo  B.  Cornell  and 
Chester  A.  Arthur  were  his  most  active  advo- 
cates before  the  National  convention,  and  not 
until  the  seventh  ballot  was  Mr.  Conkling's  name 
withdrawn,  and  sixty -one  of  the  votes  of  New 
York  given  to  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  of  Ohio, 
which  secured  his  nomination.  The  election 
was  not  decided  until  the  following  March,  1877, 
when  the  electoral  commission  declared  that  Mr. 
Hayes  was  to  be  president.  He  selected  for 
secretary  of  the  treasury  John  Sherman,  who 
deemed  it  important  that  the  custom-house  ap- 
pointments should  be  in  the  hands  of  one  more 
friendly  to  the  Hayes  administration  than  Mr. 
Arthur.  Under  the  operation  of  civil-service 
reform,  special  agents  and  commissions  were  ap- 
pointed by  the  new  administration  to  make 
rigid  and  searching  investigation  into  General 
Arthur’s  official  conduct.  The  commission, 
known  as  the  Jay  commission,  reported  adversely, 
and  Collector  Arthur  replied  in  a letter  to  Secre- 
tary Sherman,  Nov.  23,  1877.  On  Dec.  6 Theo- 
dore Roosevelt  was  appointed  collector,  and  L. 
Bradford  Prince,  naval  officer;  but  the  U.  S. 
senate  refused  to  confirm  the  appointments,  and 
Arthur  and  Cornell  held  their  respective  offices 
until  the  adjournment  of  Congress,  July  11,  1878, 
when  they  were  suspended.  Arthur  had  pre- 
viously declined  to  resign  as  requested  by  Secre- 
tary Sherman,  notwithstanding  he  was  promised 
a foreign  mission.  A petition  for  his  retention 
was  signed  by  the  judge  of  every  court  in  the 
city,  by  all  the  prominent  members  of  the  bar, 
and  by  eighty-five  per  cent  of  the  importing 
merchants  in  the  collection  district;  but  at 


General  Arthur’s  urgent  request  it  was  not  pre- 
sented. 

During  his  six  years  of  office  the  percentage  of 
removals  was  only  two  and  three-quarters  per 
cent  per  annum.  All  appointments,  except  two, 
to  the  one  hundred  positions  commanding  salaries 
of  two  thousand  dollars  a year,  were  made  on  the 
plan  of  advancing  men  from  the  lower  to  the 
higher  grades  on  recommendation  of  heads  of 
bureaus.  The  New  York  delegation  to  the  Chi- 
cago convention,  June,  1880,  of  which  General 
Arthur  was'  delegate-at-large,  expected  to  see 
General  Grant  nominated  for  the  presidency  for 
a third  term.  It  had  no  second  choice,  although 
several  candidates,  hopeful  of  Grant’s  defeat,  were 
pushing  their  own  names  forward  with  energy 
and  persistency.  The  state  of  Ohio,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  General  Garfield’s  district,  had  in- 
structed delegates  in  behalf  of  John  Sherman. 
After  a determined  contest,  which  lasted  several 
days,  and  during  which  the  Stalwart  New  York 
delegation  stood  firm  and  "302  ” in  the  convention 
voted  repeatedly  and  persistently  for  General 
Grant,  the  convention  was  stampeded  by  the  Sher- 
man supporters  flocking  to  the  standard  of  James 
A.  Garfield,  and  New  York’s  fa  vorite  went  down  to 
defeat.  In  order  to  placate  the  ‘ ‘ Stalwarts,”  rather 
than  as  an  expression  of  the  will  of  their  successful 
opposition,  Chester  A.  Arthur  was  unanimously 
named  as  the  vice-presidential  candidate,  and  Gar- 
field and  Arthur  were  elected  President  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States,  in  November, 
1880.  Mr.  Arthur  appeared  as  presiding  officer  of 
the  senate  at  its  extra  session  March  4,  1881.  He 
ingratiated  himself  with  the  senators,  through 
his  easy  manners  and  kindly  disposition.  He  was 
at  this  time  almost  the  only  confidant  Senator 
Conkling  had  in  Washington.  The  appointment 
of  William  H.  Robertson  as  collector  of  the  port 
of  New  York  by  President  Garfield  had  antagon- 
ized the  New  York  senators  and  the  Stalwart  sup- 
porters of  General  Grant ; and  the  senate,  being 
equally  divided  politically,  the  Vice-President  was 
clothed  with  unusual  power  and  used  it  in  opposi- 
tion to  his  former  political  enemies  when  their 
names  came  before  the  senate  for  confirmation. 

Upon  the  announcement  of  President  Garfield’s 
death.  Sept.  19.  1881.  Mr.  Arthur,  at  the  sugges 
tion  of  the  cabinet,  took  the  oath  of  office  as 
President  of  the  United  States,  Sept.  20.  1881, 
before  Judge  James  R.  Brady  of  the  New  York 
supreme  court,  and  immediately  repaired  to  El- 
beron.  where  he  met  the  cabinet  and  arranged 
for  the  funeral  ceremonies.  On  September  22  he 
went  to  Washington,  and  in  the  Vice-President’s 
room  the  oath  of  office  was  formally  administered 
by  Chief  Justice  Waite.  President  Arthur,  as 
his  first  official  act,  appointed  Monday,  Sept.  26, 
as  a day  of  mourning  for  the  late  President,  and 
[126] 


The  Cyclopaedia  Publishing  Company. 


ARTHUR. 


ARTHUR. 


the  next  day  proclaimed  an  extraordinary  session 
of  the  senate,  October  10,  to  elect  a President 
pro  tempore.  He  requested  the  members  of  the 
cabinet  of  Mr.  Garfield  to  retain  their  respective 
portfolios  until  the  regular  session  of  Congress  in 
December.  This  request  was  complied  with,  ex- 
cept in  the  case  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
who  desired  that  his  resignation  be  accepted,  in 
order  that  he  might  become  a candidate  for  the 
office  of  senator  from  his  state.  President  Arthur 
offered  the  portfolio  to  Edwin  D.  Morgan,  the 
war  governor  of  New  York,  whose  appointment 
was  confirmed  by  the  senate.  He  declined  to 
serve,  and  the  choice  then  fell  to  Charles  J.  Folger 
of  New  York,  who  was  confirmed  Oct.  27,  1881. 
After  the  meeting  of  Congress,  President  Arthur 
announced  further  members  in  his  cabinet  in  the 
following  order:  Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen  of 
New  Jersey,  secretary  of  state,  from  Dec.  12, 
1881 ; Robert  T.  Lincoln  of  Illinois,  secretary  of 
war,  from  March  5,  1881  (re-appointed  from  Presi- 
dent Garfield's  cabinet) ; Benjamin  H.  Brewster 
of  Pennsylvania,  attorney-general,  Dec.  19,  1881 ; 
Timothy  O.  Howe  of  Wisconsin,  postmaster- 
general,  Dec.  20,  1881,  who  died  in  office,  March 
25,  1883,  and  was  succeeded  by  Walter  Q.  Gresham ; 
Frank  Hatton  of  Iowa,  postmaster-general,  Oct. 
14,  1884,  to  succeed  Walter  Q.  Gresham,  who 
resigned  to  become  secretary  of  the  treasury; 
William  E.  Chandler  of  New  Hampshire,  secre- 
tary of  the  navy,  April  12,  1882;  Henry  M.  Teller 
of  Colorado,  secretary  of  the  interior,  April  17, 
1882;  Walter  Q.  Gresham  of  Indiana,  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  to  succeed  Secretary  Folger,  who  died 
in  office,  Sept.  4,  1884;  Hugli  McCulloch  of  Mary- 
land, Oct.  28,  1884,  to  succeed  Secretary  Gresham, 
who  resigned  to  become  United  States  circuit 
judge.  His  administration  was  marked  by  no 
startling  conditions  calling  for  extraordinary 
action.  He  officially  presided  at  the  dedication  of 
the  Yorktown,  Va.,  monument,  erected  to  com- 
memorate the  surrender  of  Cornwallis,  in  which 
dedication  America’s  French  allies  and  German 
participants  were  represented.  The  President,  at 
the  close  of  the  celebration,  ordered  a salute  to  be 
fired  in  honor  of  the  British  flag,  in  recognition 
of  the  friendly  relations  so  long  and  so  happily 
subsisting  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  in  the  trust  and  confidence  of  peace  and 
good-will  between  the  two  countries  for  all  the 
centuries  to  come,  and  especially  as  a mark  of  the 
profound  respect  entertained  by  the  American 
people  for  the  illustrious  sovereign  and  gracious 
lady  who  sits  upon  the  British  throne.” 

He  made  efforts  to  secure  peace  between  the 
warring  nationalities  in  South  America,  and  to 
that  end  proposed  a peace  congress,  which  sug- 
gestion. however,  was  not  acted  upon  by  Congress. 
The  administration  also  offered  its  friendly  offices 


to  determine  peaceably  the  boundary  lines  be- 
tween Mexico  and  Guatamala,  and  relocated  the 
boundary  line  between  Mexico  and  the  United 
States.  Through  a commission,  in  which  General 
Grant  and  W.  H.  Trescott  acted  for  the  United 
States,  reciprocal  treaties  affecting  commercial 
relations  with  various  South  American  countries 
were  made;  and  treaties  of  a like  nature  were 
made  with  Santo  Domingo,  Dec.  4,  1884,  and 
with  Spain  in  reference  to  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico, 
Nov.  18,  1884.  These  treaties  were,  however,  with- 
drawn by  President  Cleveland  as  inexpedient, 
without  affording  the  senate  an  opportunity  to 
act  upon  them. 

President  Arthur  proposed  a monetary  union  of 
the  American  countries  to  secure  a uniform  cur- 
rency basis,  looking  to  the  remonetization  of 
silver.  He  strongly  urged  the  construction  of  the 
interoceanic  canal  across  the  isthmus  of  Panama, 
and  through  correspondence  with  Great  Britain 
assented  that  the  provisions  of  the  Clayton-Bul- 
wer  treaty  of  April  19,  1850,  could  not  be  allowed 
to  interfere  with  the  rights  of  the  United  States 
in  controlling  such  a route  in  view  of  the  spirit  of 
the  “ Monroe  doctrine.”  On  Dec.  1, 1884,  a treaty 
was  made  with  the  republic  of  Nicaragua,  which 
authorized  the  U.  S.  government  to  build  a canal, 
railroad,  and  telegraph  line  across  Nicaraguan 
territory  by  way  of  the  lake  and  San  Jose  river. 
This  treaty  was  rejected  by  the  senate,  and  be- 
fore that  body  could  reconsider  its  vote  the 
treaty  was  withdrawn  by  President  Cleveland, 
March  12,  1885.  President  Arthur  obtained  from 
the  British  government  a full  recognition  of  the 
rights  of  naturalized  American  citizens  of  Irish 
birth,  and  all  such  under  arrest  as  suspects  were 
liberated.  A bill  passed  by  Congress,  prohibiting 
the  immigration  of  Chinese  laborers  for  twenty 
years,  was  vetoed  by  him  April  4,  1882,  as  in  viola- 
tion of  a treaty  with  China.  Congress  sustained 
the  veto  and  passed  a modified  bill,  suspending  im- 
migration for  ten  years,  which  was  amended  July 
5,  1884,  and  approved  by  the  President.  A law 
was  passed  Aug.  3,  1882,  by  which  convicts 
seeking  a home  in  the  United  States  were  returned 
to  Europe,  and  the  importation  of  contract 
laborers  was  prohibited  by  a law  passed  Feb.  26, 
1885.  President  Arthur  repeatedly  advised  the 
suspension  of  the  coinage  of  standard  silver 
dollars  and  recommended  the  redemption  of  all 
outstanding  trade  dollars.  The  removal  of  stamp 
taxes  on  many  articles  of  merchandise,  and  on 
bank  checks  and  drafts,  as  well  as  the  taxes  on 
surplus  bank  capital  and  deposits  was  recom- 
mended, and  on  March  3,  1883,  the  acts  enforcing 
them  were  repealed.  This  resulted  in  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  collection  districts  by  one  third. 
Legislation  was  recommended  looking  to  the 
construction  and  maintenance  of  ocean  steam- 


ARTHUR. 


ARTHUR. 


ships  under  the  American  flag;  and  the  subject 
of  coast  defences  was  repeatedly  brought  to  the 
attention  of  Congress,  an  annual  appropriation  of 
§1.500.000  being  recommended  for  the  armament 
of  fortifications. 

In  his  last  annual  message  President  Arthur 
urged  the  appropriation  of  $60,000,000  to  be 
expended  during  the  next  ten  years,  one-tenth 
annually,  for  coast  defences,  and  his  plans,  con- 
siderably enlarged,  were  taken  up  and  carried  out 
by  the  succeeding  administration.  He  vetoed  a 
river  and  harbor  bill  appropriating  $18,743,875,  on 
the  ground  that  the  sum  greatly  exceeded  the 
needs  of  the  country ; that  the  distribution  was 
unequal  and  for  the  benefit  of  particular  loca- 
tions. The  bill  was  passed  over  his  veto.  He 
also  vetoed  the  bill  passed  July  2.  1884,  restoring 
to  the  army  and  place  on  the  retired  list, 
Major-General  Fitz  John  Porter,  then  under  sen- 
tence of  court-martial.  This  veto  was  also  over- 
ruled. Important  reforms  were  instituted  in  the 
navy,  the  number  of  officers  was  reduced,  habit- 
ual drunkards  were  discharged,  the  repair  of  old 
wooden  vessels  was  discontinued,  and  the  con- 
struction of  a new  fleet  of  steel  ships  with  mod- 
ern armaments  was  begun,  under  an  advisory 
board  appointed  for  that  purpose.  During  his 
administration  the  postal  rates  were  consider- 
ably reduced  and  many  improvements  were 
initiated  in  the  general  mail  service.  President 
Arthur  appointed  Horace  Gray  of  Massachusetts 
to  the  vacancy  on  the  bench  of  the  United  States 
supreme  court,  caused  by  the  death  of  Justice 
Clifford  of  Maine,  and  he  was  commissioned  Dec. 
20.  1881.  On  the  retirement  of  Justice  Hunt  of 
New  York.  Roscoe  Conkling  was  appointed  to  the 
U.  S.  supreme  bench.  Feb.  24,  1882,  and  the 
appointment  confirmed,  but  lie  declined  the 
office  on  March  3,  1882,  and  Samuel  Blatchford 
of  New  York  was  appointed  and  confirmed 
March  23,  1882.  In  his  annual  message  of  1884, 
President  Arthur  recommended  a suitable  pen- 
sion to  General  Grant,  and  upon  the  refusal  of 
the  general  to  accept  any  pension  whatever,  he 
by  special  message,  Feb.  3,  1885,  urged  upon  Con- 
gress the  creation  of  the  office  of  general  of  the 
army  on  the  retired  list.  The  bill  was  passed 
March  3.  1885,  and  on  its  passage  the  President 
named  to  the  office  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  and  the 
nomination  was  confirmed  the  same  day  in  open 
senate,  amid  the  demonstrations  of  approval  of  a 
crowded  chamber.  When  the  Republican  na- 
tional convention  met  at  Chicago,  June  3,  1884, 
President  Arthur’s  name  was  presented  by  the 
delegations  from  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Missis- 
sippi. North  Carolina  and  Louisiana.  On  the  first 
ballot  he  received  the  votes  of  278  delegates,  cn 
the  second  276.  on  the  third  274.  and  on  the  fourth 
207.  a plurality  of  votes  nominating  James  G. 


Blaine.  He  at  once  telegraphed  to  the  successful 
candidate  his  congratulations  and  assurance  of 
his  earnest  and  candid  support.  The  national 
convention  endorsed  the  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Arthur  as  “ wise,  conservative  and  patriotic 
— under  which  the  country  has  been  blessed  with 
remarkable  prosperity.” 

The  President,  as  the  guest  of  the  citizens  of 
Boston,  attended  the  celebration  of  the  Webster 
historical  society,  and  made  an  address  in  Faneuil 
Hall,  Oct.  11.  1882,  and  at  Marshfield,  October  13. 
At  Louisville,  Ky.,  Aug.  2,  1883,  he  opened  the 
Southern  exposition  with  an  address,  and  at  the 
opening  of  the  New  Orleans  World’s  Industrial 
and  Cotton  Centennial  exposition,  he  performed 
the  function  by  telegraph  from  the  national  oapi- 
tol,  transmitting  his  address  and  starting  the 
machinery  by  the  electric  current.  On  Sept.  25, 
1883,  he  was  present  at  the  ceremonies  of  unveil- 
ing and  dedicating  the  Burnside  monument  at 
Bristol,  R.  I.,  and  on  November  26  of  the  same 
year  attended  a similar  ceremony  in  New  York 
city,  when  Washington’s  statue  was  first  disclosed 
to  public  view  on  the  steps  of  the  U.  S.  sub-treasury 
building  in  Wall  street.  His  last  official  public 
address  was  made  at  the  dedication  of  the  Wash- 
ington monument  in  Washington  city,  which  was 
completed  during  his  administration.  Mr.  Arthur 
was  married  Oct.  29,  1859,  to  Ellen  Lewis,  daugh- 
ter of  William  Lewis  Herndon,  commodore  in  the 
U.  S.  navy.  She  died  Jan.  12,  1880,  leaving  two 
children,  Chester  Alan  and  Ellen  Herndon.  While 
President,  Mr.  Arthur’s  sister,  Mrs.  Mary  Arthur 
McElroy.  presided  over  the  White  House,  and  the 
elegance  of  her  hospitality  was  a marked  charac- 
teristic of  his  administration.  At  the  close  of  his 
official  term.  March  4.  1885,  Mr.  Arthur  returned 
to  his  home  in  New  York  city,  where  he  died  sud- 
denly of  apoplexy.  His  funeral  was  attended  by 
those  who  had  been  members  of  his  cabinet,  by 
President  Cleveland,  Chief  Justice  Waite,  Ex- 
President  Hayes,  Generals  Sherman,  Sheridan, 
and  Schofield,  and  James  G.  Blaine.  He  was 
buried  in  the  Rural  cemetery,  Albany,  N.  Y.  The 
date  of  President  Arthur's  death  is  Nov.  18,  1886. 

ARTHUR,  Timothy  Shay,  author,  was  born 
near  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  June  6. 1809.  His  parents 
moved  to  Baltimore,  Md.,  where  he  was  educated, 
engaged  in  business,  and  later  became  editor  of 
the  Athenaeum.  In  1839  he  also  edited  the  Balti- 
more Literary  Monument,  and  in  1841  removed 
to  Philadelphia,  where  from  1844  he  edited  the 
Ladies’  Magazine,  and  in  1S50  was  editor  of  The 
Sons  of  Temperance  Offering.  His  stories  were 
largely  upon  temperance  topics.  In  1852  he 
founded  Arthur’s  Home  Magazine,  which  he 
edited  until  his  death.  He  wrote,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  W.  H.  Carpenter,  a series  of  histories 
treating  of  the  separate  states;  but  his  tales, 


ARTHUR. 


ASBURY. 


of  which  lie  published  over  one  hundred  volumes, 
were  chiefly  of  a moral  or  religious  nature  and 
were  extremely  popular,  being  re-published  both 
in  America  and  England.  He  wrote  many  short 
stories  for  Arthur's  Magazine  and  the  periodicals. 
His  works  include:  “Steps  Toward  Heaven”; 
“ Golden  Grains  from  Life’s  Harvest  Field”; 
“ Temperance  Tales  ” (several  volumes) ; “Lights 
and  Shadows  of  Real  Life  ” ; “ Out  in  the  World  ” ; 
“ Nothing  but  Money” ; “ Growlers  Income  Tax  ” ; 
“Library  for  the  Household”  (12  vols. );  “Tales 
for  Rich  and  Poor”  (6  vols.);  "Ten  Nights  in  a 
Barroom”;  “ The  Good  Time  Coming.  ” He  died 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March  6,  1885. 

ARTHUR,  Peter  M.,  labor  leader,  was  born 
in  Scotland  about  1831.  He  came  to  America 
when  a lad,  and  learned  the  blacksmith’s  and 
machinist’s  trades.  He  served  his  entire  appren- 
ticeship on  the  New  York  Central  railroad,  and  was 
one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  organization  of  the 
brotherhood  of  locomotive  engineers  in  18C3.  He 
was  elected  grand  chief  and  engineer  of  the  or- 
ganization in  1870.  The  brotherhood  has  for  its 
motto:  “Sobriety,  Truth,  Justice  and  Morality,” 
and  its  policy  to  discountenance  strikes.  It  had 
in  1895  upwards  of  thirty  thousand  members,  and 
four  hundred  and  eightv-flve  subdivisions,  em- 
bracing every  railroad  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  A Canadian  journal  published  this  esti- 
mate of  Mr.  Arthur:  “Among  the  labor  leaders, 
Mr.  Arthur  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  is  pre-eminent  on 
account  of  his  moderation,  sagacity,  and  enlight- 
ened public  spirit.  He  does  not  admit  any  essen- 
tial hostility  between  labor  and  capital,  but  advises 
arbitration  when  industrial  differences  arise,  and 
he  advocates  peace  and  harmony  between  com- 
peting interests.  His  friends  claim  that  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Burlington  strike  can  be  easily 
explained.  The  men  were  eager  for  the  strike, 
but  Mr.  Arthur  withheld  his  consent  until  he  had 
done  all  in  his  power  to  remove  the  cause.  After 
the  strike  ended  he  declared  that  he  would  never 
give  sanction  to  another.”  He  made  a consider- 
able fortune  from  real-estate  investment,  and  as 
chief  of  the  brotherhood  had  a salary  of  five 
thousand  dollars  a year. 

ASBOTH,  Alexander  Sandor,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Keszthely,  Zala,  Hungary,  Dec.  18,  1811. 
He  was  educated  at  Oldenburg,  served  in  the 
Austrian  army,  studied  law  at  Presburg,  was  a 
civil  engineer  on  the  works  at  Banat,  and  in 
1848-’49  he  served  under  Kossuth  in  the  Hungarian 
war,  and  fled  with  him  to  Turkey,  where  he  shared 
his  imprisonment.  On  being  liberated  in  1851  he 
accompanied  Kossuth  to  America,  and  engaged  in 
farming,  engineering,  and  manufacturing  until 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  when  he  was 
given  a colonel’s  commission,  and  appointed  chief 
of  staff  to  General  Fremont.  In  September,  1861, 


he  was  made  brigadier-general  and  commanded 
the  4th  division  of  Fremont’s  army.  He  served 
with  distinguished  gallantry,  was  in  command 
of  a division  in  General  Curtis’s  army  in  Arkansas, 
and  was  severely  wounded  at  Pea  Ridge.  In  1863 
he  commanded  the  military  district  of  West 
Florida,  and  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Mari- 
anna, Fla.  In  1865  he  was  brevetted  major- 
general  for  his  services  in  Florida.  In  March, 
I860,  he  was  appointed  minister  to  the  Argentine 
Republic  and  Uruguay.  He  died  in  Buenos  Ayres, 
Jan.  21,  1868. 

ASBURY,  Francis,  missionary  bishop,  was 
born  at  Handsworth,  Staffordshire,  England, 
Aug.  20,  1745.  In  his  fourteenth  year  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a trade,  and  spent  his  leisure  hours 
in  reading  and  studying.  He  determined  to  be  a 
Methodist  preacher,  and  began  by  holding  prayer- 
meetings  in  his  own 
neighborhood, 
preaching  with  great 
effectiveness  to  large 
numbers  of  people  in 
his  father’s  house 
and  in  the  houses  of 
friends.  After  some 
four  years  of  suc- 
cessful preaching  in 
Derbyshire,  Stafford- 
shire, Warwickshire, 
and  Worcestershire, 
he  was  admitted  into 
the  Wesleyan  con- 
ference, and  appointed  to  labor  on  a circuit, 
according  to  the  Wesleyan  custom.  In  August, 
1771,  he  attended  the  conference  held  at  Bristol, 
and  when  John  Wesley  called  for  volunteers  for 
the  work  in  America,  young  Asbury  was  among 
the  first  to  respond.  He  landed  in  Philadelphia 
toward  the  end  of  the  same  year,  and  at  once 
began  his  labors  on  a continent  on  which  there 
were  but  three  Methodist  meeting-houses,  and 
about  three  hundred  communicants.  He  saw  a 
disposition  on  the  part  of  the  preachers  to  confine 
their  labors  to  the  cities,  and  to  him  is  due  the 
introduction  of  circuit  preaching  in  America. 
In  October,  1772,  John  Wesley  appointed  him 
“general  assistant  in  America,”  with  power  of 
supervision  over  the  preachers  and  societies.  The 
next  year,  however,  he  was  superseded  by  Thomas 
Rankin,  an  older  minister,  who  soon  returned  to 
England,  intimidated  by  the  spirit  of  revolution 
among  the  colonists.  At  the  first  annual  confer- 
ence held  at  Philadelphia  in  1773,  the  society  was 
found  to  comprise  eleven  hundred  communicants 
and  ten  ordained  preachers.  At  the  second  con- 
ference held  in  May,  1774,  the  number  of  com- 
municants reported  was  two  thousand,  while  the 
ranks  of  the  itinerant  preachers  had  been  greatly 


ASBURY. 


ASHBURNER. 


increased.  Although  Asbury  sympathized  with 
the  colonists  in  their  resistance  to  British  oppres- 
sion, he  became,  nevertheless,  an  object  of  suspi- 
cion, because  of  his  refusal  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  state  of  Maryland.  He  fled  to 
Delaware,  and  for  two  years  his  work  was  con- 
fined within  the  borders  of  that  small  state; 
but  the  authorities  becoming  convinced  that  his 
scruples  were  altogether  of  a religious  nature,  he 
re-entered  upon  his  labors  with  increased  ardor, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war,  the 
church  numbered  fourteen  thousand  commun- 
icants, with  eighty-three  ministers. 

In  1784  Francis  Asbury  was  consecrated  by 
Bishop  Coke,  who  came  from  England  for  the 
purpose,  the  scattered  societies  were  organized  as 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  Francis  Asbury  being  the  first 
bishop  of  that  body  consecrated  in  America. 


ASBURY  CHAPEL. 


The  amount  of  work  accomplished  by  him  was 
marvellous,  and  his  time  was  spent  in  travelling, 
preaching,  establishing  new  societies,  ordaining 
ministers,  raising  money  for  church  erection  and 
for  sending  ministers  to  destitute  places,  encour- 
aging religious  education,  distributing  tracts, 
and  engaging  in  every  good  work.  He  travelled 
during  his  life  more  than  270,000  miles,  mostly 
on  horseback,  over  rough  roads,  rougher  moun- 
tain paths,  and  often  through  dense  thickets, 
where  the  foot  of  horse  or  eye  of  man  had  never 
penetrated.  He  preached  over  16,500  sermons, 
and  ordained  more  than  four  thousand  preachers, 
besides  discharging  the  various  and  multitudinous 
dirties  of  his  episcopal  office.  He  left  sufficient 
material  for  three  volumes  of  “ Journals,”  which 
are  a faithful  picture  of  his  daily  life.  He  died 
March  31,  1816. 

ASH  BURN,  George  W.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Georgia.  He  was  a prominent  unionist  in  the 
midst  of  secessionists,  and  when  the  civil  war 
broke  out  he  raised  a regiment  of  southern  men. 
loyal  to  the  union,  and  entered  the  Federal  army 
with  the  rank  of  colonel.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  went  back  to  Georgia,  was  a delegate 


to  the  state  constitutional  convention  of  1867, 
and  was  active  in  forming  the  new  constitution. 
He  greatly  incensed  the  opposition  by  expressing 
his  approval  of  the  terms  of  reconstruction  which 
Congress  proposed.  His  political  enemies  en- 
deavored to  lead  him  into  a controversy  that 
would  endanger  his  personal  safety,  but  lie  pre- 
served his  equanimity  and  was  finally  murdered 
through  the  instigation  of  the  men  whose  opinions 
he  had  opposed.  General  Meade,  the  U.  S.  mili- 
tary commander  of  the  department  of  the  South, 
investigated  the  affair  and  traced  the  murder  to 
its  instigators.  Colonel  Ashburn  was  killed  April 
1,  1868. 

ASHBURNER,  Charles  Albert,  geologist,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  9,  1854,  son  of 
Algernon  Eyre  and  Sarah  (Blakiston)  Asliburner. 
He  entered  the  Towne  scientific  school  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
and  was  graduated  in  1874  at  the  head  of  his 
class.  In  1872,  while  yet  an  undergraduate,  he 
assisted  in  the  survey  on  the  Delaware  river,  and 
in  1873  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  en- 
gineers’ club  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  appointed 
on  the  U.  S.  light-house  service  survey  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  from  1875  to  1879  was  assistant 
geologist  in  the  Pennsylvania  surveys.  In  1880 
he  accepted  the  position  of  geologist  in  charge  of 
the  survey  of  anthracite  coal  fields,  and  success- 
fully conducted  the  work  until  1887.  After  leav- 
ing the  Pennsylvania  survey  Mr.  Ashburner  went 
to  Pittsburg  as  engineer  and  geologist  with  the 
Fuel  Gas  and  Electric  Engine  company,  and  con- 
tinued with  this  company  as  an  adviser  during 
the  rest  of  his  life.  In  September,  1888,  he  was 
elected  manager  of  the  New  York  and  Montana 
mining  and  milling  company,  and  in  December, 
1889,  was  made  vice-president  and  general  mana- 
ger of  the  Duquesne  mining  and  reduction  com- 
pany, for  which  he  had  purchased  a large  property 
in  southern  Arizona  the  previous  year.  He  made 
private  surveys  in  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  and  in 
the  middle,  western  and  southern  states,  and 
published  works  of  great  geological  value.  The 
more  important  titles  include : “The  Anthracite 
Coal  Beds  of  Pennsylvania”  (1882);  “ Methods  in 
Practical  Geology”  (1884);  “The  Geology  of 
Natural  Gas  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  ” 
(1885);  “The  Geology  of  Natural  Gas”  (1887); 
and  “American  Petroleum”  (1888).  In  1877 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  M.Sc.,  and  in  1889  that  of 
D.Sc.  He  was  an  active  member  of  the  American 
philosophical  society,  the  American  institute  of 
mining  engineers,  the  Philadelphia  academy  of 
natural  sciences,  the  American  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science,  the  American  so- 
ciety of  naturalists,  and  the  engineers’  club  of 
Philadelphia.  He  died  Dec.  24,  1889. 


[130J 


ASHBY. 


ASHLEY". 


ASHBY,  Turner,  soldier,  was  born  at  “Rose 
Bank,”  Fauquier  county,  Va.,  Oct.  23,  1828,  son 
of  Colonel  Turner  and  Dorothea  (Green)  Ashby. 
He  was  carefully  educated  in  his  home  and  at  the 
best  schools  the  time  and  place  afforded.  He 
was  a firm  advocate  of  slavery,  but  was  strongly 
opposed  to  secession.  When  the  news  of  the  John 
Brown  raid  on  Harper’s  Ferry  reached  him.  he 
raised  a company  of  mounted  men,  rode  to  the 
scene  as  its  captain,  and  later  took  an  active  part 
in  the  occupation  of  the  place.  In  the  spring 
of  1861  he  was  stationed  below  Harper’s  Ferry  in 
command  of  the  outposts,  and  in  June  of  that 
year,  at  the  organization  of  the  7th  Virginia  cav- 
alry, he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel.  He 
served  under  “ Stonewall”  Jackson,  commanding 
the  vanguard  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  campaign 
and  in  the  battles  of  Manassas,  Bolivar  Heights, 
Kernstown,  Winchester,  and  other  engagements, 
always  distinguishing  himself  by  his  bravery  and 
good  judgment.  On  May  27,  1862,  he  was  com- 
missioned brigadier-general.  The  esteem  in  which 
he  was  held  by  his  superior  officer  is  shown  by 
this  passage  from  General  Jackson’s  official  re- 
port: “The  close  relation  which  General  Ashby 
bore  to  my  command  for  most  of  the  previous 
twelve  months  will  justify  me  in  saying  that  as 
a partisan  officer  I never  knew  his  superior.  His 
daring  was  proverbial,  his  powers  of  endurance 
almost  incredible,  his  tone  of  character  heroic, 
and  his  sagacity  almost  intuitive  in  divining  the 
purposes  and  movements  of  the  enemy.”  He  was 
killed  near  Harrisonburg,  Va.,  June  6,  1862. 

ASHE,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  Grovely, 
Brunswick  county,  N.  C.,  in  1720.  He  was  sent 
as  a representative  to  the  colonial  assembly  and 
was  speaker  of  the  house  from  1762  to  1765.  He 
was  a leader  in  opposing  the  stamp  act,  and  at  the 
head  of  an  armed  force  he  obliged  the  stamp 
master  to  resign.  In  1771  he  aided  Governor 
Tryon  in  putting  down  the  regulators.  He  soon 
after  became  a Whig,  was  an  earnest  patriot 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  and  in  1775 
led  five  hundred  men,  and  aided  in  capturing  and 
destroying  Fort  Johnson.  He  was  one  of  the 
members  of  the  first  provincial  congress  of  North 
Carolina,  and  for  its  defence  he  raised  a regiment, 
providing  them  equipments  at  his  own  expense. 
In  April,  1776,  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general 
and  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Wil- 
mington district.  In  1778  he  fought  under  Gen- 
eral Lincoln  in  South  Carolina.  In  the  spring  of 
1779  he  was  sent  with  a force  from  Savannah  to 
capture  Augusta.  Out  on  the  march  he  was  sur- 
prised and  routed  at  Brier  Creek  by  the  British 
soldiers  under  General  Prevost.  He  made  his 
way  to  Wilmington,  N.  C.  but  in  1781  he  was 
taken  prisoner  with  his  family.  While  in  prison 
he  contracted  small-pox,  from  the  effects  of  which 


he  died.  The  county  of  Ashe,  N.  C.,  and  the 
town  of  Asheville  were  named  in  his  honor.  He 
died  in  Sampson  county,  N.  C.,  Oct.  24,  1781. 

ASHE,  Samuel  A’Court,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Wrightsville  Sound,  New  Hanover,  N.  C., 
Sept.  13,  1840;  son  of  William  Ashe,  a prominent 
statesman.  He  received  an  academic  education, 
and  in  1855  entered  the  naval  academy  at  Anna- 
polis, where  he  stood  third  in  his  class.  In  1861 
he  volunteered  in  the  Confederate  army  and 
served  in  various  capacities  throughout  the  war. 
On  the  termination  of  hostilities,  having  lost  all 
his  property,  he  obtained  employment  as  a con- 
ductor on  a railroad  of  which  his  father  had  been 
president,  and  while  so  employed  studied  law. 
Obtaining  a license  to  practise  in  1867,  he  opened 
a law  office  at  Wilmington,  N.  C.  In  1870  he 
was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  North 
Carolina  legislature.  At  the  expiration  of  the 
second  session  he  removed  to  Raleigh,  N.  C., 
and  in  January,  1873,  formed  with  A.  S.  Merrimon 
and  Thomas  C.  Fuller  a law  partnership  that 
continued  until  July,  1879,  during  which  time 
Mr.  Ashe’s  reputation  as  an  able  lawyer  spread 
throughout  the  state.  In  1874  he  edited  the 
Crescent,  a journal  which  was  influential  in 
securing  the  dominancy  of  the  conservative  party 
in  the  state;  and  in  1876  he  served  as  secretary 
and  later  as  chairman  of  the  Democratic  state 
committee,  retiring  in  1880.  His  health  failing, 
in  1879  he  abandoned  the  law  and  established  at 
Raleigh  a daily  and  weekly  newspaper.  The  News 
and  Observer,  which  became  a leading  paper  in 
the  state.  In  1885  he  was  appointed  postmaster 
at  Raleigh,  by  President  Cleveland,  and  while 
serving  in  that  office  he  prepared  historical 
articles  on  the  colonial  period  of  North  Carolina. 
He  afterwards  resumed  the  editorial  management 
of  his  paper. 

ASHHURST,  John,  physician,  was  born  in  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa.,  Aug.  23,  1839;  son  of  John  Ashhurst. 
He  was  graduated  from  the  university  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1857,  and  during  the  civil  war  became 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  army.  In  1877  he 
returned  to  the  university  to  accept  the  chair  of 
clinical  surgery,  afterwards  becoming  Barton  pro- 
fessor of  surgery.  He  was  the  editor  of  the  “ The 
International  Encyclopaedia  of  Surgery,”  in  six 
volumes,  and  he  also  wrote  many  articles  on  medi- 
cine and  surgery. 

ASHLEY,  Chester,  senator,  was  born  at  West- 
field,  Mass.,  June  1,  1790.  When  he  was  very 
young  his  parents  removed  to  Hudson,  N.  Y., 
where  he  was  educated.  He  studied  law,  and 
after  being  admitted  to  the  bar  he  began  to  prac- 
tise his  profession  in  Illinois  in  1817,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years,  then  removing  to  Little  Rock, 
a trading  station  in  the  territory  of  Arkansas.  In 
1844  he  was  elected  United  States  senator,  to  fill  the 


ASHLEY. 


ASPINWALL. 


vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Senator  W.  S. 
Fulton,  and  in  1846  was  re-elected  for  six  years. 

He  died  in  Washington,  U.  C.,  April  29.  1848. 

ASHLEY,  James  Monroe,  representative,  was 
born  near  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Nov.  14,  1824.  He  was 
self-educated,  and  when  only  fifteen  years  old 
left  home  and  became  a clerk  on  the  store-boats 
of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  later  entering  a print- 
ing office  at  Portsmouth,  Ohio,  taking  editorial 
charge  first  of  the  Despatch  and  later  of  the  Demo- 
crat. In  1849  he  was  admitted  to  the  Ohio  bar. 

He  went  into  the  business  of  boat -building,  at  the 
same  time  continuing  his  connection  with  the 
press.  Removing  to  Toledo,  Ohio,  he  became  a 
wholesale  druggist.  In  1858  he  was  elected  rep- 
resentative to  the  86th  Congress,  serving  as  a 
member  of  the  comixiittee  on  territories,  and  on 
his  i-e-election  to  the  37th  Congi-ess  he  became 
chairman  of  that  committee,  holding  that  posi- 
tion during  the  38th  and  39tli  congresses,  and  thus 
supervising  the  oi’ganization  of  Arizona.  Idaho, 
anti  Montana  territories.  He  was  re-elected  to 
the  40tli  Congress,  and  was  nominated  to  the 
41st,  but  was  defeated  in  the  electioxi.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Philadelphia  loyalists’  convention 
of  1866.  In  1869  he  was  governor  of  Montana, 
and  was  later  lieutenant-governor  of  Ohio.  For 
several  years  he  was  president  of  the  Toledo  and 
Ann  Arbor  railroad  company,  besides  being  in- 
terested in  manufactories.  He  died  Sept.  16. 1896. 

ASHMEAD,  Isaac,  printer,  was  born  in  Ger- 
mantown, Pa.,  Dec.  22,  1790.  He  learned  the 
trade  of  printing  from  William  Bradford,  and  in 
1821  established  a printing  business  iix  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  set  up  the  first  power  pi-esses 
ever  used  in  that  city,  and  also  introduced  there 
“composition  rollers.”  He  was  one  of  those  in- 
strumental in  founding  the  “ American  S.  S. 
Union,”  for  some  yeai's  acting  as  printer  to  the 
society,  and  helped  to  establish  the  Presbyterian 
Quarterly  and  the  American  Presbyterian.  He 
died  March  1,  1870. 

ASHMUN,  Eli  Porter,  senator,  was  born  at 
Blandford,  Mass.,  June  24.  1770.  He  received  a 
classical  education,  and  for  some  years  he  prac- 
tised law  in  his  native  town,  whence  he  was  sent 
several  times  to  the  house  of  representatives  of 
Massachusetts  and  to  the  state  senate.  In  1816 
he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  from 
which  body  he  l'esigned  in  1818.  He  i-eceived 
honorary  degiees  (A.  M.)  from  Middlebury  col- 
lege, 1807,  and  from  Harvard  in  1809.  He  died 
May  10,  1819. 

ASHMUN,  George,  representative,  was  born 
at  Blandford,  Mass.,  Dec.  25,  1804.  A few  years 
after  his  graduation  from  Yale  College  in  1823, 
he  went  to  Springfield.  Mass.,  where  he  practised 
law,  gaining  considerable  pi-ominence  in  his 
profession.  In  1833  he  was  elected  to  the  state 

1132] 


legislature,  serving  four  terms  in  the  house  of 
representatives,  — one  term  as  its  speaker,  — 
and  two  terms  in  the  senate.  He  was  elected 
a representative  to  the  29th  Congress  in  1845. 
where  by  re-elections  he  remained  until  1851. 
While  in  Congress  he  made  a reply  to  the  attack 
of  C.  J.  Ingersoll  upon  Daniel  Webster,  1846; 
a speech  on  the  Mexican  war,  1847 ; and  speeches 
on  the  revolution  in  Fi-ance,  and  on  the  slavery 
questions.  1850.  When  the  Republican  conven- 
tion of  1860  was  held  in  Chicago,  which  gave 
Mr.  Lincoln  the  presidential  nomination.  Mr. 
Ashmun  acted  as  its  chairman,  and  it  is  said  that 
he  afterward  influenced  Stephen  A.  Douglas  to 
support  the  Lincoln  administration.  During  the 
civil  war  he  was  an  earnest  and  influential 
unionist.  He  held  many  offices,  through  appoint- 
ment by  the  President,  among  them  that  of 
government  director  of  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
road. He  died  Jxxly  17,  1870. 

ASHHUN.  Jehudi,  missionary,  was  born  at 
Champlain,  N.  Y.,  April  7,  1794.  In  1816  he  was 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Vermont, 
followed  a course  of  study  preparatory  to  enter 
ing  the  Congregational  ministry,  and  was  ap- 
pointed a professor  in  the  Bangor  (Me.)  Theologi- 
cal seminary.  Removing  to  Washiixgton,  D.  C., 
he  joined  the  Episcopal  church,  and  edited  a 
church  magazine  called  the  Theological  Repertory. 
He  was  made  agent  of  the  colonization  society, 
endeavoring  to  establish  a colony  of  freedmen  on 
the  western  coast  of  Africa.  In  1822  he  went 
with  a body  of  freed  negroes  to  Liberia,  where, 
after  several  flei-ce  attacks  from  the  savages,  he 
made  friends  with  the  principal  chiefs,  and  suc- 
cessfuly  established  the  colony.  He  labored 
bravely  and  ably  there  for  six  years,  and  was  then 
obliged  to  return  to  America  on  account  of  ill- 
health.  He  published  “Memoirs  of  Samuel  Bacon.” 
and  contributed  many  articles  to  the  African  Re- 
pository. In  1835  R.  R.  Guidey  published  a memoir 
of  his  life.  He  died  Aug.  25,  1828. 

ASPINWALL,  William  H.,  merchant,  was 
born  in  New  York  city.  Dec.  16,  1807.  He  served 
his  mercantile  apprenticeship  with  his  uncles.  G. 
G.  & S.  Howland,  and  in  1837  became  a member 
of  the  newly  organized  house  of  Howland  & 
Aspinwall,  doing  a large  trade  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  Pacific.  He  retired  from  active  partici- 
pation in  the  firm’s  affairs  in  1850.  and  instituted  a 
steamship  line  between  the  Isthmus  of  Panama 
and  California,  and  subsequently  obtained  from 
New  Granada  a concession  for  a railroad  across 
the  Isthmus,  which  was  after  apparently  insur- 
mountable obstacles  completed  and  opened  Feb. 
17,  1855.  The  eastern  terminus  of  the  railroad 
was  for  a time  called  Aspinwall.  Mr.  Aspinwall 
resigned  the  presidency  of  the  Pacific  mail  steam- 
ship company  in  185S,  and  travelled  in  Europe. 


ASTOR. 


ASTOR. 


where  he  collected  a rare  gallery  of  paintings, 
which  collection  was  sold  after  his  death,  many 
of  the  subjects  selling  at  phenomenal  prices.  He 
died  Jan.  18.  1875. 

ASTOR,  John  Jacob,  merchant,  was  born  at 
Walldorf  near  Heidelberg,  Germany,  July  17, 
1768.  He  was  the  son  of  a butcher  and  inn- 
keeper at  Walldorf,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  fol- 
lowed the  example  of  his  elder  brothers  and  left 
home  to  seek  his  fortune.  In  1779  he  repaired 

to  London,  and  there 
obtained  employment 
in  the  house  of  Astor 
& Broad  wood,  manu- 
facturers of  pianos 
and  flutes,  where  an 
elder  brother  was  al- 
ready  established , 
their  uncle  being 
head  of  the  firm.  In 
1783  he  took  ship  for 
the  United  States, 
w here  his  brother 
Henry  had  settled  as 
a butcher  in  New 
York,  having  as  his 
sole  capital  a small  lot  of  musical  instruments.  He 
became  interested  in  the  fur  trade  from  the  ac- 
counts of  a German  furrier,  whose  acquaintance 
he  made  on  shipboard.  Resolving  to  learn  all 
that  he  could  of  the  business,  he  obtained  a 
situation  in  the  shop  of  a furrier  in  New  York, 
and  later  commenced  business  for  himself  on 
Water  street.  Industry,  enterprise,  and  business 
sagacity  were  marked  qualities  in  the  young 
trader.  He  visited  London  and  connected  him- 
self with  several  of  the  large  fur  houses,  and 
got  his  uncle  to  appoint  him  agent  of  Astor 
& Broadwood  in  America.  He  opened  the  first 
wareroom  for  the  sale  of  musical  instruments  in 
the  United  States.  He  married  Sarah  Todd,  a 
connection  of  the  Brevoort  family,  a woman  of 
foresight  and  ability,  who  shared  in  his  business 
enterprises,  and  before  the  end  of  the  century 
they  had  amassed  a fortune  of  §250,000.  He 
became  a shipowner,  carrying  his  furs  to  Europe 
in  his  own  vessels  and  bringing  profitable  return 
cargoes.  In  1809  he  applied  to  Congress  for  aid 
in  establishing  trading  posts  from  the  lakes  to 
the  Pacific,  as  a means  of  advancing  civilization 
and  of  rendering  American  trade  free  from  the 
monopoly  of  the  Hudson  Bay  company.  A part 
of  his  scheme  was  to  purchase  one  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  and  there  establish  a line  of  vessels 
to  trade  with  India  and  China.  Two  ex- 
peditions were  sent  to  open  communication 
with  the  Indians  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  the 
trading  settlement  “Astoria”  was  established 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  but  the 

1133 


hostilities  of  1812  supervened  and  the  plans 
were  dropped.  At  the  close  of  the  war  of  1812 
Mr.  Astor  resumed  his  trading  operations, 
greatly  extending  his  bases  of  action,  but  never 
recurring  to  his  plan  of  western  settlement.  He 
invested  his  surplus  in  land  which  he  foresaw 
would  later  be  merged  in  the  growing  city  of 
New  York,  and  as  the  time  grew  ripe,  erected 
many  substantial  buildings.  He  retired  from 
active  participation  in  business  affairs  about  1835, 
and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the  per- 
formance of  unostentatious  acts  of  benevolence. 
Besides  many  liberal  gifts  to  worthy  objects 
during  his  lifetime,  he  left  many  bequests,  the 
foremost  of  these  being  ,$400,000  to  found  the 
Astor  library,  New  York,  and  $50,000  to  found 
the  Astor  House,  Walldorf,  Germany,  an  institu- 
tion for  the  education  and  nurture  of  needy  chil- 
dren, and  an  asylum  for  the  aged  poor.  The 
house  was  opened  in  1854.  His  property,  which 
had  attained  immense  proportions,  at  his  death 
was  mainly  left  to  his  younger  son  William 
Backhouse;  the  elder  son,  John  Jacob,  being 
demented,  was  cared  for  and  maintained  from 
the  income  of  a fund  of  $100,000  set  apart  for 
that  purpose.  John  Jacob  Astor  died  of  old  age 
at  his  home  in  New  York  city,  March  29,  1848. 

ASTOR,  John  Jacob,  4th,  capitalist,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  June  10,  1822,  eldest  son  of 
William  B.  and  Margaret  Rebecca  (Armstrong) 
Astor,  and  grandson  of  the  first  John  Jacob  Astor. 
He  was  graduated  from  Columbia  college  in  1839. 
He  then  studied  at  Gottingen,  was  afterwards 
graduated  at  Harvard  law  school,  and  practised 
his  profession  for  a year.  His  occupation  in  life 
was  mainly  administering  the  interests  of  his 
share  of  the  family  estate.  Like  his  father  and 
grandfather,  he  was  conservative  in  his  methods, 
buying  land  where  he  saw  good  prospects  of  ac- 
cretion in  value  and  parting  with  it  very  slowly. 
In  1846  he  married  Charlotte  Augusta  Gibbs,  of 
South  Carolina,  by  whom  he  had  one  son,  William 
Waldorf.  From  1859  to  1869  he  was  a trustee  of 
Columbia  college.  In  1861,  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war,  Mr.  Astor  offered  his  services  to  his 
country,  was  commissioned  colonel  on  the  staff 
of  General  McClellan,  and  served  as  aide-de- 
camp  with  the  army  of  the  Potomac.  He  also 
aided,  by  generous  donations  of  money,  in  fitting 
out  the  quota  of  New  York  troops  called  for  in  the 
proclamation  of  President  Lincoln.  In  1865  he 
was  promoted  brigadier  - general  by  brevet  for 
meritorious  conduct  during  the  Peninsular  cam- 
paign. President  Hayes  offered  him  the  position 
of  U.  S.  minister  to  Great  Britain,  which  he  de- 
clined. He  promoted  with  great  liberality  various 
beneficent  interests  with  which  the  name  of 
Astor  had  been  associated,  and  his  practical  bene- 
factions, mainly  dispensed  through  the  instrumen- 
] 


ASTOR. 


ASTOR. 


tality  of  his  wife,  were  multifarious.  In  1879  he 
gave  to  the  Astor  library  three  lots  of  land  on 
Lafayette  place,  upon  which  he  afterward  erected 
the  North  library  building,  the  construction  of 
which  cost  $250,000.  To  this  latter  he  added  a 
very  valuable  gift  of  rare  manuscripts  and  books, 
and  bequests  of  $400,000  for  the  purchase  of  books, 
and  $50,000  as  a trust  fund  for  the  payment  of  the 
trustees.  In  conjunction  with  his  brother  Wil- 
liam, he  presented  the  reredos  and  altar  to  Trinity 
church,  New  York,  in  memory  of  his  father.  The 
New  York  cancer  hospital  owes  its  existence  to 
his  liberality,  and  the  woman’s  hospital  and  chil- 
dren’s aid  society  were  largely  benefited.  In  1887 
after  the  death  of  his  wife,  he  gave  her  magni- 
ficent collection  of  laces  to  the  Metropolitan 
museum  of  art.  He  was  so  quiet  and  simple  in 
his  tastes  and  habits,  so  unostentatious,  so  correct 
and  careful  in  his  expenditures,  as  to  win  a name 
for  eccentricity,  while  his  unassuming  charity 
was  brightening  hundreds  of  lives.  He  bequeathed 
$100,000  to  the  New  York  cancer  hospital,  $100,000 
to  St.  Luke’s  hospital,  and  $50,000  to  the  Metro- 
politan museum  of  art.  He  died  Feb.  22,  1890. 

ASTOR,  John  Jacob,  5th,  was  born  at  Rhine- 
beck-on-the-Hudson,  N.  Y.,  July  13,  1864,  son 
of  William  and  Caroline  (Scliermerhorn)  Astor, 
He  was  educated  at  St.  Paul’s  school.  Concord, 
N.  H.,  and  at  Harvard  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1888.  He  travelled  extensively  in 
the  United  States,  Europe,  and  Asia,  giving  pre- 
ference to  the  localities  unfrequented  by  tourists, 
where  he  found  abundant  material  for  the  scien- 
tific researches  which  were  his  favorite  pursuit. 
His  model  farm  on  the  Hudson  was  made  an 
evidence  of  the  results  of  intelligent  supervision 
in  the  breeding  of  pure-blooded  stock.  He  pre- 
sented to  Trinity  church.  New  York,  in  memory 
of  his  father,  William  Astor,  the  six  bronze  doors, 
placed  in  position  in  1895,  the  designs  for  which 
were  made  by  Karl  Bitter.  He  was  made  director 
of  the  Park  and  Plaza  banks,  Mercantile  Trust 
Co.,  Title  Guarantee  & Trust  Co.,  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Co.,  Illinois  Central  R.  R.  Co.,  and  a 
member  of  the  important  social  clubs  of  New 
York.  He  invented  a labor-saving  device  for 
the  improvement  of  road-ways,  likely  to  come 
into  general  service,  and  in  1890  published  ‘‘A 
Journey  in  Other  Worlds,”  a scientific  romance 
after  the  style  of  Jules  Verne,  his  first  import- 
ant venture  in  literature.  He  was  married  in 
1891,  to  Ava.  daughter  of  Edward  S.  Willing  of 
Philadelphia. 

ASTOR,  William,  capitalist,  was  born  in  New 
York  city,  July  12,  1830,  second  son  of  William 
B.  and  Margaret  Rebecca  (Armstrong)  Astor, 
and  grandson  of  John  Jacob  Astor.  In  1849,  he 
was  graduated  at  Columbia  college,  after  which 
he  travelled  in  the  Orient,  and  returned  to  take 


charge  of  his  father’s  estate  in  1853.  He  gave 
largely  in  charity,  but  always  in  secret.  He 
was  a devout  churchman,  a vestryman  of  Trinity 
parish,  and  a generous  supporter  of  struggling 
churches.  He  was  fond  of  horses  and  kept  a 
breeding  farm  for  blooded  stock  at  his  place  on 
the  Hudson.  For  a time  he  was  interested  in 
the  turf.  His  favorite  recreation  was  yachting. 
He  bequeathed  $50,000  to  the  Astor  library,  and 
$145,000  to  other  institutions.  He  married  Caro- 
line Scliermerhorn  of  New  York,  and  left  a son, 
John  Jacob  Astor,  5th.  He  died  in  Paris,  France, 
April  25,  1892. 

ASTOR,  William  Backhouse,  capitalist,  was 
born  in  New  York,  Sept.  19,  1792,  son  of  John 
Jacob,  2d,  and  Sarah  (Todd)  Astor.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  and  in  1808  was 
sent  to  Heidelberg,  where  he  studied  until  1810, 
he  then  went  to  Gottingen,  where  he  had  as  his 
tutor  the  Chevalier  Bunsen.  He  returned  to 
New  York  in  1815  when  his  father  took  him  into 
partnership,  and  embarked  in  the  china  trade 
under  the  firm  name  of  John  Jacob  Astor  & Son. 
In  1827  the  partnership  was  dissolved,  the  Astors 
retiring  from  the  china  trade,  and  the  American 
fur  company  began  business,  with  William  B. 
Astor  as  its  president.  Mr.  Astor  married 
Margaret  Rebecca,  daughter  of  John  and  Alida 
(Livingston)  Armstrong,  her  mother  being  a 
daughter  of  Robert  R.  Livingston  and  her  father 
the  secretary  of  war  under  President  Madison. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  Mr.  Astor  retired  from 
commerce  and  occupied  himself  with  the  affairs 
of  his  vast  estate.  He  followed  the  policy  of  his 
father  in  regard  to  the  buying  of  land  and  the 
building  of  first-class  houses.  He  followed  his 
father’s  example  also,  in  regard  to  his  benefac- 
tions. The  Astor  library  building  was  finished 
by  him  in  1853,  and  he  gave  to  it  in  gifts  and 
bequests  the  sum  of  $550,000;  he  also  gave  $50,000 
to  St.  Luke’s  hospital,  and  left  many  bequests  to 
charitable  objects.  His  estate  at  his  death  was 
valued  at  $45,000,000.  which  was  divided  between 
his  two  elder  sons.  John  Jacob  and  William,  his 
younger  son  Henry  being  disinherited  on  account 
of  his  marriage.  Henry,  however,  was  a benefici- 
ary by  the  will  of  his  grandmother,  and  with  the 
Astor  prudence  he  accumulated  an  independent 
fortune.  William  B.  Astor  died  Nov.  24.  1875. 

ASTOR,  William  Waldorf,  diplomatist,  was 
born  in  New  York,  March  31,  1848,  son  of  John 
Jacob,  4th.  and  Charlotte  Augusta  (Gibbs)  Astor. 
and  grandson  of  William  B.  Astor.  He  was  edu- 
cated by  private  tutors  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe,  and  was  graduated  at  the  law  school  of 
Columbia  college  in  1875.  He  was  elected  a mem 
ber  of  the  state  assembly  in  1877  as  a Republican, 
and  of  the  state  senate  in  1879,  serving  on  the 
committees  on  militia,  cities,  judiciary,  com- 
[134] 


ATCHISON. 


ATHERTON. 


merce  and  navigation,  and  public  expenditures. 
He  was  a defeated  candidate  for  Congress  in  1880, 
was  appointed  United  States  minister  to  Italy  by 
President  Arthur  in  1882,  to  succeed  G.  P.  Marsh, 
residing  in  Rome  until  1885,  when  lie  was  suc- 
ceeded by  John  B.  Stallo.  In  1878  he  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  James  W.  Paul  of  Philadelphia,  and 
a niece  of  Admiral  Dahlgren  and  of  Abbott  Law- 
rence of  Boston.  During  her  husband’s  ministry 
to  Italy,  she  became  famous  in  Rome  for  her 
charming  hospitality  and  her  great  beauty,  Queen 
Margherita  declaring  her  to  be  the  most  beautiful 
woman  in  all  Italy.  While  in  England  she  won 
the  friendship  of  the  Princess  Louise,  Marchioness 
of  Lome.  Mrs.  Astor  died  near  London,  Eng., 
Dec.  23,  1894,  and  was  buried  in  Trinity  church- 
yard, New  York  city.  Mr.  Astor  published  two 
Italian  romances,  “ Valentino  ” (1886),  and  “ Sfor- 
za,  a Story  of  Milan”  (1889).  By  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1890  he  became  the  head  of  his  family 
and  inherited  an  estate  estimated  to  be  worth 
$200,000,000.  On  his  property  on  Fifth  avenue, 
New  York,  in  1893,  he  built  the  Waldorf  hotel,  at 
the  time  the  finest  and  best  equipped  hostelry  in 
America.  He  took  up  his  residence  in  London  in 
1891 ; in  1893  purchased  the  Pall-Mall  gazette  and 
budget,  and  in  the  same  year  bought  the  historic 
estate  of  Cliveden-on-the-Thames,  then  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Duke  of  Westminster. 

ATCHISON,  David  R.,  senator,  was  born  at 
Frogtown,  Ky.,  Aug.  11,  1807.  He  was  well 
educated,  and  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1830 
began  the  practice  of  law  in  Missouri.  In  1834 
and  1838  he  was  a member  of  the  state  legislature, 
and  in  1841  circuit  judge  of  the  Platte  county 
circuit  court.  In  1843  he  was  elected  U.  S.  sena- 
tor, and  was  re-elected  in  1849,  retaining  his  seat 
until  1855,  During  this  period  he  officiated 
frequently  as  president  pro  tern  of  the  senate, 
and  by  virtue  of  that  position  was  President 
of  the  United  States  on  March  4, 1849.  Inaugura- 
tion day  falling  on  a Sunday  in  that  year,  Gen- 
eral Taylor  was  not  sworn  into  office  until 
Monday,  March  5.  Senator  Atchison  was  a zeal- 
ous pro-slavery  advocate,  and  a prominent  leader 
in  the  disturbances  connected  with  the  admission 
of  Kansas  as  a state  in  1856-57.  The  last  twenty 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  obscurity  and  com- 
parative poverty.  He  died  in  Clinton  county,  Mo. , 
Jan.  26,  1886. 

ATHERTON,  Charles  Gordon,  senator,  was 
born  at  Amherst,  N.  H.,  July  4,  1804;  son  of 
Charles  Humphrey  Atherton,  a prominent  law- 
yer. In  1822  he  was  graduated  from  Harvard 
college,  and  after  studying  law  in  the  office  of 
his  father,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1825  and 
began  to  practise  in  Dunstable  (Nashua,  N.  H.). 
For  many  years  he  represented  his  district  in  the 
New  Hampshire  legislature,  serving 


of  the  house  for  three  years.  He  was  a repre- 
sentative from  New  Hampshire  in  the  25th,  26th 
and  27tli  U.  S.  congresses.  In  Congress  he  intro- 
duced “the  Atherton  gag,  ” a resolution  passed 
in  1838  and  in  effect  until  repealed  in  1845, 
tabling  without  debate  all  resolutions  on  the 
subject  of  slavery.  In  1843  he  was  elected  United 
States  senator,  and  served  until  1849.  He  was 
again  elected  in  1852,  to  succeed  John  P.  Hale, 
but  was  stricken  with  paralysis  in  that  same 
year.  He  was  a member  of  the  New  Hampshire 
historical  society  and  the  author  of  several 
articles  and  memoirs  of  historical  value.  He  died 
at  Manchester,  N.  H.,  Nov.  15,  1853. 

ATHERTON,  George  W.,  educator,  was  born 
in  Boxford,  Essex  county,  Mass.,  June  20,  1837, 
and  descended  from  Humphrey  Atherton  of  the 
Massachusetts  colony.  He  was  educated  at 
Phillips  Exeter  academy,  and  in  1860  entered 
Yale  college,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in 
1863.  He  served  in  the  civil  war,  being  a 1st 
lieutenant  in  the  10th  Connecticut  volunteers, 
which  formed  a part  of  the  Burnside  expedition 
against  North  Carolina.  After  the  battle  of  New- 
bern  he  was  promoted  to  a captaincy,  and  took 
part  in  the  movement  from  Hilton  Head,  S.  C., 
against  Charleston.  He  was  repeatedly  detailed 
as  judge-advocate  of  regimental  and  brigade 
court-martial.  In  1863  the  impairment  of  his 
health  led  him  to  resign.  He  was  appointed  to  a 
professorship  in  the  Albany  boys’  academy, 
teaching  from  1864  to  1867.  He  then  accepted  a 
professorship  in  St.  John’s  college,  Annapolis, 
Md.  In  1868  he  became  a member  of  the  first 
faculty  of  the  Illinois  state  university,  and  the 
same  year  accepted  the  newly  established  chair 
of  history,  political  economy  and  constitutional 
law  in  Rutgers  college,  N.  J. , where  he  remained 
from  1868  to  1882.  In  1873  he  was  a member  of 
the  board  of  visitors  to  the  United  States  naval 
academy.  In  1875  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Grant  a member  of  the  commission  to  investigate 
charges  of  mismanagement  and  fraud  at  the  Red 
Cloud  Indian  agency.  In  1876  he  accepted  the 
Republican  nomination  for  representative  in 
Congress,  and  was  defeated.  In  1878  he  was 
chairman  of  a commission  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  to  prepare  a revision  of  the 
state  system  of  taxation.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  practising  as  a consulting  attorney  with- 
out relinquishing  his  college  professorship.  The 
act  of  1887,  providing  for  the  establishment  of 
agricultural  experiment  stations  in  connection 
with  land  grant  colleges  in  every  state  in  the 
Union,  was  largely  the  result  of  his  efforts. 
Upon  the  organization  of  the  “ American  Asso- 
ciation of  Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment 
Stations,”  Dr.  Atherton  was  chosen  its  first  presi- 
dent. In  1882  he  accepted  a call  to  the  presi- 


as  speaker 

1435] 


ATKINSON. 


ATKINSON. 


dency  of  the  Pennsylvania  state  college.  In 
1883  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  Franklin  and  Marshall  college.  In  1887  he 
was  appointed  by  the  governor  of  Pennsylvania 
chairman  of  a commission  created  by  authority 
of  the  legislature  of  the  state  to  make  inquiry 
as  to,  and  report  upon  the  practicability  of  intro- 
ducing manual  training  into  the  public  school 
system. 

ATKINSON,  Edward,  economist,  was  born  in 
Brookline,  Mass.,  Feb.  10,  1827.  His  studies  were 
carried  on  wholly  at  private  schools,  and  from 
early  youth  he  was  especially  interested  in  the 
subject  of  economics  both  practical  and  theoreti- 
cal. He  attained  a position  as  one  of  the  best 

and  most  thor- 
oughly earnest 
writers  on  eco- 
nomic topics.  He 
never  wrote  as  a 
partisan,  but  as  a 
scientist,  and  as  he 
had  accumulated 
a great  many  valu 
able  facts,  he  was 
able  to  show,  by 
apparently  indis- 
putable figures, 
that  under  our 
moderu  civiliza- 
tion seven  persons 
suffice  to  serve 
one  thousand  with  bread,  thereby  disposing 
of  the  proposition  of  Malthus,  that  population 


fa)  cU^rzL. 


increases  faster  than  the  means  of  sustenance. 
His  writings  show  equally  conclusively  that  there 
is  no  reason  in  nature  for  poverty ; that  in  the 
world  there  is  always  enough ; that  production  is 
ample  to  give  sustenance  to  every  man,  woman 
and  child,  especially  in  the  civilized  world,  and 
that  the  mechanism  of  distribution  is  also  fairly 
adequate;  leaving  as  the  inevitable  conclusion 
that  poverty  is  due  either  to  personal  wrong 
doing  or  to  social  malorganization.  He  abated, 
also,  something  of  the  prejudice  against  great 
capitalists  by  showing  that  “ the  fortune  which 
those  great  directors  of  industry  have  made  for 
themselves  bear  but  the  proportion  of  a small 
fraction  to  the  labor  which  they  have  saved  their 
fellow-men.”  A cook-stove  invented  by  him  has 
proved  to  be  a great  boon  to  housekeepers,  a 
ready  means  of  quickly  preparing  nutritious 
foods,  and  a saver  of  fuel.  He  became  president 
of  the  Boston  manufacturers’  mutual  fire  insur- 
ance company,  an  association  of  manufacturers 
for  mutual  protection  on  strictly  economic  prin- 
ciples. Mr.  Atkinson  attained  much  popularity 
as  a lecturer,  and  delivered  numerous  addresses 
before  scientific  bodies,  and  wrote  voluminously 


upon  economical  subjects.  Among  the  numer- 
ous scientific  bodies  before  which  he  delivered 
addresses  are  the  American  social  science  asso- 
ciation and  the  British  association  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  science;  the  topics  including  such 
subjects  as  ‘ ‘ Banking,  ” ‘‘Insufficiency  of  Eco- 
nomic Legislation,”  “What  Makes  the  Rate  of 
Wages, ’ ’ “Application  of  Science  to  the  Produc- 
tion and  Consumption  of  Food,  ” and  “ Prevention 
of  Loss  by  Fire.”  Among  his  pamphlets  and  books 
are  “Our  National  Domain,”  “The  Railroads  of 
the  United  States,”  “ Argument  for  the  Condi- 
tional Reform  of  the  Legal  Tender  Act,”  “The 
Railway  and  the  Farmer,”  “The  Distribution 
of  Products,”  “The  Margin  of  Profits,”  “Slow 
Burning  Construction,”  “ Labor  and  Capital — 
Allies,  not  Enemies,”  “ What  is  a Bank?”  “ The 
Industrial  Progress  of  the  Nation,”  “Consump- 
tion Limited ; Production  Unlimited,”  “ Influence 
of  Boston  Capital  upon  Manufacturers,”  “ Cheap 
Cotton  by  Free  Labor,”  “ The  Collection  of  Reve- 
nue.” He  esteemed  his  most  important  work  to 
be  “The  Science  of  Nutrition.” 

ATKINSON,  John,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Deerfield,  N.  J.,  Sept.  6,  1835.  He  entered 
the  New  Jersey  conference  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church  in  1853.  He  served  as  pas- 
tor nine  years  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  later 
held  charges  in  Patterson,  N.  J. ; Chicago,  111. ; 
Bay  City  and  Adrian,  Mich.,  and  Newark,  N.  J., 
where  he  remained  twelve  years,  and  later  settled 
at  Haverstraw-on-the-Hudson,  New  York.  He 
received  the  degree  of  M.  A.  from  Dickinson 
college  in  1869,  and  that  of  D.  D.  from  the  Illinois 
Wesleyan  university  in  1877.  He  was  for  many 
years  a contributor  to  the  periodical  press,  and  is 
the  author  of  “ The  Living  Way  ” (1856)  ; “ Me- 
morials of  Methodism  in  New  Jersey  ” (1860) ; also 
of  the  well-known  hymn,  “ We  shall  meet  beyond 
the  River”  (1867);  “The  Garden  of  Sorrows” 
(1868) ; “ The  Class  Leader  ” (1874) ; “ Centennial 
History  of  American  Methodism  ” (1884) ; and 
“ The  Beginning  of  the  Wesleyan  Movement  in 
America”  (1896). 

ATKINSON,  Louis  E.,  representative,  was 
born  in  Delaware  township,  Juniata  county,  Pa., 
April  16,  1841.  He  received  an  academic  educa- 
tion, and  was  graduated  from  the  medical  college 
of  the  university  of  the  city  of  New  York  in 
1861.  In  September  of  the  same  year  he  entered 
the  medical  department  of  the  United  States 
army  and  served  in  this  capacity  throughout  the 
war.  He  was  mustered  out  in  December,  1865, 
but  injuries  received  while  in  service  rendered 
him  unfit  to  practise  his  profession,  and  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  September,  1870.  In  1883 
he  was  elected  as  a Republican  to  represent  the 
18th  Pennsylvania  district  in  the  4Sth,  and  was 
re-elected  to  four  succeeding  congresses. 


[136J 


ATKINSON. 


ATLEE. 


ATKINSON,  Thomas,  third  bishop  of  North 
Carolina  and  58tli  in  succession  in  the  American 
episcopate,  was  born  in  Dinwiddie  county,  Va., 
Aug.  6,  1807.  He  was  educated  at  Yale  and 
afterwards  at  Hampden-Sidney  college  in  Vir- 
ginia, where  he  was  graduated  in  1825.  He 
studied  law  and  practised  for  nine  years,  when 
he  turned  to  the  church,  pursued  his  theological 
course,  and  was  admitted  to  the  diaconate,  Nov. 
18,  1836.  He  was  consecrated  to  the  priesthood 
in  St.  Paul's,  Norfolk,  Va.,  May  7,  1837,  where  he 
served  for  a short  time  as  assistant  minister,  and 
for  a period  of  two  years  as  rector.  His  next 
charge,  1839-1843,  was  St.  Paul’s,  Lynchburg.  In 
1843  he  became  rector  of  St.  Peter's,  Baltimore, 
and  in  1852  rector  of  Grace  Church  in  the  same 
place.  Here  Dr.  Atkinson  remained  barely  a 
year,  being  elected  to  the  episcopal  office  in  1853. 
He  was  consecrated  bishop  of  North  Carolina  at 
St.  John’s  chapel,  New  York,  Oct.  17,  1853. 
During  the  civil  war  Bishop  Atkinson  took  an 
active  part  in  the  measures  adopted  to  establish 
the  Episcopal  church  in  the  confederate  states, 
but  when  reconstruction  took  place  he  was  one 
of  two  southern  bishops  who  took  their  seats 
in  the  general  convention  of  1865.  In  December, 
1873,  Rt.  Rev.  Theodore  Benedict  Lyman  was 
given  to  the  venerable  prelate  as  assistant.  In 
1846,  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity 
from  Trinity  college;  in  1862  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  conferred  upon  him  the  Doctorate 
of  Laws,  and  in  1867,  on  the  occasion  of  his  visit 
to  England  to  attend  the  Lambeth  conference, 
he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from 
the  university  of  Cambridge,  England.  The  life 
of  Bishop  Atkinson  was  one  of  devout  consecra- 
tion to  the  charges  he  had  assumed.  He  was  a 
preacher  of  great  eloquence.  His  published 
works  were  sermons  on  special  occasions,  lectures, 
charges,  etc.,  a charge  on  “ Sacramental  Confes- 
sion,” and  a pamphlet  in  reply  to  the  criticism  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  bishop  of  Richmond  on  the 
above  charge.  He  died  at  Wilmington,  N.  C., 
Jan.  4,  1881. 

ATKINSON,  William  Parsons,  educator,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Aug.  12,  1820.  He  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  college  in  1838,  and  soon  after 
his  graduation  began  to  teach.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  English  and  history  by  the 
Massachusetts  institute  of  technology  at  its 
organization  in  1868,  becoming  sole  instructor  in 
English  studies.  As  a teacher  he  was  very  suc- 
cessful, being  by  nature  and  education  peculiarly 
adapted  to  the  profession.  He  was  a fellow  of 
the  American  academy,  and  editor  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Teacher.  In  1889  he  tendered  his  resig- 
nation to  the  institute  of  technology,  and  in 
accepting  it  the  executive  committee  expressed 
their  deep  regret  and  their  appreciation  of  his 


services.  He  delivered  many  able  lectures  before 
literary  societies,  his  last  course  consisting  of  five 
lectures  before  the  young  men's  Christian  union, 
Boston,  on  the  “Boyhood  of  Famous  Authors.” 
He  wrote  many  valuable  works,  among  which 
are  “ Classical  and  Scientific  Studies,”  and  “ The 
Great  Schools  of  England,”  a lecture  on  “ The 
Right  Use  of  Books,”  “ History  and  the  Study  of 
History;  three  Lectures,  ” and  a lecture  on  “The 
Study  of  Politics.”  He  died  March  10,  1890. 

ATKINSON,  William  Yates,  governor  of 
Georgia,  was  born  in  Oakland,  Mei'iwether 
county,  Ga.,  in  1856;  son  of  John  P.  Atkinson. 
He  was  prepared  for  college  at  the  Senoia  high 
school,  and  was  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Georgia,  Athens,  Ga. , in  1877.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1878,  and  settled  himself  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Newman,  Ga.  In 
1879  he  was  appointed  solicitor-general  of  the 
Coweta  circuit,  by  Governor  Colquitt,  and  held 
the  office  for  three  years.  In  1886  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legislature 
on  the  Democratic  ticket,  was  four  times  re- 
elected, and  in  1892  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
house.  In  1890  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
state  Democratic  convention,  and  chairman  of 
the  state  Democratic  executive  committee  in  1890 
and  in  1892.  In  1890  he  was  chosen  a trustee  of 
(his  alma  mater)  the  University  of  Georgia.  He 
was  elected  governor  of  Georgia  in  1894,  and  re- 
elected to  a second  term  in  1896.  Governor 
Atkinson  was  known  as  an  able  leader  of  his 
party,  and  one  of  the  most  eloquent  orators  of  his 
state.  During  his  legislative  terms  he  was  prom- 
inent in  initiating  and  securing  many  important 
measures  whereby  he  saved  the  state  the  expendi- 
ture of  large  sums  of  money.  He  was  chiefly 
instrumental  in  establishing  the  Georgia  normal 
and  industrial  college  for  girls  at  Milledgeville, 
Ga. 

ATLEE,  Washington  Lemuel,  surgeon,  was 
born  in  Lancaster,  Pa. , Feb.  22,  1808 ; son  of  Col. 
William  Pitt  and  Sarah  (Light)  Atlee.  After 
studying  medicine  with  his  brother,  an  eminent 
physician  of  Philadelphia,  lie  entered  the  Jeffer- 
son medical  college,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1829.  For  several  years  he  practised  in 
the  village  of  Mount  Joy,  but  returned  in  1834  to 
Lancaster,  where  for  ten  years  he  devoted  his 
time  to  both  practical  and  theoretical  work  in  his 
profession.  From  1845  until  1853  he  occupied  the 
chair  of  medical  chemistry  in  Pennsylvania  col 
lege,  but  was  obliged  to  abandon  this  work  that 
he  might  give  his  attention  to  his  large  and 
growing  practice.  He  was  elected  in  1874  presi- 
dent of  the  Philadelphia  county  medical  associa- 
tion, and  the  following  year  held  the  same  office 
in  the  Pennsylvania  medical  association,  and 
that  of  vice  -president  of  the  American  associa- 


ATTUCKS. 


ATWATER. 


tion.  Dr.  Atlee’s  contributions  to  the  medical 
profession  are  extensive  and  valuable.  His 
works  are  largely  periodical  articles,  and  he  also 
published:  “Memoir  of  Wm.  R.  Grant,  M.  D.” 
(1858);  “General  and  Differential  Diagnosis  of 
Ovarian  Tumors”  (1873);  “Struggles  and 
Triumphs  of  Ovariotomy”  (1875),  and  “Fibroid 
Tumors  of  the  Uterus  ” (1876).  See  “ In  Memo- 
riam,  Washington  Lemuel  Atlee,”  by  Thomas 
Murray  Drysdale,  M.  D.,  published  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  American  gynecological  society 
(1879).  He  died  Sept.  7,  1878. 

ATTUCKS,  Crispus,  martyr,  was  born  in 
the  vicinity  of  Cochituate  lake,  Framingham, 
Mass.,  about  1723.  His  ancestors  were  probably 
Natick  Indians,  who  had  intermarried  with  negro 
slaves.  He  was  a man  of  imposing  stature,  being 
six  feet  and  two  inches  tall.  March  5, 1770,  be- 
cause of  real  or  fancied  insolence  from  a detach- 
ment of  soldiers,  commanded  by  Captain  Preston 
of  the  29th  regiment,  a party  of  men  and  boys, 
armed  with  sticks  and  missiles,  and  led  by  Crispus 
Attucks,  bore  down  upon  the  “redcoats,”  who 
were  stationed  in  front  of  the  custom  house  on 
King  street.  Believing  that  the  soldiers  would 
not  dare  to  fire,  the  mob  pushed  aside  the  muskets 
with  sticks,  threw  stones  and  snow-balls,  and 
filled  the  air  with  taunts  of  cowardice.  A soldier 
was  knocked  down,  and  on  regaining  his  position, 
he  saw  Attucks,  the  black  giant,  armed  with  a 
club,  and  heard  the  war-whoop  inherited  from 
his  Indian  ancestors.  It  was  scarcely  possible 
for  a human  being  to  endure  this  without  retali- 
ating, and  the  soldier  raised  his  musket  and 
fired,  killing  him.  Then  other  soldiers  fired  into 
the  mob,  and  several  men  were  killed  or 
wounded.  Three  days  later  the  four  victims  of 
the  massacre  were  borne  with  unparalleled  pomp 
to  the  burial-ground,  where  they  were  placed  in 
one  vault.  The  shops  were  closed,  and  all  the 
bells  were  ordered  to  be  tolled.  Inaccurate  and 
inflamed  accounts  of  the  affair  were  spread 
throughout  the  colonies,  and  Crispus  Attucks, 
the  disorderly  slave,  was  heralded  as  a martyred 
patriot.  Patrick  Carr,  who  died  of  his  wounds 
on  the  14tli,  was  buried  on  the  17th  in  the  same 
vault.  Later  Captain  Preston  and  the  soldiers 
were  brought  to  trial  for  murder.  John  Adams 
defended  them.  Two  were  convicted  for  man- 
slaughter and  slightly  branded ; the  others  were 
acquitted.  In  1888  a ten  thousand  dollar  monu- 
ment was  erected  on  Boston  common,  to  the 
memory  of  Crispus  Attucks,  Samuel  Maverick, 
James  Caldwell,  Samuel  Gray,  and  Patrick  Carr, 

‘ ‘ the  first  martyrs  in  the  cause  of  American 
liberty,  having  been  shot  by  the  British  soldiers, 
March  5,  1770.”  See  the  article  on  Attucks  in  the 
American  Historical  Record  for  1872,  and  George 
Bancroft’s  “ History  of  the  United  States." 


ATWATER,  Amzi  pioneer,  was  born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  May  23,  1776.  In  1794  he  went  to 
Westfield,  Mass.,  where  he  studied  mathematics 
and  surveying,  and  the  following  year  started 
for  western  New  York.  On  his  route  he  met 
an  expedition  led  by  Moses  Cleveland  on  its 
way  to  survey  the  Western  reserve  of  Ohio,  and 
he  became  lineman  and  assistant  surveyor  for  the 
party,  with  which  he  remained  two  years,  run- 
ning township  lines  for  it  and  for  the  Holland  land 
company  in  western  New  York.  He  settled  in 
Mantua,  Ohio,  in  1800,  and  when  Portage  county 
was  organized,  in  1808,  he  was  elected  its  first 
county  judge.  He  died  June  22,  1851. 

ATWATER,  Caleb,  author,  was  born  at  North 
Adams,  Mass.,  Dec.  25,  1778.  After  his  gradua- 
tion from  Williams  college  in  1804  he  became 
a lawyer,  and  in  1811  removed  to  Circleville,  Ohio, 
where  he  became  prominent  in  local  politics, 
serving  in  the  Ohio  legislature,  and  also  as  Indian 
commissioner.  He  published:  “ Remarks  made 
on  a Tour  to  Prairie  du  Cliien  ” (1831) ; “ Writ- 
ings of  Caleb  Atwater”  (1833);  “Western 
Antiquities  ” (1833) ; “ History  of  Ohio,  Natural 
and  Civil  " (1838),  andan  “ Essay  on  Education  ” 
(1841).  He  was  a contributor  to  the  transac- 
tions of  the  American  antiquarian  society.  He 
died  at  Circleville,  Ohio.  March  13,  1867. 

ATWATER,  Lyman  Hotchkiss.  educator,  was 
born  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  20,  1813.  He 
was  graduated  from  Yale  college  in  1831,  and 
after  three  years’  study  in  Yale  theological  sem- 
inary he  went  to  Fairfield,  Conn.,  where  for 
twenty  years  he  had  charge  of  the  Congrega- 
tional church,  leaving  in  1854  to  accept  the  chair 
of  mental  and  moral  philosophy  at  Princeton 
college.  In  1869  he  was  made  professor  of  logic 
and  of  moral  and  political  science.  He  con- 
tributed extensively  to  current  literature  and 
was  for  a number  of  years  editor  of  the  Princeton 
Review.  He  was  the  author  of  “ Manual  of  Ele- 
mentary  Logic”  (1867).  He  died  Feb.  17.  1883. 

ATWATER,  Wilbur  Olin,  chemist,  was  born 
at  Johnsburg,  N.  Y..  May  3,  1844.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Wesleyan  university  in  1865,  and 
was  successively  principal  of  Colchester  acad- 
emy, Yt.,  1865;  High  school,  Spencer.  Mass.,  1866; 
High  school.  Westport,  N.  Y.  In  1868-'69  he 
studied  in  the  Sheffield  Scientific  school  at  Yale 
college,  and  there  received  the  degree  of  Pli.D.. 
in  1869.  He  spent  two  years  in  Europe,  chiefly 
in  the  study  of  chemistry  and  kindred  subjects, 
at  the  German  universities.  In  1871  he  returned 
to  the  United  States,  and  accepted  the  chair  of 
chemistry  at  the  University  of  Tennessee.  In 
1873  he  removed  to  Orono.  Maine,  to  take  a sim- 
ilar position  at  the  Maine  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  college,  and  later  in  the  same  year 
became  instructor  of.  and  from  1874  to  1881 
rissj  * 


ATWILL. 


ATWOOD. 


professor  of,  chemistry  at  Wesleyan  university. 
From  1875-’77  he  was  director  of  the  Connecticut 
agricultural  experiment  station.  Professor 
Atwater  wrote  authoritative  articles  on  agri 
cultural  and  chemical  subjects,  which  were  pub- 
lished in  agricultural  reports  of  several  states, 
Popular  Science  Monthly , and  the  publications  of 
the  American  association  for  the  advancement 
of  science.  He  published  several  volumes 
of  reports  of  work  at  agricultural  experiment 
stations,  “ Commercial  Fertilizers  at  Home  and 
Abroad  ” (1874) ; “ Farm  Experiments  with 

Fertilizers”  (1878);  “Fertilizers:  Co-operative 
Experimenting,  etc.”  (1882).  In  conjunction 
with  G.  B.  Goode,  he  wrote  “The  American 
Menhaden.”  His  scientific  writings  found  ac- 
ceptance in  European  journals.  Professor  At- 
water made  thorough  investigation,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Smithsonian  institution,  of  the 
chemical  composition  and  nutritive  values 
of  American  foods,  and  also  made  exhaustive 
experiments  in  vegetable  physiology.  He  was 
made  a member  of  the  American  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science. 

ATWILL,  Edward  Robert,  first  bishop  of 
West  Missouri,  and  155th  in  succession  in  the 
American  episcopate,  was  born  at  Red  Hook, 
Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  18,  1840.  He  was 
graduated  at  Columbia  college  in  1862,  and 
at  the  General  theological  seminary  in  1864. 
Ordained  a deacon  by  Bishop  Potter,  July  3,  1864, 
he  was  advanced  to  the  priesthood  by  the  same 
prelate,  April  1,  1865.  During  his  diaconate  he 
officiated  as  curate  at  St.  Luke's,  New  York,  and 
immediately  on  taking  full  orders,  became  rector 
of  St.  Paul's,  Williamsburg,  L.  I. ; he  was  next 
curate  to  the  bishop  of  Vermont,  at  St.  Paul's, 
Burlington,  and  in  1867  became  rector  of  that 
parish.  In  1882  he  was  chosen  rector  of  Trinity 
church,  Toledo,  O.,  where  he  remained  until 
advanced  to  the  episcopal  office.  He  received 
the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  from  the  university  of 
Vermont  in  1883,  and  was  consecrated  first 
bishop  of  the  new  diocese  of  West  Missouri,  Oct. 
14,  1890,  his  see  comprising  an  area  of  36,720 
square  miles,  and  embracing  a population  of 
1,388,531  souls.  He  published  a tract  on  “ Con- 
firmation,” and  numerous  sermons  and 
addresses. 

ATWOOD,  Charles  B.,  architect,  was  born  at 
Charleston,  Mass.,  May  18,  1849.  and  in  1866 
became  a pupil  in  an  architectural  office  in 
Boston.  After  passing  through  the  scientific 
school  at  Harvard,  he  established  himself  as  an 
architect,  and  won  many  first  prizes  for  designs 
for  public  buildings.  In  1875  he  went  to  New 
York  city.  He  designed  the  interior  decora- 
tions of  many  of  the  palatial  residences  through- 
out the  country,  notably  that  of  Mrs.  Mark 


Hopkins,  in  San  Francisco,  and  the  residences  of 
William  H.  Vanderbilt  and  David  Dows  in  New 
York  city.  He  won  the  prize  of  five  thousand 
dollars  for  the  best  design  for  a new  city  hall  in 
New  York.  He  planned  the  public  library 
building  in  Boston,  and  furnished  the  designs  for 
the  house  of  Mrs.  Mark  Hopkins,  in  Great  Bar- 
rington, Mass.  In  1891  he  went  to  Chicago, 
where  he  designed  the  Art  Palace  at  the  World's 
Fair,  now  the  Columbian  Museum,  also  the 
peristyle,  and  the  great  terminal  station.  He 
died  at  his  home  near  Chicago,  Dec.  19,  1895. 

ATWOOD,  Charles  Edwin,  physician,  was 
born  at  Shoreham,  Vt.,  July  21,  1861,  a lineal 
descendant  of  Capt.  John  Parker,  the  first 
patriot  soldier  to  fall  at  Lexington  in  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution.  He  was  taken  to  Ithaca,  N.  Y., 
at  an  early  age,  where  he  was  graduated  at 
Cornell  university  in  1879.  He  received  his  M.  D. 
degree  from  the  Bellevue  Hospital  medical 
college  in  1881.  He  was  appointed  assistant 
physician  to  the  Hudson  River  state  hospital  at 
Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  in  1884.  In  1887  he  was 
transferred  to  the  Utica  state  hospital,  and  in 
1892  received  the  appointment  of  physician  in 
charge  of  the  male  department  of  the  Blooming- 
dale  asylum,  the  insane  department  of  the  New 
York  Hospital.  Dr.  Atwood  was  for  over  four 
years  associate  editor  of  the  American  Journal 
of  Insanity.  He  became  a member  of  the  Ameri- 
can social  science  association,  associate  member 
of  the  American  medico  psychological  association, 
clinical  assistant  in  the  department  of  neurology 
at  the  Vanderbilt  clinic  of  the  Columbia  college 
of  physicians  and  surgeons,  and  served  as  an 
expert  in  medico-legal  cases  in  the  New  York 
courts. 

ATWOOD,  Isaac  Morgan,  clergyman,  was 
bornat  Pembroke,  Genesee  county,  N.  Y.,  March 
24,  1838.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  became 
pastor  of  a Universalist  church  in  New  York 
state,  afterwards  holding  pastorates  in  Maine 
and  Massachusetts.  After  twenty  years  of 
preaching  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Canton 
theological  school,  St.  Lawrence  university,  at 
which  institution  he  was  also  given  the  chair  of 
theology  and  ethics.  He  received  the  degree  of 
A.M.  from  St.  Lawrence  university  in  1872,  and 
that  of  D.D.  from  Tufts  college  in  1879.  Among 
his  published  works  are:  “ Have  we  outgrown 
Christianity?”  (1870);  “ Glance  at  the  Religious 
Progress  of  the  United  States  ” (1874) ; “ Latest 
Word  of  Universalism  ” (1881);  “Walks  about 
Zion  ” (1881) ; “ Revelation,  or  Manual  of  Faith  and 
Duty  ” (1888),  and  “ The  Balance  Sheet  of  Bibli- 
cal Criticism  ” (1895).  In  1867  he  became  editor  of 
the  Boston  Universalist,  acting  as  such  for  five 
years.  He  assumed  the  editorship  of  the  Christian 
Leader  in  1873. 

[13!)] 


AUCHMUTY. 


AUDUBON. 


AUCHMUTY,  Richard  Tylden  (ok-mu-te), 
philanthropist,  was  born  in  New  York  city  in 
1831.  He  received  a collegiate  education,  and 
then  studied  architecture  with  James  Renwick, 
with  whom  he  was  associated  as  a partner  for 
many  years.  He  served  with  distinction  through 
the  civil  war,  and  soon  afterwards  retired  from 
his  architectural  profession,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  development  of  Lenox,  in  Berkshire 
county,  Mass.,  as  a summer  resort  for  people  of 
means  and  leisure.  As  a philanthropist  he  under- 
took to  cope  with  the  labor  problem.  He  saw  the 
inevitable  result  of  the  monopoly  which  foreign 
skilled  labor  was  establishing  in  certain  trades, 
and  he  quietly  set  about  applying  a remedy.  In 
1881,  in  connection  with  his  wife,  he  established 
a training  school  in  New  York  city,  where  indi- 
gent young  men  are  given  instruction  in  certain 
branches  of  industry — such  as  plastering,  plumb- 
ing, tailoring,  blacksmithing,  carpentry,  and 
house,  sign  and  fresco  painting.  The  school 
was  liberally  endowed  by  Mr.  Auchmuty  and 
his  wife,  at  its  opening,  and  when  incorporated 
in  1889,  it  received  from  them  an  additional 
benefaction  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand 
dollars,  to  which  J.  Pierpont  Morgan  afterwards 
added  the  gift  of  five  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars. The  institution  was  established  on  a very 
modest  basis,  its  avowed  object  being  “to  enable 
young  men  to  learn  the  science  and  practice  of 
certain  trades  thoroughly,  expeditiously,  and 
economically,  speed  of  execution  to  be  acquired 
at  real  work  after  leaving  the  school.  ” During 
the  first  year,  thirty  pupils  received  instruction, 
but  the  fame  of  the  institution,  still  in  its  experi- 
mental stage,  spread  so  rapidly  that  the  roll  for 
the  second  year  included  ninety-eight  names, 
while  that  for  the  third  year  rose  to  207.  Colonel 
Auchmuty’s  experiment  was  a practical  success 
at  the  end  of  the  third  year.  The  annual  list  of 
graduates  numbers  about  six  hundred,  and  the 
plan  of  the  school  has  been  adopted  by  many 
other  cities. 

AUCHMUTY,  Robert  (ok-mu-te),  lawyer,  was 
born  in  Scotland,  and  was  the  first  one  of  his 
name  to  become  an  American.  He  immigrated 
from  Ireland,  to  which  country  his  father  re- 
moved in  1099.  settled  in  Boston  early  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
about  1715.  In  1730  he  was  made  judge  of  the 
admiralty  court.  In  1740  he  was  appointed  a 
director  of  the  Land  bank,  and  the  next  year 
went  to  England  as  Massachusetts  agent  to  settle 
the  boundary  dispute  with  Rhode  Island.  It  is 
said  that  while  in  England  he  planned  the  expe- 
dition against  Cape  Breton ; he  certainly  pub- 
lished there  a pamphlet  entitled,  “The  Impor- 
tance of  Cape  Breton  to  the  British  Nation,  and 
a Plan  for  taking  the  Place.”  He  died  in  1750. 


AUDENRIED,  Joseph  Crain,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Pottsville,  Pa.,  Nov.  6,  1839.  He  was 
graduated  from  West  Point  in  1861,  and  was 
promoted  2d  lieutenant  of  1st  cavalry.  On  the 
same  day  he  was  transferred  to  the  6th  cavalry 
with  the  rank  of  1st  lieutenant.  He  engaged  in 
drilling  volunteers  at  Washington,  and  served  in 
the  Bull  Run  campaign  as  aide-de-camp  to  Gen- 
eral Tyler.  From  March  to  August,  1862,  he  was 
engaged  in  the  Virginia  peninsular  campaign  as 
acting  assistant  adjutant-general  of  the  1st 
cavalry  brigade.  He  was  promoted  captain  of 
staff,  Aug.  20,  1862,  and  in  September  was  bre- 
vetted  captain  for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of 
Antietam.  From  December,  1862,  to  April,  1863, 
he  served  in  the  Rappahannock  campaign,  and 
in  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg  was  aide-de-camp 
to  General  Sumner.  In  April,  1863,  he  was  on 
the  staff  of  Major-General  Wool,  and  from  June 
20  to  Oct.  1,  1863,  was  aide-de-camp  to  General 
Grant.  He  was  transferred  to  General  Sherman’s 
staff,  and  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Missionary 
Ridge,  the  Atlanta  campaign,  the  siege  of 
Atlanta,  the  march  to  the  sea,  and  the  capture  of 
Savannah.  On  Sept.  1,  1864,  he  was  brevetted 
major  for  gallant  and  meritorious  services  in  the 
Atlanta  campaign,  and  in  March,  1865,  he  received 
the  brevet  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  con- 
duct during  the  war.  He  was  promoted  captain 
of  staff,  July  1,  1866,  and  served  with  the  division 
of  the  Mississippi,  the  division  of  the  Missouri, 
and  at  army  headquarters  of  the  general  com- 
manding. In  1869  he  was  made  colonel  of  staff. 
He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  June  3,  1880. 

AUDUBON,  John  James,  ornithologist,  was 
born  near  New  Orleans,  La.,  May  4,  1780;  son  of  a 
French  naval  officer,  who  married  Anne  Moy- 
nette,  a native  of  New  Orleans.  When  the  lad 
was  quite  young  his  parents  removed  to  Hayti, 
where  his  mother  was  killed  in  the  negro  insur- 
rection of  1791.  Au- 
dubon, senior,  then 
took  His  children  to 
France,  where  he 
married  and  settled 
his  familyat  Nantes. 

Young  Audubon  re- 
ceived his  education 
in  the  French  ly- 
ceums.  He  early 
showed  marked  tal- 
ent in  faithfully 
tr ansferring  to 
paper  the  outlines 

of  the  birds  of  the  forest  and  afterwards  coloring 
them,  depending  on  his  memory  for  the  delicate 
shadings.  He  was  encouraged  by  his  parents 
in  his  propensity  to  rove  the  woods  and  fields, 
gathering  specimens  and  sketching  the  birds  he 
ruo] 


AUDUBON. 


AUDUBON. 


could  not  capture,  and  to  develop  his  artistic 
talent  he  was  given  the  advantage  of  study  under 
the  celebrated  painter  David  His  father  was 
desirous  that  he  should  enter  the  navy,  but  seeing 
the  bent  of  his  inclinations,  sent  the  boy,  in  1797, 
to  his  farm  at  Mill  Grove,  near  Philadelphia, 
where  he  employed  himself  in  collecting  and 
assorting  ornithological  specimens.  In  1808  he 
was  married  to  Lucy  Bakerville,  the  daughter 
of  an  Englishman  who  had  settled  on  an  adjoin- 
ing farm.  Before  giving  his  consent  to  the  mar- 
riage her  prudent  father  demanded  that  young 
Audubon  should  learn  some  business  that  would 
serve  to  support  a family.  To  this  end  Audubon 
went  to  New  York,  and  for  a time  engaged  in 
commercial  pursuits,  meantime  making  a visit  to 
his  home  in  France,  where  he  added  largely  to 
his  collection  of  birds.  Upon  his  return,  he  sold 
the  Mill  Grove  place,  with  the  money  bought 
a stock  of  goods  suitable  for  the  needs  of  the 
western  settlers,  and  with  his  wife,  and  a French- 
man named  Rosier  as  a partner,  he  journeyed  to 
Pittsburg,  and  there  took  a flat-boat  down  the 
Ohio  river  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  they  estab- 
lished a store;  Audubon,  however,  spending 
much  of  his  time  in  excursions  in  the  country. 
The  business  did  not  prosper  and  they  removed 
to  Hendersonville,  and  soon  after  to  St.  Genevieve, 
Mo. , where  Audubon  sold  his  interest  in  the  busi- 
ness and  returned  with  his  wife  and  son  Victor  to 
Hendersonville,  where  his  son  John  was  born, 
and  where  he  continued  his  search  for  rare  birds, 
sketching  with  the  aid  of  a telescope  those  not 
readily  approached.  His  finances  ran  low  and  his 
wife  and  children  were  in  actual  want.  In  this 
dilemma  he  returned  to  Louisville,  and  engaged 
in  making  crayon  portraits,  which  gave  him  a 
small  income.  Here  he  first  met  Alexander 
Wilson,  the  celebrated  ornithologist,  who  was 
endeavoring  to  secure  subscribers  for  his  proposed 
book  on  American  birds.  He  asked  Audubon  for 
his  subscription  and  was  shown  his  collections  of 
drawings,  the  number,  variety  and  truthful  color- 
ing of  which  greatly  impressed  Wilson.  Audubon 
next  removed  to  Cincinnati  as  a better  field  for 
portrait  work,  and  here  he  became  curator  of 
the  museum,  and  was  well  paid  for  preparing, 
mounting  and  classifying  the  collection  of  birds. 
He  left  Cincinnati,  Oct.  12,  1820,  alone  on  an 
extended  excursion  down  the  Mississippi  river  to 
add  to  his  collection  and  draw  such  portraits  as 
might  be  ordered,  earning  enough  sometimes  to 
send  a few  dollars  to  his  wife,  but  oftener  being 
without  employment  or  money.  In  December, 
1821,  his  wife  and  children  joined  him  in  New 
Orleans,  and  he  entered  into  a business  venture 
in  partnership  with  his  brother-in-law,  in  which 
they  were  unsuccessful,  his  wife  being  forced  to 
accept  a position  as  governess,  in  order  to  obtain 


money  for  the  education  of  her  children.  Later 
she  opened  a private  school  at  Bayou  Sara,  La. , 
in  which  her  husband  assisted  for  a time  by  teach 
ing  music  and  drawing.  During  all  his  failures 
and  his  vicissitudes  his  wife's  devotion  to  him 
and  her  belief  in  his  genius  never  flagged.  She 
felt  that  he  would  triumph  in  the  end,  and  her 
patience  and  tender  sympathy  were  saintly. 
From  1822  to  1824  he  continued  his  wanderings, 
collecting  specimens,  drawing  portraits,  and 
teaching  drawing,  music,  French,  dancing  and 
fencing.  In  1824  he  made  a journey  along  the 
Atlantic  sea  coast  as  far  as  Philadelphia,  where  he 
met  Charles  Lucien  Bonaparte  (Prince  Canino), 
who  was  preparing  a volume  on  American  birds, 
which  was  soon  to  be  published.  Audubon  exhib- 
ited his  wonderful  collection  of  drawings  to  the 
prince,  who  was  amazed  and  delighted  at  their 
beauty,  and  urged  him  to  have  them  published. 
With  this  end  in  view  Audubon,  at  the  suggestion 
of  the  prince,  visited  Europe  in  1826,  in  order  to 
secure  assistance  for  the  enterprise.  He  exhibited 
his  drawings,  and  they  at  once  obtained  for  him 
a warm  reception  and  substantial  aid,  such  men 
as  Barons  Cuvier  and  Humboldt,  Sir  David 
Brewster,  Sir  John  Herschel,  Lord  Jeffrey,  Sir 
Walter  Scott  and  Professor  Wilson  (“Christopher 
North”),  receiving  him  with  an  enthusiasm 
which  was  in  marked  contrast  with  the  coldness 
of  the  treatment  accorded  him  in  his  native  land. 
To  obtain  subscriptions  for  a proposed  work, 
priced  at  one  thousand  dollars,  was  no  easy  task, 
even  in  England,  but  Audubon  secured  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy  names.  Between  the  years  1827 
and  1838,  the  four  volumes  of  his  “ Birds  of 
America”  were  published  in  London;  while 
between  the  years  1832  and  1839  the  five  volumes 
of  his  “ Ornithological  Biographies,  or  an  account 
of  the  Habits  of  the  Birds  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  accompanied  by  Descriptions  of  the 
Objects  represented  in  ‘ The  Birds  of  America,’  ” 
were  published  in  Edinburgh.  “The  Birds  of 
America  ” consisted  of  435  handsome  plates, 
containing  some  1,300  figures  of  birds  of  life-size 
and  color,  surrounded  by  objects  native  to  their 
environment.  During  the  twelve  years  in  which 
these  works  were  in  course  of  publication  their 
author  made  several  trips  to  America  in  quest 
of  fresh  material.  In  1840  he  returned  to  the 
United  States  and  settled  in  a beautiful  park  on 
the  bank  of  the  Hudson  river,  which  afterwards 
became  part  of  New  York  city,  under  the  name 
of  Audubon  Park.  Here  he  spent  the  remaining 
years  of  his  life.  Accompanied  by  his  sons,  Victor 
Gifford  and  John  Woodhouse,  and  the  Rev.  John 
Bachman  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  he  continued  his 
excursions  in  search  of  specimens.  His  genius 
was  now  universally  recognized.  The  leading 
scientific  societies  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
ri4ij 


AUER. 


AULICK. 


America  elected  him  to  membership,  and  he  was 
the  recipient  of  many  other  honors.  Between 
1840  and  1844  he  was  occupied  in  preparing  and 
publishing  a smaller  and  cheaper  edition  of  his 
great  work.  With  the  assistance  of  his  sons  and 
the  Rev.  John  Bachman  he  late  in  life  undertook 
and  partly  completed  a second  great  work,  “ The 
Quadrupeds  of  America,”  for  which  they  had 
been  collecting  material  for  many  years.  The 
work  (published  in  1846-’54)  consists  of  six  vol- 
umes, three  of  which  are  filled  with  plates  and 
three  with  letter-press.  During  the  last  four 
years  of  his  life  he  was  able  to  accomplish  but 
little  work,  owing  to  constantly  recurring  sea- 
sons of  mental  alienation.  His  wife  published 
his  biography  (1868).  See  also  Dunlap’s  ‘‘  His- 
tory of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Art  of 
Design”  (1834);  and  C.  C.  Adams’  “Journal  of 
the  Life  and  Labors  of  John  James  Audubon.” 
He  died,  Jan.  17,  1851. 

AUER,  John  Gottlieb,  second  P.  E.  missionary 
bishop  of  Cape  Pahnas,  Africa,  and  101st  in  suc- 
cession in  the  American  episcopate,  was  born  at 
Neubulach,  Germany,  Nov.  18,  1832.  He  was 
trained  at  the  Mission  school  at  Basle,  Switzer- 
land, and  entered  upon  his  missionary  work  in 
1858,  as  instructor  at  a school  in  Akrapong,  on  the 
West  African  coast.  In  1862  he  joined  the  Cape 
Pahnas  mission  of  the  American  church,  and  was 
ordained  as  priest  and  deacon  at  Caralla,  Africa, 
in  1862.  He  was  given  the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  by 
Columbia  college  in  1873,  and  consecrated  bishop 
of  Cape  Palmas  in  St.  John's  church,  George- 
town, D.  C.,  April  17,  1873.  His  zealous  and 
efficient  labors  were  lent  to  his  missionary  episco- 
pate for  but  a few  months.  He  died  at  Caralla, 
Africa,  Feb.  16,  1874. 

AUGUR,  Christopher  Colon,  soldier,  was  born 
in  New  York  city  in  1821.  He  was  graduated 
from  West  Point  in  1843,  with  the  brevet  rank  of 
2d  lieutenant.  For  two  years  following  he  was 
in  garrison  at  Fort  Ontario,  N.  Y.,  receiving  the 
full  commission  of  lieutenant  in  September,  1845. 
During  the  war  with  Mexico  he  rendered  dis 
tinguished  service,  being  engaged  in  the  battles 
of  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma.  In  1847 
he  was  made  aide-de-camp  to  Brig. -Gen.  Cush- 
ing. He  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant  in  Febru- 
ary, 1847,  and  until  1855  was  in  garrison  and  on 
recruiting  service  at  various  points.  In  August, 
1852,  he  was  promoted  captain,  and  in  1855  he  was 
engaged  as  a scout  against  the  Yakima  Indians 
at  the  Two  Buttes,  Washington  territory.  He 
received  the  rank  of  major  by  promotion  in  May, 
1861,  and  that  of  brigadier- general  in  November 
of  the  same  year.  He  served  throughout  the 
civil  war,  and  was  brevetted  colonel  for  his  con- 
duct at  Cedar  Mountain,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded.  In  1863  he  was  in  command  in  the 


action  of  Port  Hudson  Plains,  and  in  the  siege  of 
Port  Hudson,  and  as  president  of  military  com- 
mission at  Washington.  From  Oct.  13,  1863,  to 
Aug.  13,  1866,  he  was  in  command  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Washington.  He  was  promoted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel July  1,  1863,  brevet  brigadier-gen- 
eral March  13,  1865,  brevet  major-general  March 
13,  1865,  and  colonel  March  15,  1866.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  volunteer  service  Sept.  1,  1866, 
and  from  January,  1867,  to  November,  1871,  he 
was  in  command  of  the  department  of  the  Platte. 
He  was  promoted  brigadier -general  March  4,  1869, 
and  from  1872  tol875  commanded  the  department 
of  Texas;  from  1875  to  1878,  the  department  of 
the  Gulf ; and  from  1878  to  1885  the  departments 
of  the  South  and  of  the  Missouri.  He  was  retired 
July  10,  1885. 

AUGUR,  Hezekiah,  sculptor,  was  born  in  New 
Haven.  Conn.,  Feb.  21,  1791.  He  was  a shoe- 
maker and  enjoyed  few  educational  opportunities. 
He  became  a wood  carver  and  invented  a wood- 
carving machine  and  a number  of  other  ingenious 
devices,  including  a machine  for  weaving  worsted 
lace.  He  then  developed  a taste  for  sculpture  and 
made  some  wonderfully  accurate  copies  of  a head 
of  Apollo,  a bust  of  Washington  and  a statue  of 
Sappho.  His  “ Jephtha  and  his  Daughter,”  said 
to  be  his  best  work,  is  in  the  Trumbull  gallery  at 
Yale  college.  The  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Yale  college  in  1833.  He 
died  at  New  Haven,  Jan.  10,  1858. 

AUGUSTUS,  Jphn,  philanthropist,  was  born 
in  Boston  about  1785.  He  was  a shoemaker  in 
moderate  circumstances,  but  he  devoted  a large 
part  of  his  time  and  means  to  reclaiming  and  be- 
friending the  criminal  and  outcast  classes.  It 
was  his  custom  to  visit  the  Boston  police  courts 
every  morning,  and  to  become  bail  for  those 
charged  with  petty  crimes,  whom  he  thought 
capable  of  being  reformed ; and  such  was  his 
judgment  of  character  that  he  was  very  seldom 
mistaken.  This  he  did  for  many  years,  and  the 
amount  of  good  he  thus  accomplished  was  beyond 
computation.  He  used  to  say  that  “ the  blessing 
of  the  friendless  is  the  only  coin  that  is  current 
in  the  ‘upper  country.’”  He  died  poor,  but 
greatly  respected  and  beloved,  June  21,  1859. 

AULICK,  John  H.,  naval  officer,  was  born  at 
Winchester,  Va.,  in  1789,  and  joined  the  United 
States  navy  as  midshipman  in  1809.  He  was 
assigned  to  service  on  the  Enterprise,  and  in 
1812  he  was  present  at  the  capture  of  the 
British  privateers  Mars  and  Fly,  and  the  ship 
Boxer.  He  was  subsequently  in  service  on  the 
Saranac,  the  Brandywine,  the  Constitution,  and 
other  well-known  vessels,  and  in  1843  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  the  navy  yard  in  Wash- 
ington. holding  the  position  for  three  years. 
In  1847  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Vin- 
[H2] 


AUSTIN. 


AUSTIN. 


cennes,  and  later  of  the  East  India  squadron. 
He  was  retired  in  1861,  and  in  the  following  year 
was  placed  on  the  retired  list  with  the  rank  of 
commodore.  He  died  April  27,  1873. 

AURINGER,  Obadiah  Cyrus,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Glens  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  4,  1849.  He 
received  his  preparatory  education  in  the  public 
schools,  and  afterwards  extended  his  study  in 
science  and  literature.  For  some  years  he  served 
on  a United  States  man-of-war  in  the  tropics  of 

America.  Leaving 
the  sea  in  1875,  he 
engaged  in  agricul- 
tural pursuits,  after- 
wards taking  a three 
years’  course  in  the- 
ology under  private 
tutors.  In  1890  he 
was  ordained  a cler- 
gyman in  the  Pres- 
byterian church,  and 
in  1895  became  pastor 
of  the  Third  church 
of  Troy,  N.  Y.  He 
contributed  poems  to 
the  Century  and 
other  periodicals,  and  published  a volume  of 
poems,  “ Scythe  and  Sword  ” (1887). 

AUSTIN,  Benjamin,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  18,  1752.  He  was  a frequent 
contributor  to  the  newspapers,  writing  principally 
articles  opposing  the  administration  of  John 
Adams,  which  subjected  him  to  much  criticism. 
Under  the  pen  names  of  “ Honestus  ” and  “ Old 
South  ” he  wrote  numerous  articles  for  the  Inde- 
pendent Chronicle , some  of  which  were  published 
in  book  form  in  1803.  He  was  appointed  commis- 
sioner of  loans  for  Massachusetts  by  President 
Jefferson,  and  was  elected  at  different  times  to 
both  houses  of  the  state  legislature.  He  died  in 
Boston,  May  4,  1820. 

AUSTIN,  Jane  Goodwin,  author,  was  born 
at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Feb.  25,  1831,  daughter  of 
Isaac  Goodwin,  lawyer,  antiquary  and  genealo- 
gist. Her  mother  was  a poet  and  song-writer, 
and  a lover  of  traditions  and  anecdotes,  and  many 
of  the  stories  embodied  in  Mrs.  Austin’s  later 
works  were  first  heard  at  her  mother’s  knee. 
Both  of  her  parents  were  descended  from  May- 
flower pilgrims.  Possibly  no  other  writer  has 
done  as  much  as  she  to  keep  fresh  in  the  minds  of 
succeeding  generations  the  customs  and  tradi- 
tions of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers.  How  thoroughly 
she  understood  the  Puritan  character  is  shown 
in  her  four  latest  works:  “The  Nameless  Noble- 
man ” (1881,  1889);  “ Standish  of  Standish  ” 
(1889) ; “ Dr.  Le  Baron  and  His  Daughters  ” 

(1890),  and  “ Betty  Alden  ” (1891),  which  cover 
the  period  from  the  landing  of  the  pilgrims  in 


1620  to  the  revolution  in  1775.  At  the  time  of 
her  death  she  was  working  on  a fifth  volume, 
which  was  to  complete  the  series.  The  “ Name- 
less Nobleman  ” in  the  book  bearing  that  title 
was  Francois  Le  Baron,  the  great-grandfather  of 
her  mother.  Other  books  of  her  composition  are  : 
“Fairy  Dreams”  (1859);  “Dora  Darling” 
(1865);  “Outpost:  a Novel”  (1866);  “Tailor 
Boy”  (1867);  “Cypher”  (1869);  “The  Shadow 
of  Moloch  Mountain”  (1870);  “Moon  Folk:  a 
True  Account  of  the  Home  of  the  Fairy  Tales  ” 
(1874) ; “ Mrs.  Beauchamp  Brown  ” (1880) ; 

“ Nantucket  Scraps  ” (1882),  and  “ The  Desmond 
Hundred,”  Round  Robin  Series  (1882).  In  addi- 
tion to  these  works  she  wrote  a great  number  of 
stories  and  some  poems  for  the  leading  magazines 
and  newspapers.  She  died  in  Boston,  Mass., 
March  30,  1894. 

AUSTIN,  Jonathan  Loring,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  2,  1748.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Harvard  college  in  1766,  going  then 
to  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  where  he  entered  upon  a 
mercantile  career.  He  was  appointed  major  in 
Colonel  Langdon’s  regiment  at  its  organization, 
served  on  General  Sullivan’s  staff,  and  until 
October,  1777,  was  attached  to  the  Massachusetts 
board  of  war  as  its  secretary.  He  was  sent  to 
France  with  despatches  for  the  American  com- 
missioners, remained  with  Dr.  Franklin  as  his 
private  secretary,  and  was  sent  by  him  to> 
England  as  his  agent.  Upon  his  return  he 
carried  despatches  ^rom  the  commissioners  to 
Congress,  arriving  in  Philadelphia  in  May,  1779. 
The  following  year  he  returned  to  Europe  to 
obtain  a loan  for  the  state  of  Massachusetts.  He 
was  captured  on  his  vessel,  and  upon  his  arrival 
in  England  was  released.  Failing  to  negotiate 
the  loan,  he  returned  to  America  in  1781.  He 
was  selected  as  the  orator  at  the  Boston  Fourth 
of  July  celebration  in  1786.  He  afterwards  was 
elected  to  the  Massachusetts  senate,  serving  a 
number  of  terms.  He  also  held  the  offices  of 
state  treasurer  and  secretary  of  state.  He  died 
in  Boston,  May  10.  1826. 

AUSTIN,  Samuel,  educator,  was  born  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Oct.  7,  1760.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1783,  and,  entering  the  Congrega- 
tional  ministry,  officiated  as  pastor  of  the 
churches  at  Fair  Haven,  Conn.,  and  Worcester, 
Mass.  In  1815  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
University  of  Vermont.  He  resigned  this  position 
in  1821,  and  from  that  time  until  1825  had  charge 
of  a small  congregation  at  Newport,  R.  I.  Yale 
and  the  College  of  New  Jersey  made  him  A.  M. 
in  1783  and  1785,  respectively,  and  Williams  gave 
him  the  degree  of  D.  I).  in  1807.  His  published 
writings  include,  beside  occasional  sermons  and 
addresses,  “ A View  of  the  Church,”  “Contro- 
versial Letters  on  Baptism  ” (2  series,  1805- '06)* 


AUSTIN. 


AVERY. 


and  a “ Dissertation  on  Christian  Theology  ” 
(1826).  He  also  collected  and  edited  the  “Works 
of  Jonathan  Edwards”  (8  vols.,  1809).  He  died 
at  Glastonbury,  Conn.,  Dec.  4,  1830. 

AUSTIN,  Stephen  F. , pioneer  and  “ father  of 
Texas,”  was  born  in  Virginia,  Nov.  3,  1793;  son 
of  Moses  Austin.  He  was  graduated  with  distinc- 
tion at  Transylvania  university,  Ky. ; was  elected 
to  the  territorial  legislature  of  Missouri  in  1813, 
and  annually  re-elected  until  1819,  when  he 
removed  to  Arkansas,  where  he  was  appointed 
circuit  judge.  His  father  had  received  from 
Mexico  a large  grant  of  land  near  the  boundary 
of  Texas,  for  colonization  purposes,  conditional 
on  his  locating  three  hundred  families.  At  his 
death,  in  1820,  Stephen,  in  pursuance  of  his 
father’s  request,  proceeded  immediately  to 
colonize  the  tract.  After  many  delays  and  much 
difficulty,  he  finally  had  the  grant  confirmed  and 
planted  on  the  present  site  of  Austin  a colony 
of  some  two  hundred  families.  He  was  consti- 
tuted governor  by  Mexico,  and,  as  such,  pos- 
sessed dictatorial  power;  but  he  governed  with 
justice  and  clemency.  In  1833  the  American 
settlers  became  discontented,  and  Austin  was 
appointed  by  the  colony  as  a commissioner  to 
carry  a petition  for  a separate  government  for 
Texas.  The  Mexican  government,  however,  fail- 
ing to  consider  the  petition,  Austin  wrote  to  his 
people  in  October  to  form  themselves  into  a sepa- 
rate colony,  without  awaiting  Mexico’s  consent. 
This  letter  being  intercepted,  Austin  was  thrown 
into  prison  for  many  months.  President  Santa 
Anna,  in  May,  1834,  called  a council  to  hear 
the  petition.  Austin  appeared  before  it,  and 
by  his  eloquence  won  a promise  of  the  repeal  of 
the  decree  forbidding  citizens  of  the  United  States 
from  immigrating  into  Texas.  The  council  also 
promised  to  establish  a postal  system  and  to  sta- 
tion four  thousand  soldiers  at  Bexar  to  protect 
the  frontier ; but  declined  the  prayer  for  separa- 
tion. Austin  was  detained  as  a prisoner,  but  at 
the  end  of  two  years  was  allowed  to  return  to  his 
colony.  At  their  first  consultation,  in  1835,  Aus- 
tin advised  that  any  attempt  by  the  Mexican 
government  to  disarm  the  colonists  should  be  met 
by  armed  resistance.  To  this  the  colonists  gladly 
acceded.  Austin  endeavored  to  effect  a reconcili- 
ation, but  all  terms  were  haughtily  rejected  by 
the  Mexicans ; he  determined  to  make  no  further 
overtures  for  peace,  hostilities  followed,  the  revo- 
lutionists were  victorious  at  Gonzales,  Conception 
and  San  Antonio,  and  Austin  was  made  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army  by  acclamation,  and 
forthwith  sent  to  Gen.  Sam  Houston  for  aid  in 
carrying  on  the  revolution.  Austin  was  sent  as 
commissioner  to  Washington  in  November,  1835, 
to  appeal  to  the  United  States  government  for 
aid,  and  made  a favorable  impression  at  the 


national  capital.  In  1836  the  independence  of 
Texas  was  declared,  Sam  Houston  was  elected 
first  president  of  the  republic,  and  he  appointed 
Austin  secretary  of  state.  He  died  Dec.  27,  1836. 

AVERELL,  William  Woods,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Cameron,  Steuben  county,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  5,  1832. 
He  was  a grandson  of  Capt.  Ebenezer  Averell  of 
the  revolutionary  army.  Was  graduated  from 
West  Point  in  1855,  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant 
in  the  3d  cavalry  mounted  rifles,  May  14,  1861. 
after  active  service  on  the  Indian  frontier,  where 
in  a night  attack  by  the  Navajo  Indians  in  1859 
he  was  severely  wounded.  His  first  service  in  the 
civil  war  was  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run  and 
in  the  defence  of  Washington.  In  August,  1861, 
he  was  promoted  colonel  of  the  3d  Pa.  volunteer 
cavalry  attached  to  the  army  of  the  Potomac. 
For  his  gallant  service  in  several  engagements  he 
was  brevetted  major,  March  17,  1863,  and  at  this 
time  made  his  name  famous  in  a series  of  cavalry 
raids  in  West  Virginia,  and  was  brevetted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel  after  the  battle  of  Kelly’s  Ford; 
colonel.  Dec.  15,  1863;  brigadier-general,  March 
13,  1865;  and  for  meritorious  conduct  in  the 
battle  of  Moorefield,  Va.,  he  was  brevetted  major- 
general.  He  was  made  captain  in  the  regular 
army  July  17,  1862,  and  resigned  from  the  service 
May  18,  1865.  He  served  as  consul-general  to  the 
British  provinces  during  1868-"69,and  on  his  return 
to  the  United  States  became  president  of  the 
Asphalt  Pavement  Company,  New  York.  He 
made  several  discoveries  and  inventions,  includ- 
ing a method  of  converting  ore  into  cast-steel  at 
a single  operation,  an  improved  asphalt  pavement, 
a machine  for  placing  underground  electric  con- 
ductors, and  insulating  conduits  for  electric 
wires,  and  later  was  appointed  inspector-general 
of  the  soldiers'  homes  of  the  United  States. 

AVER1LL,  John  T.,  representative,  was  born 
at  Aina,  Maine,  March  1,  1825.  He  completed 
his  studies  at  the  Maine  Wesleyan  university, 
and  soon  afterwards  engaged  in  a manufacturing 
enterprise  in  Minnesota.  He  became  prominent 
in  politics,  and  in  1858  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate,  serving  two  years.  In  1862  he  entered 
the  Union  army  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  6th 
Minnesota  regiment,  and  was  mustered  out  in 
1865  as  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  In  1870 
he  was  elected  a representative  to  the  42d  Con- 
gress, and  was  re-elected  to  the  43d,  serving  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  Indian  affairs. 
He  died  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  Oct.  4,  1889. 

AVERY,  Elroy  McKendree,  author,  was  born 
at  Erie,  Monroe  county,  Mich.,  July  14,  1844;  son 
of  Casper  Hugh  and  Dorothy  (Putnam)  Avery. 
He  is  descended  from  Christopher  Avery,  who 
immigrated  to  Massachusetts  with  John  Win- 
tlirop  in  1630 : from  Stephen  Hopkins,  the  May- 
flower pilgrim,  and  from  Gov.  Thomas  Dudley 


AVERY. 


AVERY. 


of  Massachusetts  Bay.  His  early  years  were 
passed  in  comparative  poverty.  He  attended 
the  public  schools  of  Monroe,  and  when  sixteen 
years  of  age  he  taught  a winter  school  in  an 
adjoining  town.  While  thus  engaged  the  civil 
war  broke  out,  and  he  gave  up  the  ferule  for 
the  musket.  He  volunteered  in  the  4th  Michigan 
infantry  as  a private,  and,  later,  in  the  11th 

Michigan  cavalry, 


serving  throughout 
the  war  and  attain- 
ing the  grade  of  ser- 
geant-major. While 
at  the  front  he 
wrote  letters  to  the 
Detroit  Tr  ib  u n e, 
which  attracted 
much  attention  and 
were  widely  quoted. 
Returning  home,  he 
spent  two  years  in 
preparing  for  col 
lege,  meanwhile 
earning  his  o w n 
support,  and  in  Sep- 
tember, 1867,  en- 
tered Michigan  uni- 
versity. He  paid  his  way  at  college  for  two  years 
by  acting  as  correspondent  for  the  Detroit  Tribune 
and  as  city  editor  of  the  Ann  Arbor  Courier, 
meanwhile  taking  high  rank  in  the  college  reci- 
tation room.  In  the  fall  of  1869  he  accepted  the 
position  of  principal  of  the  high  school  at  Battle 
Creek,  Mich.,  but  this  he  soon  resigned,  a friendly 
loan  enabling  him  to  re-enter  the  university.  He 
was  graduated  in  1871,  and  soon  afterwards 
received  the  appointment  of  superintendent  of 
the  public  schools  of  East  Cleveland,  Ohio.  After 
the  annexation  of  East  Cleveland  to  Cleveland  he 
served  several  years  as  principal  of  the  East  high 
school,  and  in  1878  became  principal  of  the  City 
normal  school,  then  the  apex  of  Cleveland’s  pub- 
lic school  system.  In  1880  he  entered  the  scien- 
tific lecture  field  with  an  object  lesson  on  the 
then  new  electric  light.  After  two  years  in  this 
field  he  began  the  organization  of  Brush  electric 
light  and  power  companies— a work  for  which 
lecturing  had  given  him  peculiar  qualifications. 
He  was  a life  member  of  the  American  economic 
association ; life  member  and  trustee  of  the  Ohio 
state  archaeological  and  historical  society,  and 
of  the  Western  Reserve  historical  society ; mem- 
ber of  the  American  historical  association ; fellow 
of  the  American  association  for  the  advancement 
of  science ; and  second  president  of  the  Ohio  Con- 
ference of  charities  and  correction.  In  the  fall 
of  1893  he  was  elected  to  the  Ohio  senate,  and  in 
1895  was  re-elected.  He  received  the  degrees 
Ph.D.,  from  Hillsdale  college ; Ph.B.  and  Pli.M., 


from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1875,  and 
LL.D.  in  1895.  In  1876  he  published  Avery's  “ Ele- 
ments of  Physics,”  which  was  immediately 
adopted  for  use  in  the  high  schools  of  Cleveland; 
in  1878,  ‘‘Elements  of  Natural  Philosophy,” 
introduced  into  hundreds  of  high  schools  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada;  “ Elements  of  Chem- 
istry,” “The  Complete  Chemistry,”  “First 
Principles  of  Natural  Philosophy,”  “Modern 
Electricity  and  Magnetism,”  “Teacher’s  Hand- 
book,” “Physical  Technics,”  “Words  Correctly 
Spoken”  (1886);  “School  Physics”  1895;  and 
“Elementary  Physics”  (1897).  After  1884  the 
greater  part  of  his  time  and  energy  were  given 
to  the  preparation  of  a “Popular  History  of  the 
United  States.” 

AVERY,  George  Whitefield,  physician,  was 
born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  Sept.  27,  1836.  In  1861 
he  obtained  his  M.D.  degree  from  the  Yale  medi- 
cal school,  and  entered  the  army  as  assistant 
surgeon  of  the  9th  Connecticut  volunteers.  His 
first  important  service  was  at  the  St.  James 
hospital  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  where  he  was  chief 
surgeon  appointed  by  General  Butler.  Subse- 
quently he  held  a like  position  in  the  Marine 
hospital,  and  in  1864  became  surgeon  of  the  New 
Orleans  volunteers.  He  remained  with  this 
regiment  two  years,  and  after  the  war  continued 
to  reside  in  New  Orleans  for  five  years,  rendering 
great  service  to  the  city  during  the  yellow  fever 
and  cholera  epidemics,  and  effecting  several 
much-needed  sanitary  reforms.  He  returned  to 
his  native  city  in  1871,  and  aside  from  his  private 
practice  was  for  many  years  a physician  at  the 
American  asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  He 
died  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  Feb.  23,  1893. 

AVERY,  Isaac  Wheeler,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  May  2,  1837;  son  of  Isaac 
Wheeler  and  Mary  (King)  Avery.  After  a care- 
ful preliminary  education  under  the  tutelage  of 
the  Georgian  historian,  the  Rev.  George  White, 
he  entered  the  Oglethorpe  university,  Georgia, 
whence  he  was  graduated  in  1854.  He  then 
taught  school,  and  in  1856  became  legislative 
correspondent  of  two  of  the  leading  Democratic 
dailies  of  the  state.  He  then  studied  law,  and  in 
1860  gained  admission  to  the  Savannah  bar.  He 
aided  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Pulaski  in  January, 
1861,  and  then  enlisting  in  the  8th  Georgia 
infantry  as  a private,  he  served  throughout  the 
war.  He  was  promoted  through  the  several 
ranks  to  that  of  brigadier-general  of  cavalry.  In 
1862  he  was  captured  by  Sheridan,  but  was  soon 
specially  exchanged  at  Corinth.  He  received  a 
severe  wound  at  the  battle  of  New  Hope  church, 
which  prevented  his  return  to  the  army  up  to  the 
close  of  the  war.  In  1864  Colonel  Avery  resumed 
the  practice  of  law  at  Dalton,  Ga  In  1868  he 
married  Emma  Bivings,  and  in  1869  removed  to 


[145] 


AVERY. 


AXTELL. 


Atlanta  and  became  editor-in-chief  of  the  Con- 
stitution. In  1872  he  was  elected  by  the  Demo- 
crats a delegate-at-large  to  the  presidential 
convention,  and  was  also  a member  of  the  state 
Democratic  executive  committee,  and  its  secre- 
tary and  manager  the  same  year.  From  1877 
to  1883  he  was  secretary  of  the  Georgia  execu- 
tive department,  and  from  1885  to  1889  was 
chief  of  the  public  debt  division.  U.  S.  treas- 
ury. In  1892  he  began  his  work  of  estab- 
lishing direct  lines  for  commerce  between  the 
southern  ports  of  North  America  and  foreign 
countries.  This  resulted  in  lines  between 
Brunswick,  Ga.,  and  Liverpool;  between 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  and  Savannah,  Ga.,  and  the 
Mediterranean  ports  and  Liverpool ; between 
Savannah  and  South  America;  lines  from  New 
Orleans,  La. ; Newport  News,  Va. ; Norfolk.  Va. ; 
Port  Royal,  S.  C. ; Mobile,  Ala. ; Galveston,  Texas ; 
Port  Arthur,  Texas ; and  Pensacola,  Fla. ; to  Cuba, 
Liverpool,  and  the  Mediterranean  ports,  and  the 
increase  of  foreign  trade  through  the  south  of 
hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars.  As  a journalist 
General  Avery  displayed  his  ability  in  the  able 
management  of  the  Atlanta  Constitution  and  in 
other  journalistic  enterprises.  In  1893,  as  com- 
missioner-at-large for  the  Cotton  States  and 
International  exposition  held  at  Atlanta,  Ga., 
in  1895,  he  visited  the  United  States  and  South 
America  and  Mexico,  and  gained  from  each  of 
the  respective  republics  such  favor  as  resulted 
in  the  appointment  of  commissioners  to  the 
exposition  and  the  exhibits  of  foreign  industries 
and  resources,  which  were  features  of  the  fair. 
He  published,  “ Digest  of  the  Georgia  Supreme 
Court  Reports  ”(1866),  and  “ A History  of  Geor- 
gia ” (1881). 

AVERY,  Samuel  P.,  art  connoisseur,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  March  17,  1822;  son  of  S.  P. 
and  Hannah  Ann  Avery.  After  receiving  a 
public-school  education  he  entered  the  service  of 
a bank-note  company  to  learn  the  art  of  engrav- 
ing. Subsequently  he  took  up  wood-engraving, 
and  was  engaged  for  many  years  in  making 
illustrations  for  leading  periodicals,  and  in  com- 
piling books  which  lie  illustrated  and  published. 
He  was  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of  the  develop 
ment  of  an  American  school  of  art,  and  in  1867 
was  appointed  commissioner  in  charge  of  the 
American  fine  arts  department  at  the  Paris  exhi- 
bition. In  1868  he  established  himself  in  New 
York  as  an  art  dealer,  and  became  prominently 
identified  with  the  art  interests  of  the  country. 
He  made  frequent  visits  to  Europe,  and  was  the 
means  of  introducing  the  works  of  many 
renowned  foreign  artists  into  American  galleries. 
He  was  largely  instrumental  in  establishing  the 
Metropolitan  museum  of  art,  was  a trustee  of 
that  institution  from  its  foundation  in  1870, 


chairman  of  its  art  committee,  and  a contributor 
of  many  valuable  additions  to  its  collections.  He 
was  a member  of  the  Union  League,  Century 
and  other  clubs,  president  of  the  Grolier  club, 
and  a life  member  of  the  historical,  geographical, 
archaeological,  and  kindred  societies  of  New  York. 
He  founded  the  Avery  architectural  library  at 
Columbia  college,  in  memory  of  his  son,  Henry 
Ogden  Avery,  who  was  a promising  architect, 
and  who  died  April  30,  1890.  He  served  for  many 
years  as  a trustee  of  the  Astor  library,  the  Tilden 
Foundation  and  the  New  York  public  library. 
He  is  the  author  of  “ Progress  of  the  Fine  Arts 
in  New  York  during  Fifty  Years,”  in  Lossing’s 
‘‘  History  of  New  York  City.”  Columbia  college 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1896, 

‘ ‘ for  services  to  art  and  the  art  interests  of  this 
country.” 

AVERY,  Waitstill,  revolutionary  patriot, 
was  born  at  Groton,  Conn.,  May  3,  1745.  He  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  college  in  1770,  removed  to 
Mecklenburg  county,  N.  C.,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  political  agita- 
tion that  followed  the  battle  of  the  Alamance.  In 
1775  he  was  a member  of  the  celebrated  Meck- 
lenburg convention,  signed  the  “Mecklenburg 
Declaration  of  Independence,”  and  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Hillsborough  congress.  In  1776  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  congress,  and  in  1777 
was  appointed  the  first  attorney-  general  of  the 
state.  In  the  following  year  he  was  given  com- 
mand of  a regiment  of  state  troops,  and  served 
with  credit  in  that  capacity  till  the  close  of  the 
war.  He  died  in  Burke  county,  N.  C.,  in  1821. 

AXTELL,  Samuel  Beach,  governor  of  Utah, 
was  born  in  Franklin  county,  Ohio,  Oct.  4,  1809. 
His  father  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  but  removed 
to  Ohio,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  in 
Franklin  county.  He  was  a farmer  and  had 
twelve  children.  His  grandfather  (Axtell)wasa 
colonel  of  a New  Jersey  regiment  in  the  war  of 
1812,  and  his  great-grandfather  (Axtell)  was  a 
major  in  the  revolutionary  army.  The  family 
trace  their  lineage  to  Daniel  Axtell,  the  regi- 
cide, who  was  beheaded  under  Charles  II.  of 
England.  Samuel  studied  at  Oberlin,  supporting 
himself  by  manual  labor.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  Western  Reserve  college,  and  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  Ohio.  In  the  gold  excitement  of  1848 
he  sought  his  fortune  in  California,  and  engaged 
in  practical  mining.  As  soon  as  counties  were 
organized  he  was  elected  district -attorney  of 
Amador  county,  and  was  twice  re-elected.  He 
removed  to  San  Francisco  in  1860,  and  was 
elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the  40th  Con- 
gress in  1866  as  a Democrat,  and  re-elected  to  the 
41st  Congress.  He  was  an  admirer  of  General 
Grant,  united  with  the  Republican  party,  and 
in  1874  was  appointed  governor  of  Utah,  and 
fU6j 


AYER. 


AYRES. 


in  the  next  year  was  transferred  to  New  Mexico, 
becoming  governor  in  1875.  In  1876  lie  was  one 
of  the  judges  at  the  centennial  exposition  at 
Philadelphia.  He  was  governor  of  New  Mexico 
in  troublous  times,  during  the  “ Lincoln  county 
war,”  and  the  reign  of  violence  in  Colfax  county; 
and  as  he  earnestly  espoused  the  side  which  he 
considered  right  in  these  controversies,  he  was 
vigorously  opposed  by  the  other  side.  He  vetoed 
the  bill  to  incorporate  the  Jesuit  Fathers  of  New 
Mexico  on  the  ground  of  its  illegality,  as  well  as 
impropriety ; and  while  it  passed  over  his  veto, 
it  was  subsequently  annulled  by  Congress.  In 
the  fall  of  1878  he  was  superseded  as  governor 
by  Gen.  Lew  Wallace,  and  in  1882  he  was 
appointed  chief  justice  of  New  Mexico,  assuming 
the  office  in  August  of  that  year.  On  the  bench 
he  was  always  solicitous  to  secure  substantial 
justice,  and  he  had  little  patience  with  precedents 
that  interfered  with  equity.  He  insisted  on 
dignity  in  his  court,  and  fearlessly  imprisoned 
the  lawyers  and  others  who  resisted  its  decree 
in  a celebrated  mining  case.  He  resigned  in 
May,  1885.  In  1890  he  was  elected  chairman  of 
the  Republican  territorial  committee,  and  actively 
conducted  the  campaign.  He  died  at  Morris- 
town, N.  J.,  Aug.  7,  1891. 

AYER,  Frederick,  manufacturer,  was  born 
at  Ledyard,  Conn.,  Dec.  8, 1822;  brother  of  James 
Cook  Ayer.  At  an  early  age  he  became  clerk  in 
the  store  of  Tomlinson  & Co.,  of  which  firm  he  was 
in  1842  made  partner.  After  three  years  he  en- 
tered into  copartnership  with  Dennis  McCarthy, 
and  in  1855  removed  to  Lowell.  Mass.,  where 
he  entered  the  firm  of  which  his  brother,  James 
Cook  Ayer,  was  the  head.  At  the  incorporation 
of  the  firm  in  1877,  as  the  J.  C.  Ayer  company,  he 
was  made  treasurer,  which  office  he  resigned  in 
1893.  In  1871,  when  the  Tremont  mills  and  the 
Suffolk  manufacturing  company  were  in  a state 
of  bankruptcy,  a controlling  interest  was  pur- 
chased by  James  C.  and  Frederick  Ayer,  who  com- 
bined the  two  under  the  name  of  the  Tremont 
and  Suffolk  mills.  The  company  soon  attained 
unquestioned  prosperity.  Mr.  Ayer  became 
president  of  the  Lowell  and  Andover  railroad, 
and  director  of  the  Keweenaw  association.  In 
1885  he  purchased  the  Washington  mills,  Law- 
rence, Mass.,  afterwards  incorporated  as  the 
Washington  mills  company,  and  succeeded  his 
brother,  in  1878,  as  president  of  the  J.  C.  Ayer 
company. 

AYER,  James  Cook,  chemist,  was  born  at 
Groton,  Conn. , May  5,  1818.  He  attended  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  graduated  from 
the  medical  department  with  the  degree  of  M.D. 
He  opened  a laboratory  at  Lowell,  Mass. , where  he 
compounded  various  special  remedies  which  found 
a ready  sale,  and  he  met  with  such  success 


that  he  became  immensely  wealthy,  accumulating 
over  fifteen  million  dollars.  His  almanac,  one  of 
his  many  means  of  advertising,  was  distributed 
in  enormous  numbers  throughout  Europe  and 
America.  He  advertised  extensively  and  kept 
his  remedies  constantly  before  the  public.  He 
was  afflicted  with  brain  trouble  late  in  life, 
which  developed  into  insanity,  and  caused  his 
death,  July  3,  1878. 

AYRES,  Daniel,  physician,  was  born  at 
Jamaica,  N.  Y.,  in  1824;  son  of  Daniel  Ayres. 
He  attended  Wesleyan  university  and  after  three 
years’  study  entered  Princeton,  where  lie  was 
graduated  with  the  degree  of  A.B.,  in  1842,  and 
in  1845  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  in  which  he  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful. In  1856  the  Wesleyan  university 
accorded  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  1857  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Long 
Island  medical  college,  and  in  1875  professor 
emeritus  in  the  same  institution.  His  interest 
in  scientific  study  led  him,  in  1890,  to  donate 
twenty-five  thousand  dollars  to  Wesleyan  uni- 
versity for  the  establishment  of  a chair  of  biology, 
and  later  he  made  the  munificent  gift  of  $250,000 
to  the  same  institution,  with  no  restrictions 
except  that  the  money  should  be  devoted  to  the 
promotion  of  scientific  study  in  the  university ; 
he  also  gave  ten  thousand  dollars  towards  the 
endowment  of  the  Hoagland  laboratory  in  Brook- 
lyn. He  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  19,  1892. 

AYRES,  Romeyn  Beck,  soldier,  was  born  at 
East  Creek,  Montgomery  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  20, 
1825.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point  in 
1847,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war  in  the  3d 
artillery  at  Fort  Preble.  In  May,  1861,  he  was 
promoted  captain,  and  participated  in  the  early 
engagements  about  Washington.  He  served  as 
chief  of  artillery  in  W.  F.  Smith’s  division  in  the 
6th  army  corps  in  the  campaign  before  Richmond, 
and  in  the  Maryland  campaign,  terminating  with 
the  battle  of  Antietam,  when  he  was  placed  on 
sick  leave.  He  re-joined  the  army  before  Fred- 
ericksburg,  and  was  at  Chancellorsville.  He 
was  made  brigadier -general  of  volunteers,  Nov.  29, 

1862,  and  at  Gettysburg  he  commanded  a division 
of  the  5th  corps,  and  afterwards  was  ordered  to 
New  York  to  help  suppress  the  draft  riots  in  July, 

1863.  He  then  served  under  Grant  in  the  battle 
of  the  Wilderness  and  in  the  final  struggle  that 
ended  with  the  surrender  of  Lee.  His  promo- 
tions in  the  volunteer  army  were:  major  for 
Gettysburg,  lieutenant-colonel  for  the  Wilder- 
ness, colonel  for  Petersburg,  brigadier-general 
for  Five  Forks,  and  major-general  for  gallant  ser- 
vices during  the  war.  He  was  promoted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel in  1865,  and  in  July,  1879,  colonel  in 
the  regular  army.  He  died  at  Fort  Hamilton, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  4,  1888. 

U 


BABBITT. 


BABCOCK. 


B. 


BABBITT,  Isaac,  inventor,  was  born  at  Taun- 
ton, Mass.,  July  26,  1799.  His  early  occupation 
was  that  of  a goldsmith.  He  investigated  and 
experimented  with  alloys  until  he  produced 
britannia-ware,  in  1824,  the  first  manufactured 
in  America.  In  1834  he  engaged  with  the 
Alger  iron  works,  Boston,  and  while  there 
perfected  his  most  important  invention,  “Bab- 
bitt ” metal,  an  alloy  of  four  parts  copper,  eight 
of  antimony,  and  twenty-four  of  Banca  tin, 
used  for  reducing  the  friction  of  axles  in  heavy 
machinery.  He  was  awarded  for  the  invention 
a gold  medal  by  the  Massachusetts  mechanics’ 
association,  and  the  sum  of  twenty  thousand 
dollars  by  Congress.  He  patented  the  formula 
in  England  in  1844,  and  in  Russia  in  1847.  He 
subsequently  made  a fortune  as  a manufacturer 
of  soap.  He  died  in  Somerville,  Mass.,  May  26, 
1862. 

BABBITT,  Lawrence  Sprague,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  18,  1839,  son  of  Edwin 
B.  Babbitt,  and  grandson  of  Lawrence  Sprague. 
He  was  graduated  from  the  military  academy 
at  West  Point  in  June,  1861,  with  the  rank 
of  2d  lieutenant  of  artillery,  and  was  with 
his  class  ordered  immediately  to  Washington, 
D.  C.,  to  assist  in  drilling  volunteers.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  action  at  Blackburn’s  Ford,  July  18, 
1861,  and  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July  21, 
1861,  for  his  conduct  in  the  latter  being  brevetted 
1st  lieutenant.  He  was  promoted  to  the  full  rank, 
March  3,  1863,  in  March,  1865,  was  brevetted 
captain,  and  in  November  was  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  Vancouver  arsenal  in  Washing- 
ton territory.  He  was  promoted  captain  Dec.  22, 
1866,  and  in  April,  1871,  was  made  commanding 
officer  in  the  St.  Louis  arsenal.  He  acted  as 
chief  ordnance  officer,  department  of  the  Colum- 
bia, in  the  spring  of  1877,  and  participated  in  the 
Indian  campaigns  of  1877  and  1878.  He  was  pro- 
moted major  May  10,  1878,  and  commanded  Fort 
Monroe,  Va.,  arsenal  from  1880  to  1888.  From 
1888  to  1891  he  commanded  the  San  Antonio, 
Texas,  arsenal,  being  promoted  lieutenant -colonel 
Sept.  15,  1890,  and  in  1891  he  was  transferred  to 
the  Benicia  arsenal  in  California. 

BABCOCK,  Charles,  educator,  was  born  at 
Ballston,  N.  Y.,  in  1829.  He  was  graduated  from 
Union  college  in  1847,  and  studied  and  practised 
architecture.  From  1858  to  1862  he  taught  in 
St.  Stephen’s  college,  Annandale,  N.  Y.,  and 
later  was  ordained  to  the  Episcopal  ministry. 
From  1862  to  1871  he  served  as  a missionary  in 
Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  and  was  then  appointed 
professor  of  architecture  at  Cornell  university, 
and  organized  the  department,  providing  for  it  a 


thorough  course  of  study.  His  practical  knowl- 
edge of  architecture  was  turned  to  account  in 
several  of  the  buildings  on  the  Cornell  campus, 
notably  Sage  hall  for  women,  and  Sage  chapel, 
which  were  endowed  and  presented  to  the  uni- 
versity by  Henry  W.  Sage.  In  1896  he  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  college  of  architecture  in 
Cornell  university,  upon  the  reorganization  of 
the  old  architectural  department  into  the  new 
college  of  architecture. 

BABCOCK,  James  Francis,  chemist,  was  born 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  23,  1844.  He  received  his 
education  at  the  Boston  high  school  and  the  Law- 
rence scientific  school,  at  which  last  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1862.  In  1863  he  opened  a chemical 
laboratory  in  Boston,  and  acquired  such  distinc- 
tion in  his  profession  as  to  be  frequently  called 
as  an  expert  in  patent  litigation,  and  by  the  state 
on  important  criminal  cases.  In  1870  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  chemistry  in  Massachu- 
setts college  of  pharmacy,  and  after  serving  in 
that  position  five  years,  received,  in  1875,  a like 
appointment  in  the  Boston  university,  which  he 
filled  until  1880.  He  was  state  assayer  of  Massa- 
chusetts from  1875  to  1885.  He  made  numerous 
contributions  to  the  literature  of  food  adultera- 
tion, and  is  the  author  of  the  article  on  “ Blood 
Sfains  ” in  Hamilton’s  “ Legal  Medicine.”  He 
was  a popular  lecturer  on  scientific  subjects, 
and  the  inventor  of  the  “ Babcock  chemical  fire 
extinguisher.  ” 

BABCOCK,  Joseph  Weeks,  representative, 
was  born  at  Swanton,  Vt. , March  6,  1850 ; grandson 
of  Joseph  Weeks,  who  was  a representative  in 
the  24th  and  25th  congresses.  He  removed  to 
Iowa  with  his  parents  in  1856,  where  he  received 
a common-school  education  at  Mt.  Vernon  and 
Cedar  Falls.  In  1881  he  settled  at  Necedali. 
Wis.,  and  began  business  as  a lumberman,  and  in 
1896  he  was  manager  of  one  of  the  largest  lumber 
companies  that  have  made  the  Northwestern 
pine  regions  famous.  After  filling  several  local 
offices  he  was  elected  to  the  Wisconsin  assembly 
in  1883,  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
incorporations,  and  was  re-elected  in  1890,  and 
in  this  capacity  was  instrumental  in  passing  a 
number  of  laws  which  proved  beneficial  to  the 
state.  He  was  elected  a representative  to  the  53d 
Congress  in  November,  1892,  and  in  March,  1894. 
was  appointed  chairman  of  the  national  Republi- 
can congressional  committee.  He  was  re-elected 
to  the  54th  and  55th  congresses.  In  1896  His 
speeches  on  “History  of  Money  and  Financial 
Legislation  in  the  United  States,”  and  “Three 
Evenings  with  Silver  and  Money  ” were  published 
in  pamphlet  form. 

[148] 


BABCOCK. 


BACHE. 


BABCOCK,  Orville  E.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Franklin,  Vt.,  Dec.  25,  1835.  He  entered  the 
military  academy  at  West  Point  in  1856,  and  was 
graduated  in  1861  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  corps 
of  engineers.  He  served  during  the  civil  war, 
first  in  drilling  volunteers,  then  as  assistant 
engineer  in  the  construction  of  the  defences  at 
Washington,  D.  C.,  and  from  June  to  August, 
1861,  acted  as  aide-de-camp  to  Major-General 
Banks  on  the  upper  Potomac  and  Shenandoah 
Valley.  In  November,  1861,  he  was  promoted 
lieutenant,  and  from  Feb.  24  to  March  4,  1862,  he 
was  at  Harper's  Ferry,  constructing  and  guard- 
ing the  pontoon  bridge  across  the  Potomac  for 
General  Banks’s  movement  to  Winchester.  He 
served  in  the  Virginia  peninsular  campaign,  being 
engaged  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  for  his  ser- 
vices during  that  siege  he  was  brevetted  captain. 
On  June  1,  1863,  he  was  promoted  to  the  full 
rank,  and  in  November  was  brevetted  major  for 
his  gallantry  at  the  siege  of  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
From  May  to  December,  1864,  he  was  aide-de- 
camp  to  General  Grant  in  the  Richmond  cam- 
paign, and  on  March  13,  1865,  was  brevetted 
colonel  and  brigadier-general  for  his  services 
during  the  war.  From  April  9,  1866,  to  March  4, 
1869,  he  served  at  the  headquarters  of  the  general 
commanding  the  armies  of  the  United  States,  and 
until  1877  was  under  the  orders  of  the  President 
at  the  executive  mansion,  being  superintending 
engineer  of  public  buildings  and  grounds,  and 
certain  public  works  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  also  of  the  Washington  aqueduct,  the  chain 
bridge  over  the  Potomac  river,  of  the  Anacosta 
bridge,  of  the  construction  of  the  east  wing  of  the 
building  for  the  state,  war  and  navy  departments, 
and  of  the  5th  lighthouse  district.  From  March 
3,  1873,  to  March  3,  1877,  he  was  colonel,  ex-officio, 
by  act  of  Congress.  He  was  drowned  at  Mosquito 
Inlet,  Fla.,  June  2,  1884. 

BABCOCK,  Rufus,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Colebrook,  Conn.,  Sept.  18,  1798;  son  of  Rufus 
Babcock,  who  had  been  a soldier  in  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church 
at  Colebrook  from  1794  to  1842,  and  who  married 
a daughter  of  Capt.  Timothy  Moore,  under  whom 
he  had  served  as  a soldier.  After  his  graduation 
from  Brown  university,  in  1821,  he  became  a tutor 
at  the  Columbian  college,  Washington,  D.  C., 
remaining  there  for  two  years,  pursuing  at  the 
same  time  his  theological  studies.  He  then 
entered  the  Baptist  ministry  in  1823,  holding 
pastorates  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.Y.,  1823-’26;  Salem, 
Mass.,  1826-'33,  retiring  in  1837  to  become  pastor 
of  Spruce  street  church,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  ; thence 
to  New  Bedford,  Mass. ; Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. ; and 
Paterson,  N.  J.  From  1833  to  1836  he  was  presi- 
dent of  Waterville  college.  He  was  correspond- 
ing secretary  of  the  American  and  foreign  bible 


society,  president  of  the  American  Baptist  publi- 
cation society,  and  from  1828  to  1875  a trustee 
of  Brown  university.  His  publications  include : 
“ Claims  of  Education  Societies”  (1829) ; “ Review 
of  Beckwith  on  Baptism”  (1829);  “Making 
Light  of  Christ  ” (1830) ; “Memoirs  of  Andrew 
Fuller”  (1830);  “Sketches  of  George  Leonard, 
Abraham  Booth  and  Isaac  Backus  ” (1832) ; 
“ History  of  Waterville  College  ” (1836) ; “ Tales 
of  Truth  for  the  Young”  (1837);  “Personal 
Recollections  of  J.  M.  Peck  ” (1858) ; and 

“Emigrant’s  Mother”  (1859).  He  was  also 
editor  of  the  Baptist  Memorial.  He  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Bowdoin  college,  1834.  He 
died  at  Salem,  Mass.,  May  4,  1875. 

BACHE,  Alexander  Dallas,  physicist,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa. , July  19,  1806;  son  of  Richard 
and  Sarah  (Franklin)  Baclie  and  great-grandson 
of  Benjamin  and  Deborah  (Read)  Franklin.  He 
received  his  education  in  Philadelphia,  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  U.  S.  military  academy,  and  on  his 
graduation  in  1825,  though  the  youngest  pupil, 
was  at  the  head  of  his  class.  He  was  appointed 
assistant  instructor  in  engineering  at  the  mili- 
tary academy,  and  at  the  end  of  a year  was 
assigned  to  engineer  duty  in  the  construction  of 
Fort  Adams,  Newport,  R.  I.  In  1828  he  accepted 
the  chair  of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry  at 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  which  position  he 
retained  for  thirteen  years.  He  was  a member 
of  the  Franklin  institute,  having  joined  the  society 
in  1828.  He  contributed  to  its  journal  and  served 
on  important  committees.  From  1831  to  1839  he 
was  a member  of  the  board  of  managers,  and  from 
that  time  until  1843  acted  as  corresponding  secre- 
tary. In  1836  he  became  the  first  president  of 
Girard  college.  The  college  building  had  not  been 
finished,  and  Mr.  Baclie  was  sent  to  Europe  to 
investigate  the  best  educational  methods  of  the 
old  world.  On  his  return,  two  years  later,  he 
published  a large  volume  reporting  the  results  of 
his  study.  “This  report,”  says  Joseph  Henry, 
“ has  done  more,  perhaps,  to  improve  the  theory 
and  art  of  education  in  this  country  than  any 
other  work  ever  published.”  The  college  was 
still,  however,  in  a state  of  incompletion,  and  in 
order  to  use  his  time  to  advantage,  Professor 
Bache  undertook  to  reorganize  the  Philadelphia 
high  school.  This  was  accomplished  in  a year, 
and  he  then  became  principal  of  the  high  school 
and  superintendent  of  the  public  schools  of  Phila- 
delphia, In  1842  he  returned  to  his  former  chair 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  but  the  fol- 
lowing year  left  it  to  succeed  Mr.  Hassler,  super- 
intendent of  the  United  States  coast  survey. 
This  survey,  though  begun  in  1807,  had  accom- 
plished very  little,  extending  only  from  New 
York  harbor  to  Point  Judith,  and  south  to  Cape 
Henlopen.  Professor  Bache,  with  the  intuitive 
1149] 


BACHE. 


BACHE. 


talent  for  organization  which  won  him  his  title 
of  “chief,”  set  various  expeditions  at  work, 
under  efficient  leadership,  eacli  to  survey  a section 
of  the  coast,  thus  having  the  whole  work  accom- 
plished simultaneously.  In  a memoir  of  Professor 
Baclie,  published  by  the  National  academy  of  sci- 
ences, his  biographer  says:  “ He  commenced  the 
exploration  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  and  at  tire  same 
time  projected  a series  of  observations  on  the 
tides,  on  the  magnetism  of  the  earth,  and  the 
direction  of  the  winds  at  different  seasons  of  the 
year.  He  also  instituted  a succession  of  researches 
in  regard  to  the  bottom  of  the  ocean  within 
soundings,  and  the  forms  of  animal  life  which 
are  found  there,  thus  offering  new  and  unexpected 
indications  to  the  navigator.  He  pressed  into 
service,  for  the  determination  of  the  .longitude, 
the  electric  telegraph ; for  the  ready  reproduction 
of  charts,  photography ; and  for  multiplying 
copper-plate  engravings,  the  new  art  of  electro- 
typing. Of  his  work  in  the  coast  survey  he  pub- 
lished reports  which  are  included  in  twenty  large 
volumes  and  are  of  great  value.”  But  while 
devoting  so  much  of  his  time  and  attention  to 
this  important  work,  Professor  Bache  also  held 
many  prominent  and  responsible  offices.  He  was 
superintendent  of  weights  and  measures,  a com- 
missioner on  the  lighthouse  board,  a regent  of  the 
Smithsonian  institution,  vice-president  of  the 
United  States  sanitary  commission,  president  of 
the  American  philosophical  society,  and  of  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science.  In  1863  the  National  academy  of  sciences 
was  organized  by  Congress,  and  Professor  Bache, 
as  the  acknowledged  leader  of  science  in  this 
country,  was  elected  its  first  president.  In  1864 
his  health  began  to  give  way  under  the  tremen- 
dous mental  strain  to  which  it  had  been  subjected. 

He  published,  “ Observations  at  the  Magnetic  and 
Meteorological  Observatory  of  Girard  College  ” 

(3  vols.,  1840-’45).  His  death  occurred  in  New- 
port, R.  I.,  Feb.  17,  1867. 

BACHE,  Benjamin  Franklin,  journalist,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Aug.  12,  1769;  son  of 
Richard  and  Sarah  (Franklin)  Baclie,  and  grand- 
son of  Benjamin  Franklin.  When  a boy  he  went 
abroad  with  his  grandfather,  where  he  attended 
school  and  also  learned  the  trade  of  printing 
Returning  to  the  United  States  lie  entered  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  graduated 
in  1787  with  the  degree  of  A.  M.  He  established 
the  General  Advertiser,  and  subsequently  changed 
its  name  to  the  Aurora  and  General  Advertiser. 
This  journal  became  very  prominent,  and  during 
the  administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams  it 
used  all  its  influence  against  the  policy  of  their 
administrations.  On  Sept.  10,  1798.  Mr.  Bache 
was  married  to  Margaret  Hartman  Markoe.  He 
published  a volume  entitled  ‘ ‘ Remarks  Occa- 

f 150J 


sioned  by  the  Late  Conduct  of  Mr.  Washington 
as  President  of  the  United  States  ” (1796).  He 
died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  10,  1798. 

BACHE,  Benjamin  Franklin,  surgeon,  was 
born  at  Monticello,  Va.,  Feb.  7,  1801;  son  of  Wil- 
liam and  Catharine  (Wistar)  Bache,  grandson  of 
Richard  and  Sarah  (Franklin)  Bache,  and  great- 
grandson  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Princeton,  was  graduated  in  1819, 
and  took  his  medical  degree  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1823.  He  entered  the  navy 
as  surgeon  in  1824,  and  served  in  Pensacola  navy 
yard  and  with  the  Mediterranean  and  Brazil 
squadrons.  He  held  the  chair  of  chemistry  in 
Kenyon  college  in  1838-  41,  and  was  for  some 
years  director  of  the  New  York  naval  hospital. 
He  was  retired  in  1871  with  the  rank  of  commo- 
dore, and  died  in  New  York  city.  Nov.  2,  1881. 

BACHE,  Franklin,  physician,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.  25,  1792;  son  of  Benjamin 
Franklin  and  Margaret  H.  (Markoe)  Bache, 
grandson  of  Richard  and  Sarah  (Franklin)  Bache, 
and  great-grandson  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1810,  taking  hisM.  D.  degree  in  1814.  In 
1824  he  was  appointed  practising  physician  at  the 
Walnut  street  prison,  and  two  years  later  accepted 
the  chair  of  chemistry  at  the  Franklin  institute, 
holding  the  former  position  until  1836,  and  the 
latter  until  1832.  From  1829  to  1839  he  was  physi- 
cian to  the  Eastern  penitentiary  in  Philadelphia. 
Dr.  Bache  was  elected  a member  of  the  Philadel- 
phia medical  society  in  1852,  of  the  American 
philosophical  society  in  1819,  and  its  president 
from  1853  to  1855,  and  was  a fellow  of  the  college 
of  physicians  and  surgeons,  U.  S.  A.,  1814-T6. 
In  1841  he  was  made  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Jefferson  college,  continuing  in  this  position 
during  the  rest  of  his  life.  His  “ Pharmacopoeia . ' ’ 
arranged  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  George  Bacon 
Wood,  developed,  in  1833,  into  “ The  Dispensatory 
of  the  United  States  of  America,”  which  reached 
its  sixteenth  edition  in  1890.  He  was  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  North  American  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  from  1823  to  1832,  and  was  the 
author  of  “ A Supplement  to  Henry's  Chemistry  " 
(1823);  “Letters  on  Separate  Confinement  of 
Prisoners  ” (1829-'30) ; “ Introductory  Lectures 
on  Chemistry”  (1841— *52) ; and  a “System  of 
Chemistry  for  the  Use  of  Medical  Students.” 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March  19,  1864. 

BACHE,  Hartman,  civil  engineer,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa,,  in  1797;  son  of  Benjamin 
Franklin  and  Margaret  H.  (Markoe)  Bache.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  military  academy  at 
West  Point  in  1818,  and  was  promoted  in  the 
army  to  brevet  captain  of  staff,  serving  on  the 
surveys  in  Chesapeake  Bay  and  its  tributaries. 
On  -July  24,  1828,  he  was  brevetted  major  for 


BACHE. 


BACHMAN. 


faithful  service  ten  years  in  one  grade,  and  on 
Aug.  1,  1832,  was  brevetted  major  of  staff.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  full  rank  of  major  on  the 
corps  .of  topographical  engineers  in  July,  1838, 
being  engaged  on  the  Florida  reef  defences;  in 
the  construction  of  the  Brandywine  screw-pile 
lighthouse  and  ice  harbor,  Delaware ; as  a member 
of  the  board  of  topographical  engineers  for  lake 
harbors  and  western  rivers ; as  lighthouse  engineer 
for  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  bays ; as  lighthouse 
engineer  for  the  Pacific  coast,  and  as  inspector  in 
charge  of  military  roads  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
On  Aug.  6,  1861,  he  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  on  March  3,  1863,  was  made  colonel, 
serving  as  superintending  engineer  of  Forts  Mifflin 
and  Delaware.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier-gen- 
eral on  March  13,  1865,  and  was  retired  from 
active  service,  March  7,  1867.  He  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Oct.  8,  1872. 

BACHE,  Richard,  merchant,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land, Sept.  12,  1737.  He  came  to  America 
shortly  after  his  brother  Theophylact,  and  settled 
in  Philadelphia,  where,  on  October  29,  1767,  he 
was  married  to  Sarah,  only  daughter  of  Benjamin 
Franklin.  He  was  very  successful  in  business, 
and  through  Franklin’s  influence  attained  promi- 
nence in  political  affairs,  being  secretary,  comp- 
troller and  register-general,  and  from  1776  to 
1782  colonial  postmaster-general.  He  was  also 
president  of  the  Republican  society  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  a prominent  protestant  against  the 
injustice  of  the  stamp  act.  He  died  in  Berks 
county,  Pa.,  July  29,  1811. 

BACHE,  Sarah  (Franklin),  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Sept.  22,  1744;  daughter  of  Benjamin 
and  Deborah  (Read)  Franklin.  She  was  married 
Oct.  29,  1767,  to  Richard  Baclie,  and  was  dis- 
tinguished for  her  benevolence,  especially  during 
the  revolutionary  war.  Funds  were  contributed 
by  men  of  wealth  and  patriotism,  with  which 
material  was  purchased  to  clothe  the  suffering 
soldiers.  Mrs.  Baclie  organized  a party  of  more 
than  two  thousand  women  and  girls  to  sew  the 
garments,  and  she  also  spent  much  time  in  hos- 
pital work.  She  was  a woman  of  a beautiful 
nature,  and  the  Marquis  de  Chastelleaux  said  of 
her:  “ If  there  are  ladies  in  Europe  who  need  a 
model  of  attachment  to  domestic  duties  and  love 
to  their  country,  Mrs.  Bache  may  be  pointed  out 
to  them  as  such.  Simple  in  her  manners,  she 
possesses  all  the  benevolence  of  her  father.”  She 
died  Oct.  5,  1808. 

BACHMAN,  John,  naturalist,  was  born  in 
Dutchess  county,  N.  Y. , Feb.  4,  1790.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-three  he  was  licensed  by  the  Lutheran 
synod  of  New  York,  having  been  previously 
elected  pastor  of  three  congregations  in  his  own 
neighborhood  in  Dutchess  county.  In  1815  he 
went  to  South  Carolina  for  his  health,  and  for 


about  fifty  years  preached  at  the  Lutheran  church 
at  Charleston.  There  he  became  associated  with 
Audubon,  and  aided  him  in  writing  his  books  on 
ornithology.  The  three- volume  work  on  quadru- 
peds was  written  almost  wholly  by  him  and 
illustrated  by  Audubon  and  liis  sons.  His  two 
eldest  daughters  married  Audubon’s  sons.  In 
1835  Mr.  Bachman  received  the  degree  of  D.  D., 
and  in  1838  the  University  of  Berlin  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.,  and  the  South 
Carolina  college  at  Columbia  that  of  LL.D. 
Among  his  published  works  are:  “Account  of 
Experiments  Made  on  the  Habits  of  the  Vultures 
Inhabiting  Carolina”  (1834);  “Two  Letters  on 
Hybridity  ” (1850) ; “ Defence  of  Luther  and  the 
Reformation  ” (1853) ; “ Characteristics  of 

Genera  and  Species,  as  Applicable  to  the  Doctrine 
of  the  Unity  of  the  Human  Race”  (1854); 
“ Notice  of  the  Types  of  Mankind  by  Nott  and 
Gliddon  ” (1854);  “Catalogue  of  Phsenogamous 
Plants  and  Ferns  Growing  in  the  Vicinity  of 
Charleston.  South  Carolina;”  “Examination  of 
Professor  Agassiz’s  Sketch  of  the  Natural  Pro- 
vince of  the  Animal  World,”  and  in  conjunction 
with  J.  J.  Audubon,  “The  Viviparous  Quad- 
rupeds of  North  America  ” (3  vols.,  1846-'53). 
He  died  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Feb.  25,  1874. 

BACHMAN,  Max,  sculptor,  was  born  in  Bruns- 
wick, Germany,  Feb.  27,  1862;  son  of  John  Her- 
mann Bachman,  author  of  various  scientific  and 
industrial  works.  Max  was  educated  primarily 
at  the  industrial  school,  Berlin,  and  afterwards 
entered  the  Royal  academy  in  the  same  city 
where  he  studied  under  Professor  Wolff.  Like 
most  youths  of  versatile  talent,  his  inclinations 
were  at  first  indeterminate ; music,  painting,  com- 
posing, the  plastic  and  histrionic  arts  had  each 
claims  upon  his  many-sided  nature,  but  his  success 
as  an  amateur  actor  had  almost  determined  him  to 
choose  the  stage,  when  he  was  obliged  to  enter  the 
army  according  to  the  German  law.  When  he 
removed  to  the  United  States,  in  1885,  his  culti- 
vated talents  gave  him  a brilliant  introduction 
in  art  circles  in  Boston,  Philadelphia  and  New 
York.  His  teutonic  stability,  comprehensive 
grasp  of  his  subject,  and  his  versatility  as  a color- 
ist, sculptor,  and  musician,  afforded  him  ability 
to  conceive  and  perpetuate  an  idea,  whether 
grotesque  or  sublime,  in  the  plastic  medium 
which  is  the  most  common  exponent  of  his  art. 
His  work  as  a cartoonist  marked  a departure  in 
the  art  of  the  caricaturist,  and  was  a significant 
advance  of  a branch  already  exemplified  by  the 
great  masters  of  the  pencil  in  America  and 
Europe.  Great  cartoons  had  not  hitherto  been 
achieved  in  clay,  but  Max  Bachman  began  a 
new  work  in  harmony  with  the  spirit  of  the  age. 
Some  of  his  larger  works  include  the  four  figures 
representing  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  America, 
[151] 


BACKUS. 


BACKUS. 


supporting  the  cornice  of  the  World  building  in 
New  York,  and  his  panels  in  the  State  normal 
art  school  of  Massachusetts — the  twenty  or  more 
figures  being  of  heroic  size.  In  1895  lie  was 
married  to  Eleanor  May  Brown,  a sculptor  of 
ability,  and  a pupil  of  her  husband  for  three 
years.  Her  Bacchante,  exhibited  at  the  Boston 
art  club  in  1895,  evoked  much  favorable  criticism. 

In  1895  Mr.  Bachman  exhibited  a bust  of  Cupid  at 
the  exhibition  of  the  Architectural  league  in 
New  York. 

BACKUS,  Azel,  educator,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  Oct.  13,  1765.  He  was  graduated 
from  Yale  college  in  1787,  and,  although  brought 
up  a Congregationalist,  acquired  deistic  beliefs  at 
college.  Through  the  influence  of  his  uncle,  Rev. 
Charles  Backus,  he  refrained  from  entering  the 
army  and  became  a Presbyterian  minister.  He 
served  the  church  at  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  where 
he  remained  the  pastor  until  1812,  when  upon 
the  founding  of  Hamilton  college,  Clinton,  N.  Y., 
he  was  elected  its  first  president,  holding  the 
office  up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  Princeton  and 
Hamilton  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  S.T.  D. 
in  1810,  and  Yale  the  same  degree  in  1816.  He 
died  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  28,  1816.  On  his 
tombstone  has  been  carved  his  biography  in 
Latin,  the  translation  of  which  is  as  follows: 
“Here  lies  buried,  Azel  Backus,  D.D.,  a man 
of  remarkable  piety  and  learning,  a zealous 
minister  of  the  gospel,  a distinguished  presi- 
dent of  Hamilton  college;  a man  of  extraordinary 
diligence,  and  greatly  endeared  to  the  members 
of  the  institution.  In  him  were  conspicuous 
the  highest  benevolence  towards  his  fellow-men, 
incorruptible  integrity  and  uncompromising 
truth.  His  wife  survives  to  lament  his  loss; 
and  we  who  knew  him  mourn  also.  The  cor- 
poration of  Hamilton  college  have  erected  this 
monument  to  the  memory  of  their  beloved  and 
venerated  president.  He  was  pastor  of  the  church 
in  Bethlehem,  Conn.,  twenty-two  years,  president 
of  Hamilton  college  four  years.  He  departed 
this  life  Dec.  28,  A.  D.  1816,  aged  fifty-two  years.” 
BACKUS,  Charles  Chapman,  financier,  was 
born  in  Charlton,  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  March 
13,  1816,  seventh  in  lineal  descent  from  William 
Backus,  who  lived  at  Saybrook,  Conn.,  as  early  as 
1637,  and  was,  with  his  son  Stephen,  among  the 
original  settlers  of  Norwich  in  1659.  In  1745  and 
and  1756,  Timothy  Backus,  the  great-grandfather 
of  Charles  C.  Backus,  maintained  successfully  a 
religious  contention  exercising  all  New  England. 

His  grandfather,  Elisha  Backus,  fought  at  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  was  a major  in  the  Amer- 
ican revolutionary  forces,  and  his  father,  Elisha 
Backus,  was  an  American  colonel  in  the  second 
war  with  Great  Britain.  Charles  C.  married,  in 
1840,  Harriet  Newell,  daughter  of  Edward  Baldwin 

[152J 


of  Utica,  N.  Y.  At  the  age  of  twenty-three  he  en- 
gaged in  the  book  and  publishing  business  at 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  as  one  of  the  firm  of  Bennett, 
Backus  and  Hawley,  who  also  issued  there  the 
Baptist  Register,  which  subsequently  was  merged 
in  the  Examiner  of  New  York  city,  and  became  the 
leading  paper  of  the  Baptist  denomination  in  the 
country.  In  1840,  Livingston,  Wells  & Pomeroy 
established  an  express  business  between  New  York 
city  and  Buffalo,  and  engaged  Bennett,  Backus 
& Hawley  to  act  as  their  agent  in  Utica.  The 
“express  ’’consisted  in  the  conveyance  of  money 
packages  between  the  banks  along  the  line  of 
the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  rail- 
roads, and  Mr.  Henry  Wells  was  the  sole  mes- 
senger, his  freight  being  carried  in  a hand-bag. 
The  income  at  first  was  so  small  that,  time  and 
again.  Mr.  Wells  was  on  the  point  of  abandon- 
ing the  enterprise,  but  Mr.  Backus  encouraged 
him  to  persevere,  for  he  foresaw  the  vast 
capacities  of  the  business,  if  extended,  to  in- 
clude the  carrying  of  merchandise.  This  was 
eventually  done,  and  Mr.  Backus  became  inter- 
ested in  it,  and  soon  afterwards  conceived  and 
organized  with  others  the  American  express 
company.  Mr.  Backus  was  one  of  the  original  pro- 
moters of  the  House  telegraph  system,  and  these 
interests  demanding  much  of  his  time,  he  aban- 
doned the  book  concern,  and  in  1850  removed  to 
New  York  city  in  order  to  be  at  the  centre  of 
business  operations.  About  1861  Mr.  Backus  was 
placed,  on  behalf  of  the  stockholders  of  the 
New  York  Central  railroad,  upon  an  examining 
committee,  to  inspect  the  road’s  financial  affairs 
and  general  management.  The  disclosures  aris- 
ing from  his  thorough  inquiry  effected  the  instal- 
lation of  Dean  Richmond  as  the  new  president  of 
the  road,  and  made  an  entire  change  in  the  finan- 
cial method  sand  conduct  of  this  great  corporation. 
After  1865  Mr.  Backus  was  constrained  by  im- 
paired health  to  forego  much  of  his  earlier  activity, 
yet  his  earnest  interest  in  affairs,  his  valuable 
advice  to  others,  find  his  kindly  benefactions, 
kept  him  known  and  welcomed  among  business 
men. 

BACKUS,  Franklin  Thomas,  lawyer,  was 
born  at  Lee,  Mass.,  May  6,  1813.  He  spent  his 
boyhood  in  working  on  a farm  to  support  his 
widowed  mother,  and  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
went  to  Cleveland,  Ohio.  He  obtained  employ- 
ment in  a lawyer's  office,  gained  an  elementary 
education  and  earned  his  way  through  Yale 
college.  After  his  graduation  in  1836  he  studied 
law  in  Cleveland  for  three  years,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar.  In  1841  he  was  prosecuting 
attorney  for  Cuyahoga  county,  and  was  elected 
state  representative  in  1846,  and  state  senator  in 
1848.  In  1861  he  was  a delegate  to  the  peace  con- 
ference at  Washington.  He  died  May  14,  1870. 


BACKUS. 


BACON. 


BACKUS,  Isaac,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich, Conn.,  Jan.  9,  1724;  son  of  Samuel  and 
Elizabeth  (Tracy)  Backus.  He  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  at  Middle- 
borough  in  1748,  and  continued  as  pastor  and 
evangelist  until  1756,  when  he  assumed  charge  of 
a newly  formed  Baptist  church  in  the  same  town. 
From  1765  to  1799  he  was  a trustee  of  Rhode  Island 
college.  In  1774  he  was  chosen  agent  of  the 
Baptist  churches  of  Massachusetts,  and  in  this 
capacity  was  sent  to  Philadelphia  to  enlist  in 
behalf  of  the  Baptists  the  protection  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress.  President  Manning  of  R.  I. 
college  presented  a memorial,  petitioning  for 
relief  from  the  persecution  and  oppression  to 
which  the  Baptists  were  at  that  time  subjected, 
and  Mr.  Backus  made  several  addresses  in  behalf 
of  religious  freedom.  In  1789  he  made  a tour 
through  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  for  the 
purpose  of  strengthening  the  Baptist  denomina- 
tion in  that  section.  He  published:  “ History  of 
New  England  with  Particular  Reference  to  the 
Denomination  of  Christians  called  Baptists  ” 
(1777,  2d  ed.,  2 vols.,  1871);  “An  Abridgement 
of  the  Church  History  of  New  England,  1602- 
1804  ” (1804),  and  “ Church  History  of  New 
England  from  1620  to  1804  ” (1844).  He  died 
Nov.  20,  1806. 

BACKUS,  James,  pioneer,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich, Conn,  July  14,  1764;  son  of  Elijah  and  Lucy 
(Griswold)  Backus  At  the  age  of  twenty-four 
he  joined  the  colony  which,  under  General  Rufus 
Putnam,  founded  Marietta,  and  thus  was  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  Ohio.  As  agent  of  the  Ohio 
company  he  made  the  first  surveys  in  Marietta, 
and  he  is  said  to  have  built,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Muskingum  and  Ohio  rivers,  the  first  frame  house 
that  was  erected  in  Ohio,  then  the  Northwest 
Territory.  He  was  both  a civil  and  military 
officer  in  the  new  settlement,  as  his  journal 
shows.  He  was  a man  of  means,  and  devoted 
his  money  without  stint  to  the  benefit  of  the  set- 
tlement. He  erected  the  first  saw  and  grist-mill 
at  Marietta,  and  had  driven  from  New  England 
the  first  yoke  of  oxen  that  ever  trod  the  soil  of 
Marietta,  Ohio.  The  mill  crank  and  saw,  the 
grist-mill  spindle,  and  the  other  irons  were  made 
by  his  father  at  the  Backus  iron  works,  Norwich, 
Conn.  He  remained  at  Marietta  about  three 
years,  and  in  March,  1791,  he  returned  to  Yantic, 
to  succeed  his  father  in  the  management  of  the 
Backus  iron  works,  which  had  been  established 
by  his  grandfather,  and  carried  on  by  his  father, 
both  prior  and  subsequent  to  the  war  of  the 
revolution.  He  was  widely  known  as  a man  of 
character,  great  energy  and  executive  ability. 
In  1793  he  was  married  to  Dorothy  Church, 
daughter  of  Charles  Church  Chandler,  of  Wood- 
stock,  Conn.  He  died  Sept.  29,  1816. 


BACKUS,  William  Woodbridge,  philanthro- 
pist, was  born  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Oct.  22,  1803; 
son  of  James  Backus,  a well-to-do  farmer.  He 
always  lived  on  the  estate  upon  which  his  first 
American  ancestor  erected  his  domicile,  about 
1660.  He  engaged  exclusively  in  agriculture, 
successfully  cultivating  his  large  grain  and  stock 
farm.  He  was  a man  of  cultivated  mind  and 
fine  literary  tastes.  By  steady  accretion  he 
became  possessed  of  large  means,  and  these  he 
dispensed  with  open  hand  in  both  public  and 
private  charity.  He  gave  to  the  city  of  Norwich 
§75,000  to  endow  the  “ W.  W.  Backus  hospital.” 
He  never  married,  and  by  his  will  bequeathed 
his  property  to  various  Norwich  institutions ; to 
the  united  workers,  §20,000;  to  the  free  academy, 
§25,000;  to  the  young  men’s  Christian  associa- 
tion, §20,000;  to  the  Otis  library,  §15,000;  to  the 
first  Congregational  church  of  Norwich,  §1,000; 
to  the  Bean  Hill  Methodist  church,  §500;  to 
Grace  chapel,  Yantic,  §500,  and  the  rest  of  his 
estate,  with  the  exception  of  a liberal  bequest  to 
the  Connecticut  home  missionary  society,  he  left 
to  the  Backus  hospital.  He  died  July  13,  1892. 

BACON,  Augustus  Octavius,  senator,  was 
born  in  Bryan  county,  Ga.,  Oct.  20,  1839.  He 
received  a high-school  education  in  his  native 
state,  and  after  his  graduation  from  the  university 
of  Georgia,  in  1859,  he  studied  law  in  that  insti- 
tution for  a year.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war  he  joined  the  Confederate  army  as  adju- 
tant, being  afterwards  commissioned  captain, 
and  assigned  to  general  staff  duty.  In  1866  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  began  to  practise 
law  at  Macon,  Ga.,  acquiring  a wide  reputation 
as  an  able  lawyer.  He  was  several  times  a mem- 
ber of  state  Democratic  conventions,  being  presi- 
dent of  the  convention  in  1880,  and  in  1884  was 
delegate  at  large  to  the  national  convention.  In 
1868  he  was  a presidential  elector,  and  in  1871 
was  elected  to  the  Georgia  house  of  representa- 
tives, serving  there,  by  successive  re-elections, 
fourteen  years,  acting  two  years  as  speaker  pro 
tempore,  and  eight  years  as  speaker.  In  1894  he 
was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  and  was 
prominent  in  the  54th  Congress  as  an  advocate 
of  Cuban  independence  making  a notable  speech, 
Jan.  13,  1897,  that  attracted  wide  attention  and 
comment. 

BACON,  David  W.,  first  bishop  of  Portlaud, 
Me.,  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1814. 
His  education,  begun  in  the  parochial  schools  of 
New  York,  was  completed  at  Mount  St.  Mary’s 
college  and  seminary,  Emmittsburg,  Md.  He 
was  ordained  a priest  in  New  York  in  1838,  and 
became  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Assumption 
in  Brooklyn.  He  was  an  indefatigable  and 
enthusiastic  worker,  and  lent  unwearied  efforts 
to  promote  the  growth  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
[1531 


BACON. 


BACON. 


church  in  that  city.  Not  content  with  making 
his  congregation  at  the  Assumption  the  largest 
in  Brooklyn,  he,  in  1852,  bought  land  in  a new 
district  and  built  the  Church  of  St.  Mary,  the  Star 
of  the  Sea  at  the  time  the  largest  edifice  in  the 
“city  of  churches,”  where  he  was  a successful 
pastor  for  three  years.  In  1855,  the  new  diocese 
of  Portland,  Maine,  was  erected,  and  Father 
Bacon  was  consecrated  its  first  bishop.  His 
unremitting  efforts  for  the  prosperity  of  his  see 
were  crowned  with  success,  but  they  were  strenu- 
ous, and  his  health  becoming  seriously  impaired, 
he  visited  Europe  in  August,  1874.  On  his  arrival 
at  Brest  he  was  carried  from  the  ship  to  a hos- 
pital, and  from  thence  back  to  the  ship,  and  died 
in  St.  Vincent’s  hospital,  New  York,  the  day  after 
reaching  home.  Nov.  4,  1874. 

BACON,  Delia,  author,  was  born  at  Tallmadge, 
Ohio,  Feb.  2,  1811,  daughter  of  David  Bacon, 
missionary,  and  sister  of  Leonard  Bacon,  theolo- 
gian. She  was  a teacher,  and  while  so  engaged 
in  Boston  delivered  a series  of  lectures.  She 
published  “Tales  of  the  Puritans”  and  “ The 
Bride  of  Fort  Edward”  (1839).  Her  next  work, 
and  one  which  became  well  known,  was  “ The 
Philosophy  of  the  Plays  of  Shakespeare  U nfolded,  ’ ’ 
with  introduction  by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  in 
which  she  attempted  to  show  that  Lord  Bacon 
was  one  of  the  principal  authors  of  the  plays 
commonly  credited  to  Shakespeare.  She  died  in 
Hartford,  Conn..  Sept.  2,  1859. 

BACON,  Edmund,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, January,  1776.  When  very  young  he 
attended  school  at  Augusta,  Ga. , and  while  yet  a 
boy  delivered,  at  the  request  of  the  citizens,  an 
address  of  greeting  to  Washington,  who  was 
passing  through  the  city.  This  youthful  effort 
won  praise  from  the  citizens  and  a gift  of  a 
number  of  law  books  from  Washington.  After 
studying  law  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  he  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar.  and  began  to  practise  in  Savannah, 
Ga.  He  won  a large  and  lucrative  practice,  and 
a reputation  as  a sound,  skillful  lawyer.  He  was 
employed  as  attorney  in  settling  the  estate  of 
Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene,  near  Savannah.  Later 
he  removed  to  Edgefield,  S.  C.,  where  he  remained 
the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  a man  of  delightful 
personality,  and  was  as  popular  in  private  life  as 
in  his  profession.  He  died  at  Edgefield,  S.  C., 
Feb.  2,  1826. 

BACON,  Edward  Payson,  merchant,  was  born 
at  Reading,  Steuben  county,  N.  Y. , May  16.  1834; 
son  of  Joseph  F.  Bacon,  who  removed  with  his 
family  to  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  in  1838.  It  was  the 
boy’s  ambition  to  prepare  for  the  ministry,  but 
the  duty  of  assisting  his  invalid  father  in  main- 
taining the  family  determined  him  to  accept  a 
position  as  a clerk  in  a railroad  office.  In  1854 
he  was  made  chief  clerk  in  the  general  freight 


office  of  the  Erie  railway,  in  New  York  city, 
and  in  1855  held  a similar  position  with  the 
Michigan  southern  railroad  company  at  Chicago. 
In  1856  he  was  appointed  local  freight  agent  of 
the  Milwaukee  and  Mississippi  railroad  company, 
at  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  and  continued  for  nine  years 
in  the  employ  of  that 
company  and  its  suc- 
cessor, filling  the  posi- 
tions of  general  freight 
agent,  auditor  and  gen- 
eral ticket  agent,  each 
of  which  departments 
he  organized.  The  sys- 
tem of  accounts,  and 
the  method  of  conduct- 
ing the  freight  and 
ticket  business,  after- 
wards adopted  by  all 
the  western  roads,  orig- 
inated with  him,  and 
constitute  the  basis  of 
the  extended  systems  in  general  use  in  that  sec- 
tion of  the  country.  In  1865  Mr.  Bacon  engaged 
in  the  grain  commission  business  at  Milwaukee, 
and  organized  the  firm  of  Bacon  & Everingham, 
with  a very  moderate  capital,  and  in  a few  years 
the  house  was  among  the  first  in  the  trade,  and 
one  of  the  strongest  in  the  country.  Mr.  Bacon 
helped  to  organize  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
association  in  the  city  of  Milwaukee  in  1857,  and 
■was  its  first  vice-president,  and  from  1879  to  1881 
its  president,  during  which  time  plans  were 
formed  for  the  erection  of  one  of  the  finest  and 
most  practical  buildings  for  association  work  in 
the  west.  He  was  a member  of  the  Milwaukee 
chamber  of  commerce  from  1865,  and  a member 
of  its  board  of  directors  from  1883  to  1893.  serving 
two  years  as  vice-president,  and  two  years  as 
president.  He  served  as  delegate  to  various  com- 
mercial conventions,  and  for  several  years  as 
member  of  the  National  board  of  trade,  of  which 
he  was  a vice-president  from  1884  to  1889.  He 
was  delegated  to  represent  the  chamber  of  com- 
merce of  Milwaukee  before  congressional  commit- 
tees to  oppose  the  free  coinage  of  silver,  and  the 
passage  of  the  “anti-option”  bill,  and  his  argu- 
ments and  statistics  on  the  latter  subject  were 
effectively  quoted  in  debate  before  the  senate. 
Mr.  Bacon  was  a trustee  of  Beloit  college,  and 
actively  interested  in  aiding  individual  young 
men  in  securing  a liberal  education.  After  the 
great  fire  in  Milwaukee,  Oct.  28,  1892,  Mr.  Bacon 
was  among  the  first  of  the  citizens  to  afford 
prompt  relief  to  the  sufferers. 

BACON,  Ezekiel,  jurist,  was  born  in  Boston. 
Mass.,  Sept.  1,  1776.  After  his  graduation  from 
Yale  college,  in  1794.  he  studied  law  at  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  and  after  his  admission  to  the  bar  settled 


rmj 


BAOON. 


BACON. 


at  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  where  he  soon  acquired  a 
good  practice.  He  became  interested  in  politics, 
and  represented  his  district  in  the  state  legisla- 
ture in  1806  and  1807.  The  following  year  he  was 
elected  as  a representative  to  Congress,  and 
served  through  the  11th,  12th  and  13th  con- 
gresses. In  1813,  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of 
the  court  of  common  pleas  for  western  Massachu- 
setts, and  President  Madison  made  him  first  comp- 
troller of  the  United  States  treasury.  In  1816 
he  took  up  his  residence  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  held  many  prominent  public  offices,  including 
those  of  member  of  assembly,  judge  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas,  and  member  of  the  state  consti- 
tutional convention  of  1821.  In  1843  he  published 
“ Recollections  of  Fifty  Years.”  Yale  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1870.  He  died  in 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  18,  1870. 

BACON,  Leonard,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Detroit,  Mich.,  Feb.  19,  1802,  son  of  David  Bacon, 
a missionary  among  the  Ojibbewa  Indians,  and 
according  to  Farmer's  ' ‘ History  of  Michigan,  ” the 
son,  when  an  infant,  barely  escaped  falling  a vic- 
tim to  the  ferocity  of  a drunken  Indian,  but  was 
saved  by  the  heroism  of  the  mother.  At  the  age 
of  fourteen  he  was  sent  east,  where  he  was  pre- 
pared for  college  at  Hartford.  He  entered  the 
sophomore  class  of  Yale  college  in  1817,  was 
graduated  in  1820,  and  after  a four  years’  course 
at  the  Andover  theological  seminary,  he  entered 
the  Congregational  ministry,  and  in  1825  became 
pastor  of  the  Central  Congregational  church  in 
New  Haven,  which  position  he  retained  until  his 
death,  fifty-six  years  later.  In  September,  1866, 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  revealed  theology  in  Yale 
theological  seminary,  was  made  pastor  emer- 
itus of  the  Central  church,  and  in  1871  was  chosen 
lecturer  on  ecclesiastical  polity  and  church  his- 
tory. He  upheld  the  ancient  traditions  and  prac- 
tices of  the  early  Puritan  church,  and  was  con- 
servative on  all  questions  relating  to  the  church 
polity,  giving,  besides,  earnest  and  attentive  con- 
cern to  all  important  questions  of  the  day.  After 
1823  lie  was  a pronounced  abolitionist.  He  held 
decided  opinions  on  the  question  of  slavery,  and 
his  views,  promulgated  in  a series  of  essays,  col- 
lected and  published  in  1846,  were  referred  to  by 
Abraham  Lincoln  as  being  the  source  of  his  own 
clear  and  sober  convictions  on  the  subject.  He 
was  a stanch  defender  of  the  Union,  and  as  stanch 
an  opposer  of  those  abolitionists  who  denounced 
it.  He  gave  his  influence  to  obtain  the  repeal 
of  the  “ omnibus  ” clause  in  the  Connecticut 
divorce  law.  He  was  editor  of  the  Christian 
Spectator , published  at  New  Haven  from  1826  to 
1838.  In  1843  he  established  The  New  Englander 
Review,  afterwards  The  New  Englander  and  Yale 
Revieiv,  and  was  connected  with  it  up  to  the  time 
of  his  death.  In  1848.  in  conjunction  with  Henry 


C.  Bowen  and  Drs.  Storrs,  Leavitt  and  Thompson, 
he  founded  the  Independent  and  performed  a 
share  of  the  editorial  duties  until  1863.  when  he 
resigned  his  active  labors,  but  remained  a con- 
tributor. In  March,  1874,  he  was  moderator  of 
the  council  of  Congregational  churches  which 
met  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  assisted  in  preparing 
a rebuke  addressed  to  Plymouth  church  for 
irregularly  dropping  Theodore  Tilton  from  its 
membership,  and  in  1876  filled  a like  position  in 
the  advisory  council  convened  at  the  request  of 
the  Plymouth  church  to  consider  matters  in 
regard  to  the  Beecher-Tilton  scandal.  Dr. 
Bacon  was  fond  of  historical  study,  particularly 
as  pertaining  to  the  Puritans.  In  addition  to  his 
manifold  contributions  to  the  contemporary 
press,  he  published  many  pamphlets  and  reviews, 
as  well  as  several  works  on  religious,  biographical, 
historical  and  other  subjects.  He  received  from 
Hamilton  college,  in  1842,  the  degree  S.  T.  D.,  and 
from  Harvard,  in  1870,  that  of  LL.D.  Among 
his  published  books  are:  “Select  Practical 

Writings  of  Richard  Baxter,”  with  a life  of  the 
author  (1831,  2d  ed.,  1836);  “A  Manual  for 
Young  Church  Members”  (1833);  “Thirteen 
Historical  Discourses  on  the  Completion  of  Two 
Hundred  Years  from  the  Beginning  of  the  First 
Church  in  New  Haven”  (1839);  “Slavery 
Discussed  in  OccasionalEssays  from  1833  to  1846  ” ; 
“Christian  Self-Culture”  (1863);  “Historical 
Discourse  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  Sept.  22,  1863”; 
“Four  Commemorative  Discourses”  (1866); 
“The  Genesis  of  the  New  England  Churches” 
New  York  (1874);  “Sketch  of  the  Rev.  David 
Bacon”  (1876).  He  died  at  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Dec.  24,  1881. 

BACON,  Leonard  Woolsey,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  1,  1830;  son  of 
Leonard  Bacon,  pastor  of  First  church,  New 
Haven.  He  studied  at  Yale  college,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1850,  and  then  pursued  a course 
in  theology  at  both  Andover  and  Yale,  and  medi- 
cine at  Yale  college,  being  given  his  M.  D.  degree 
in  1856.  He  preached  in  Congregational  and 
Presbyterian  churches  in  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
Stamford,  Conn.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y..  and  Baltimore, 
Md.  He  then  spent  five  years  in  European  travel, 
and  in  1879  became  pastor  of  the  Park  Congrega- 
tional church,  Norwich,  Conn.  In  1885  he  was 
chosen  pastor  of  the  Woodland  Presbyterian 
church,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  afterwards  had 
pastoral  charge  of  the  Ancient  Independent 
church,  Savannah,  Ga.,  for  several  months, 
returning  in  December,  1887,  to  Norwich,  Conn. 
His  published  works  include:  “The  Life, 

Speeches,  and  Discourses  of  Father  Hyacinthe  ” 
(1872);  “ Church  Papers  ” (1876);  “The  Vatican 
Council”  (1872);  “A  Life  Worth  Living:  Life 
of  Emily  Bliss  Gould  ” (1878) ; “ Sunday  Observ- 
es] 


BACON. 


BADEAU. 


ance  and  Sunday  Law  ” (1882) ; “ The  Hymns  of 
Martin  Luther”  (1883);  “The  Church  Book: 
Hymns  and  Tunes  ” (1883),  and  “ The  Simplicity 
that  is  in  Christ  ” (sermons,  1886).  Yale  college 
gave  him  his  S.T.D.  in  1879. 

BACON,  Nathaniel,  colonist,  was  born  in 
England  about  1630.  He  studied  law  at  the  Inns 
of  Court  in  London,  and  when  twenty  years  old 
came  to  America.  He  settled  in  Virginia  on  a 
large  tract  of  land  near  the  head  of  the  James 
river,  and  was  appointed  a member  of  Governor 
Berkeley’s  council.  At  that  time  the  Indians 
were  making  much  trouble,  and  the  white  settlers 
were  insufficiently  protected  by  a few  poorly 
constructed  forts.  Bacon  was  made  leader  of  the 
colonists  who  determined  to  march  against  the 
savages.  His  appointment  was  not  confirmed  by 
Berkeley,  who  did  not  favor  the  movement. 
Bacon  marched  without  the  commission,  and  at 
the  head  of  ninety  men  he  fought  and  conquered 
the  troublesome  savages.  On  May  29,  1676,  Gov- 
ernor Berkeley  proclaimed  Bacon  a rebel  and  had 
him  captured  and  brought  to  trial.  He  was 
acquitted  of  the  charges  brought  against  him, 
resumed  his  seat  in  the  governor's  council  and 
received  the  promise  of  a commission  as  general 
for  the  war  against  the  Indians.  This  appoint- 
ment the  governor  refused  to  ratify,  and  when 
his  policy  became  intolerable  to  the  settlers,  and 
he  refused  to  carry  out  his  promises  of  reform. 
Bacon  returned  at  the  head  of  his  command, 
forced  him  to  issue  the  promised  commission  and 
began  vigorous  operations  against  the  Indians. 
The  governor  again  proclaimed  General  Bacon  a 
rebel,  and  on  Aug.  6,  1676,  he  marched  upon 
Williamsburg,  issued  a counter  proclamation 
against  the  governor,  and  drove  him  across  the 
bay  to  Accomac.  The  people  swore  fealty  to 
Bacon,  who  repelled  the  fresh  attacks  of  the 
Indians,  and  in  September  returned,  drove  out 
the  governor’s  forces,  burned  Jamestown,  and 
forced  Berkeley  to  take  asylum  on  a British  ship. 
Bacon  held  the  women,  wives  of  the  partisans  of 
the  governor,  as  hostages,  and  planned  to  attack 
and  capture  Accomac,  but  died  before  his  plans 
could  be  carried  out.  Ingram  succeeded  to  the 
command  of  the  rebels,  but  was  soon  after  recon- 
ciled to  Berkeley,  and  after  Bacon’s  chief  adhe- 
rents were  executed.  Bacon’s  rebellion  came  to 
an  end.  He  died  Oct.  1,  1676. 

BACON,  Samuel,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Sturbridge,  Mass.,  July  22,  1781.  In  1808  he  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  and  studied  law, 
which  profession  he  followed  in  Pennsylvania. 
He  next  essayed  journalism,  being  editor  of  the 
Worcester,  Mass. , sEgis,  and  afterwards  editor  of 
the  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Hive.  He  was  ordained  to 
the  priesthood  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church,  and  in  1819  sailed  for  Sierra  Leone, 


Africa,  in  charge  of  a company  of  negroes,  whom 
it  was  his  appointed  mission  to  settle  as  a colony, 
he  being  one  of  a committee  of  three  sent  by  the 
United  States  government,  under  the  auspices  of 
the  American  colonization  society,  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  settlement  was  effected  at  Campelar, 
on  the  Sherboro  river,  where  two  of  the  agents 
died.  Mr.  Bacon,  whose  health  had  become 
seriously  impaired,  was  carried  to  Kent,  on  Cape 
Shilling,  where  he  died  May  3,  1820. 

BADEAU,  Adam,  soldier,  was  born  in  New 
York  city,  Dec.  29,  1831.  He  was  educated  at 
private  schools,  and  became  a regular  contributor 
to  the  press,  notably  to  Noalis  Sunday  Times, 
over  the  pen-name  of  “ The  Vagabond.”  In  1862 
he  volunteered  in  the  army,  and  was  attached  to 
the  staff  of  Brigadier-General  Thomas  W.  Sher- 
man. In  1863  he  was  severely  wounded  at  Port 
Hudson,  and  the  following  year  was  appointed 
military  secretary  to  General  Grant,  with  thef 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  soon  afterwards  being 
promoted  to  colonel.  He  accompanied  General 
Grant  through  the  Wilderness  and  Appomattox 
campaigns,  and  continued  a member  of  his  staff 
until  1869,  when  he  was  retired  with  the  rank  of 
captain  and  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier-general 
U.  S.  A.  He  was  appointed  secretary  of  legation 
at  London  in  1869  by  President  Grant,  and  the 
next  year  went  to  Spain  with  government 
despatches.  President  Grant  then  made  him 
consul-general  in  London,  which  office  he  held 
for  about  ten  years.  During  that  time  he  accom- 
panied General  Grant  on  a portion  of  his  tour 
around  the  world.  In  May,  1882,  President 
Arthur  appointed  him  consul-general  at  Havana, 
where  he  remained  two  years.  When  being 
denied  an  opportunity  of  proving  certain  charges 
he  had  formulated  against  the  state  department, 
he  resigned  and  sought  to  reinstate  himself  in  his 
former  military  position.  This  was  not  allowed, 
on  the  ground  that  he  had  vacated  it  when  he 
entered  the  diplomatic  service.  In  1SSS  he  sued 
the  Grant  estate  for  moneys  which  he  declared 
to  be  due  to  him  for  literary  services  in  aiding 
General  Grant  in  writing  his  “ Memoirs,  ” but  the 
case  was  decided  against  him  in  the  courts.  His 
principal  publications  are  a collection  of  essays : 
“ The  Vagabond  ” (1859) ; a “ Military  History  of 
Ulysses  S.  Grant,”  in  three  volumes  (1867— ’SI ) ; 
“ Conspiracy;  a Cuban  Romance  ” (“  Aristocracy 
in  England”  (1886),  and  “ Grant  in  Peace” 
(18S6).  He  died  at  Ridgewood,  N.  J.,  March  19, 
1895. 

BADGER,  George  Edmund,  senator,  was  born 
at  Newbern,  N.  C.,  April  17,  1795.  He  entered 
Yale  college  in  the  class  of  1S13,  remaining  two 
years,  but  owing  to  pecuniary  inability,  did  not 
graduate.  He  received  his  A.  51.  degree  in  1825, 
and  his  LL.D.  in  ISIS.  He  was  licensed  to  prac- 


tise] 


BADGER. 


BADGER. 


tise  law  at  the  age  of  nineteen.  In  1816  he  was 
elected  to  the  North  Carolina  legislature,  and  in 
1820  appointed  a judge  of  the  superior  court, 
which  office  he  resigned  in  1825,  and  returned  to 
the  practice  of  law.  He  supported  William  H. 
Harrison  in  the  presidential  campaign  of  1840,  and 
on  his  inauguration,  March  4,  1841,  President 
Harrison  appointed  him  secretary  of  the  navy, 
which  position  he  resigned  when  Tyler  came  to 
the  presidency.  He  was  elected  by  the  legislature 
of  North  Carolina  in  1846  to  the  seat  in  the  U.  S. 
senate  made  vacant  by  the  resignation  of  W.  H. 
Haywood,  and  elected  for  the  full  senatorial  term 
in  1848.  President  Fillmore  named  him  associate 
justice  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court  in  1853,  but  the 
senate  refused  to  confirm  the  nomination.  In 
1854,  upon  his  retirement  from  the  senate,  he  took 
up  the  practice  of  law  at  the  state  capital.  In 
1861  he  was  a member  of  the  secession  conven- 
tion, but  spoke  in  favor  of  remaining  in  the  union. 

In  a letter  introducing  him  to  Mr.  Justice  Story 
at  the  time  of  his  appointment  to  the  U.  S. 
supreme  bench,  Daniel  Webster  wrote:  “He  is 
your  equal  and  my  superior.”  He  died  at 
Raleigh,  N.  C.,  May  11,  1866. 

BADGER,  Joseph,  soldier,  was  born  at  Haver- 
hill, Mass.,  Jan.  11,  1722;  son  of  Joseph  and 
Hannah  (Peaslee)  Badger.  He  was  a farmer, 
served  in  the  militia,  and  held  the  ranks  of  ensign, 
lieutenant  and  captain,  successively.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-three  he  was  made  a deputy  sheriff, 
and  afterwards  justice  of  the  peace.  . Jan.  31, 
1740,  he  was  married  to  Hannah  Pearson,  and 
their  son  Joseph  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
William  Parsons  of  South  Hampton.  In  July, 
1763,  he  removed  to  Gihnanton,  N.  H.,  where  he 
was  one  of  the  proprietors  and  first  settlers.  He 
was  first  magistrate,  and  on  July  10,  1771,  received 
the  appointment  of  colonel  of  the  10th  N.  Id.  regi- 
ment. In  1771  he  acted  as  a muster-master  for 
the  state,  was  elected  a delegate  to  the  pro- 
vincial congress,  and  was  made  brigadier -general 
in  the  state  militia,  June  27,  1780.  He  served  on 
the  governor’s  council  from  1784  to  1791.  In 
December,  1784,  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
probate  court,  holding  the  office  for  thirteen 
years.  In  1788  he  was  a member  of  the  New 
Hampshire  convention  that  adopted  the  federal 
constitution.  He  was  very  influential  in  found- 
ing and  erecting  the  academy  at  Gilmanton,  was 
one  of  its  trustees,  and  president  of  the  board  of 
trust  until  his  death,  which  occurred  April  4, 
1803. 

BADGER,  Joseph,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Gihnanton,  N.  H.,  Aug.  16,  1792;  son  of  Joseph 
and  Elizabeth  (Parsons)  Badger.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Canada,  and  in  1812,  yielding  to  his  con- 
victions, was  baptized  and  began  to  preach.  Two 
years  later  he  was  ordained  by  the  Baptists,  but 

floTJ 


did  not  connect  himself  with  that  body.  He 
preached  in  New  Hampshire  and  New  York  State 
with  much  success,  forming  churches  which 
called  themselves  “Christians.”  In  1825  he 
edited  the  Palladium,  the  organ  of  the  sect  called 
“ Christians.”  He  died  May  12,  1852. 

BADGER,  Oscar  C.,  naval  officer,  was  born  at 
Windham,  Conn.,  Aug.  12,  1823.  He  was 

appointed  to  the  U.  S.  navy  from  Pennsylvania 
as  a midshipman,"  Sept.  9,  1841.  As  a midshipman 
on  board  the  Saratoga,  in  1843,  he  was  attached 
to  a landing  party  from  that  ship,  and  took  part 
in  the  attack  upon  the  Bereby  villages  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa.  He  served  on  board  the 
Mississippi  with  the  Gulf  squadron  during  the 
Mexican  war,  and  participated  in  the  attack  upon 
Alvarado  in  1846.  Subsequently,  in  1855,  as 
lieutenant  he  commanded  a party  from  the  U.  S. 
sloop  John  Adams,  which  attacked  and  destroyed 
the  town  of  Vutia,  Fiji  Islands.  His  services 
during  the  civil  war  were  particularly  meritori- 
ous. While  in  command  of  the  steamer  Anacostia, 
in  l86l-’62,  he  was  engaged  in  a number  of  attacks 
upon  Confederate  batteries  on  the  Potomac  river 
and  Aquia  creek,  and  in  the  bombardment  of 
Yorktown,  Va.,  and  the  defences  at  Gloucester 
Point.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-commander 
July  16,  1862,  and  commanded  the  ironclads 
Patapsco  and  Mont  auk  in  the  attacks  on  the 
batteries  and  forts  on  Morris  Island  and  on  Forts 
Wagner,  Gregg  and  Sumter,  in  Charleston  har- 
bor. While  performing  the  duties  of  fleet-captain 
on  board  the  ironclad  Weehawken  in  a night 
engagement  with  Forts  Moultrie  and  Sumter,  he 
was  severely  wounded,  his  right  leg  being  shat- 
tered by  a metallic  splinter,  caused  by  a round 
shot  striking  the  turret  of  the  Weehawken.  His 
efficient  and  faithful  services  were  recognized  in 
an  official  report  made  to  the  navy  department  by 
Admiral  Dahlgren,  under  date  of  Sept.  2,  1863, 
and  by  the  navy  department  in  communication 
addressed  to  Commodore  Badger,  under  date  of 
Jan.  7,  1864.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  was 
on  shore  duty  until  July,  1866,  when  he  was 
promoted  commander.  During  a cruise  on  the 
Peoria  he  received  a vote  of  thanks  from  the  legis- 
latures of  St.  Kitts  and  Antigua  for  services  ren- 
dered to  the  authorities  of  those  islands.  In  1872 
he  was  promoted  captain,  and  on  Nov.  15,  1881, 
commodore,  and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list 
in  1885. 

BADGER,  William,  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, was  born  at  Gilmanton,  N.  II.,  Jan.  13, 
1779;  son  of  Joseph  and  Elizabeth  (Parsons) 
Badger.  In  early  manhood  he  followed  mercan- 
tile pursuits,  but  soon  became  prominent  in 
political  life,  being  elected  a state  representative 
in  1810,  to  the  state  senate  in  181 1,  and  acting  as 
president  of  that  body  two  years  later,  at  which 


BADIN. 


BAGLEY. 


time  he  was  made  associate  justice  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas,  which  position  he  held  until 
1821,  when  he  became  high  sheriff  of  Stafford 
county.  He  was  elected  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire in  1883,  1834  and  1835.  He  died  at  Gilman- 
ton,  N.  H.,  Sept.  21,  1852. 

BADIN,  Stephen  Theodore,  missionary,  was 
born  in  Orleans,  France,  in  1768.  His  parents 
were  poor,  and  at  much  sacrifice  gave  him  a 
classical  education  at  the  College  Montagu  in 
Paris,  after  which  he  entered  the  Sulpitian  acad- 
emy at  Tours  to  be  fitted  for  the  priesthood.  He 
immigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1792,  where 
lie  was  ordained  by  Bishop  Carroll,  in  the 
cathedral  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1793,  the  first 
ordination  of  a Roman  Catholic  priest  in  America. 
He  studied  English  at  the  college  in  Georgetown, 
and  was  then  given  a mission  in  Kentucky,  at 
that  time  in  the  diocese  of  Baltimore,  that 
extended  over  a territory  covering  hundreds  of 
miles,  which,  in  the  unsettled  state  of  the  coun- 
try he  was  obliged  to  traverse  on  horseback.  In 
1796  he  was  proffered  the  rectorship  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve, but  it  did  not  suit  the  good  missionary  to 
give  up  a life  of  hardship  for  one  of  ease  while 
work  remained  to  be  done.  He  had  been  for  three 
years  the  only  priest  in  Kentucky,  when  Bishop 
Carroll,  in  1797,  appointed  him  vicar -general  and 
gave  him  an  assistant,  who  was  taken  from  him 
by  death  in  the  following  year.  Other  assistants 
given  him  either  died  or  withdrew,  and  in  1803 
Father  Badin’s  work  was  rendered  more  arduous 
by  the  rapid  increase  of  Catholic  immigration. 
In  1805  he  published  “ Principles  of  Catholics.” 
In  1806  he  inaugurated  a mission  at  Louisville, 
and  in  1811  he  built  the  church  of  St.  Louis  in 
that  city.  In  1812  his  Protestant  friends  were 
mainly  instrumental  in  providing  him  with  funds 
to  erect  the  church  of  St.  Peter  in  Lexington.  A 
difference  between  himself  and  Bishop  Flaget,  in 
regard  to  the  title  of  certain  church  property,  in 
1808,  caused  Father  Badin  to  leave  Kentucky  in 
1819.  He  spent  nine  years  in  Europe,  and  on  his 
return  again  took  up  missionary  work,  this  time 
in  Michigan,  under  Bishop  Fenwick,  where  he 
labored  for  more  than  a year  among  the  new 
settlers,  when  he  was  sent  to  the  Pottawatomie 
Indians  on  St.  Joseph’s  river,  Indiana,  where  he 
spent  the  years  1830  to  1836  in  Christianizing  and 
civilizing  these  primitive  people.  The  remaining 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  Cincinnati,  where 
lie  lived  with  Bishop  Purcell.  Father  Badin, 
during  his  missionary  labors,  travelled  over  one 
hundred  thousand  miles  on  horseback  mostly 
through  the  wilderness.  He  wrote  “ Carmen 
Sacrum,”  the  “Epicedium,”  and  “ Sanctis- 
simse  Trinitatis  Laudes  et  Invocatis,  ” Latin 
poems  in  hexameter  verse,  all  of  which  were 
translated  and  published.  He  died  in  1853. 


BADLAM,  Ezra,  soldier,  was  born  at  Milton, 
Mass.,  May  25,  1746;  brother  of  Stephen  Badlam, 
a general  in  the  revolutionary  war.  He  served 
as  a captain  of  artillery  at  the  siege  of  Boston, 
fought  at  Trenton  and  Princeton,  and  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  British  at  White  Plains  in  1780. 
He  was  afterwards  released  and  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  colonel  at  the  end  of  the  war.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  putting  down  Shays’  rebel- 
lion. He  died  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  April 5, 1788. 

BADLAM,  Stephen,  soldier,  was  born  at  Mil 
ton,  Mass.,  March  25,  1748;  brother  of  Ezra 
Badlam,  revolutionary  soldier.  He  entered  the 
colonial  service  at  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution, 
in  1775,  and  was  given  the  rank  of  lieutenant  of 
artillery.  He  was  later  assigned  to  duty  in  the 
department  of  Canada,  as  commander  of  artillery, 
with  the  rank  of  major.  He  took  possession  of 
the  eminence  opposite  Ticonderoga  on  learning  of 
the  signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
and  named  it  Mount  Independence.  In  August, 
1777,  he  fought  under  Willet  at  Fort  Stanwix, 
N.  Y.,  and  in  1799  was  made  a brigadier-general. 
He  was  a brave  soldier  and  a man  of  sterling 
qualities,  and  a friend  and  confidant  of  General 
Washington  and  Alexander  Hamilton.  He  died 
at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  Aug.  25,  1815. 

BAER,  John  Willis,  secretary,  was  born  on  a 
farm  near  Rochester,  Minn.,  March  2,  1861.  The 
first  eighteen  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  where  he  acquired  a good  elementary 
education.  In  1879  he  engaged  in  newspaper 
work  in  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  and  in  1881  was  em- 
ployed with  the  Van  Dusen  elevator  company, 
Minneapolis.  In  1890  lie  was  elected  to  the  secre 
taryship  of  the  United  States  Society  of  the 
Christian  Endeavor,  and  at  the  general  conven 
tion  at  St.  Louis  in  June,  1890,  was  largely  instru 
mental  in  making  the  gathering  a notable  success. 
The  secretary’s  office  was  established  in  the  gen- 
eral rooms  of  the  United  States  society  at  Boston, 
and  Mr.  Baer  took  up  his  residence  in  that  city 
and  became  connected  with  the  First  Presby 
terian  church  in  Boston. 

BAGLEY,  John  Judson,  governor  of  Michigan, 
was  born  at  Medina,  N.  Y.,  July  24,  1832.  After 
attending  school  at  Lockport,  N.  Y. , he  was  taken 
by  his  parents  to  Constantine,  Mich.,  in  1840, 
where  he  cont  inued  his  education.  He  left  school 
at  the  age  of  thirteen  to  enter  a country  store  as 
clerk,  and  remained  in  that  employment  one 
year.  In  1847  he  began  work  in  a tobacco  factory 
in  Detroit,  and  in  1854  started  a like  business  on 
his  own  account,  which  was  very  successful,  and 
furnished  him  with  capital  with  which  to  start 
other  enterprises  by  which  a fortune  was  accumu- 
lated. Among  his  many  public  offices  were  those 
of  police  commissioner,  alderman,  and  member  of 
the  board  of  education  in  Detroit.  He  also  held 


BAILEY. 


BAILEY. 


positions  of  trust  in  many  large  corporations  and 
banks.  From  1808  to  1870  lie  acted  as  chairman 
of  the  Republican  state  committee,  and  in  1872 
was  elected  Governor  of  Michigan.  His  admin- 
istration was  remarkable  l'or  a large  number  of 
innovations  and  reforms,  among  which  were  the 
establishment  of  the  lisli  commission,  and  the 
board  of  health,  and  a change  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  reform  school,  in  which  he  evinced 
particular  interest.  At  his  suggestion  the  hoys 
were  placed  upon  their  honor,  and  not  locked  up 
hut  made  to  behave  well  under  mild  compulsion. 
For  a number  of  years  before  his  death,  he  gave  a 
dinner  each  year  to  the  inmates  of  the  school, 
and  distributed  among  them  lilting  presents.  He 
died  in  California,  Dec.  27,  1881. 

BAILEY,  Ebenezer,  educator,  was  horn  at  West 
Newbury,  Mass.,  June  25,  1795.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  with  the  class  of  1817,  and  entered 
upon  the  profession  of  teaching,  in  which  he  was 
eminently  successful.  Among  his  prominent 
educational  charges  were  Franklin  grammar 
school,  and  the  girls’  high  school,  Boston.  He 
was  concerned  in  the  inception  of  the  American 
institute  of  education,  and  was  afterwards  con- 
nected with  the  school  in  various  positions.  He 
contributed  largely  to  several  periodicals,  was 
editor  of  “ The  Young  Ladies  Class  Book  ” (1821) ; 
“ Blakewell’s  Philosophical  Conversations  ”(1822), 
and  “First  Lessons  in  Algebra”  (1822).  lie 
received  a prize  for  a memorial  ode  on  the  death 
of  George  Washington.  Harvard  college  con- 
ferred on  him  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  in 
1822,  and  Yale  gave  him  that  of  A.M.  in  1829. 
He  several  times  sat  in  the  Boston  city  council; 
acted  as  director  of  the  Mechanics  institute  and 
of  the  house  of  reform,  and  as  president  of  the 
Boston  lyceum.  He  died  in  Lynn.,  Mass..  Aug. 
5,  182!). 

BAILEY,  Gamaliel,  abolitionist,  was  born  at 
Mount  Holly,  N.  J.,  Dec.  2,  1807.  He  studied 
medicine  and  after  receiving  his  diploma  in  1828 
made  a voyage  to  China  as  ship’s  doctor.  Upon 
his  return  ho  engaged  in  newspaper  work  on  the 
Methodist  Protestant  of  Baltimore,  Md.  Upon  the 
outbreak  of  Asiatic  cholera  in  1821  lie  served  as 
hospital  surgeon  at  Cincinnati,  O.  lie  was  in 
Cincinnati  at  the  time  of  the  anti-slavery  agita- 
tion among  the  studentsof  Lane  seminary,  which 
caused  the  resignation  of  Lyman  Beecher,  tins 
withdrawal  of  a majority  of  the  students,  and 
the  founding  of  Oberlin  college.  He  sympa- 
thized warmly  with  the  abolition  party  in  the 
seminary,  and  in  1826,  in  connection  with  James 
G.  Birney,  he  established  the  Cincinnati  Philan- 
thropist to  advocate  unconditional  emancipation. 
Of  this  journal  he  became  chief  editor.  It  was 
the  earliest  anti-slavery  organ  in  the  west,  and 
was  regularly  issued  every  week  for  seven  years, 


although  on  three  distinct  occasions  its  office  was 
raided  by  a mob,  and  its  type  and  material  were 
scattered  or  destroyed.  In  1846  he  was  selected  by 
the  American  anti-slavery  society  to  conduct  the 
National  Era,  a new  abolition  organ  issued  in 
Washington,  D.  C.  In  the  management  of  this 
journal  he  showed  rare  editorial  ability;  and  he 
was  zealously  seconded  by  the  ablest  writers  in  the 
anti -slavery  ranks,  among  whom  was  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe,  whose  “Uncle  Tom’s  Cabin ” was 
first  published  in  the  National  Era.  The  journal 
attained  a wide  circulation,  and  had  a prosperous 
career,  though  its  office  was  several  times  threat- 
ened with  destruction.  In  1848  it  was  for  three 
days  besieged  by  a mob,  which  was  only  finally 
dispersed  by  the  remarkable  coolness  and  address 
of  Mr.  Bailey.  He  died  before  he  could  see  the 
consummation  of  the  great  agitation  he  had  been 
largely  instrumental  in  arousing.  His  death 
occurred  at  sea,  .June  5,  1859. 

BAILEY,  (iuilford  Dudley,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Martinsburg,  N.  Y.,  June  4,  1824.  He  was 
educated  for  the  profession  of  arms,  and  after  his 
graduation  from  West  Point  in  1856,  was  at- 
tached to  the  2d  artillery.  After  some  frontier 
experience,  he  was  stationed  at  Fort  Leavenworth 
during  the  Kansas  conflict  in  1857-’59.  When 
the  state  of  Texas  seceded  in  1861,  lie  was  stationed 
at  Fort  Brown,  and  with  his  superior  officer,  Cap- 
tain Stoneman,  refused  to  surrender,  when  Gen- 
eral Twiggs  proposed  to  turn  over  the  com- 
mand to  the  Confederates.  He  reported  for 
duty  at  Washington,  was  assigned  to  Hunt’s 
battery  and  did  gallant  service  at  Fort  Pickens 
Fla.,  1861.  He  returned  to  New  York,  where  he 
recruited  the  1st  N.  Y.  light  artillery,  and  as 
colonel  joined  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  Septem- 
ber, 1861,  and  served  in  the  Peninsular  campaign 
as  chief  of  artillery  in  General  Casey’s  division. 
He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Seven  Pines,  meet- 
ing death  while  directing  the  firing  of  his  guns. 
His  body  was  conveyed  to  the  cemetery  at  Pough- 
keepsie, N.  Y.,  where  a monument  was  raised  to 
his  memory.  He  died  May  21,  1862. 

BAILEY,  Jacob  Whitman,  naturalist,  was  horn 
at  Auburn,  Mass.,  April  29,  1811.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  attained  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  he 
received  a cadetship  to  West  Point  where  he  was 
graduated  in  18:52.  lie  was  assigned  to  active 
duty  in  the  army  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  artillery 
service,  where  for  six  years  ho  served  in  the  forts 
of  Virginia  and  South  Carolina.  In  1824  he  re- 
turned to  West  Point  as  assistant  professor  of 
chemistry,  geology  and  mineralogy.  Of  these 
branches  he  was  soon  made  full  professor,  and  in 
the  course  of  his  work  became  greatly  interested 
in  microscopy.  In  this  study  he  made  many  im- 
portant investigations,  which  have  given  him  a 
wide  reputation  as  a naturalist.  The  “ Bailey 


BAILEY. 


BAILEY. 


indicator.”  so  largely  used  among  scientists,  was 
invented  by  him.  He  was  chosen  president  of  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of  sci- 
ence in  1856,  and  his  writings  relating  to  his  line 
of  work  are  numerous  and  valuable.  Among  the 
journals  to  which  he  contributed  are : Transactions 
of  the  Association  of  Geologists  and  Naturalists, 
the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Art,  The 
Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  and 
Journal  of  Microscopic  Science.  His  micro- 
scopic objects,  embracing  over  three  thousand 
slides  and  about  forty -five  hundred  specimens  of 
algae,  with  his  books  and  papers,  fie  bequeathed  to 
the  Boston  society  of  natural  history.  He  died  at 
the  Military  academy,  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  Feb. 
26.  1857. 

BAILEY,  James  Anthony,  showman,  was 
born  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  in  1847.  His  parents  died 
when  he  was  ten  years  old,  and  at  the  age  of 
thirteen  he  left  his  home,  owing  to  a disagree- 
ment with  his  guardian.  He  obtained  employ- 
ment with  Robinson  & Lake’s  circus,  and  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Robinson  in  1862,  he  was  engaged 
by  James  Cooper,  the  showman,  as  advance  agent 
for  his  travelling  circus.  In  1868  he  was  given  an 
interest  in  the  establishment,  and  at  his  sugges- 
tion the  circus  made  a very  successful  tour  to 
Australia.  From  Australia  they  went  to  Van 
Dieman’s  Land,  but  there  met  with  heavy  losses. 
Returning  to  the  United  States  he  purchased 
a bankrupt  circus  and  added  it  to  his  own.  thus 
making  it  “the  largest  show  on  earth.”  In  1881 
he  entered  into  partnership  with  P.  T.  Barnum. 
and  the  firm  became  ‘ ‘ Barnum  & Bailey  — Equal 
Owners.”  Mr.  Bailey  next  bought  a controlling 
interest  in  the  Forepaugh  circus,  and,  on  the  death 
of  Mr.  Barnum  in  1891,  became  sole  director  of  the 
show. 

BAILEY,  James  E.,  senator,  was  born  in 
Montgomery  county,  Tenn.,  Aug.  15.  1822.  He 
was  fitted  for  college  and  was  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Nashville.  After  his  admission 
to  the  bar  in  1843.  he  practised  his  profession  in 
Clarkesville,  and  in  1853  was  elected  to  the  state 
legislature  as  a member  of  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives. In  1861  he  joined  the  Confederate  army 
and  served  bravely  throughout  the  civil  war.  In 
1872  he  was  appointed  by  the  governor  of  Tennes- 
see a member  of  the  court  of  arbitration,  and 
in  January,  1877,  was  elected  by  the  legislature  of 
Tennessee  to  the  United  States  senate  as  a 
Democrat  to  fill  a vacancy  caused  by  the  death 
of  Andrew  Johnson.  Senator  Bailey  served  until 
March  3,  1881. 

BAILEY,  James  Montgomery,  humorist,  was 
born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  25,  1841.  His  boy- 
hood was  passed  in  Albany  and  New  York  city, 
and  he  received  a limited  education  in  public 
schools.  He  learned  the  trade  of  a carpenter, 


and  followed  it  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil 
war,  when  he  enlisted  in  the  17tn  Connecticut 
volunteers,  and  served  as  private  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  His  letters  from  the  army  printed  in 
the  Danbury  (Conn.)  Times  gained  him  a local 
reputation,  and  in  company  with  a printer, 
whose  acquaintance  he  had  made  in  a military 
prison  at  Richmond,  he  went  to  Danbury,  and 
in  1855  purchased  the  Times,  which  was  consol- 
idated with  the  Jeffersonian  in  1870,  under  the 
name  of  the  Danbury  News.  Mr.  Bailey’s  bright 
local  paragraphs  began  to  be  widely  copied,  the 
Danbury  News  gained  a reputation  as  a humor- 
ous paper  in  a few  months,  and  its  editor  sud- 
denly sprang  into  popularity.  In  1874  he  visited 
Europe,  and  on  his  return  to  America,  he  went 
upon  the  lecture  platform,  but  soon  retired,  and 
subsequently  devoted  himself  entirely  to  his 
newspaper.  His  books  comprise : “The  Danbury 
Newsman,”  being  a brief  but  comprehensive 
record  of  the  doings  of  a remarkable  people 
(1872);  “Life  in  Danbury”  (1873);  “The  Dan- 
bury News  Man’s  Almanac  and  other  Tales” 
(1884) ; “ They  All  Do  It;  or.  Mr.  Miggs  of  Dan- 
bury and  his  Neighbors  ” (1876);  “England  from 
a Back  Window:  with  Views  of  Scotland  and 
Ireland”  (1878);  “Mr.  Phillips’  Goneness” 
(1879);  “The  Danbury  Boom:  with  a Full 

Account  of  Mrs.  Cobleigli’s  Action  Therein  ” 
(1880),  and  in  1896  a “History  of  Danbury. 
Conn..  1684— 1896 ” was  published  from  notes  and 
MS.  left  by  him  and  compiled  with  additions  by 
Susan  Benedict  Hill.  He  died  March  4,  1894. 

BAILEY,  Joseph,  soldier,  was  born  at  Salem. 
O..  April  28,  1827.  He  joined  the  army  during  the 
first  months  of  the  civil  war,  serving  as  captain 
of  a Wisconsin  regiment  in  Maryland.  His  regi- 
ment served  under  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler,  in  the  cap- 
ture of  New  Orleans,  where  he  was  made  acting 
engineer  of  the  defences  of  the  city.  He  was 
promoted  major,  and  a month  after  lieutenant- 
colonel.  on  the  succession  of  Gen.  N.  P.  Banks  to 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  gulf.  Colonel 
Bailey  went  with  General  Banks  on  his  Red  River 
expedition.  The  army  with  twelve  gun-boats 
and  thirty  transports  were  ascending  the  river 
under  the  command  of  Admiral  Porter,  and 
when  General  Grant  issued  the  order  on  April  25. 
1864.  to  close  the  campaign  and  take  the  army  to 
augment  the  forces  of  General  Sherman,  who  was 
east  of  the  Mississippi,  the  commanders  were  in 
a quandary.  The  forces  were  at  Alexandria, 
whither  they  had  retreated  after  the  defeat  at 
Sabine  Cross  Roads,  and  below  the  rapids  the 
water  was  not  in  any  place  higher  than  six  feet. 
Engineers  were  consulted,  but  their  answers 
were  all  the  same : the  fleet  could  not  be  moved 
until  the  water  rose,  of  which  there  was  no 
immediate  prospect.  Admiral  Porter  could  see 
[160] 


BAILEY. 


BAILEY. 


no  alternative  but  to  remote  the  stores  and 
destroy  the  fleet.  When  this  course  was  about  to 
be  carried  out.  Colonel  Bailey,  who  was  an  officer 
ilia  cavalry  regiment,  suggested  to  General  Banks, 
that  the  river  might  be  dammed;  and  though  the 
plan  seemed  impracticable,  still  it  was  decided 
to  make  the  attempt.  "It  was  commenced.” 
wrote  Admiral  Porter,  in  an  official  despatch  to 
Washington,  “ by  running  out  from  the  left  bank 
of  the  river  a tree-dam,  made  of  the  bodies  of 
very  large  trees,  brush,  brick  and  stone,  cross- 
tied  with  other  heavy  timber,  and  strengthened 
in  every  way  that  ingenuity  could  devise.  This 
was  run  about  three  hundred  feet  into  the  river. 
Four  large  coal-barges  were  then  filled  with 
brick,  and  sunk  at  the  end  of  it.  From  the  right 
bank  of  the  river,  cribs  built  with  stone  were 
huilt  out  to  meet  the  barges.”  Beginning  the 
apparently  fruitless  and  endless  task  on  May  1st, 
in  twelve  days  the  water  was  sufficiently  deep  to 
allow  the  fleet  to  move  down  the  river.  Colonel 
Bailey  received  a promotion  to  the  rank  of  brevet 
brigadier-general  in  return  for  his  timely  service, 
and  a purse  of  three  thousand  dollars  from  the 
officers  of  the  fleet.  Admiral  Porter  wrote  of  the 
affair  to  the  secretary  of  the  navy  : “ There 
seems  to  have  been  an  especial  Providence  look- 
ing out  for  us,  in  providing  a man  equal  to  the 
emergency.  His  proposition  looked  like  mad- 
ness, and  the  best  engineers  ridiculed  it;  but 
Colonel  Bailey  was  so  sanguine  of  success,  that 
1 requested  General  Banks  to  have  it  done.”  In 
November,  1864,  he  was  promoted  brigadier-gen- 
eral of  volunteers,  and  on  July  6,  1865,  he 
resigned,  afterwards  removing  to  Newton  county, 
Mo.,  where  he  was  made  sheriff  of  the  county, 
and  where  he  was  murdered  by  two  criminals 
whom  he  had  arrested,  and  was  taking  to  court 
for  trial,  March  21,  1867. 

BAILEY,  Liberty  Hyde,  educator,  was  born 
at  South  Haven,  Van  Buren  county,  Mich.,  March 
15,  1858,  son  of  Liberty  Hyde  Bailey.  He  was 
graduated  in  1882  from  Michigan  agricultural  col- 
lege. and  for  two  years  was  assistant  to  Prof.  Asa 
Gray  of  Harvard  university.  In  1885  he  took  the 
cliair  of  horticulture  and  landscape  gardening  at 
Michigan  agricultural  college,  and  became  horti- 
culturist of  the  Michigan  experiment  station  upon 
its  organization  a year  or  two  later.  In  1886  he 
assisted  in  preparing  a report  on  botanical  work 
in  Minnesota.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  general  and  experimental  horticulture  in  Cor- 
nell university,  and  horticulturist  of  Cornell  uni- 
versity experiment  station.  He  was  also  employed 
by  the  U.  S.  government  department  of  agricul- 
ture. Among  his  published  writings  are  a series 
of  papers  on  the  “ Relationship  between  American 
and  Eastern  Asian  Fruits,”  published  in  the  annual 
reports  of  the  U.  S.  department  of  agriculture; 


also,  “ Talks  Afield  about  Plants  and  the  Science  of 
Plants  ” (1885) ; “ Field  Notes  on  Apple  Culture” 
(1886);  "The  Horticulturist’s  Rule-Book”  (1889, 
3d  ed.,  1895);  "The  Nursery  Book”  (1891); 
“ Cross-Breeding  and  Hybridizing”  (1892);  Amer- 
ican Grape  Training  ” (1893) ; and  " Plant  Breed- 
ing” (1895). 

BAILEY,  Rufus  William,  educator,  was  born 
at  North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  April  13,  1793.  He  pur- 
sued his  collegiate  course  at  Dartmouth,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1813.  He  then  took  a divinity 
course  at  Andover,  and  was  licensed  as  a preacher, 
serving  at  Norwich  Plain,  and  also  teaching  moral 
philosophy  in  the  military  academy.  He  held 
the  pastorate  of  a church  in  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
from  1824  to  1828,  when  he  went  south  and  was 
occupied  as  a teacher  in  the  Carolinas  and  Vir- 
ginia until  1854,  in  which  year  he  was  given  the 
chair  of  languages  in  Austin  college,  Texas,  hold- 
ing it  from  1854  to  1856,  and  was  president  of  that 
institution  from  1858  to  1863.  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.  from  Hampden-Sidney  college  in 
1859.  While  living  in  Texas  he  published  a series 
of  newspaper  articles  in  opposition  to  slavery, 
and  he  was  also  the  author  of  a number  of  vol- 
umes on  religious  and  educational  subjects,  con- 
sisting of  a book  of  newspaper  letters  called  " The 
Issue”;  “The  Mother’s  Request”;  "The  Family 
Preacher  ” ; "A  Primary  Grammar  ” ; a collection 
of  sermons;  a “Manual  of  English  Grammar”; 
and  “The  Scholar’s  Companion”  (1841),  which 
last  passed  through  more  than  eighty  editions.  He 
died  in  Huntsville,  Texas,  April  25,  1863. 

BAILEY,  Silas,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Stir- 
ling, Mass.,  June  12,  1809.  After  his  graduation 
from  Brown  university  in  1834,  he  became  prin- 
cipal of  Worcester,  Mass.,  academy,  remaining 
there  for  five  years,  and  then  taking  pastoral 
charge  of  a Baptist  church  at  East  Thompson, 
Conn.  In  1842  he  resigned  his  pastorate  to  be- 
come agent  of  the  missionary  union,  N.  Y.,  hold- 
ing that  office  until  1845,  when  he  removed  to 
Westboro,  Mass.  There  he  held  a pastorate  for 
one  year,  resigning  to  accept  the  presidency  of 
Granville  college,  Ohio.  In  1852  he  was  elected 
president  of  Franklin  college,  Ind.,  but  was  com- 
pelled to  resign  on  account  of  illness,  and  in  1863 
went  to  Lafayette,  Ind.,  to  assume  charge  of  a 
church.  Here  he  remained  for  three  years,  and 
then  occupied  the  chair  of  metaphysics  and  the- 
ology at  Kalamazoo  college,  Michigan,  until 
1869.  In  1849  Madison  university  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  in  1871  he  re- 
ceived that  of  LL.  D.  from  Franklin  college.  In 
1873  he  started  on  a tour  through  Europe,  and 
died  in  Paris,  France.  He  left  his  library  and  a 
part  of  his  estate  to  Franklin  college.  He  pub- 
lished numerous  sermons,  addresses  and  pam- 
phlets. The  date  of  his  death  is  June  30,  1874. 
[1611 


BAILEY. 


BAILEY. 


BAILEY,  Theodorus,  naval  officer,  was  born 
at  Chateaugay,  N.  Y.,  April  12,  1805,  nephew  of 
Theodorus  Bailey,  senator,  and  a grandson  of 
John  Bailey,  the  first  man  to  hoist  the  revolution- 
ary flag  in  New  York.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he 
joined  the  navy  as  midshipman  and  served  on  the 
coast  of  Africa,  in  the  Pacific  and  the  West 
Indies.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant  March  3, 
1827,  and  in  1833-’36  he  made  a cruise  around  the 
world  in  the  Vincennes,  later  making  a similar 
cruise  in  the  Constellation.  He  was  given  com- 
mand of  the  Lexington  in  1846,  serving  on  the 
Mexican  and  Californian  coasts,  where  he  block- 
aded and  captured  San  Bias  and  did  other  excel- 
lent service.  He  was  promoted  commander  in 
1849,  and  in  1855  with  the  St.  Mary's  joined  the 
Pacific  squadron,  being  promoted  captain  on  De- 
cember 15  of  the  same  year.  He  reached  Panama 
during  the  troubles  there  and  quelled  them  suc- 
cessfully. In  1861  he  was  ordered  to  join  Farra- 
gut  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  was 
given  command  of  the  Colorado.  The  frigate 
was  found  to  be  too  heavy  to  cross  the  bar,  and 
many  of  the  guns  and  officers  were  transferred  to 
lighter  vessels.  Captain  Bailey  obtained  com- 
mand of  the  leading  division  in  the  passage  of 
the  forts  below  New  Orleans  sailing  to  that  city 
in  the  Cayuga  witfi  Lieut.  George  H.  Perkins;  and 
was  sent  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans  by  Admiral 
Farragut  to  demand  from  the  mayor  an  uncondi- 
tional surrender.  He  was  received  by  an  armed 
and  angry  mob,  and  his  mission  was  quoted  as 
“one  of  the  most  gallant  acts  performed  during 
the  whole  war.”  He  was  chosen  by  Farragut  as 
the  bearer  of  the  despatches  and  reports  to  the 
government  at  Washington  announcing  the  vic- 
tory, and  was  promoted  commodore  July  16, 
1862.  In  June,  1862,  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  East  Gulf  squadron,  as  acting 
rear-admiral,  and  as  such  rendered  important 
service  in  the  blockade  of  Florida,  stopping  the 
illicit  trade  that  was  being  carried  on  with  the 
West  Indian  ports,  and  capturing  about  150 
blockade  runners.  In  1866  he  was  promoted  rear- 
admiral,  commanding  the  Portsmouth,  N.  H., 
navy  yard  from  1865  to  1867.  He  was  retired  Oct. 
10,  1866,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  10, 
1877. 

BAILEY,  Wesley,  reformer,  was  born  at 
Fayetteville,  Onondaga  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1808, 
son  of  Elijah  Bailey,  who  for  some  years  preached 
and  edited  a religious  paper  in  that  town.  When 
a young  man  he  assisted  in  editing  his  father’s 
paper,  and  prepared  himself  for  the  ministry,  to 
which  he  was  subsequently  ordained.  In  1845  he 
was  induced  by  a number  of  the  prominent  aboli- 
tionists of  Utica  to  remove  to  that  city  and  estab- 
lish a newspaper  devoted  to  the  cause  in  which 
they  were  enlisted.  This  resulted  in  the  Liberty 


Press,  which  soon  won  recognition  throughout  the 
country  as  a leading  organ  of  the  liberty  party  of 
that  day.  After  the  political  campaign  of  1848 
in  which  the  journal  vigorously  supported  the 
Van  Buren  Free-Soil  ticket,  Mr.  Bailey  changed 
the  name  of  his  paper  to  that  of  Teetotaler,  and 
entered  earnestly  into  the  support  of  the  total 
abstinence  movement.  He  served  for  several 
terms  as  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  order 
of  the  sons  of  temperance,  then  a powerful  organ- 
ization, and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Re- 
publican party.  In  1856  he  was  a candidate  on 
the  Fremont  state  ticket  for  state  prison  inspector. 
In  1860  he  removed  to  Decorah,  Iowa,  and  in  com- 
pany with  one  of  his  sons,  A.  K.  Bailey,  estab- 
lished the  Republican,  a successful  paper.  An- 
other son,  E.  Prentiss  Bailey,  afterwards  became 
editor  of  the  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Observer.  Wesley 
Bailey  died  Feb.  26,  1889. 

BAILEY,  William  H.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
North  Carolina,  Jan.  22,  1831.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  January,  1852,  and  in  1856  was 
elected  attorney-general  of  North  Carolina.  In 
connection  with  his  practice,  he  taught  a law 
school,  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war, 
when  he  joined  the 
Confederate  army, 
and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Great 
Bethel  Church.  Va., 
which  he  claims,  as 
the  first  Confederate 
victory,  had  more 
effect  in  prolonging 
hostilities  than  any 
other  event.  During 
the  war  he  was  act- 
ing assistant  adju- 
tant-general, judge 
advocate,  and  was 
also  appointed  re- 
ceiver under  the" 

Confederate  government.  He  was  county  solici- 
tor at  different  periods  of  his  life.  In  1882  he 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  legislature 
of  North  Carolina  and  served  as  chairman  of  the 
judiciary  committee.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
code  commissioners  of  the  state.  He  removed 
late  in  life  to  Houston,  Texas,  where  his  son 
edited  the  Houston  Daily  Herald.  The  degree 
of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Rutherford 
college,  N.  C.  Mr.  Bailey  gained  a local  fame 
as  a humorist  in  verse.  He  also  wrote  several 
law-books.  “The  Conflict  of  Judicial  Decis- 
ions”; “Onus  Probandi”;  “Self-Taught  Law”; 
and  “ The  Detective  Faculty,”  and  edited  “The 
Fifth  North  Carolina  Digest,”  and  many  articles 
legal,  historical,  and  biographical  for  the  maga- 
zines and  newspapers. 

162  J * 


ff: 


BAILEY. 


BAINBRIDGE. 


BAILEY,  William  Whitman,  botanist,  was 
bom  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  22,  1843,  son  of 
Jacob  Whitman  Bailey,  professor  of  chemistry, 
geology,  and  mineralogy  at  the  military  academy. 
He  received  liis  early  training  at  the  school  for 
officers’  children,  and  upon  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1857,  he  removed  to  Providence,  R.  I., 
where  he  entered  the  university  grammar  school. 
He  entered  Brown  university  in  1860,  and  in 
1862  joined  the  10th  regiment  R.  I.  volunteers 
in  the  defence  of  Washington.  Returning  to 
college  he  was  graduated  in  1864,  and  remained 
at  the  university  during  the  following  year  as 
assistant  in  the  chemical  laboratory.  During 
a part  of  1866  he  was  assistant  chemist  at  the 
Manchester  (N.  H.)  print  works;  then  (1866-67) 
assistant  in  chemistry  at  the  Massachusetts 
institute  of  technology,  and  in  May,  1867,  was 
appointed  botanist  to  the  U.  S.  geological  explor- 
ation of  40th  parallel  under  Clarence  King. 
Failing  health  compelled  his  return  to  the  east 
in  1868,  and  for  a time  he  was  deputy  secre- 
tary of  the  state  of  Rhode  Island.  From  1869 
to  1871  he  was  assistant  librarian  at  the  Provi- 
dence athenaeum.  During  a part  of  1872  he 
engaged  in  journalism  in  New  York,  and  until 
1877  was  a private  teacher  of  botany,  meanwhile 
studying  that  science  at  Columbia  college  and 
at  the  Harvard  summer  school.  He  was  appointed 
instructor  in  botany  at  Brown  university  in  1877, 
and  was  given  the  chair  of  botany  in  1881.  He 
was  made  a member  of  the  Torrey  botanical  club, 
Boston  society  of  natural  history.  New  England 
botanical  club,  the  Rhode  Island  horticultural 
society,  the  New  York  microscopical  society,  the 
Appalachian  mountain  club,  a fellow  of  American 
association  for  advancement  of  science,  and  a 
member  of  several  military  and  social  organi- 
zations. He  was  appointed,  June,  1896,  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  a member  of  the  board  of  visitors 
to  the  United  States  military  academy,  and  served 
as  secretary  of  the  board.  Among  his  published 
writings  are;  "The  Botanical  Collector’s  Hand- 
Book”  (1881);  “My  Boyhood  at  West  Point” 
(1891);  “Botanist  Note-Book”  (1894);  “Among 
Rhode  Island  Wild  Flowers  ” (1895) ; and  con- 
tributions in  prose  and  verse  to  many  periodicals 
and  to  the  daily  press. 

BAINBRIDGE,  William,  navalofficer,  was  born 
at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  May  7,  1774,  the  fourth  son 
of  Absalom  Bainbridge,  who  was  fifth  in  descent 
from  Sir  Arthur  Bainbridge  of  Durham  county, 
England,  whose  son  settled  in  New  Jersey.  Wil- 
liam was  of  an  adventurous  disposition,  and 
shipped  at  the  age  of  fifteen  before  the  mast. 
When  only  eighteen  he  was  appointed  first  mate 
of  a vessel.  On  the  first  voyage  a mutiny  arose 
among  the  crew,  who  seized  the  captain  and 
would  have  thrown  him  overboard  had  not 


young  Bainbridge  and  the  second  mate  fought 
and  conquered  the  mutineers.  He  was  made  com- 
mander in  the  following  year,  and  in  1796,  while 
off  the  island  of  St.  Johns,  on  the  ship  Hope,  a 
British  schooner  of  eight  guns  and  thirty  men 
attacked  him.  The 
enemy  did  not  show 
her  colors  until  the 
first  fire  had  been 
returned.  The  Hope 
was  equipped  with 
only  four  guns  and 
eleven  men,  but  the 
enemy  was  com- 
pelled to  strike  her 
flag.  In  1798  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant 
and  commander  of 
the  Retaliation , and 
ordered  to  cruise  in 
the  West  Indies 
with  the  brig  Nor- 
folk and  the  frigate  Montezuma  to  protect 
American  commerce  against  French  cruisers.  In 
November,  1798,  they  sighted  two  French  frig- 
ates, one  of  which,  the  Insurgent,  began  to  fire 
upon  the  Retaliation,  which,  taken  by  surprise, 
struck  her  colors.  He  craftily  saved  the  other 
ships  from  capture  by  representing  them  to  be  of 
very  heavy  armament.  Lieutenant  Bainbridge 
was  taken  by  his  captoi's  to  Guadaloupe,  the  gov- 
ernor of  which  place  returned  to  him  his  vessel ; 
he  effected  the  release  of  a large  number  of 
Americans  held  as  prisoners  and  subjected  to 
cruel  treatment,  and  with  them  he  sailed  to  the 
United  States,  where  he  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  nxaster,  1798,  and  given  command  of  the 
brig-of-war  Norfolk,  of  eighteen  guns.  He 
reported  to  the  government  the  ill-treatment 
received  by  American  prisoners  at  Guadaloupe, 
and  this  resulted  in  the  retaliation  act  that  led  to 
war  with  France.  In  command  of  the  Norfolk, 
Bainbridge  was  ordered  to  the  West  Indies.  He 
returned  in  August,  1799,  and  sailed  again  in  Sep- 
tember for  Cape  Francois,  leaving  in  October,  on 
the  8th  of  which  month  he  captured  the  Fi'ench 
lugger  Republican.  In  May,  1800,  Captain  Bain- 
bridge took  command  of  the  frigate  George 
Washington  to  carry  tribute  to  Algiers,  when  he 
was  compelled  by  the  Dey  to  convey  an  ambas- 
sador to  Constantinople  with  presents  to  the  sultan, 
together  with  upwards  of  two  hundred  Turkish 
passengers.  When  Bainbridge  remonstrated,  the 
Dey  replied,  “ You  pay  me  tribute  by  which  you 
become  my  slaves,  I have,  therefore,  a right  to 
order  you  as  I may  think  proper.”  Bainbridge, 
in  his  repoi’t,  said:  “ I hope  I may  never  again  be 
sent  to  Algiers  with  tribute  unless  I am  author- 
ized to  deliver  it  from  the  mouth  of  our  cannon.’ 


BAINBRIDGE. 


BAIRD. 


In  May,  1801,  Bainbridge  was  given  command  of 
the  frigate  Essex,  of  the  squadron  commanded  by 
Commodore  Richard  Dale,  sent  out  by  the  United 
States  to  cruise  against  the  Barbary  states.  He 
sailed  to  Gibraltar,  appearing  off  the  cities  of 
Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli,  and  during  the  win- 
ter and  spring  of  1802  cruised  in  different  parts  of 
the  Mediterranean.  In  July,  1802,  he  returned  to 
New  York,  and  afterwards  superintended  the 
building  of  the  brig  Syren  and  the  schooner 
Vixen.  In  May,  1803,  he  was  given  command  of 
the  frigate  Philadelphia,  of  forty-four  guns,  and 
cruised  in  the  Mediterranean  under  Commo- 
dore Preble.  In  August  of  the  same  year,  he 
captured  the  Moorish  cruiser  Meshboha,  of 
twenty-two  guns  and  one  hundred  and  twenty 
men.  In  November,  1803,  while  at  Ti-ipoli,  Bain- 
bridge ran  his  vessel,  the  Philadelphia,  upon 
rocks  in  the  harbor,  and  before  he  could  wear  her 
off,  he  was  attacked  by  the  Tripolitans,  obliged 
to  surrender,  and  with  his  officers  and  crew,  con- 
fined in  prison  for  nineteen  months.  The  Phil- 
adelphia was  burned  by  Lieutenant  Decatur  on 
Feb.  15,  1804,  at  the  suggestion  of  Bainbridge 
through  Commodore  Preble.  After  peace  was 
made  Bainbridge  returned  to  the  United  States. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  of  1812  he  was  made 
commander  of  the  frigate  Constitution,  and  of  a 
small  squadron  consisting  of  the  frigate  Essex, 
Capt.  David  Porter,  and  the  sloop-of-war  Hornet. 
Capt.  James  Lawrence.  On  Dec.  29.  1812,  lie 
captured  the  frigate  Java,  being  severely  wounded 
in  the  engagement.  He  received  for  this  exploit 
formal  expressions  of  appreciation  from  the  states 
of  Massachusetts  and  New  York,  and  from  both 
houses  of  Congress.  Congress  appropriated  fifty 
thousand  dollars  to  be  divided  among  the  crew  as 
prize  money,  a gold  medal  for  the  commodore  and 
a silver  one  for  each  officer.  Commodore  Bain- 
bridge was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Charlestown 
navy  yard,  wherein  August  he  laid  the  keel  of  the 
line  of  battle  ship  Independence,  of  seventy-four 
guns.  While  Bainbridge  remained  in  Boston  the 
Chesapeake  sailed  out  and  encountered  the  British 
frigate  Shannon,  by  which  she  was  captured, 
with  all  the  naval  signals.  A new  signal  code, 
was  prepared  by  Commodore  Bainbridge  and  the 
United  States  navy  have  since  continued  to  use 
his  system.  When  the  British  fleet  appeared 
before  Boston  in  1813  and  blockaded  the  harbor,  a 
conflict  of  opinion  arose  between  the  people  of 
Massachusetts  and  the  national  government  as  to 
the  defence  of  the  sea  coast  and  the  ownership  of 
the  forts  and  vessels  of  war  in  the  territory.  The 
Federal  government  was  defended  by  Bainbridge, 
who  insisted  that  the  citizens  of  Boston  had  no 
interests  separate  from  those  of  the  nation,  and 
that  he  should  maintain  the  national  honor  and 
protect  its  property,  let  the  consequences  be  what 


they  might.  His  firmness  led  to  the  strengthen- 
ing of  the  navy,  the  sloops  of  war  Frolic  and 
Wasp  were  built  under  his  direction,  and  he  did 
much  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  navy  yard. 
In  1815  he  took  command  of  the  Mediterranean 
squadron,  consisting  of  twenty  vessels.  Peace 
was  declared  with  Algiers  soon  after,  and  for  six 
years  he  remained  in  command,  and  settled 
numerous  disputes  with  the  Barbary  states.  In 
1815  he  established  in  the  Boston  navy  yard  the 
first  naval  school.  In  1817  he  was  one  of  a com- 
mittee to  select  sites  for  navy  yards.  In  1819  he 
presided  over  the  first  board  of  examiners,  before 
whom  appeared  young  officers  for  promotion.  He 
commanded  the  new  line  of  battle  ship  Columbus, 
November,  1819.  and  sailed  in  her  to  assume 
direction  of  the  Mediterranean  squadron.  In 
1821  he  was  in  command  of  the  Philadelphia 
navy  yard,  and  fitted  out  the  ship-of-the-line, 
North  Carolina.  In  1823  he  was  in  command  at 
the  Charlestown  navy  yard,  and  the  same  year 
was  made  naval  commissioner.  He  acted  as 
Decatur’s  second  in  his  fatal  duel  with  Barron, 
and  afterwards  resigned  as  naval  commissioner 
and  served  at  various  navy  yards  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  Philadelphia,  July  28,  1833. 

BAIRD,  Absalom,  soldier,  was  born  at  Wash- 
ington. Pa..  Aug.  20.  1824.  His  primary  educa- 
tion fitted  him  for  entrance  to  Washington  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1841.  He  studied  law. 
afterwards  entered  the  military  academy  as 
a cadet  in  1844  and  was  graduated  in  1849. 
promoted  to  1st  lieutenant  in  1853,  and  until  1859 
was  assistant  professor  of  mathematics  at  West 
Point.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  com- 
manded a battery  in  the  defences  of  Washington 
and  was  promoted  captain  by  brevet,  May  11, 1861. 
He  was  assigned  to  the  adjutant -general’s  depart- 
ment as  assistant,  and  in  July,  1861,  was  made 
adjutant-general  in  Tyler’s  division  and  took  part 
in  the  Manassas  campaign,  including  Blackburn’s 
Ford  and  Bull  Run.  He  was  promoted  captain 
Aug.  3,  1861,  and  major  Nov.  12,  1861.  and  served 
as  chief  of  staff  of  the  4th  army  corps  in  the 
Peninsular  campaign,  engaging  in  the  siege  of 
Yorktown  and  the  battle  of  Williamsburg.  He 
was  commander  of  a brigade  in  the  army  of 
the  Ohio  in  1862.  of  the  3d  division  of  the 
army  of  Kentucky  in  the  operations  of  Gen 
eral  Rosecrans  in  Tennessee.  He  received  the 
brevet  of  lieutenant-colonel  for  gallantry  in  battle 
at  Chicamauga,  and  that  of  colonel  after  the 
battle  of  Chattanooga,  where  he  commanded  a 
division  of  the  14th  army  corps.  In  1865  he 
was  brevetted  brigadier-general  for  gallantry 
at  the  battle  of  Atlanta,  and  in  September  of  the 
same  year  was  brevetted  major-general  for  his 
service  in  the  field  during  the  entire  war.  He 
was  made  major-general  of  volunteers  for  service 
[164] 


BAIRD. 


BAIRD. 


at  Jonesboro  and  Resaca  in  the  Atlanta  campaign 
and  after  various  services,  in  the  capacity  of  in- 
spector-general, he  was  by  the  action  of  the  law 
retired  Sept.  22,  1885. 

BAIRD,  Charles  Washington,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Aug.  28,  1828 ; son  of  Rob- 
ert and  Fermine  Ophelia  A.  (Du  Buisson)  Baird. 
His  father  was  a missionary  and  temperance  ora- 
tor. He  was  graduated  from  the  University  of 
New  York  in  1848,  as  class  poet,  and  took  a three 
years’  course  of  study  at  the  Union  theological 
seminary,  New  York.  After  his  graduation  in  1852 
he  was  ordained  as  minister  in  the  Presbyterian 
church,  1853,  and  made  chaplain  of  the  American 
chapel  in  Rome,  Italy,  which  office  he  retained 
until  1854,  and  in  1859  became  pastor  of  the  Ber- 
gen Hill  Reformed  Dutch  church  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  going  from  there  to  Rye,  N.  Y.,  in  1861, 
where,  until  his  death,  he  was  pastor  of  the 
Presbyterian  church.  The  University  of  the  city 
of  New  York  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
A.M.  in  1860,  and  that  of  D.D.  in  1876.  He 
was  a member  of  the  American  historical  associa- 
tion, of  the  New  York.  Rhode  Island,  Westchester 
and  Virginia  historical  societies,  the  Huguenot 
society  of  America  and  the  Huguenot  society  of 
London.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Eutaxia,  or  the 
Presbyterian  Liturgies”  (1855);  “ A Chapter  of 
Liturgies”  (1856);  “A  Book  of  Public  Prayer  ” 
(1857);  “Chronicle  of  a Border  Town.  History 
of  Rye,  Westchester  Co.,  New  York,  from  1860  to 
1870  ” (1871);  “ Plistory  of  Bedford  Church” 
(1882);  “History  of  the  Huguenot  Emigration 
to  America”  (2  vols.,  1885);  “The  Scholar's 
Duty  and  Opportunity,”  an  oration  (1886),  and 
several  translations,  addresses  and  magazine 
articles.  He  died  at  Rye,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  10,  1887. 

BAIRD,  Henry  Carey,  economist,  was  born  at 
the  United  States  arsenal,  Bridesburg,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  Sept.  10,  1825;  son  of  Thomas  J.  Baird, 
an  officer  in  the  U.  S.  army.  Both  his  maternal 
and  paternal  grandfathers  came  to  America  as 
political  refugees  from  Ii-eland.  His  mother’s 
father,  Matthew  Carey,  was  a pioneer  publisher 
of  Philadelphia,  and  friend  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 
He  attended  school  until  his  sixteenth  year,  when 
he  entered  the  publishing  house  of  Carey  & Hart 
of  Philadelphia,  of  which  his  uncle,  Edward  L. 
Carey,  was  the  head,  and  after  a four  years’ 
apprenticeship,  he,  in  1845,  became  a member  of 
the  firm,  inheriting  his  uncle’s  intei'est  upon  his 
death.  In  1849  he  withdrew  from  the  firm  and 
established  that  of  Henry  Carey  Baird  & Co., 
and  engaged  in  the  publication  of  books  on 
technical,  industrial  and  economic  subjects. 
During  the  financial  crisis  of  1857  he  stud- 
ied the  writings  of  his  uncle,  Henry  Charles 
Carey,  on  the  tariff  and  currency  questions,  with 
the  result  that  he  adopted  his  views  and  devoted 

no 


both  time  and  money  to  their  promulgation.  He 
wrote  and  distributed,  at  his  own  expense, 
thousands  of  tracts  and  pamphlets,  contri- 
buted numerous  articles  on  economic  subjects 
to  various  cyclopaedias,  and  in  1876  discussed  the 
currency  question  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  with 
James  A.  Garfield.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
and  a leader  of  the  Greenback  party,  leaving 
the  Republican  party  on  account  of  its  financial 
policy.  In  1876  his  arguments  before  the  ways 
and  means  committee  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives were  largely  instrumental  in  defeating  a 
bill  for  the  issue  of  five  hundred  million  dollars, 
thirty -year  four  and  a half  per  cent  bonds,  which 
had  passed  the  senate  by  a vote  of  fifty-five  ayes 
to  five  nays,  a measure  which  would  have  been 
an  expense  to  the  government  of  several  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars. 

BAIRD,  Henry  Martin,  educator,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  17,  1823;  son  of  Robert 
and  Fermine  Ophelia  Amaryllis  (Du  Buisson) 
Baird.  In  1850  he  was  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  city  of  New  York  with  valedictory 
honors.  During  1851-'52  lie  studied  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Athens ; from  18o3  to  1855  he  attended 
the  Union  theological  seminary,  N.  Y. ; from  1855 
to  1859  he  continued  his  theological  studies  at 
Princeton  theological  seminary,  Princeton,  N.  J., 
at  the  same  time  acting  as  tutor  in  the  College  of 
New  Jersey.  In  1859  he  was  made  professor  of 
Greek  language  and  literature  at  the  University 
of  the  city  of  New  York.  In  1866  he  was  ordained 
a minister  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  and  in 
1873  was  elected  corresponding  secretary  of  the 
American  and  foreign  Christian  union,  holding 
the  office  until  1884.  He  also  served  as  first  vice- 
president  of  the  American  society  of  church 
history ; president  of  Yonkers  historical  society, 
and  member  of  many  prominent  societies,  both 
in  America  and  in  Europe.  He  received  the 
degrees  A.  B.,  1850,  and  A.  M.,  1854,  from  the 
University  of  the  city  of  New  York;  Ph.  D.,  1867, 
from  the  College  of  New  Jersey;  D.  D.,  1877,  from 
Rutgers  college,  and  LL.D.,  1882,  from  the  Col- 
lege of  New  Jersey.  His  publications  include: 
“Modern  Greece”  (1856);  “Life  of  the  Rev. 
Robert  Baird,  D.D.”  (1866);  “History  of  the 
Rise  of  the  Huguenots  of  France  ” (1879) ; “ Ber- 
nard Palissy  ” (1882) ; “ The  Huguenots  and 
Henry  of  Navarre  ” (1886),  and  monographs  of 
great  historical  interest,  among  which  may  be 
noted:  “ The  French  Synods  of  the  Desert” 

(1888);  “ Camisard  Uprising  of  the  French  Protes- 
tants ” (1889) ; “ Diplomatic  Services  of  Benjamin 
Franklin”  (1890);  “ The  Chambre  Ardente, 

and  French  Protestantism  under  Henry  II.” 
(1891),  and  “Influence  of  the  Protestant  Re- 
formation on  Civil  and  Political  Institutions  ” 
(1892). 

5J 


BAIRD. 


BAIRD. 


BAIRD,  Henry  Samuel,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Dublin,  Ireland,  May  1G,  1800.  At  the  age  of  five 
he  was  brought  to  America  and  was  given  a good 
education.  He  was  graduated  from  a law  school, 
and  in  1823  began  the  practice  of  his  profession 
at  Mackinaw,  Mich.  He  remained  there  but  one 
year,  changing  his  residence  to  Green  Bay,  Wis. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Black  Hawk  war  he 
entered  the  military  service,  with  the  rank  of 
quartermaster -general.  After  the  close  of  this 
war  he  returned  to  Green  Bay,  represented 
his  district  in  the  first  legislative  council  of 
Wisconsin  territory,  held  various  local  polit- 
ical offices,  and  in  1861  was  elected  mayor  of 
Green  Bay.  He  contributed  valuable  articles 
to  the  Wisconsin  historical  society,  of  which 
he  was  vice-president.  He  died  April  28,  1875. 

BAIRD,  John,  constructive  engineer,  was  born 
in  Scotland  in  1820.  In  1840  he  emigrated  to 
Canada  and  began  the  study  of  mechanics;  in 
1843  he  removed  to  the  United  States,  and  settled 
in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  as  mechanical  designer  in  the 
Burden  iron  works,  and  later  was  made  manager 
of  the  shops.  In  1850  he  became  general  manager 
in  the  Delamater  iron  works  in  New  York  city, 
and  in  1857  the  Cromwell  steamship  company 
employed  him  to  design  iron  vessels  intended 
to  run  between  New  York  and  New  Orleans. 
For  this  company,  under  Mr.  Baird’s  direction 
and  from  his  designs,  was  built  the  first  iron 
steamship  ever  launched  in  America.  He 
remained  in  the  employ  of  the  Cromwell  steam- 
ship company  for  twenty  years.  In  1887  Mr. 
Baird  became  vice-president  of  the  Metropolitan 
elevated  railway  company  of  New  York,  and 
supervised  the  construction  of  the  Sixth  and 
Second  avenue  lines.  After  the  elevated  rail- 
roads were  leased  to  the  Manhattan  company, 
Mr.  Baird  retired  from  the  vice-presidency,  and 
employed  himself  in  securing  patents  for  his  vari- 
ous inventions  for  engines  and  boilers.  He 
patented  more  than  thirty  such  inventions,  five 
of  which  he  perfected  within  the  last  two  months 
of  his  life.  He  died  Oct.  18,  1891. 

BAIRD,  Robert,  reformer,  was  born  in  Fayette 
county,  Pa.,  Oct.  6,  1798.  His  classical  studies 
were  pursued  at  Uniontown,  and  he  was  gradu- 
ated at  Jefferson  college,  Pa.,  in  1818.  He  studied 
theology  at  Princeton,  N.  J. , and  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  1822.  He  served  as  tutor  in  the  College 
of  New  Jersey,  and  in  1822  founded  a grammar 
school  at  Princeton,  which  he  conducted  until 
1827,  when  he  became  interested  in  the  effort 
to  supply  every  family  in  New  Jersey  with  the 
Bible.  In  connection  with  the  missionary  society 
of  New  Jersey  he  did  much  to  lay  the  foundation 
of  the  present  school  system  of  that  state.  He 
next  spent  five  years  in  the  service  of  the  Ameri- 
can Sunday-school  union,  visiting  all  parts  of  the 


country  in  the  interests  of  that  institution.  In 
1835  he  left  the  United  States,  and  for  over  eight 
years  labored  for  the  establishment  of  a mission 
of  Christian  benevolence  in  southern  Europe,  and 
for  a revival  of  the  Protestant  faith,  and  the 
advancement  of  the  cause  of  temperance  in  the 
northern  countries.  He  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1843,  and  continued  the  work  on  which 
he  had  been  engaged  in  Europe.  In  1846  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  evangelical  alliance  in  London,  and 
the  same  year  was  present  at  the  World’s  tem- 
perance convention  in  Stockholm.  In  1862  he 
again  visited  Europe,  and  did  important  service 
to  the  cause  of  the  Union  in  public  addresses  to 
large  audiences  in  London  and  elsewhere  in  Great 
Britain.  He  labored  zealously  throughout  a 
long  career,  for  the  promotion  of  temperance  and 
all  other  Christian  reforms.  He  wrote  numerous 
books,  with  a reformatory  or  religious  tendency, 
some  having  been  translated  into  nearly  every 
European  language.  His  “ History  of  the 
Albigenses,  Waldenses  and  Vaudois  ” is  a stand- 
ard work.  His  principal  publications  include: 
“A  View  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi” 
(1832);  “History  of  the  Temperance  Societies  ” 
(1836) ; “ Memoir  of  Anna  Jane  Linnard  ” (2d  ed., 
1837);  “Transplanted  Flowers”  (Memoirs  of 
Mrs.  Rumpff  and  the  Duchesse  de  Broglie,  1839) ; 
“Visit  to  Northern  Europe”  (1841);  “A  View 
of  Religion  in  America  ” (1842) ; “ Protestantism 
in  Italy”  (1845);  “The  Noblest  Freedom” 
(1848) ; “ Impressions  and  Experiences  of  the 
West  Indies  and  North  America  in  1849  ” (1850) ; 
“ The  Christian  Retrospect  and  Register  ” (1855). 
See  his  life,  written  by  his  son,  Henry  M.  Baird. 
He  died  March  15,  1863. 

BAIRD,  Spencer  Fullerton,  naturalist,  was 
born  at  Reading,  Pa. , Feb.  3,  1823 ; son  of  Samuel 
Baird.  He  was  graduated  at  Dickinson  college, 
Pa.,  in  the  class  of  1840,  and  studied  medicine 
at  the  College  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  New 
York  city.  In  1845  he  was  elected  to  the  chair 
of  natural  history  at  Dickinson  college,  and  a few 
years  later  accepted  the  professorship  of  chemis- 
try in  addition.  In  1850  he  was  made  assistant 
secretary,  and  upon  the  death  of  Professor  Henry, 
in  May,  1878,  succeeded  as  secretary  of  the 
Smithsonian  institution.  The  specimens  which 
he  had  accumulated  were  given  as  a foundation 
for  the  museum  at  the  institution.  On  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  U.  S.  department  of  exploration 
lie  was  given  full  authority  over  it,  and  to  his 
wise  and  zealous  care  is  due  its  success.  He 
annually  prepared  reports  which  have  been  of  the 
greatest  value.  He  not  only  efficiently  discharged 
the  regular  duties  of  his  position,  but  he  imparted 
to  the  leaders  of  government  expeditions  some  of 
his  own  enthusiasm  in  the  work  and  its  object. 
He  took  pleasure  iu  sending  out  natural  history 


f!66j 


BAKER. 


BAKER. 


parties,  taking  charge  of  the  specimens  they 
collected  and  editing  their  reports.  He  also 
collected  many  valuable  specimens  which  he 
added  to  those  brought  in  by  the  parties,  and 
these  laid  the  foundation  of  the  United  States 
museum  at  Washington.  In  1871  he  was  chosen 
U.  S.  commissioner  of  fish  and  fisheries,  and  was 
so  successful  in  his  work  of  protecting  and  pro- 
moting the  culture  of  fish  in  the  rivers  and  lakes 
of  America  that  some  European  countries  fol- 
lowed his  teachings.  He  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.D.  from  the  Philadelphia  medical 
college  in  1848,  and  in  1856  Dickinson  college  con 
ferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Pli.D.,  and  in  1875 
he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the  Colum- 
bian university.  For  a number  of  years  he  occu- 
pied the  position  of  a trustee  of  Columbian 
university,  and  also  of  the  Corcoran  gallery  of 
art  in  Washington.  During  the  years  1850  and 
1851  he  was  secretary  of  the  American  associa-f 
tion  for  the  advancement  of  science,  and  in  1864 
was  made  a member  of  the  National  academy  of 
science.  He  received  many  honorary  medals 
from  foreign  societies,  a medal  from  the  Accli 
mation  society  of  Melbourne  in  1878,  from  that 
of  France  in  1879;  the  first  honor  prize  for  the 
International  fish  exhibit  in  Berlin  in  1880;  and 
the  order  of  St.  Olaf  from  the  King  of  Norway 
and  Sweden.  More  than  twenty-five  kinds  of 
animal  life  have  been  named  in  his  honor,  as 
well  as  several  extinct  species.  Prof.  George 
Brown  Goode’s  bibliography  of  his  works  from 
1843  to  1882  include  1,063  titles.  Among  his  most 
widely  used  works  are  his  translation  of  Heck’s 
“ Bikler  Atlas”;  the  “ Iconographic  Encyclo- 
paedia” (4  vols.,  1852);  ‘‘Catalogue  of  North 
American  Reptiles  ” (1853);  “ Mammals  of  North 
America”  (1859);  “Birds  of  North  America,” 
with  John  Cassin  (1860);  “Review  of  American 
Birds  in  the  Museum  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution” (1864— ’66);  “Distribution  and  Migrations 
of  North  American  Birds”  with  Thomas  M. 
Brewer  and  Robert  Ridgway  (5  vols.,  1874— '84). 
From  1870  to  1878  he  was  scientific  editor  of 
Harper  and  Brother’s  publications.  Robert 
Ridgway,  after  Prof.  Baird's  death,  published  his 
ornithological  studies  under  the  title  of  “Man- 
ual of  North  American  Birds”  (1887).  He  died 
at  Wood’s  Hol^Mass.,  Aug.  19,  1887. 

BAKER,  Abijah  Richardson,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Franklin,  Mass.,  Aug.  30,  1805,  son  of 
David  and  Jemima  (Richardson)  Baker.  In  1830 
he  was  graduated  from  Amherst  college,  and 
from  Andover  theological  seminary  in  1835.  In 
the  latter  year  he  became  an  instructor  in  the 
Phillips  Andover  academy,  and  in  1836  was 
installed  pastor  of  the  Medford  (Mass.)  Congre- 
gational church.  There  he  remained  for  thirteen 
years,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  a call  to 


Lynn,  Mass.,  in  1851.  He  organized  the  Central 
church  of  that  city.  This  pastorate  he  resigned 
in  1857  and  resided  for  a time  at  Wellesley, 
removing  thence  to  South  Boston,  Mass.  His 
published  writings  include:  “A  School  History 
of  the  United  States,  containing  Maps,  a Chrono- 
logical Chart,  and  an  Outline  of  Topics  for  a More 
Extensive  Course  of  Study  ” (1843)  ; “ A Question 
Book  on  the  Topics  in  Christ’s  Sermon  on  the 
Mount  ” (3  vols.,  1862),  and  “ The  Catechism 
Tested  by  the  Bible  ” (1851).  This  was  translated 
into  fifteen  languages,  and  reached  a publica- 
tion of  over  a million.  He  also  assisted  his  wife 
in  editing  “ The  Mother’s  Assistant  ” and  “ The 
Happy  Home.”  He  was  married  in  1835  to 
Harriet  Newell,  daughter  of  Rev.  Leonard  and 
Abigail  (Wheeler)  Woods.  His  sons  in  1897 
were  located  as  follows:  George  Stuart  Baker, 
D.D.,  rector  of  St.  Luke’s  hospital,  N.  Y. ; 
Charles  Richard  Baker,  D.D. , rector  of  the 
Church  of  the  Messiah,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ; William 
Henry  Baker,  M.D.,  ex-professor  of  gynaecology 
in  Harvard  university,  Boston,  Mass. ; Walter 
Abijah  Baker,  D.D.,  rector  of  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist’s church,  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  the  Rev.  Frank 
Woods  Baker,  rector  of  St.  Paul’s  church,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio.  He  died  April  30,  1876. 

BAKER,  Benjamin  Franklin,  musician,  was 
born  at  Wenliam,  Mass.,  July  10,  1811.  Early 
in  life  he  removed  to  Salem,  Mass.,  where  he 
studied  music,  and  in  1831  began  teaching.  In 
1833  he  travelled  in  a concert  company,  and  in 
1839  was  made  musical  director  in  Dr.  William 
Ellery  Channing’s  church  in  Boston,  holding 
that  position  eight  years.  In  1841  he  held  his 
first  musical  convention,  which  was  repeated 
each  year  and  became  very  popular.  He  was 
for  a number  of  years  vice-president  of  the  Han- 
del and  Haydn  society,  and  from  1842  to  1848  was 
teacher  of  music  in  the  Boston  grammar  schools, 
having  eight  thousand  pupils  under  his  care 
every  week.  The  public  schools  of  Lawrence 
and  Lowell  are  indebted  to  him  for  the  intro- 
duction of  music  into  their  course  of  study. 
The  Boston  Musical  Journal  was  edited  by  him, 
and  in  1857  he  founded  the  Boston  music  school, 
both  of  which  ended  with  his  death.  He  was 
actively  engaged  during  his  life  in  writing  and 
publishing  music,  and  in  manufacturing  musical 
instruments.  He  died  in  Boston,  March  11,  1889. 

BAKER,  Charles  Joseph,  banker,  was  born 
at  Baltimore,  Md.,  May  28,  1821,  son  of  William 
and  Jane  (Jones)  Baker.  His  preparatory  edu- 
cation was  obtained  at  the  Franklin  academy, 
Reisterstown.  In  1835  he  entered  the  grammar 
school  of  Dickinson  college,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and 
was  graduated  in  1841.  In  1842,  in  partnership 
with  his  brother,  Henry  J.  Baker,  lie  established 
a paint,  oil,  and  glass  business,  which  developed 


BAKER. 


BAKER. 


through  various  phases  into  the  successful  busi- 
ness houses  of  Baker  Brothers  & Co.,  New  York 
and  Baltimore.  In  1859  Mr.  Baker  was  elected 
a director  of  the  Franklin  bank,  and  in  1860 
became  its  president.  He  became  president  of 
the  Canton  chemical  company  in  1870,  which 
office  he  resigned  in  1877.  He  was  interested  in 
other  large  commercial  enterprises,  and  was 
instrumental  in  procuring  the  construction  of 
the  Union  railroad  and  tunnel,  which  gave  the 
Northern  Central  and  Western  Maryland  rail- 
roads a tide-water  terminus  at  Canton,  and 
proved  of  immense  service  to  the  commercial 
and  manufacturing  interests  of  Baltimore.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  the  municipal  reform 
movements  of  1859  and  1860,  and  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  city  council  of  Baltimore,  and  its  presi- 
dent. At  the  time  of  the  civil  commotions  follow- 
ing the  19th  of  April,  1861,  he  was  acting  mayor 
of  Baltimore  during  the  imprisonment  of  Mayor 
George  William  Brown,  and  continued  to  occupy 
the  position  of  acting  mayor,  until  the  council 
was  dissolved  by  military  order.  Mr.  Baker  was 
a liberal  contributor  to  the  organized  charities 
of  Baltimore,  and  an  active  promoter  of  the  benev- 
olent work  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church. 
He  died  Sept.  24,  1894. 

BAKER,  Charles  Simeon,  representative,  was 
born  at  Churchville,  Monroe  county,  N.  Y.,  Feb. 
18, 1839.  He  received  an  academic  education,  was 
a teacher  in  1856-\57,  studied  law  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  December,  1860.  He  served  dur- 
ing the  first  year  of  the  civil  war  as  lieutenant 
27th  N.  Y.  volunteers,  but  being  disabled  at  the 
first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  was  honorably  discharged. 
He  was  a member  of  the  New  York  assembly  in 
1879,  1880,  and  1885,  and  also  of  the  state  senate 
in  1884-’85,  and  he  was  successively  elected  to 
the  49th,  50th,  and  51st  congresses. 

BAKER,  Edward  Dickenson,  senator,  was 
born  in  London,  Eng.,  Feb.  24,  1811.  He  was 
brought  by  his  father  to  Philadelphia  in  1815. 
Being  left  fatherless  at  an  early  age,  he  supported 
himself  and  his  brother  by  following  the  occupa- 
tion of  a weaver.  In  1830  he  removed  with  his 
brother  to  Springfield,  111., where  lie  studied  law, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  established  himself 
in  practice.  His  oratorical  ability  brought  him 
into  prominence,  and  in  1837  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  state  legislature.  In  1840  he  took 
his  seat  in  the  state  senate.  In  1842  he  was  one  of 
three  Whig  candidates  for  the  office  of  represen- 
tative in  Congress  from  Illinois  before  the  nomin- 
ating convention,  John  J.  Harding  and  Abraham 
Lincoln  being  the  rival  candidates,  and  Harding 
was  nominated  ami  elected  to  the  28th  Congress. 
In  1844  the  three  same  candidates,  presented 
themselves,  and  Baker  was  nominated  and  elected 
a representative  to  the  29th  congress.  In  1846 


the  three  candidates  again  presented  their  names, 
and  Abraham  Lincoln  was  elected  to  the  30th 
Congress.  He  volunteered  for  service  in  the 
Mexican  war  in  1848,  raised  a regiment  in  Illinois, 
and  fought  gallantly  in  the  battles  between  Vera 
Cruz  and  the  city  of  Mexico.  General  Shields 
being  incapacitated  in  the  engagement  at  Cerro 
Gordo,  Colonel  Baker  was  given  the  command  of 
his  brigade  and  led  it  during  the  remainder  of 
the  campaign.  Returning  to  Illinois  at  the  close 
of  the  war  he  was  elected  a representative  to  the 
3lst  Congress  in  1848.  In  1850  he  declined  a nom- 
ination to  the  32d  Congress  and  became  interested 
in  the  Panama  railroad.  He  removed  in  1851  to 
California,  where  he  led  the  bar  as  the  most 
eloquent  orator  in  the  state.  In  1860  he  took  up 
his  residence  in  Oregon,  and  was  elected  in  the 
same  year  U.  S.  senator.  He  took  his  seat,  March 
4,  1861.  At  the  extra  session  of  Congress,  called 
July,  1861,  Senator  Baker  supported  the  admin- 
istration in  an  able  and  eloquent  speech.  He 
addressed  a mass  meeting  in  Union  Square,  New 
York,  after  the  firing  upon  Fort  Sumter,  urging 
eloquently  the  preservation  of  the  Union.  He 
volunteered  for  active  service,  and  raised  in 
Philadelphia  and  New  York  the  “ California  ” 
regiment  and  commanded  a brigade  at  the  battle 
of  Ball’s  Bluff,  where  he  fell  from  his  horse,  mor- 
tally wounded,  Oct.  21,  1861. 

BAKER,  George  Augustus,  painter,  was  born 
in  New  York  city  in  1821.  The  son  of  an  artist, 
bred  in  an  atmosphere  of  art,  his  talent  soon 
became  manifest,  and  when  quite  a young  man 
he  gained  favor  as  a successful  painter  of  minia- 
tures on  ivory.  From  1844  to  1846  he  studied  in 
Europe  with  good  results,  and  devoted  his  time 
after  his  return  almost  wholly  to  the  painting 
of  life-size  portraits.  His  best  results  were  in 
painting  portraits  of  women  and  children,  in 
which  line  he  was  unexcelled  by  contemporary 
artists,  and  his  pictures  commanded  large  prices. 
Among  his  works,  outside  of  portraits,  may  be 
mentioned,  ‘ • The  May  Queen,  ” “ Wild  Flowers  ” 
and  “Love  at  First  Sight.”  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  National  academy  of  design,  elected 
in  1851.  He  died  April  2.  1880. 

BAKER,  Harriet  Newell  Woods,  author,  was 
born  at  Andover.  Mass.,  Aug.  19,  1815;  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Leonard  and  Abigail  (Wheeler)  Woods. 
Her  father  was  president  of  Andover  theological 
seminary.  She  was  educated  at  the  Abbott 
female  academy,  Andover.  In  1835  she  was 
married  to  the  Rev.  Abijali  R.  Baker.  She 
began  to  write  juvenile  stories  about  1850, 
under  the  pen  names  of  Mrs.  Madeline  Leslie  and 
“Aunt  Hattie.”  Her  books,  which  comprise 
nearly  two  hundred  volumes,  include  the  follow- 
ing: “ The  Courtesies  of  Wedded  Life"  (1855); 
“ Tim  the  Scissors  Grinder  ” (1861);  “ The  Leslie 


BAKER. 


BAKER. 


Stories  ” (3  vols.,  1865);  “Worth  and  Wealth” 
(1865);  “The  Sisters  at  Service  ” (1879);  “True 
and  False  Pride  ” (1879);  “ The  Sunshine  Series  ” 
(6  vols.);  “Fashion  and  Folly  ” (1880) ; “Happy 
Home  Series”  (6  vols.);  “The  Governor's  Par- 
don”; and,  with  Abijah  R.  Baker,  “Theology  in 
Romance  ” (2  vols.).  She  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  April  27,  1893. 

BAKER,  Isaac  D.,  publisher,  was  born  April 
1,  1819.  He  was  brought  up  as  a dry  goods 
merchant.  In  1846  he  aided  in  establishing  the 
publishing  house  of  Baker  and  Scribner,  now 
Charles  Scribners’  Sons.  The  firm  met  with 
almost  unprecedented  success,  publishing  the 
works  of  such  eminent  writers  as  Donald  G. 
Mitchell,  Charlotte  Elizabeth,  J.  T.  Headley,  N. 
P.  Willis,  R.  H.  Dana,  J.  G.  Holland,  Mrs. Kirk- 
land, and  Mrs.  Ellet.  Mr.  Baker  retired  from 
the  firm  on  account  of  ill-health,  and  died  Nov. 
23,  1850. 

BAKER,  James  H.,  educator,  was  born  at 
Harmony,  Me.,  Oct.  13,  1848.  After  a varied 
experience  in  teaching  district  and  grammar 
schools,  he  entered  Bates  college  at  Lewiston, 
Me.,  in  1869,  and  was  graduated  in  1873,  the 
second  in  his  class.  After  his  graduation  he 
was  appointed  principal  of  the  Yarmouth  high 
school,  and  at  the  close  of  the  second  year  he 
resigned  to  assume  charge  of  the  high  school 
at  Denver,  Col.  In  1891  he  accepted  the  presi- 
dency of  the  university  of  Colorado,  assuming 
the  duties  of  the  office,  Jan.  1,  1892.  President 
Baker  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Bates 
college  in  1892.  He  was  president  of  the  National 
council  of  education  in  1892,  and  is  the  author  of 
a text-book  on  psychology. 

BAKER,  Lafayette  C.,  secret  service  officer, 
was  born  at  Stafford,  Genesee  county,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  13,  1826,  son  of  Remember  Ethan  Baker, 
a prominent  lawyer,  and  grandson  of  Remember 
Baker,  the  “Green  Mountain  boy”  and  compan- 
ion of  Ethan  Allan.  In  1839  Lafayette’s  father  took 
him  to  Michigan,  then  a wilderness,  where  he 
helped  in  building  their  rude  dwelling,  and  culti- 
vating the  land  about  it.  He  worked  as  a 
mechanic  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia  during 
his  early  manhood.  In  1853  he  emigrated  to  Cali- 
fornia, where,  in  1856,  he  joined  the  noted 
vigilance  committee,  formed  for  the  purpose  of 
subduing  the  ruffians  of  San  Francisco.  At 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  went  to 
Washington,  and  offered  to  undertake  a per- 
ilous journey  into  the  south,  to  ascertain  the 
state  of  affairs  among  the  Confederates.  His 
offer  was  accepted,  and  unmounted  and  un- 
accompanied, he  succeeded  in  accomplishing 
his  mission,  though  only  by  the  greatest  difficulty, 
having  been  imprisoned  and  taken  before  Presi- 
dent Davis.  He  worked  for  the  government 


[1«9] 


in  the  capacity  of  detective  for  a year,  and  for 
his  services  was  commissioned  colonel  and  made 
the  head  of  the  secret  service  bureau.  At  the 
time  of  President  Lincoln’s  assassination,  Mr. 
Baker  brought  about  the  capture  of  the  assassin 
and  his  accomplices,  in  a very  short  time,  being 
of  the  party  which  captured  Booth  in  Virginia. 
In  1865  he  was  commissioned  brigadier -general. 
He  is  author  of  an  interesting  volume  entitled 
“ History  of  the  United  States  Secret  Service  ” 
(1867).  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  2,  1868. 

BAKER.  Lewis,  statesman,  was  born  in  Bel- 
mont county,  Ohio,  Nov.  7,  1832.  He  was  pre- 
siding officer  of  the  West  Virginia  senate  in  1870, 
and  in  1884  a member  of  the  national  convention 
which  nominated  Grover  Cleveland  to  the  presi- 
dency. He  then  removed  to  Minnesota  and 
became  editor  of  the  St.  Paul  Globe,  and  in  1893 
he  was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  min- 
ister plenipotentiary  to  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica, 
and  Salvador. 

BAKER,  Lucien,  senator,  was  born  in  Ohio, 
in  1846,  and  at  an  early  age  was  taken  by  his 
parents  to  Michigan,  where  his  education  was 
acquired.  In  1869  he  removed  to  Kansas  and  set- 
tled in  Leavenworth,  where  he  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practised  his  profession. 
He  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  as  a 
Republican  in  1895. 

BAKER,  Marcus,  explorer,  was  born  at  Ostemo, 
Kalamazoo  county,  Mich.,  Sept.  23,  1849.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan in  1870,  and  during  1871  was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  Albion  college.  In  1871  he  re- 
turned to  the  University  of  Michigan  as  instruc- 
tor of  mathematics.  In  1873  he  was  appointed 
assistant  on  the  United  States  coast  survey, 
holding  the  position  from  1873  to  1886,  after  which 
time  he  was  geographer  of  the  United  States 
geological  survey.  He  thoroughly  explored  the 
Pacific  coast  and  Alaska.  He  was  superintendent 
of  the  United  States  signal  service  observatory 
at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  from  July,  1882,  to  August, 
1884.  He  is  the  author  of  many  valuable  scien- 
tific articles;  also  in  conjunction  with  William 
H.  Dali,  compiled  material  for  a “ Coast  Pilot  of 
Alaska”  and  contributed  the  “Alaska  Coast 
Pilot,  Appendix  1,  Meteorology  and  Biblio- 
graphy ” (1879).  Articles  by  Mr.  Baker  are  to 
be  found  in  each  annual  report  of  the  U.  S. 
geological  survey. 

BAKER,  Nathaniel  Bradley,  governor  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  born  at  Hillsboro,  N.  H.,  Sept. 
29,  1818.  He  was  prepared  for  college  at  Phillips 
academy  at  Exeter,  and  entered  Harvard  at  the 
age  of  fifteen.  After  his  graduation  in  1839  he 
began  the  study  of  the  law,  and  in  1842  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  and  began  to  practise.  For  a 
time  he  edited  the  New  Hampshire  Patriot,  but 


BAKER. 


BAKER. 


on  his  appointment  as  clerk  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas  he  discontinued  his  journalistic  work. 
After  serving  a year  in  this  capacity  he  performed 
similar  duties  in  the  superior  court  of  judicature 
for  Merrimac  county'.  He  became  well  known 
in  political  circles,  and  held  office  as  representa- 
tive in  the  state  legislature,  speaker  of  the  house, 
1851-’52,  presidential  elector  in  1852,  and  gov- 
ernor of  New  Hampshire  1854-’55.  In  1856  he 
changed  his  residence  to  Clinton,  Iowa.  After 
practising  his  profession  there  for  three  years  he 
was  sent  to  the  state  legislature.  In  1861  he 
was  appointed  adjutant-general  of  Iowa,  which 
office  he  held  until  his  death.  Sept.  11,  1876. 

BAKER,  Osmon  Cleander,  M.  E.  bishop,  was 
born  at  Marlow,  Cheshire  county,  N.  H., 
July  30,  1812.  He  attended  an  academy  at 
Wilbraham,  Mass.,  from  1827  to  1830,  and  from 
1830  to  1833  studied  at  Wesleyan  university, 
Middletown,  Conn.,  leaving  in  liis  senior  year. 
From  1834  to  1839  he  was  instructor  at,  and  from 
1839  to  1844  principal  of,  Newbury  seminary,  Vt. 
In  1839  he  joined  on  trial  the  New  Hampshire 
conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church, 
and  until  1844  was  employed  as  a local  and  itiner- 
ant preacher.  In  1844  he  decided  to  resign  his 
scholastic  work  and  to  devote  his  time  to  pastoral 
duties.  He  was  stationed  at  Rochester,  N.  H., 
in  1844;  Manchester,  N.  H..  1845;  and  was  pre- 
siding elder  of  Dover  district  in  1846.  In  1847  he 
was  made  professor  in  the  Methodist  general 
biblical  institute,  Concord,-  N.  H.,  which  position 
lie  filled  acceptably  until  1850,  when  he  became 
president  of  the  institute.  In  1852  he  was 
elected  a bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
at  the  general  conference.  In  1837  the  Wesleyan 
university  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
A.M.,  and  in  1852  that  of  D.D.  He  published 
“ The  Last  Witness  ” (1853) ; “ A Guide  Book  in 
the  Administration  of  the  Discipline  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  ” (1855) ; and  a 
“ Sketch  of  the  Rev.  Jason  Lee  ” (1861).  He  died 
at  Coucord,  N.  H.,  Dec.  20,  1871. 

BAKER,  Peter  Carpenter,  publisher,  was  born 
at  North  Hempstead,  N.  Y.,  March  25,  1822. 
After  receiving  an  academic  education  he,  as  a 
lad,  obtained  a position  in  New  York  city  in  a 
book  firm,  where  he  remained  for  several  years. 
He  then  learned  the  printing  business  under 
William  E.  Dean,  and  superintended  the  exten- 
sive establishment  of  John  F.  Trow,  publisher 
of  the  New  York  city  directory,  thus  becoming 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  business  of 
making  and  selling  books.  In  1850  he  joined 
with  Daniel  Godwin  in  forming  the  law-pub- 
lishing firm  of  Baker  & Godwin,  which  existed 
until  1865,  when  Mr.  Baker  founded  the  firm 
of  Baker,  Voorhies  & Co.  He  edited  The  Steam 
Press,  an  uncompromising  union  journal,  pub- 


lished during  the  civil  war.  He  also  suggested 
the  De  Groot  statue  of  Franklin  in  Printing- 
house  square,  New  York,  made  from  type  metal 
contributed  from  worn-out  fonts  of  the  various 
printing-houses  in  the  city.  His  publications 
consist  of  monographs,  addresses  and  orations, 
including  “ European  Recollections”  (1861),  and 
“ Franklin  ” (1865).  He  died  May  19,  1889. 

BAKER,  Remember,  pioneer,  was  born  at 
Woodbury,  Conn.,  about  1740.  He  served  during 
the  French  and  Indian  wars  in  the  campaign 
against  Canada  and  was  present  at  Ticonderoga, 
when  Abernethy  fell  in  1758.  He  removed  to 
Vermont  in  1763  and  settled  in  Arlington,  where 
he  built  the  first  grist  mill  on  the  grants  north 
of  Bennington,  and  was  prominent  in  the  defen- 
sive action  of  the  settlers  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  New  Yorkers.  Governor  Try  on  of 
New  York  outlawed  him,  and  in  March,  1772,  a 
dozen  New  Yorkers  broke  into  his  house  and 
carried  him  off.  He  was  rescued  by  his  own  party 
later  in  the  day,  after  lie  had  been  shamefully 
maltreated  by  his  captors.  He  served  as  a eap- 
•tain  under  Ethan  Allen  at  Ticonderoga  in  1775. 
While  employed  as  a scout  by  Schuyler  in  the 
campaign  against  Canada,  he  was  killed  by  Indi- 
ans near  St.  Johns,  August,  1775. 

BAKER,  William,  representative,  was  born  in 
Washington  county,  Pa.,  April  29,  1831.  His 
first  American  ancestors  came  from  England 
and  settled  in  Virginia,  and  during  the  revolu- 
tion were  stanch  patriots.  In  1793  his  paternal 
grandfather  with  his  family  migrated  to  the 
frontier  of  Pennsylvania,  and  there  on  the  old 
homestead  William  spent  his  youth.  His  oppor- 
tunities for  an  education  were  limited,  and  it 
was  not  until  he  became  of  age  that  he  was  free 
to  acquire  a collegiate  education.  He  made  his 
way  through  college,  teaching  school  and  farming 
at  intervals  for  support,  and  in  1856  he  was  gradu- 
ated at  Waynesburg  college.  Two  years  later 
he  married,  and  soon  after  moved  to  Iowa,  where 
he  became  principal  of  the  public  schools  in  Coun- 
cil Bluffs.  Returning  to  Pennsylvania  in  1866  lie 
engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  until  1878  when 
he  removed  to  Kansas,  and  engaged  in  farming 
and  stocki’aising.  In  1890  he  was  elected  to 
represent  the  6tli  Kansas  district  in  the  52d  Con- 
gress, the  first  candidate  supported  by  the  Peo- 
ple's party  in  opposition  to  both  Republican  and 
Democratic  nominees.  He  was  returned  to  the 
53d  and  54th  congresses. 

BAKER,  William  Bliss,  artist,  was  born 
in  New  York,  N.  Y.,  in  1859.  He  displayed  ar- 
tistic talent  in  his  early  boyhood,  and  at  the 
age  of  seventeen  became  a student  at  the  Na- 
tional academy  of  design,  where  he  continued  for 
four  years,  taking  a first  prize  in  the  antique 
school  the  year  before  leaving,  and  a third  prize 


BAKER. 


BALCH. 


in  1884  of  one  hundred  dollars  for  his  painting, 
“Woodland  Brook."  Among  his  other  works 
are:  “Pleasant  Day  at  Lake  George"  (1883); 
“October  Morning"  (1884);  “Solitude"  (1885): 
and  “ Under  the  Apple  Trees  ” (1886). 

BAKER,  William  H.,  artist,  was  born  in  1825. 
and  until  he  was  forty-two  years  old  made  his 
home  in  New  Orleans,  where  he  was  engaged 
in  business.  He  became  interested  in  art,  study- 
ing it  first  as  an  avocation,  and  later  adopting 
it  as  a vocation.  Though  painting  some  from 
the  ideal,  his  principal  work  was  portrait  painting. 
In  1865  he  opened  a studio  in  New  York  city, 
and  exhibited  his  work  in  the  National  academy 
of  design.  In  1869  he  accepted  the  position  of 
principal  of  the  free  school  of  design  of  the  Brook- 
lyn art  association,  and  was  very  successful  in 
his  educational  work.  Among  his  best  examples 
are  : “ Cupid  Disarmed"  (1866);  “Cupid  Repri- 
manded” (1871);  “ Red  Riding-Hood”  (1871); 
“Cherry  Time"  (1872);  “Lillies  of  the  Field” 
(1873) ; “ Truants  from  School  " (1875),  and  a por- 
trait of  Bishop  Quintard  of  Tennessee.  He 
died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  May  29,  1875. 

BAKER,  William  Mumford,  author,  was 
born  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  June  27,  1825,  son 
of  Daniel  Baker,  clergyman.  In  1846  he  was 
graduated  at  Princeton,  and  pursued  a theo- 
logical course  under  his  father  at  Princeton 
seminary.  He  held  pastoral  charges  in  Presby- 
terian churches  at  Galveston  and  Austin,  Texas, 
from  1850  to  1865;  at  Zanesville,  Ohio,  and  New- 
buryport.  Mass.,  and  in  South  Boston,  Mass.,  from 
1874  to  his  death.  He  wrote  much  for  contem- 
porary literature,  and  in  1858  published  the 
“ Life  and  Labors  of  Rev.  Daniel  Baker,"  and  in 
1866,  under  the  pen-name  of  G.  F.  Harrington, 
“Inside:  a Chronicle  of  Secession.”  This  book, 
which  vividly  portrayed  southern  life  and  senti- 
ment, was  written  from  actual  observation  during 
his  residence  in  Austin,  attained  a wide  cir- 
culation and  was  followed  by  “ Oak  Mot  " (1868) ; 
“ Mose  Evans”  (1874);  “Carter  Quarterman  " 
(1876);  “ A year  Worth  Living"  (1878);  “Colo- 
nel Dunwoodie  ” (1878);  “The  Virginians  in 
Texas”  (1878);  “ Thirlmore  ” and  “The  New 
Timothy  " (1879) ; “His  Majesty,  Myself"  (1879): 
“Blessed  Saint  Certainty”  (1881);  “The  Ten 
Theophanies  : or,  the  Manifestations  of  Christ 
before  His  Birth  in  Bethlehem  " (1883) ; “The 
Making  of  a Man  " was  published  in  1884.  He 
died  in  South  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  20,  1883. 

BAKER,  William  Spohn,  author,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  17,  1824,  son  of  Geoi-ge 
Nice  Baker,  lieutenant  of  artillery  company  in 
the  war  of  1812,  and  Pennsylvania  state  represen- 
tative and  senator  from  1823  to  1837.  William 
Spohn  was  educated  at  private  schools,  afterwards 
studied  and  practised  the  profession  of  convey- 


ancing, but  retired  in  1860,  and  turned  his  at- 
tention to  art  and  literary  pursuits.  Mr.  Baker 
was  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Philadelphia 
school  of  design  for  women,  1874A87 ; of  the 
Pennsylvania  acad- 
emy of  the  fine  arts, 

1876-‘90,  and  its  vice- 
president,  l885-‘90, 
and  one  of  the  vice- 
presidents  of  the  His- 
torical society  of 
Pennsylvania;  a 
member  of  the  Amer- 
ican philosophical  so- 
ciety; of  the  Amer- 
ican historical  asso- 
ciation, and  other 
societies.  In  prepar- 
ing materials  for  his  rj. 

contributions  to  iv,  S. 

Washingtoniana  he  brought  together  a remark- 
able collection  of  the  portraits,  medals,  and 
biographies  of  Washington.  He  published 
“ Origin  and  Antiquity  of  Engraving”  (Phila- 
delphia, 1872;  Boston,  1875);  “American  En- 
gravers and  their  Works”  (1875);  “William 
Sharp,  engraver,  and  his  Works  ” (1875);  “En- 
graved Portraits  of  Washington  " (1880)  ; “ Char- 
acter Portraits  of  Washington"  (1887);  “ Me- 
dallic  Portraits  of  Washington”  (1884);  “Bib- 
liotheca Washingtoniana  " (1889) ; “ Itinerary  of 
General  Washington,  1775-1783  ” (1892);  “Early 
Sketches  of  George  Washington,  1775-1795”* 
(1894) ; and  “Washington  After  the  Revolution,” 
(1784-1799)  ; Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History , 
vol.  xviii. , etc.  He  wrote  numerous  papers  on 
historical  subjects. 

BALCH,  George  Beall,  naval  officer,  was  born 
in  Tennessee,  Jan.  3,  1821.  He  was  taken  to 
Alabama  by  his  parents,  and  in  1837  was  ap- 
pointed a midshipman  for  that  state.  He  served 
on  the  Cyane,  and  studied  at  the  Philadelphia 
naval  school,  and  in  June,  1843,  was  promoted 
passed  midshipman,  and  stationed  at  the  naval 
observatory  until  the  opening  of  the  Mexi- 
can war  in  1845,  when  he  was  attached  to  the 
squadron  under  Commodore  Conner,  and  was 
actively  employed  in  most  of  the  naval  engage- 
ments of  the  war.  He  served  in  the  Mosquito 
fleet,  and  participated  in  the  taking  of  Vera  Cruz. 
From  l848-'50  he  served  in  the  Mediterranean 
squadron  and  at  the  naval  observatory,  Washing- 
ton. In  1850  he  was  promoted  to  a lieutenancy, 
and  was  attached  to  the  Pacific  squadron  and 
occupied  in  cruising  in  foreign  and  United  States 
waters.  In  1860,  while  in  command  of  the  Sabine , 
he  rescued  nearly  four  hundred  men  from  the 
sinking  U.  S.  transport  Governor,  and  in  Decem- 
ber, 1861,  volunteered  to  lead  the  party  which 
[171] 


BALCH. 


BALDWIN. 


captured  Tybee  Island.  He  was  promoted  com- 
mander, July  16,  1862,  and  did  gallant  and  effi- 
cient service  on  various  occasions ; notably  upon 
the  Black  river,  in  repelling  an  attack  by  two 
Confederate  fox-ts  in  which  his  ship,  the  Pawnee, 
was  struck  forty-six  times,  and  in  an  engagement 
with  the  Confederate  forts  on  the  Stono  river 
and  later  on  Tagoda  creek,  S.  C. , when  he  silenced 
the  batteries  and  drove  the  Confederates  from 
their  breastworks.  He  was  promoted  captain 
July  26,  1886;  was  made  commodore  in  1872,  and 
in  1878  was  promoted  rear-admiral.  He  was  sta- 
tioned at  the  navy  yard  at  Washington  from  1865 
to  1868,  commanded  the  flag-ship  Albany  during 
1868  to  1869 ; employed  on  various  shore  services 
from  1870  to  1878;  superintendent  of  the  naval 
academy  from  1879  to  1881,  and  commander  of  the 
Pacific  squadron  from  1881  xxntil  1883,  when  he 
was  placed  on  the  retired  list. 

BALCH,  Thomas,  author,  was  born  at  Lees- 
burg,  Loudon  county,  Va.,  July  23,  1821.  He 
studied  at  Columbia  college,  read  law  in  the  office 
of  Stephen  Cambreleng,  New  York,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1850.  In  1852  he  removed  to 
Philadelphia,  served  in  the  city  councils  and 
presided  over  some  of  its  most  important  com- 
mittees. At  the  request  of  the  Historical  society 
of  Pennsylvania,  he  edited  ‘ ‘ The  Shippen  Papers, ' ’ 

‘ ‘ Letters  and  Papers  relating  to  the  Provincial 
history  of  Pennsylvania,”  the  “Maryland  Pa- 
pers,” and  “The  Examination  of  Joseph  Gallo- 
way for  the  Seventy-sixth  Society.”  In  1859  he 
went  to  Europe,  and  remained  upwards  of  ten 
years,  making  Paris  his  headquarters,  collecting 
material  for  his  work,  entitled  “ Les  Franqais  en 
Amerique  pendant  la  Guei-re  de  P Independence 
des  Etats  Unis,  1773-1783.”  In  1865  he  proposed 
in  a letter  to  Horace  Greeley,  published  in  the 
New  York  Tribune,  a court  of  international  arbi- 
tration as  a measure  of  averting  war,  which  is 
believed  to  have  been  the  first  step  in  this  direc- 
tion. In  it  was  laid  down  the  code  of  rules 
observed  by  the  Geneva  tribunal.  Returning  to 
the  United  States  he  devoted  himself  to  literary 
labor.  In  September,  1876,  he  read  before  the 
Social  science  association  at  Saratoga,  a paper  in 
favor  of  a double  standard  in  coinage,  and  a paper 
before  a similar  association  in  Philadelphia  on 
“ Free  Coinage  and  a Self-adjusting  Ratio.” 
An  account  of  many  of  his  writings  may  be 
found  in  an  obituary,  by  John  Austin  Stevens, 
in  the  Magazine  of  American  History  for  June, 
1877  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  March  29,  1876. 

BALDWIN,  Abraham,  statesman,  was  born  at 
Guilford,  Conn.,  Nov.  6,  1754.  In  1772  he  was 
graduated  from  Yale  college,  and  in  1775  was 
appointed  tutor,  which  position  he  held  until 
1779.  In  1777  he  was  made  chaplain  in  the  army, 
serving  throughout  the  remainder  of  the  war 


in  this  capacity.  In  1784,  through  the  influence 
of  General  Greene,  he  removed  to  Savannah,  Ga., 
where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  was  elected 
to  the  state  legislature.  He  founded  the  Univer- 
sity of  Georgia,  secured  for  it  a grant  of  40,000 
acres  of  land,  drew  up  the  charter,  and  was 
its  president  for  a number  of  years.  In  1787  he 
was  a member  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States.  He  was 
a delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress  from  1785 
to  1788.  From  1789  to  1792  served  as  a repre- 
sentative in  the  United  States  Congress,  in 
1799  was  elected  to  the  senate,  and  re-elected 
in  1805,  retaining  his  seat  until  the  time  of  his 
death,  and  serving  as  president  pro  tempore  1801 
and  1802.  He  educated  and  supported  his  six 
fatherless  half-brothers  and  sisters,  and  assisted 
several  poor  young  men  to  obtain  an  education. 
He  died  in  Washington.  D.  C.,  March  4,  1807. 

BALDWIN,  Ashbel,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  March  7,  1757.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Yale  college  in  1776,  and  served  as 
a quartermaster  in  the  revolutionary  army.  He 
was  ordained  a deacon  by  Bishop  Seabury,  Aug. 
3,  1785.  This  is  memorable  as  being  the  first 
Protestant  Episcopal  ordination  which  took  place 
in  the  United  States.  In  1786,  he  was  priested 
and  appointed  rector  of  St.  Michael’s  church, 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  a position  which  he  held  until 
1793,  leaving  it  to  take  charge  of  Christ’s  church, 
Stratford,  where  he  remained  until  1824.  He 
also  held  parishes  in  Wallingford,  Meriden.  North 
Haven  axxd  Oxford,  until  the  infirmities  of  age 
obliged  him  to  retire  in  1832.  He  acted  as  secre- 
tary of  the  general  convention  and  of  the  dioce- 
san convention  of  Connecticut.  He  died  at 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  8,  1846. 

BALDWIN,  Augustus  Carpenter,  jurist,  was 
born  at  Salina,  Oixondaga  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec. 
24,  1817.  He  removed  to  Michigan  when  that 
state  was  admitted  to  the  union  in  1837,  and  went 
immediately  to  Oakland  county,  where  for  the 
next  five  years  he  taught  school  and  studied  law, 
history  and  general  literature.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1842  and  established  himself  in  his 
profession  at  Milford.  Oakland  county,  but  his 
growing  practice  required  his  presence  at  the 
county  seat,  and  in  1849  he  removed  to  Pontiac, 
where  he  afterwai'ds  resided.  He  was  elected  to 
the  house  of  representatives  of  the  state  in  1843 
and  1845,  serving  as  speaker  pro  tempore  in  1846. 
In  1862  he  was  chosen  a representative  to  the  38th 
Congress  as  a Democrat  and  favored  the  adoption 
of  the  Thirteenth  amendment  to  the  constitution 
abolishing  slavery.  He  was  mayor  of  Pontiac  in 
1874,  and  from  1868  to  1886,  was  a member  of  the 
board  of  education  of  that  city.  In  1875  he  was 
elected  judge  of  the  sixth  judicial  circuit  of 
Michigan  for  the  full  term  of  six  years.  He  pre- 


BALDWIN. 


BALDWIN. 


sided  for  four  years  of  his  term,  when  he 
resigned  and  returned  to  Ids  regular  practice  at 
the  bar.  Judge  Baldwin  was  a delegate  to  the 
national  Democratic  convention  at  Charleston 
and  Baltimore  in  1860,  delegate-at-large  to  the 
Chicago  convention  in  1864,  delegate  to  the 
national  peace  convention  in  Philadelphia  in 
1866,  and  at  different  times  a member  of  the 
Democratic  state  central  committee.  He  was 
made  a trustee  of  the  Eastern  Michigan  asylum 
at  Pontiac  for  the  term  expiring  Jan.  1,  1899. 

BALDWIN,  Charles  H.,  rear-admiral,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  Sept.  3,  1822.  In  1839  he 
was  graduated  from  the  Annapolis  naval  acad- 
emy, and  appointed  midshipman  on  the  frigate 
Brandywine.  He  received  promotion  to  passed- 
midshipman  in  1845,  and  was  attached  to  the 
Congress,  on  which  frigate  he  remained  through- 
out the  Mexican  war.  In  1853  he  received  a 
lieutenant’s  commission,  resigning  in  1854  to  act 
as  commander  of  a Vanderbilt  steamer  which 
ran  to  the  Pacific  coast.  In  1861  he  re-entered 
the  navy,  and  was  appointed  commander  of  the 
Clifton,  which  was  in  several  engagements,  not- 
ably the  capture  of  New  Orleans,  and  the  first 
attack  on  Vicksburg.  During  these  engagements 
Commander  Baldwin  rendered  gallant  service, 
and  in  acknowledgement  of  this,  was  promoted 
to  be  commander  of  the  Vanderbilt  in  1862,  on 
which  steamer  he  also  gave  valuable  service.  He 
received  steady  and  well-earned  promotion,  was 
captain  of  the  fleet  of  the  North  Pacific  squad- 
dron  in  1868-’69,  was  promoted  captain  in  1869; 
inspector  of  ordnance  at  Mare  Island,  Cal..  1869- 
’71;  was  made  commodore,  Aug.  8,  1876;  a mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  examiners,  1876-  79,  and 
Jan.  31,  1883,  was  commissioned  rear-admiral, 
and  given  the  command  of  the  Mediterranean 
squadron.  He  was  retired  in  1884,  and  died  Dec. 
17,  1888. 

BALDWIN,  Henry,  jurist,  was  born  at  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  14.  1780,  half-brother  to 
Abraham  Baldwin,  statesman.  He  was  graduated 
from  Yale  college  in  1797,  and  gaining  admission 
to  the  bar.  he  began  to  practise  law  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.  In  1816  he  was  elected  a representative 
in  the  loth  Congress  as  a Federalist,  and  was  re- 
elected to  the  16th  and  17th  congresses,  resigning 
in  1822.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  a justice  of 
the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  and  in  the  same  year 
Yale  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.,  Jefferson  (Pa.)  college  giving  him  a like 
honor  in  1843.  He  was  the  author  of  “ A General 
View  of  the  Origin  and  Nature  of  the  Constitu- 
tion and  Government  of  the  United  States,” 
(1837).  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  April  21,  1844. 

BALDWIN,  Henry  Porter,  governor  of  Michi- 
gan, was  born  at  Coventry,  R.  I.,  Feb.  22,  1814. 
He  came  from  Puritan  ancestors  who  early  settled 


in  Connecticut.  His  education  was  mainly  due 
to  his  own  application,  as  after  attending  the 
common  schools  he  was  obliged  to  work  in  a 
country  store  from  his  twelfth  to  his  twentieth 
year.  He  went  to  Detroit  in  1838,  and  there  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits  with  marked  success. 
He  was  a member  of  the  convention  that  met  in 
1854  and  organized  the  Republican  party.  In  1861 
he  was  elected  state  senator,  serving  two  terms. 
In  1868  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Michigan,  and 
again  in  1870.  He  was  the  projector  of  the  state 
capitol  at  Lansing,  and  was  instrumental  in  secur- 
ing an  appropriation  to  be  applied  to  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan.  In  1876  he 
was  a member  of  the  national  Republican  conven 
tion,  and  in  1879  was  appointed  to  the  United 
States  senate,  to  succeed  Zachariah  Chandler, 
deceased,  and  filled  the  remainder  of  the  term. 
He  took  active  interest  in  politics  and  all  public 
matters  up  to  his  death,  Dec.  31,  1892. 

BALDWIN,  John  Denison,  journalist,  was  born 
in  North  Stonington,  Conn.,  Sept.  28,  1809.  He 
was  self  - supporting  after  his  fourteenth  year, 
acquired  an  academical  education,  and  studied 
law  and  theology  in  New  Haven.  In  1833  he  was 
licensed  to  preach  and  held  a Congregational 
pastorate  in  North  Branford,  Conn.,  for  several 
years.  He  ultimately  adopted  the  profession  of 
journalism,  was  editor  of  the  Hartford  Repub- 
lican, the  Boston  Commonwealth,  and  from  1859 
owned  and  edited  the  Worcester  Spy.  In  1862  he 
was  elected  a representative  for  the  38th  Con- 
gress, and  was  twice  re-elected.  His  published 
works  were:  “ Raymond  Hill.”  a volume  of  verse 
( 1847  ),  “ Pre  - Historic  Nations  ” ( 1869  ),  and 
“ Ancient  America  ” (1872).  He  died  in  Worces- 
ter, Mass.,  July  8,  1883. 

BALDWIN,  John  Stanton,  editor,  was  born 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  6,  1834,  son  of  John 
Denison  Baldwin,  editor.  He  learned  the  trade 
of  printing,  while  passing  through  the  various 
grades  of  the  Connecticut  schools.  Going  to 
Boston  he  was  made  business  manager  of  the 
Daily  Commonwealth,  an  anti-slavery  paper,  of 
which  his  father  was  chief  editor.  The  Common- 
wealth office  was  the  meeting-place  of  many 
famous  Massachusetts  men.  In  1858  he  was 
associated  with  his  father  in  the  ownership  of 
the  Worcester  Spy,  a paper  which  was  established 
in  1770.  During  the  war  he  raised  a company  at 
the  request  of  Governor  Andrew,  and  went  to 
the  front  as  a captain  of  the  51st  regiment.  He 
became  the  chief  owner  and  editor  of  the  Spy 
on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1883.  He  held 
important  municipal  offices  and  sat  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts legislature. 

BALDWIN,  Loammi,  engineer,  was  born  at 
Woburn,  Mass.,  Jan.  21,  1745.  He  received  an 
ordinary  education,  and  having  a talent  for 


BALDWIN. 


BALDWIN. 


mathematics,  studied  that  branch  at  Harvard, 
and  fitted  himself  for  a civil  engineer  and  surveyor, 
which  calling  he  followed  until  the  opening  of 
the  revolutionary  war.  He  entered  the  army  as 
a major,  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Lex- 
ington, Long  Island  and  Trenton,  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  colonel,  but  ill-  health  com- 
pelled him  to  leave  the  army  in  1777.  He  was 
sheriff  of  Middlesex  county  from  1780  to  1794, 
and  a member  of  the  Massachusetts  state 
legislature  in  1778,  1779,  1780.  He  was  one  of  the 
largest  owners  of  the  Middlesex  canal,  and  its 
superintendent  from  1794  to  1804.  The  American 
academy  of  sciences  elected  him  to  membership. 
He  died  in  Woburn,  Mass.,  Oct.  20,  1807. 

BALDWIN,  Roger  Sherman,  statesman,  was 
born  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  4,  1793,  son  of 
Simeon  Baldwin,  who  was  a direct  descendant 
from  one  of  the  original  New  Haven  settlers,  and 
married  a daughter  of  Roger  Sherman,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  independence. 
Roger  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  with  high 
honors  in  1811,  and  after  studying  law  in  his 
father’s  office  he  took  a course  in  the  then  famous 
law  school  conducted  by  Judges  Reeve  and  Gould 
at  Litchfield,  Conn.  After  his  admission  to  the 
bar  in  1814,  he  commenced  practice  in  New 
Haven  and  soon  attracted  attention  by  his  bril- 
liant successes.  His  wide  knowledge  of  law  and 
his  thorough  command  of  all  the  minutiae  of  his 
cases  were  considered  remarkable  for  so  young  a 
man.  lie  was  associated  with  John  Quincy 
Adams  before  the  United  States  supreme  court  in 
1839  in  the  defence  of  the  slaves  rescued  from  the 
ship  Amistad  by  an  American  vessel,  after  the 
slaves  had  overpowered  the  Spanish  crew  and 
were  drifting  on  the  high  seas,  claimed  by  Spain, 
and  his  masterly  conduct  of  the  case,  which 
Adams  left  almost  entirely  to  him,  won  many  en- 
comiums of  praise  from  bench  and  bar,  including 
such  authorities  as  Chancellor  Kent.  In  1837  and 
1838  he  sat  in  the  upper  house  of  the  Connecticut 
state  legislature.  In  1840  and  1841  lie  was  a repre- 
sentative in  the  general  assembly;  in  1844  and 
1845  was  governor  of  the  state,  and  from  1847 
to  1851  was  a United  States  senator  appointed  by 
the  governor  on  the  death  of  Senator  J.  W.  Hun- 
tington, Nov.  1,  1847,  and  elected  on  the  assem- 
bling of  the  state  legislature,  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  ending  March  4,  1851.  He  was  a presidential 
elector-at-large  in  1880,  and  voted  for  Abraham 
Lincoln  for  president  and  was  appointed  a dele- 
gate to  the  peace  congress  of  1861  by  Governor 
Buckingham.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Trinity  college  in  1844,  and  from  Yale  in 
1845.  He  died  at  New  Haven,  Feb.  19,  1863. 

BALDWIN,  Simeon,  jurist,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich. Conn.,  Dec.  14,  1761.  He  was  graduated  from 
Yalecollege  in  1781,  studied  law  and  was  admitted 


V ^ 


to  the  bar  in  1786.  He  was  elected  in  1802  as  a 
representative  from  Connecticut  to  the  8th  Con- 
gress. and  in  1806  lie  was  made  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  that  state.  He  was  a member 
of  the  commission  which  located  the  Farmington 
canal  in  1822,  and  in  1826  was  elected  mayor  of 
New  Haven.  He  died  May  26.  1851. 

BALDWIN,  Simeon  Eben,  educator,  was 
born  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  5,  1840,  son  of 
Roger  Sherman  and  Emily  (Perkins)  Baldwin, 
and  great-grandson  of  Roger  Sherman,  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  college  in  1861,  studied  law  at  Yale 

and  Harvard  law  

schools,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in 
1863,  and  began  to 
practice  his  profes- 
sion at  New  Haven. 

In  1869  he  was  ap- 
pointed an  instructor 
in  the  Yale  law 
school,  and  was  made 
professor  of  constitu- 
tional and  mercantile 
law,  corporations, 
and  wills  in  1872.  In 
1877  he  was  a p - 
pointed  by  the  legis- 
lature on  a commission  to  revise  the  educational 
laws  of  Connecticut,  and  in  1873  on  a commis- 
sion to  revise  the  general  statutes.  He  was  the 
originator  of  tfie  movement  to  introduce  code 
pleading  in  his  state,  and  was  on  the  commission 
appointed  for  that  purpose  in  1878.  In  1885  he 
served  on  the  commission  to  recommend  a better 
system  of  taxation,  and  drew  the  report,  the 
result  of  which  was  a large  addition  to  the  reve- 
nues of  the  state.  In  1884  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  t He  New  Haven  colony  historical  society, 
He  was  one  of  the  promoters  of  the  New  Haven 
park  system  and  vice-president  of  the  park  com- 
mission. He  was  also  vice-president  of  the  state 
bar  association,  and  in  1890  was  made  president 
of  the  American  bar  association.  In  1893  he  was 
elected  an  associate  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  errors  of  Connecticut.  Harvard  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1891.  He  is  the 
author  of  " Baldwin’s  Digest  of  the  Connecticut 
Law  Reports”  (2  vols.),  and  of  addresses  and 
pamphlets. 

BALDWIN,  Theron,  clergyman,  was  born  at 

Goshen,  Conn.,  July  21,  1801,  son  of  Elisha  and 
Clarissa  (Judd)  Baldwin.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Yalecollege,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
in  1827  with  high  honors.  The  following  two 
years  he  devoted  to  the  study  of  theology,  and  in 
1829  was  ordained  to  the  ministry,  beginning  his 
work  as  missionary  in  Western  Illinois  college. 


[174] 


BALDWIN. 


BALL. 


where  he  remained  until  1837.  Both  the  Illinois 
college  and  the  Monticello  female  seminary  were 
founded  by  him,  and  he  was  principal  of  the 
latter  from  1837  to  1843.  He  also  founded  the 
society  for  the  promotion  of  collegiate  and  theo- 
logical education  in  the  west,  of  which  he  was 
for  twenty-seven  years  the  energetic  and  efficient 
secretary,  his  headquarters  being  in  the  Bible 
house  in  New  York,  and  his  residence  at  Orange, 
N.  J.  Yale  college  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  A.M.  in  1831,  and  Marietta  the  degree 
of  S.T.D.  in  1862.  He  died  at  Orange,  N.  J., 
April  10,  1870. 

BALDWIN,  William  H.,  philanthropist,  was 
born  at  Brighton,  Mass.,  Oct.  20,  1826.  After 
acquiring  a business  education  he  obtained  em- 
ployment first  in  a store  in  Brighton,  and  later 
with  a wholesale  dry  goods  house  in  Boston. 
In  1850  the  firm  of  Baldwin,  Baxter  & Curry 

was  organized,  with 
Mr.  Baldwin  as 
senior  partner.  He 
severed  his  connec- 
tion with  the  firm 
in  1865,  to  engage  in 
the  dry  goods  com- 
mission business. 
He  was  interested 
in  various  philan- 
thropic movements, 
and  especially  in  the 
welfare  of  young 
men.  At  the  organ - 
’if" ft/  ' ization  of  the  Young 
Men’s  Christian 
Union  in  Boston  in 
1868  he  was  elected  its  first  president,  and  under 
his  enthusiastic  and  efficient  management  the 
membership  of  the  Union  increased  to  more  than 
five  thousand  members.  Mr.  Baldwin  became 
also  very  active  in  other  philanthropic  work, 
being  president  of  the  Children’s  mission  to  the 
destitute;  vice-president  of  the  National  Unita- 
rian church  temperance  society,  and  a director 
of  the  Massachusetts  society  for  the  prevention  of 
cruelty  to  animals.  In  addition  to  these  offices 
he  served  as  a trustee  of  the  Franklin  savings 
bank,  a member  of  the  Boston  memorial  associa- 
tion, and  director  of  the  Unitarian  Sunday-school 
society. 

BALESTIER,  Charles  Wolcott,  author,  was 
Jjorn  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  13,  1861.  After 
attending  Cornell  university  he  gave  his  attention 
to  journalism.  He  edited  an  unsuccessful  illus- 
trated newspaper  in  New  York  called  Time,  and 
wrote  short  stories  for  New  York  newspapers. 
He  left  New  York  to  become  managing  editor 
of  the  London  Tid  Bits,  and  wrote  several  books 
which  met  with  success.  Their  titles  include: 


“James  G.  Blaine.  A Sketch  of  his  Life,  with 
a Brief  Record  of  the  Life  of  John  A.  Logan” 
(1884);  “A  Patent  Philter”  (1884);  “A  Victori- 
ous Defeat”  (1886);  “Reffey”;  “My  Captain”; 
“The  Average  Woman”  (1892);  “Benefits  For- 
got” (1894);  and  with  Rudyard  Kipling,  “The 
Maulahka;  a Story  of  West  and  East”  (1892). 
He  died  in  Dresden,  Saxony,  Dec.  6,  1891. 

BALL,  Ephraim,  inventor,  was  born  at  Green- 
town,  Ohio,  Aug.  12,  1812.  After  receiving  a 
very  limited  education  he  began  in  1827  to  serve 
an  apprenticeship  with  a carpenter,  which  trade 
he  followed  until  he  was  twenty -eight  years  old. 
He  then  invented  "Ball’s  blue  plough,”  of  which 
he  manufactured  and  sold  a large  number. 
Among  his  other  valuable  inventions  are  an  im- 
proved stove,  the  “ Ohio  mower  and  reaper.”  the 
“ New  American  harvester,”  and  the  “Buckeye 
machine.”  Unfortunately  the  inventor  of  these 
implements  lost  control  of  the  patents,  and,  miss- 
ing the  enormous  profits,  died  in  poverty  at  Can- 
ton, O.,  Jan.  1,  1872. 

BALL,  Thomas,  sculptor,  was  born  at  Charles- 
town, Mass.,  June  3,  1819,  son  of  Thomas  and 
Elizabeth  (Hall)  Ball.  He  attended  the  Mayhew 
school,  but  the  death  of  his  father  in  1831  cut 
short  his  education,  and  he  apprenticed  himself 
to  a wood  - engraving  company,  but  before  the 
expiration  of  the  first  year  commenced  to  study 
portrait  painting,  his  first  productions  being  min- 
iatures in  oil.  He  also  painted  some  life-sized 
portraits,  that  of  his  mother  gaining  the  first 
prize  at  an  exhibition  of  the  Mechanics  associa- 
tion. At  this  time  he  was  a member  of  the  Handel 
and  Haydn  society,  frequently  appearing  as  a 
soloist  in  their  concerts,  and  in  1851  the  society 
presented  him  with  a watch  and  a purse  containing 
one  hundred  dollars  in  gold,  as  a “tribute”  to 
his  “ vocal  merits.”  The  first  of  his  more  ambi- 
tious paintings,  “Christ  in  the  Temple  with  the 
Doctors,”  was  exhibited  at  the  Baltimore  acad- 
emy, and  gained  him  an  honorary  membership, 
and  also  a medal  at  an  exhibition  at  Washington. 
This  subject  was  purchased  by  the  American  art 
union,  as  was  also  his  “ King  Lear.”  Almost  his 
first  work  in  clay,  the  head  of  Jenny  Lind,  was  a 
wonderful  success,  and  his  cabinet  busts  became 
popular.  His  first  life-sized  bust  was  that  of 
Daniel  Webster,  which  he  finished  just  before 
the  death  of  that  statesman.  This  creation  pro- 
duced a great  sensation,  and  Ames  and  Harding 
both  painted  their  celebrated  portraits  from  it. 
In  October,  1854,  lie  married  Nellie  Wild  of  Bos- 
ton, and  with  his  bride  visited  Florence,  where 
his  first  public  order  was  executed,  “ The  Signing 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,”  after  Trum- 
bull’s painting,  for  one  of  the  panels  of  Green- 
ough’s  statue  of  Franklin,  and  in  1885  also  pro- 
duced his  “Shipwrecked  Sailor-boy,”  a bust  of 


dtoj 


BALL. 


BALLARD. 


Napoleon,  a statuette  of  Washington  Allston, 
and  a figure  of  Pandora.  In  1856  he  returned 
to  Boston,  where  he  modelled  his  second  panel 
for  the  Franklin  statue,  “The  Signing  of  the 
Treaty  of  Peace  in  Paris.'’  Among  his  busts  are 
those  of  Henry  Clay,  Rufus  Choate,  Dr.  Peabody, 
William  H.  Prescott,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  and 
President  Lord  of  Dartmouth.  Dartmouth  col- 
lege conferred  upon  Mr.  Ball  the  degree  of  A.M. 

In  1859  he  received  the  order  for  his  equestrian 
statue  of  Washington.  In  1865,  on  the  occasion 
of  his  return  to  Florence,  Mr.  Ball  was  presented 
with  a purse  of  fifteen  hundred  dollars  by  the 
King’s  chapel  congregation,  Boston,  he  having 
held  the  situation  of  basso  in  the  quartette  choir 
of  that  place  of  worship  for  fifteen  years.  In  1866 
he  made  a statue  of  Edwin  Forrest  as  “Corio- 
lanus”  for  Philadelphia,  and  in  1867  his  “ Eve 
Stepping  into  Life”  and  “ La  Petite  Pensde. ” In 
1873  he  revisited  America,  and  received  the  com- 
mission for  the  marble  statue  of  Gov.  John  A. 
Andrew  for  the  State  House.  After  this  came 
“Love’s  Memories,”  and  “St.  John,  the  evan- 
gelist,” which  Hiram  Powers  considered  Mr.  Ball’s 
best  work.  During  1874,  he  modelled  the  eman- 
cipation group  for  the  city  of  Washington,  and  in 
1875-’76  he  completed  a duplicate  of  the  group 
for  Boston,  as  well  as  the  colossal  statue  of  Daniel 
Webster  for  Central  Park,  New  York,  erected  at 
a cost  of  sixty  thousand  dollars.  His  next  work 
was  a statue  of  Charles  Sumner  and  the  School 
street,  Boston,  statue  of  Josiali  Quincy.  He  next 
modelled  a small  group  representing  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson presenting  to  John  Adams  the  draft  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  a figure  of  the 
Christ  with  a little  child,  which  was  very  highly 
approved  by  the  Italian  sculptor.  Duprd.  In  1883 
he  produced  his  “ Paul  Reveres  Ride.”  In  1883 
he  again  visited  America,  where  he  modelled 
busts  of  Hon.  Marshall  Jewell  and  P.  T.  Barnum. 
He  returned  to  Florence  a few  months  later,  and 
employed  himself  during  the  next  two  years  in 
producing  ideal  medallions  and  portrait-busts,  and 
in  modelling  small  statues  of  Lincoln  and  Garfield. 
In  1885  he  modelled  the  statue  of  Daniel  Webster, 
presented  to  Concord.  N.  H.,  by  B.  P.  Cheney, 
and  unveiled  in  that  city  June  17, 1886.  His  next 
work  was  the  “David,”  which  he  modelled  in 
the  winter  of  1885-’86.  and  afterwards  put  into 
marble  for  Edward  F.  Searles,  of  Great  Barring- 
ton. In  the  autumn  of  1886  he  completed  the 
large  statue  of  P.  T.  Barnum.  In  1889,  when  the 
sculptor  was  visiting  Boston,  Mr.  Searles  gave 
him  the  commission  for  his  colossal  statue  of 
Washington,  for  the  town  of  Methuen,  Mass. 
The  child  figures  at  the  feet  of  the  statue  repre- 
sent the  sculptor’s  grandsons.  Mr.  Ball  published, 
in  1891,  an  autobiography  entitled,  “ My  Three- 
Score  years  and  Ten.” 


BALLANTINE,  William  Gay,  educator,  was 
born  in  Washington,  D.  C..  Dec.  7,  1848.  He  was 
graduated  at  Marietta  college  in  1868,  and  at  the 
Union  theological  seminary.  New  York,  in  1872. 
During  1869  and  1870,  he  acted  as  an  assistant  on 
the  geological  survey  of  Ohio.  He  studied  at  the 
University  of  Leipsic  in  1872-73.  and  in  the 
latter  year  spent  six  months  with  the  American 
Palestine  exploring  expedition  in  the  Holy  Land. 
He  served  as  professor  of  chemistry  and  natural 
science  at  Ripon  college  from  1874  to  1876;  as 
assistant  professor  of  Greek  at  Indiana  university 
from  1876  to  1878;  and  as  professor  of  Hebrew 
and  Greek  of  the  New  Testament  in  Oberlin  theo- 
logical seminary  from  1878  to  1880;  and  while 
acting  in  this  capacity  was  ordained  as  a congre- 
gational clergyman.  He  was  professor  of  old 
testament  language  and  literature  in  Oberlin  col- 
lege from  1880  to  1891,  and  was  president  of  Ober- 
lin college  from  1891  to  1896.  He  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.D.  from  Marietta  college  in 
1885,  and  that  of  LL.D.,  from  the  Western  Re- 
serve university  in  1891.  He  edited  the  “ Oberlin 
Jubilee”  (1833— ’83) ; was  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  “Bibliotheca  Sacra ” 1884— 1891,  and  in  1896 
published  “Inductive  Logic.” 

BALLARD,  Bland,  pioneer,  was  born  at  Fred- 
ericksburg. Va.,  Oct.  16,  1761.  When  he  was 
eighteen  years  old  he  emigrated  to  Kentucky, 
and  became  one  of  its  earliest  settlers.  He  joined 
a volunteer  force  which,  under  Colonel  Bowman, 
was  attempting  to  free  the  district  of  the  sav- 
ages, and  served  in  the  expedition  into  Ohio.  A 
year  later  he  took  part  in  George  Rogers 
Clark’s  raid  against  the  Piqua  towns,  and  in  1794 
he  was  with  General  Wayne  at  the  battle  of 
the  Fallen  Timbers.  He  was  a man  of  great 
bravery,  and  became  one  of  the  most  renowned 
of  Indian  fighters.  In  1780  he  was  employed  by 
George  Rogers  Clark  to  explore  the  banks  of  the 
Ohio  river  from  the  Falls,  at  what  is  now  Louis- 
ville to  the  mouth  of  the  Salt  river,  and  thence 
to  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  West  Point. 
Ballard’s  most  harrowing  experience  was  while 
witnessing  the  slaughter  of  his  father,  mother, 
and  two  sisters  by  a party  of  fifteen  Indians.  A 
younger  sister  escaped,  after  being  scalped  and 
left  for  dead.  Ballard  was  too  late  to  save  their 
lives,  but  from  his  place  of  concealment  killed 
nearly  half  of  the  Indians.  After  peace  had  been 
restored,  Ballard  was  sent  several  times  as  a rep- 
resentative to  the  state  legislature.  The  county 
of  Ballard,  Ky.,  and  its  capital.  Bland ville.  were 
named  in  his.  honor.  He  died  Sept.  5,  1853. 

BALLARD,  Harlan  Hoge,  educator,  was  born 
at  Athens,  Ohio,  May  25,  1853.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Detroit,  Mich.,  high  school,  and  at 
Williams  college,  Mass.,  from  which  institution 
he  was  graduated  as  A.B.  in  1874,  and  later 


ri76j 


BALLOU. 


BALLOU. 


received  the  degree  of  A.M.  In  1875  he  became 
principal  of  the  Lenox  (Mass.)  high  school,  hold- 
ing the  position  five  years,  and  resigning  to 
accept  that  of  principal  of  the  Lenox  academy, 
where  lie  remained  from  1880  to  1886,  when  he 
was  made  librarian  of  the  Berkshire  athenaeum. 
In  1875  he  founded  and  became  president  of  the 
Agassiz  association,  an  organization  which  spread 
from  a school  in  Lenox  to  every  part  of  the 
world.  Professor  Ballard  was  elected  secretary 
of  the  Berkshire  historical  society  and  a fellow  of 
the  American  association  for  the  advancement 
■of  science.  He  edited  the  Swiss  Cross  and  the 
Observer,  and  is  author  of  “Three  Kingdoms”;  a 
“ Handbook  of  the  Agassiz  Association”;  “Open 
Sesame”;  “Handbook  of  Blunders  designed  to 
Prevent  1,000  Common  Blunders  in  Writing  and 
Speaking”  (1885);  “The  World  of  Matter.  A 
Guide  to  the  Study  of  Chemistry  and  Mineral- 
ogy ” (1892);  and  with  S.  Proctor  Thayer,  “The 
American  Plant  Book  ,”  (1879). 

BALLOU,  Hosea,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Richmond,  N.  H.,  April  30,  1771,  son  of  Maturin 
and  Lydia  (Harris)  Ballou.  He  was  the  youngest 
of  eleven  children.  His  father,  a Baptist  preacher, 
had  moved  to  New  Hampshire  from  Rhode  Island 
where  his  ancestors  had  dwelt  since  the  days  of 

Roger  Williams  In 
making  the  move 
into  the  almost  un- 
broken wilderness  of 
New  Hampshire,  the 
father  was  actuated 
by  a desire  to  im- 
prove the  worldly 
prospects  of  his  large 
family  by  becoming 
a landholder.  He 
received  no  salary 
for  his  pastoral  ser- 
vices, depending  for 
support  on  what  his 
farm  would  yield,  in 
return  for  his  own  hard  labor  in  ploughing,  sowing 
and  reaping.  So  poor  was  he  that  he  could  not 
provide  sufficient  food  or  clothing  for  his  chil- 
dren, nor  could  he  offer  them  any  further  educa- 
tional advantages  than  such  desultory  instruction 
as  he  — himself  but  slightly  educated  — could 
give  in  the  few  leisure  moments  which  his  toil- 
filled  days  afforded.  Pen,  ink,  and  paper  were 
unknown  luxuries  in  the  household,  and  the  only 
books  in  the  family  library  were  a Bible,  a small 
English  dictionary,  an  old  almanac  and  a worn 
pamphlet  containing  the  story  of  the  tower  of 
Babel.  But  Hosea’s  passion  for  knowledge  was 
so  irresistible  that  greater  obstacles  would  not 
have  hindered  him.  The  Bible  was  his  only  text- 
book and  his  only  guide  to  the  fields  of  history, 

U77J 


philosophy,  poetry,  and  literature;  over  its  pages 
he  pored  whenever  released  from  his  work  on  the 
farm,  and  he  thus  acquired  a verbal  familiarity 
with  its  contents  which  was  invaluable  to  him  in 
after  years.  During  a revival  in  1789  he  joined 
the  Baptist  church,  but  was  soon  afterwards  led 
by  his  study  of  “predestination,”  “election,’ 
“eternal  reprobation,”  and  “ total  depravity”  to 
doubt  the  tenets  of  the  Baptist  belief.  He  now 
came  out  boldly  and  put  the  questions  that  had 
been  so  long  revolving  in  his  mind  to  the  author- 
ities of  the  Baptist  church.  No  answers  were 
forthcoming,  and  he  was  excommunicated  as  a 
dangerous  heretic.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he,  for 
the  first  time,  attended  school.  With  the  earnings 
he  had  accumulated  in  two  or  three  summers  of 
toil  in  neighboring  villages  he  paid  his  tuition  at 
a private  school  for  a few  weeks,  and  at  Chester- 
field (N.  H.)  academy  for  one  term.  He  then 
began  to  preach  universalist  doctrines,  supporting 
himself  by  teaching  school  during  the  week  or  by 
performing  farm  labor.  At  first  he  believed  and 
taught,  as  all  so-called  Universalists  of  the  time 
believed  and  taught,  that  salvation  was  for  all, 
but  only  on  the  Calvinistic  basis  of  atonement 
and  imputed  righteousness.  By  degrees,  how- 
ever, and  after  much  careful  study  of  the  scrip- 
tures, he  formulated  the  belief,  now  accepted  by 
nine-tenths  of  the  Universalist  denomination,  that 
“The  Bible  affords  no  evidence  of  punishment 
after  death.”  He  preached  with  rare  power  and 
eloquence  and  had  a marvellous  gift,  not  only  for 
impressing  the  hearts  of  his  hearers  with  the 
truths  he  uttered,  but  of  stamping  upon  their 
memories  the  very  words  he  used. 

He  labored  in  various  parts  of  New  England 
during  the  first  twenty  years  of  his  ministry,  and 
in  1817  he  accepted  a call  to  the  School  Street 
church  of  Boston,  where  he  remained  until  his 
death.  He  ranked  among  the  most  gifted  and  able 
preachers  of  his  time,  being  regarded  in  his  own 
denomination  as  an  oracle.  To  meet  the  growing 
demands  of  the  infant  denomination,  he  wrote 
and  published  numberless  hymns,  essays,  tracts, 
pamphlets,  and  controversial  papers,  which  he 
scattered  liberally.  In  1819  he  founded  the  Uni- 
versalist Magazine,  acting  as  editor  for  several 
years.  In  connection  with  his  grand-nephew, 
Hosea  Ballou,  2d,  he  established,  in  1831.  the 
Universalist  Expositor,  which  afterward  became 
the  Universalist  Quarterly.  After  resigning  the 
editorship  of  the  Expositor,  in  1833,  he  continued 
writing  articles  for  it,  and  also  for  the  Universa- 
list Magazine.  The  amount  of  labor  he  accom- 
plished was  phenomenal.  His  published  works, 
it  is  estimated,  would  fill  one  hundred  duodecimo 
volumes,  and  he  preached  more  than  ten  thou- 
sand sermons.  His  most  noteworthy  publications 
are:  “Notes  on  the  Parables”  (1804);  “A  Trea- 


BALLOU. 


BALTES. 


tise  on  the  Atonement”  (1806) ; and  an  “Examin- 
ation of  the  Doctrine  of  a Future  Retribution” 
(1846);  See  “Biography  of  Hosea  Ballou”  by 
his  son  Maturin  M.  Ballou  (1852);  and  “Hosea 
Ballou ; a Marvellous  Life  Story  ” by  Oscar  F.  Saf- 
ford,  D.D.  (1889).  He  died  in  Boston.  June  7. 1852. 

BALLOU,  Hosea,  2d,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Guilford,  Vt.,  Oct.  18,  1796,  son  of  Asahel  and 
Martha  (Starr)  Ballou.  He  was  educated  at  the 
schools  of  Halifax,  Vt.,  whither  his  parents  re- 
moved about  1797,  and  later  studied  under  a tutor, 
Rev.  Mr.  Wood,  but  owing  to  his  father’s  views 
on  religious  education,  he  did  not  receive  a college 
training.  He  studied  for  the  Universalist  minis- 
try under  his  grand-uncle,  Hosea  Ballou,  at  Ports- 
mouth. N.  H.,  and  in  1815  assumed  pastoral 
charge  of  a church  in  Stafford,  Conn.  In  1821 
he  was  appointed  pastor  of  the  Universalist 
church  at  Roxburv,  Mass.,  and  was  associated 
with  his  grand-uncle  and  Thomas  Starr  King  in 
the  editorship  of  the  Universalist  Magazine, 
which  later  became  the  Trumpet,  and  of  the 
Universalist  Expositor , later  known  as  the  Uni- 
versalist Quarterly,  which  was  founded  July  1, 
1830,  and  long  exerted  a powerful  influence  in  the 
Universalist  denomination.  In  1852  he  resigned 
his  pastorate  at  Roxbury,  and  accepted  an 
invitation  to  serve  the  church  at  Medford, 
Mass.  In  1853  he  was  elected  first  president  of 
Tufts  college,  an  institution  which  he  had 
been  largely  instrumental  in  founding,  and  the 
early  prosperity  of  which  was  mainly  due  to 
his  able  administration.  In  1843  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Channing  as  overseer  of  Harvard  college.  In 
1843  Harvard  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
A.M.,  and  in  1845  that  of  D.D.  His  nephew, 
Hosea  Starr  Ballou,  published  his  biography  in 
1896.  Mr.  Ballou  published,  “The  Ancient  His- 
tory of  Universalism  from  the  Time  of  the  Apos- 
tolic Fathers  to  the  Reformation”  (1829).  A 
second  edition  of  this  work  was  published  in 
1842.  In  1833  he  edited  and  published  Sis- 
mondi’s  “History  of  the  Crusades.”  He  died  at 
College  Hill,  Somerville,  Mass..  May  27.  1861. 

BALLOU,  Maturin  Murray,  journalist,  was 
born  in  Boston,  April  14,  1820.  son  of  Hosea  and 
Ruth  (Washburn)  Ballou.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  Boston  high  school  and  passed  his  exam- 
ination for  Harvard,  but  did  not  enter  college. 
For  five  years  he  was  a clerk  in  the  post-office, 
and  for  another  five  years  was  employed  in  the 
United  States  treasury  department.  In  1838  he 
became  a contributor  to  the  Olive  Branch,  a 
weekly  publication.  He  established  and  edited  for 
thirteen  years  Gleason’s  Pictorial,  the  first  illus- 
trated paper  issued  in  America,  and  also  edited 
Ballou’s  Monthly  ; was  chief  editor  for  a number 
of  years  of  the  Boston  Globe,  and  editor  and 
proprietor  of  Ballou’s  Pictorial.  7’ he  Flag 

W, 


of  Our  Union  and  the  Boston  Sunday  Budget. 
His  pecuniary  success  in  this  line  of  literary  labor 
was  ample,  enabling  him  to  carry  out,  to  the 
fullest  extent,  an  earnest  passion  for  foreign 
travel,  and  he  visited  Japan,  China,  India,  Africa, 
and  the  Polar  regions.  He  produced  a number  of 
volumes  on  various  subjects,  but  is  best  known  as 
the  author  of  several  books  of  travel,  namely  : 
“ Due  West,  or  Round  the  World  in  Ten 
Months”;  “Due  South,  or  Cuba,  Past  and  Pres- 
ent”; “Under  the  Southern  Cross,”  being  a 
record  of  travel  in  New  Zealand,  Australia,  and 
the  islands  of  the  South  Pacific;  “Aztec  Land,” 
descriptive  of  Mexico  and  its  cities;  “The  New 
Eldorado,  a Summer  Trip  to  Alaska  ”;  and  “ Foot- 
prints of  Travel,”  adapted  to  the  use  of  public 
schools.  More  than  fifty  thousand  copies  of  this 
book  have  been  issued.  Mr.  Ballou's  latest  vol- 
ume was  entitled,  “Equatorial  America,” relating 
to  the  principal  capitals  of  South  America.  His 
“ Treasury  of  Thought,”  forms  an  encyclopaedia 
of  quotations  from  ancient  and  modern  authors, 
and  passed  its  thirteenth  edition.  The  work  is 
carefully  classified,  and  is  a popular  book  of  refer- 
ence among  professional  writers,  clergymen  and 
lawyers.  He  died  in  Egypt,  March  27,  1895. 

BALLOU,  Moses,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Monroe,  Mass.,  March  24,  1811,  grandson  of  Hosea 
Ballou.  He  was  graduated  from  the  academy  at 
Brattleboro,  Vt.,  and  later  studied  theology.  Like 
several  of  his  ancestors  he  adopted  the  Univer- 
salist belief,  and  entered  the  ministry  in  1835. 
He  preached  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Connecticut,  where  he  held  pastorates 
in  New  Haven  and  Hartford.  His  subsequent 
charges  were  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia  and 
Atco,  N.  J..  and  his  work  throughout  his  ministry 
was  conscientious  and  successful.  He  is  the 
author  of  “A  Memoir  of  the  Rev.  Merritt  San- 
ford” (1850);  and  of  a review  of  ••The  Conflict 
of  Ages,”  by  Dr.  Edward  Beecher,  entitled  "The 
Divine  Character  Vindicated ” (1854).  He  died 
in  Atco,  N.  J..  May  19,  1879. 

BALTES,  Peter  Joseph,  R.  C.  bishop,  born 
at  Enshein,  Rhenish  Bavaria,  April  7,  1827.  He 
studied  at  the  college  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Worces- 
ter. Mass.,  passed  from  thence  to  St.  Ignatius 
college,  Chicago,  and  completed  his  education  by 
a course  at  Laval  university,  Montreal.  In 
1853  he  received  his  ordination  as  a priest,  and 
after  seventeen  years  of  faithful  service  in  that 
capacity,  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Alton  in  1870. 
He  wrote  and  published,  in  1875.  a book  of  " Pas- 
toral Instruction,”  of  which  a third  and  enlarged 
edition  was  printed  in  1880.  He  founded  the  Ec- 
clesiastical college  of  the  sacred  heart  at  Ruina. 
111.,  and  endowed  his  diocese  with  many  schools 
and  charitable  institutions.  He  died  at  Alton, 
111.,  Feb.  15,  1886. 

'SI 


BALTIMORE. 


BANCROFT. 


BALTIMORE,  Sir  George  Calvert,  lord,  was 
born  in  Kipling,  Yorkshire,  England,  in  1582. 
When  he  was  about  fifteen  years  old  he  was 
graduated  from  Oxford  university,  and  after 
spending  a few  years  in  travel  he  was  made  clerk 
of  the  privy  council  and  later  secretary  of  state. 
While  holding  the  latter  office  he  won  the  favor 
of  James  I.,  by  whom  he  was  made  a knight  in 
1(517,  and  later  a peer  of  Ireland.  It  was  also 
from  the  hands  of  this  monarch  that  he  received 
his  grant  of  land  in  southern  Newfoundland, 
where  he  founded  a colony,  which  lie  visited,  but 
did  not  remain  on  account  of  the  extreme  cold. 
After  visiting  the  southern  part  of  the  American 
coast,  he  urged  Charles  I.  to  grant  him  another 
patent,  consisting  of  the  tract  of  land  now 
covered  by  Maryland  and  Delaware.  Lord  Balti- 
more intended  to  found  a state  which  should  be 
governed  by  an  assembly,  and  should  have  an 
hereditary  landed  aristocracy.  See  Winsor’s 
‘•Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America.” 
Lord  Baltimore  died  April  15, 1632. 

BANCROFT,  Cecil  Franklin  Patch,  educator, 
was  born  at  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  Nov.  25,  1839. 
He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1860, 
and  at  the  Andover  theological  seminary  in  1867, 
and  continued  his  studies  in  Germany.  In  1874 
he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  in  the  same 
year  Williams  college  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  Litt.D.,  and  in  1892  Yale  university 
made  him  an  LL.D.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
Congregational  ministry  in  1867  ; was  principal  of 
Appleton  academy,  Mt.  Vernon,  N.  H.,  from  1860 
to  1864;  of  an  educational  institution  in  Ten- 
nessee from  1867  to  1872,  and  became  principal 
of  Phillips  Andover  academy  in  1873.  He  was 
president  of  the  Dartmouth  alumni  and  of  the 
head  masters’  association. 

BANCROFT,  Edward,  author,  was  born  at 
Westfield,  Mass.,  Jan.  9.  1744.  Having  a natural 
love  for  adventure,  he  left  home  at  an  early  age, 
and  shipped  on  a vessel.  A second  voyage  took 
him  to  Guiana,  where  he  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  medicine.  He  afterwards  went  to  England 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  literary  work. 
Through  the  influence  of  Benjamin  Franklin  he 
became  a writer  on  the  Monthly  Review.  He  was 
suspected  of  aiding  in  the  attempt  to  burn  the 
Portsmouth  dock-yard  and  was  obliged  to  take 
refuge  in  France,  in  1777,  where,  through  his  ac- 
quaintance with  Silas  Deane,  commissioner  of 
the  Continental  Congress,  he  obtained  intelligence 
about  American  Continental  affairs  of  use  to  the 
British  government,  and  he  imparted  his  knowl- 
edge to  the  British  ministry.  He  was  in  the 
employ  of  both  the  English  and  Continental  gov- 
ernments as  a spy.  He  accumulated  a large  for- 
tune by  securing  patents  from  England  and  France 


for  exclusive  right  to  import  yellow  oak  bark  for 
dyeing  purposes.  He  was  a member  of  the  Royal 
college  of  physicians  in  London,  and  a fellow  of 
the  Royal  society.  His  publications  include 
“ Natural  History  of  Guiana”  (1769);  “Remarks 
on  the  Review  of  the  Controversy  between  Great 
Britain  and  Her  Colonies  ” (1771);  “ Charles  Went- 
worth”; “Experimental  Researches  Concerning 
Permanent  Colors”  (1794);  “Philosophy  of  Per- 
manent Colors  ” (2  vols.,  1813),  and  many  short 
articles.  He  died  in  England,  Sept.  8,  1820. 

BANCROFT,  Frederick,  librarian,  was  born  in 
Galesburg,  111.,  Oct.  30,  1860.  He  was  graduated 
from  Amherst  college  in  1882,  studied  law  and 
political  science  at  Columbia  college,  and  went  to 
Europe,  where  he  spent  a semester  in  Gottingen 
university.  After  taking  his  degree  he  occupied 
two  and  a half  years  in  the  study  of  history, 
political  economy  and  diplomacy  at  Berlin, 
Freiburg  ( Baden  ) and  in  the  Ecole  des 
Sciences  Politiques  at  Paris.  In  Freiburg  lie 
was  a special  student  in  United  States 
history  of  the  historian  Von  Holst.  In  the 
spring  of  1888  he  was  lecturing  at  Amherst  col- 
lege on  the  political  history  of  the  civil  war  and 
reconstruction,  when  he  was  appointed  by  Secre- 
tary Bayard  the  chief  of  the  bureau  of  rolls  and 
library  in  the  department  of  state.  In  1885  he 
printed  for  private  circulation  “The  Negro  in 
Politics.  Especially  in  South  Carolina  and  Missis- 
sippi.” While  in  Berlin  and  Paris,  he  was  the 
occasional  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Evening 
Post  and  the  Epoch.  In  1889  he  won  a prize  lec- 
tureship in  the  Columbia  school  of  political  sci- 
ence, and  lectured  on  the  diplomatic  history  of 
the  United  States.  Dr.  Bancroft  contributed  to 
Harper’s  Weekly  and  to  the  Political  Science 
Quarterly,  and  wrote  a “Life  of  William  H. 
Seward.”  He  received  the  degrees  of  A.B.  and 
A.M.  from  Amherst  and  that  of  Ph.D.  from 
Columbia  in  1885. 

BANCROFT,  George,  historian,  was  born  at 
Worcester,  Mass., Oct.  3,  1800,  son  of  Aaron  Ban- 
croft, a C'ongregational-Unitarian  minister  and 
author  of  a “ Life  of  Washington.’’  His  child- 
hood was  passed  in  an  atmosphere  of  cultivation, 
and  he  early  developed  a love  of  study.  Between 
the  ages  of  eleven  and  thirteen  he  attended 
Phillips  Exeter  academy,  and  thence  proceeded 
to  Harvard,  where,  during  his  first  year,  he  had 
Edward  Everett  for  his  tutor.  Mr.  Everett, 
being  appointed  professor,  went  to  Gottingen  to 
further  fit  himself  for  his  office,  and  from  there 
wrote  to  Harvard  advising  that  some  brilliant 
young  man  should  be  sent  to  Germany  to  study, 
in  order  that  the  teaching  at  Harvard  might 
be  strengthened.  Young  Bancroft,  on  his  grad- 
uation in  1817,  was  chosen  and  sent.  At  Gottin- 
gen he  had  Eichhorn,  Blumenbaeh  and  Heeren 


BANCROFT. 


BANCROFT. 


Hum.  uuPw  ' — ^ 


for  his  teachers.  Heeren  was  the  greatest  his- 
torical critic  in  Europe  at  that  time,  and  his 
influence  is  traceable  in  Bancroft’s  political  course 
as  well  as  in  his  historical  writings.  Mr.  Ban- 
croft received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Got- 
tingen in  1820  and 
proceeded  to  Berlin, 
where  lie  studied  un- 
der Schleiermacher 
and  S a v i g n y,  and 
under  Schlosser  at 
Heidelberg ; having 
SJM  thus  made  the  round 
of  the  German  uni- 
versities, he  travelled 
in  France,  Italy,  and 
England,  and  during 
his  tour  met  Cousin, 
Constant,  Humboldt, 
Manzoni,  Bunsen, 
Ni  e b u h r,  Goethe, 
Byron  and  other  distinguished  men.  He  then 
went  back  to  his  tutorship  at  Harvard,  but  find- 
ing himself  trammelled  in  his  attempts  to  intro- 
duce German  methods  of  instruction  he  resigned, 
and  in  company  with  Dr.  Cogswell  founded  the 
Round  Hill  school  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  which 
was  a success  educationally,  though  not  finan- 
cially. Here  he  prepared  text-books  for  the 
pupils,  and  labored  faithfully  to  carry  out  his 
educational  theories;  published  a volume  of 
poems  and  gave  to  American  literature  transla- 
tions from  the  German,  notably  Heeren’s  “Pol- 
itics of  Ancient  Greece  ” and  his  “ History 
of  Political  Systems  of  Europe.”  In  1834  the 
initial  volume  of  his  great  work  was  issued,  and 
exhibited  in  a lucid  and  philosophical  manner 
the  principles  of  American  history  for  the  first 
time.  It  was  received  by  those  who  had  waited 
for  it  with  satisfaction  — a satisfaction  which 
was  augmented  when  the  second  and  third  vol- 
umes made  their  appearance.  In  1838  Mr.  Ban- 
croft was  made  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston, 
and  in  1844  was  nominated  for  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts on  the  Democratic  ticket,  but  was  not 
elected ; in  the  following  year  he  became  secretary 
of  the  navy  under  President  Polk  and  established 
during  his  short  term  of  office  the  naval  academy 
at  Annapolis,  as  well  as  instituted  various  other 
reforms,  proving  himself,  in  this  as  in  all  other 
undertakings,  both  able  and  efficient.  During 
the  war  with  Mexico  his  orders  alone  compassed 
the  acquisition  of  California  by  the  United  States 
and  he  also,  while  acting  secretary  of  war.  gave 
the  order  to  General  Taylor  to  march  into  Texas. 
In  1846  lie  was  sent  as  minister  to  England,  where 
his  learning  and  literary  achievements  greatly 
enhanced  the  respect  with  which  he  was  received 
— a respect  which  was  not  abated  upon  a more 

[i 


intimate  acquaintance ; statesmen  and  men  of 
letters  vied  in  paying  him  attention,  and  counted 
it  a pleasure  to  afford  him  every  facility  for 
prosecuting  his  historical  researches.  Archives 
were  everywhere  open  to  him,  and  during  his 
residence  in  that  country  he  gathered  a rich 
store  of  material,  Lord  Lansdowne  allowing  him 
to  use  freely  the  papers  left  by  Lord  Shelburne, 
then  in  the  former’s  possession.  Before  his  re- 
turn to  America  in  1849,  the  University  of  Oxford 
gave  him  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  When  lie 
reached  home  he  took  up  his  residence  in  New 
York,  and  for  eight  years  devoted  himself  to 
the  continuation  of  his  great  historical  work. 
His  life  was  methodical  and  regular.  He  had 
settled  hours  for  work  and  for  relaxation  or  ex- 
ercise, and  pursued  an  undeviating  system  as 
to  the  disposal  of  his  time;  he  was  thus  enabled 
to  get  through  an  enormous  amount  of  work, 
writing  and  publishing  volumes  five  to  ten 
during  the  years  1850  to  1874.  An  ardent  patriot 
during  the  civil  war,  lie  was  chosen  by  Congress 
to  deliver  a eulogy  on  Abraham  Lincoln.  In 
1867  he  went  as  minister  to  the  German  Empire. 
As  such  he  negotiated  with  Bismarck,  mainly 
through  his  great  personal  influence  with  that 
statesman,  a treaty  by  which  German  citizens 
settled  in  America  were  relieved  from  compulsory 
military  service  in  Germany,  and  allowed  to 
throw  off  their  allegiance  to  that  country  on 
becoming  citizens  of  the  United  States.  Eng- 
land followed  Prussia's  lead  in  forbearing  to 
claim  perpetual  allegiance  from  those  who  had 
left  her  soil.  In  1868,  just  fifty  years  after  his 
taking  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the  University 
of  Bonn,  that  institution  bestowed  upon  him  the 
degree  of  LL.  D. , upon  which  occasion  he  received 
congratulations  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  Mr. 
Bancroft  performed  other  valuable  services  dur- 
ing his  diplomatic  career  in  Germany,  and  was 
recalled  from  that  country  in  accordance  with 
his  own  request  in  1874.  By  this  time  the  tenth 
volume  of  the  history  had  been  issued  from  the 
press,  and  he  assumed  with  unabated  ardor  the 
completion  of  the  task  he  had  set  himself,  in  pro 
ducing  an  exhaustive  history  of  what  he  consid- 
ered a “a  nation  among  nations.”  Almost  half 
a century  of  persevering  and  unremitting  labor 
had  already  been  given  to  the  research  necessary 
for  such  a work,  no  possible  source  of  informa- 
tion being  allowed  to  go  unexplored,  Mr.  Ban 
croft  having  travelled  from  state  to  state  in 
search  of  documents  necessary  to  confirm  the 
facts  lie  so  faithfully  endeavored  to  set  forth  in 
their  right  complexion.  Although  there  are 
many  adverse  opinions  as  to  the  quality  of  Mr. 
Bancroft’s  production,  it  is  on  all  sides  conceded 
that  his  portrayal  of  events  is  conscientious  and 
disinterested;  his  talent  for  marshalling  facts 
SO] 


BANCROFT, 


BANCROFT. 


in  narrative  form  unexcelled;  indeed  his  truth 
was  never  called  in  question  except  as  to  certain 
facts  which  related  to  some  of  the  prime  actors 
in  the  statesmanship  of  the  revolution.  Mr. 
Bancroft  as  an  impartial  historian  had  neces- 
sarily to  express  himself  in  regard  to  those  whose 
living  descendants  felt  their  pride  mortified 
by  his  disclosures  or  his  strictures,  and  he  was 
bitterly  assailed  by  pen  and  tongue.  He  did 
not  flinch  from  such  censure;  he  had  spared  no 
trouble  in  his  regard  for  accuracy,  and  he  was 
too  large-minded  to  quail  before  the  hail  of  un- 
popularity which  stung  him  after  his  publication 
of  what  is  undubitably  the  masterpiece  of  his 
work  — the  history  of  the  revolution.  He  is  ac- 
cused of  mendacity  in  his  use  of  quotations ; he 
is  also  charged  with  clinging  to  error,  in  that  he 
ignored  the  work  of  younger  investigators  in 
the  later  editions  of  his  volumes ; his  style  is  con  - 
sidered  inflated  and  rhapsodical  to  a degree  that 
is  tedious  • but  these  minor  defects  do  not 
detract  from  the  value  of  his  work  as  a whole, 
nor  from  the  ability  and  power  evinced  in  its 
achievement.  How  he  was  regarded  by  the 
great  minds  of  his  day  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
a partial  list  of  the  honors  showered  upon  him  by 
learned  societies,  as  well  as  by  the  great  univer- 
sities in  Europe  and  America,  fill  more  than  half 
a column  in  the  quinquennial  catalogue  of  Har- 
vard. He  founded  exhibitions  at  Exeter  and 
Worcester,  and  a scholarship  at  Harvard  which 
he  affectionately  named  after  his  old  tutor,  John 
Thornton  Kirkland.  Some  of  his  minor  works 
are:  “The  Necessity,  Reality  and  the  Promise 
of  the  Progress  of  the  Human  Race  ”;  “A  Plea 
for  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States”; 
“ The  Culture,  the  Support  and  the  Object  of 
Art  in  a Republic”;  “The  Office,  Appropriate 
Culture  and  Duty  of  the  Mechanic  ”;  “ Eulogies 
on  Lincoln,  Andrew  Jackson,  Prescott  and  Wash- 
ington Irving”;  and  numerous  other  orations 
delivered  on  various  occasions  and  afterwards 
published.  He  furnished  the  biography  of  Jona- 
than Edwards  for  the  American  Cyclopaedia. 
Mr.  Bancroft  was  a man  of  fine  presence,  and 
possessed  in  a remarkable  degree  the  quality  of 
youth;  age  did  not  seem  to  touch  him;  his  vigor, 
his  upright  carriage,  his  vivacity  and  joyous 
bearing  did  not  desert  him  as  his  years  increased. 
During  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  spent  his  time 
between  Washington  and  his  Newport  home. 
( See  “ Allibone’s  Dictionary  of  Authors.”  ) He 
died  at  Washington,  Jan.  17,  1891. 

BANCROFT,  Hubert  Howe,  historian,  was 
born  in  Granville,  Ohio,  May  5,  1832,  son  of  Ash- 
ley and  Lucy  (Howe)  Bancroft.  His  ancestors 
immigrated  to  America  from  England  two  cen- 
turies previously  and  settled  in  Connecticut, 
whence  his  father  removed  to  Ohio.  He  devoted 


some  time  in  preparing  for  college,  but  in  his  six 
teenth  year  decided  to  enter  business  life,  and 
was  employed  by  his  brother-in-law,  a bookseller 
in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  In  1851  he  joined  his  father, 
who  was  mining  in  California,  and  remained 
there  nearly  four  years, 
accumulating  s u ffi- 
cient  money  to  enable 
him  to  establish  him- 
self in  San  Francisco 
as  a bookseller  and 
stationer,  afterwards 
adding  publishing, 
printing  and  book- 
binding departments. 

The  business  soon  ex- 
tended from  Canada  to 
Mexico,  and  branches 
were  established  in  Ha- 
waii, China  and  Japan. 

As  early  as  1859  Mr.  Bancroft  determined  to  make 
use  of  the  vast  amount  of  valuable  historical 
material  which  would  eventually  be  lost  sight  of 
for  want  of  a recorder  to  put  it  into  readable 
shape.  At  first  his  intention  was  to  produce  a 
comprehensive  history  of  California,  but  his 
researches  led  him  to  enlarge  his  plans,  and  to 
make  a history  which  should  embrace  the  western 
half  of  North  America,  including  all  of  Mexico 
and  Central  America.  He  travelled  throughout 
Europe  and  America  in  search  of  material,  and 
established  agencies  in  all  the  principal  cities. 
Hundreds  of  living  witnesses  to  the  early  history 
of  the  coast  were  interviewed,  government  and 
family  archives  were  searched,  and  thousands  of 
stray  documents  were  collected  and  filed.  The 
first  results  of  this  vast  amount  of  labor  was 
“ The  native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States  of  North 
America  ” in  five  volumes,  the  last  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1876.  His  “ History  of  the  Pacific 
States  of  North  America  ” (34  vols.,  1882-'90), 
comprises  the  following,  each  volume  complete 
in  itself : “Central  America, " vols.  1-3 ; “Mexico,” 
4—9;  “North  Mexican  States  and  Texas,”  10- 
11;  “Arizonaand  New  Mexico,”  12;  “ Cali- 

fornia,” 13-19;  “Nevada,  Colorado  and  Wyom- 
ing,” 20;  “Utah,”  21;  “The  Northwest  Coast,” 
22-23;  “Oregon,”  24—25;  “Washington,  Idaho, 
and  Montana,”  26;  “British  Columbia,”  27; 
“ Alaska,”  28;  “ California  Pastoral,”  29;  “ Cali- 
fornia Interpocula, ” 30;  “Popular  Tribunals,” 
31-32;  “Essays  and  Miscellanies,”  33;  “Liter- 
ary Industries,”  34.  He  is  also  the  author  of 
“ A Brief  Account  of  the  Literary  Undertakings 
of  Hubert  Howe  Bancroft  ” (1882)  ;“  History  of 
Utah,  1540-1887”  (1890);  “Chronicles  of  the 
Builders  of  the  Commonwealth”  (6  vols.,  1891— 
’92);  “Resources  and  Development  of  Mexico” 
(1893) ; and  “ The  Book  of  the  Fail'.  ” 

D8U 


BANGS. 


BANKHEAD. 


BANGS,  Francis  Nehemiah,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  Feb.  28,  1828,  son  of  Nathan 
and  Mary  (Bolton)  Bangs.  His  father  was  a cler- 
gyman, manager  of  the  Methodist  book  concern 
and  editor  of  the  Christian  Advocate.  After  his 
preparatory  course  at  Wesleyan  university,  1841- 
'43,  he  was  graduated  from  the  University  of  the 
city  of  New  York  in  1845,  as  class  orator,  studied 
law  at  Yale  law  school,  1845-’47,  and  in  1850  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  New  York.  Immediately 
afterwards  he  went  into  partnership  with  John 
Sedgwick,  and  the  firm  became  widely  known 
from  its  connection  with  some  of  the  most  noted 
lawsuits  of  the  time,  including  the  Ketclium 
forgeries  of  1865,  the  suits  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio 
railroad,  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul,  the  New 
York  and  Oswego  Midland,  and  the  N.  Y.  ele- 
vated railways,  the  Ocean  bank  robbery,  the  dis- 
pute regarding  the  police  commissioners’  removal, 
and  the  trial  of  Senator  Sessions  for  bribery.  In 
1863  as  a private  and  quartermaster's  sergeant  in 
the  17th  regiment,  N.  G.  S.  N.  A*.,  he  served  at 
Fort  McHenry,  Baltimore.  He  was  married 
March  12,  1855,  to  Amelia  Frances,  daughter  of 
Mordecai  Bull,  and  had  sons,  Francis  Sedgwick, 
William  Nathan,  and  John  Kendrick.  Mr.  Bangs 
was  a member  of  the  New  York  historical  society 
and  president  of  the  New  York  bar  association. 
He  died  in  Ocala,  Fla.,  Nov.  30,  1885. 

BANGS,  Nathan,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Strat- 
ford, Conn..  May  2,  1778.  He  received  a meagre 
education,  but  before  he  was  twenty  years  old 
had  fitted  himself  to  teach  school.  When  twenty- 
one  he  went  to  Canada  and  there  employed  him- 
self as  a teacher  and  land  surveyor  for  some  three 
years,  until  he  joined  the  Methodist  church  and 
became  one  of  its  itinerant  preachers  in  the  prov- 
inces. He  acted  in  this  capacity  until  1820 
when  he  removed  to  New  York  city,  and  joined 
the  New  York  conference,  serving  at  various 
churches,  and  was  married  to  Mary  Bolton.  In 
1820  the  general  conference  selected  him  as  agent 
of  the  Methodist  book  concern,  which  at  the  time 
was  deeply  in  debt  and  suffering  from  inefficient 
management.  He  soon  paid  the  debts  of  the  con- 
cern, and  put  its  affairs  on  a business  basis.  He 
also  edited  the  Methodist  Magazine , and  in  1828 
assumed  editorial  control  of  the  Christian  Advo- 
cate. and  of  the  various  book  publications  of  the 
concern,  increasing  its  business  to  a remarkable 
extent.  In  1832  the  general  conference  made  him 
editor  of  tire  Methodist  Quarterly  Review , which 
that  year  replaced  the  Methodist  Magazine.  He 
was  the  founder  of  the  Methodist  missionary  so- 
ciety, and  was  elected  its  first  secretary  in  1836, 
when  he  relinquished  supervisory  control  of  the 
book  concern.  In  1841  lie  was  elected  president 
of  the  Wesleyan  university  at  Middletown,  Conn. , 
but  after  serving  in  that  capacity  for  about  a year 

Vi 


he  resumed  pastoral  relations  with  the  New  York 
conference.  From  that  time  on  until  his  death, 
he  was  engaged  in  pastoral  work  or  in  literary 
labor.  Among  his  more  important  publications 
are  : “ History  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 

Church  from  its  Origin  in  1776  to  the  General  Con- 
ference of  1840”  (4  vols.),  “Christianism,  ” “Errors 
of  Hopkinsianism,”  “ Predestination  Examined.” 
“ Reformer  Reformed,”  “ Methodist  Episcopacy." 
“ Life  of  Rev.  Freeborn  Garrettson,”  “ Authentic 
History  of  the  Missions  under  the  Care  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church,”  ‘ The  Original 
Church  of  Christ,”  “ Essay  on  Emancipation,” 
“ State  and  Responsibilities  of  the  Methodist 
Epicopal  Church,”  ‘‘The  Necessity,  Nature,  and 
Fruits  of  Sanctification : in  a Series  of  Letters  to  a 
Friend”  (1851),  “ Life  of  Arminius,  “Scriptural 
Vindication  of  the  Orders  and  Powers  of  the 
Ministry  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,” 
and  numerous  sermons.  His  life  has  been  fully 
written  by  Abel  Stevens.  He  died  in  New  York 
city.  May  3.  1862. 

BANKHEAD,  James,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1783,  son  of  James  Bankhead,  a revo- 
lutionary officer.  His  tastes  pointed  to  a military 
life  and  he  joined  the  army  as  captain  of  the  5th 
infantry,  June  18.  1808,  and  rose  by  successive 
steps  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  3d 
artillery,  April  26,  1832.  He  saw  active  service 
and  won  brevet  rank  as  colonel  for  distinguished 
bravery  in  the  Florida  campaign,  and  afterwards 
in  the  Mexican  war  received  a like  honor  for  con 
spicuous  gallantry  at  Vera  Cruz  in  command  of 
the  2d  artillery,  when  he  received  the  brevet  rank 
of  brigadier-general,  March  29,  1847.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  commander  of  Orizaba,  a 
department  in  Mexico,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  had  charge  of  the  military  department  of 
t lie  east.  His  son,  John  Pine  Bankhead,  was  a 
U.  S.  naval  officer  during  the  civil  war.  General 
Bankhead  died  in  Baltimore.  Md..  Nov.  11,  1856. 

BANKHEAD,  John  H.,  representative,  was 
born  at  Moscow,  Marion  county,  Ala.,  Sept.  13. 
1842.  During  the  civil  war  lie  served  four  years 
in  the  Confederate  army  and  was  three  times 
wounded.  He  represented  his  native  county  in 
the  general  assembly  of  Alabama  during  1865, 
’66  and  "67,  and  was  a member  of  the  state  senate 
lS76-'77.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  of  the  state  under  the  new 
constitution  and  served  1880-'81.  and  at  the  end 
of  his  term  was  appointed  warden  of  the  state 
penitentiary,  serving  1881  to  1885.  In  1886  he  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  50th  Congress  as  a 
Democrat,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  51st.  52d, 
53d,  54tli,  and  55th  congresses. 

BANKHEAD,  John  Pine,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  South  Carolina.  Aug.  3.  1821.  son  of 
James  Bankhead,  an  army  officer  in  the  Mexican 
S] 


BANKS. 


BANKS. 


war,  and  grandson  of  James  Bankhead,  a soldier 
of  the  revolutionary  war.  At  the  age  of  seven- 
teen he  entered  the  navy  as  a midshipman,  and 
after  fourteen  years  of  faithful  service  won  pro- 
motion to  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  His  first  station 
in  the  civil  war  was  on  board  the  Susquehanna-, 
later  he  commanded  the  Pembina  at  the  capture 
of  Port  Royal,  and  was  commanding  the  Florida 
when  Fernandina  was  taken  March  4,  1862.  He 
received  his  commandership  in  the  same  year  and 
was  appointed  to  the  Monitor.  He  displayed 
both  bravery  and  presence  of  mind  when  that 
ship  foundered  off  Cape  Hatteras,  Dec.  31,  1862, 
and  to  his  efforts  was  mainly  due  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  crew.  He  was  the  last  to  leave  the 
already  half -sunken  vessel.  After  the  close  of 
hostilities,  he  was  attached  to  the  East  India 
squadron  as  commander  of  the  Wyoming . He  re- 
ceived his  captaincy  in  1866.  The  declension  of 
his  health  caused  his  resignation  early  in  1867, 
and  he  died  on  shipboard  on  his  way  home  when 
near  Aden,  April  27,  1867. 

BANKS,  David,  law  publisher,  was  born  in 
Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1796.  He  fitted  himself  for  the 
legal  profession,  and  practised  in  partnership  with 
Charles  Brainard  until  1819,  when  he  entered 
into  co-partnership  with  Stephen  Gould  in 
establishing  a law-book  store  and  publishing 
concern.  Their  business,  ably  managed,  rapidly 
increased,  and  developed  finally  into  one  of  the 
largest  law-publishing  houses  in  the  United  States. 
He  was  alderman  of  New  York  city  for  ten  years 
and  for  a time  president  of  the  board.  He  died 
in  New  York  city  Oct.  13,  1871. 

BANKS.  Linn,  statesman,  was  born  in  Madison 
county,  Va.  For  twenty  successive  years  he  was 
speaker  of  the  Virginia  house  of  delegates.  Re- 
signing in  1838  he  was  elected  a representative  to 
the  26th,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  27th  Congress. 
He  resigned  in  September,  1841,  and  was  thrown 
from  his  horse  and  drowned  while  fording  Con- 
way river,  Jan.  14,  1842. 

BANKS,  Nathaniel  Prentiss,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Waltham,  Mass.,  Jan.  30,  1816.  He  re- 
ceived a common-school  education  and  at  an  parly 
age  was  employed  in  a cotton  mill.  Subsequently 
he  became  editor  of  a local  paper,  then  studied 
law,  and  in  1849  was  chosen  to  represent  his 
native  town  in  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts. 
By  a coalition  of  the  Democratic  and  Free  Soil 
parties  he  was  elected  speaker  of  the  state  as- 
sembly in  1851,  and  re-elected,  in  1852.  In  1853 
he  became  chairman  of  the  Massachusetts  con- 
stitutional convention,  and  in  1852  was  elected 
to  the  33d  U.  S.  Congress  as  representative 
from  Massachusetts,  and  was  re-elected  to  the 
34th  Congress  as  a candidate  of  the  American  or 
“ Know-Nothing  ” party.  When  Congress  assem- 
bled in  December,  1855,  Representative  Banks 


was  named  as  speaker  of  the  house,  and  after  a 
prolonged  contest  was  elected  and  took  the  chair 
Feb.  2,  1856.  As  presiding  officer  of  the  repre- 
sentative body  of  Congress  he  made  the  remark- 
able record  of  having 
been  sustained  in  all 
his  rulings.  He  was 
again  elected  to  the 
35th  Congress  as  a 
Republican,  and 
served  until  Dec.  4, 

1857,  when  he  re- 
signed to  take  his 
seat  as  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  hav- 
ing been  elected  to 
that  office  in  Novem- 
ber as  a Republican. 

He  was  re-elected  to 
that  office  in  1858  and 
again  in  1859,  and  in  1860  he  succeeded  George  B. 
McClellan  as  president  of  the  Illinois  Central  rail- 
road. When  the  civil  war  began  he  resigned, 
was  commissioned  major-general  of  volunteers, 
and  commanded  the  5th  corps  of  the  army  of 
the  Potomac.  His  first  battle  was  Winchester, 
March  23,  1862.  In  April  and  May  of  that  year  he 
was  left  with  two  divisions  to  guard  the  Shenan- 
doah valley,  General  Shields's  division  being  with- 
drawn. Banks,  with  eight  thousand  men,  was 
attacked  by  " Stonewall  ” Jackson's  entire  corps, 
and  on  May  26  he  made  a masterly  retreat, 
escaping  with  some  difficulty  by  crossing  the 
Potomac  at  Williamsport,  and  thus  saved  his 
entire  force  from  capture.  He  joined  the  army 
of  Virginia  under  General  Pope  at  Cedar  Moun- 
tain, Aug.  9,  1862,  and  his  corps  there  held  the 
advance  against  a vastly  superior  force  of  the 
Confederates  for  two  days,  when  being  reinforced 
he  drove  the  Confederates  to  the  Rapidan.  Gen- 
eral Banks  was  employed  in  the  defence  of  Wash- 
ington and  afterwards  commanded  an  expedition 
which  sailed  from  New  York  in  November  and 
December,  1862,  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  assumed 
command  of  the  department,  succeeding  Gen.B.F. 
Butler.  He  took  possession  of  Baton  Rouge,  made 
an  expedition  up  the  Teclie  country,  and  invested 
Port  Hudson  in  connection  with  the  fleet  of 
Farragut.  In  July,  1863,  the  news  of  the  surren- 
der of  Vicksburg  was  received,  and  on  the  9th  of 
that  month  the  garrison  of  Port  Hudson  sur- 
rendered to  the  investing  forces  of  General 
Banks.  Early  in  1864  his  army,  reinforced  by 
ten  thousand  men  and  accompanied  by  a strong 
naval  force,  under  Gen.  A.  J.  Smith,  under- 
took the  Red  river  campaign.  The  combined 
force  led  by  General  Banks  advanced  rapidly  up 
the  Red  river  as  far  as  Sabine  cross-roads,  where 
they  encountered  the  Confederate  forces  under 


1183] 


BANVARD. 


BARAGA. 


Gen.  Richard  Taylor,  and  were  driven  back  to 
Pleasant  Hill;  but  on  the  following  day,  when 
the  Confederates  renewed  the  attack,  they  were 
repulsed  and  the  Federal  forces  enabled  to  retire 
to  Alexandria,  where  they  awaited  the  gunboats 
stranded  above  by  reason  of  the  subsidence  of  the 
spring  freshets.  When  the  boats  were  released 
by  Colonel  Bailey's  dam,  the  combined  land  and 
naval  forces  fell  back  to  the  Mississippi  river. 
The  failure  of  the  expedition  was  charged  to  Gen- 
eral Banks,  who,  however,  disclaimed  the  respon- 
sibility of  the  undertaking.  In  May,  1864,  he 
was  relieved  of  his  command,  resigned  his  com- 
mission and  returned  to  his  native  state.  He 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  39th  Congress 
in  1865  to  fill  a vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation 
of  D.  W.  Gooch,  and  was  re-elected  in  1866-'68-'70 
and  again  elected  in  1874.  In  1879  he  was  ap- 
pointed U.  S.  marshal  for  the  district  of  Massa- 
chusetts by  President  Hayes,  and  served  until 
1888,  when  he  was  again  elected  to  represent  his 
district  in  the  51st  Congress.  Harvard  college 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1858. 
He  died  in  Waltham,  Mass.,  Sept.  1,  1894. 

BANVARD,  John,  painter,  was  born  in  New 
York  city,  Jan.  21,  1821.  At  the  age  of  fifteen, 
he  journeyed  to  Kentucky,  where,  wandering 
from  place  to  place,  he  developed  his  talent  for 
painting  by  transferring  the  faces  and  scenes 
incident  to  his  journey  to  canvas,  which  he 
exhibited.  His  trips  up  and  down  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  rivers  decided  him  in  1841  to  paint 
a panorama  of  the  Mississippi  river.  He  made 
his  drawings  with  the  utmost  care  upon  a canvas 
half  a mile  long,  and  painted  in  the  landscape. 
He  exhibited  this  panorama  all  over  the  country, 
and  it  met  with  such  favor  that  he  took  it  abroad. 
He  spent  many  years  in  travel,  and  wrote  num- 
erous books  about  the  countries  through  which 
he  journeyed.  During  the  civil  war  the  gov- 
ernment found  his  careful  study  of  the  Mississippi 
river  very  useful,  and  it  was  largely  by  infor- 
mation furnished  by  him  to  General  Fremont 
and  General  Pope  that  the  capture  of  Island  No. 
10  was  accomplished.  Mr.  Banvard  wrote  many 
poems,  which  have  appeared  in  American  and 
English  periodicals.  He  published : ‘ ‘ Description 
of  the  Mississippi  River,”  “Pilgrimage  to  the 
Holy  Land,”  “ Amasis,  or  the  Last  of  the 
Pharaohs,”  “ The  Private  Life  of  a King,”  “ The 
Tradition  of  the  Temple  ” (1883).  He  also  wrote 
dramas,  two  of  which  were  produced  on  the 
stage,  “Amasis,”  and  “Carrinia.”  He  died 
May  16,  1891. 

BANVARD,  Joseph,  author,  was  born  in  New 
York  city,  May  9,  1810,  brother  of  John  Ban- 
vard. He  was  educated  primarily  at  the 
South  Reading  academy,  was  graduated  from 
the  Newton  theological  institution  in  1833, 


and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Second  Baptist 
church,  Salem,  Mass.,  where  he  preached  for 
eleven  years.  He  afterwards  preached  in  Boston 
five  years,  West  Cambridge  two  years,  New  York 
three  years,  Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  five  years,  Wor- 
cester, Mass.,  five  years.  In  1866  he  was  chosen 
president  of  the  National  theological  institute, 
Washington,  D.  C.  At  the  end  of  the  year  he 
became  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  at  Paterson, 
N.  J.,  where  he  remained  ten  years,  and  at 
Neponset,  Mass.,  in  1876.  He  is  the  author  of 
“ The  Christian  Melodist ; a collection  of  Hymns” 
(1850);  “Plymouth  and  the  Pilgrims”  (1851); 
“Romance  of  American  History”  (1852); 
“ Novelties  of  the  New  World”  (1852);  “The 
American  Statesman,  or  Illustrations  of  the 
Life  and  Character  of  Daniel  Webster  ” (1853) ; 
“Priscilla;  or,  Trials  for  the  Truth”  (1854); 
“Wisdom,  Wit  and  Whims  of  the  Old  Philoso- 
phers” (1854);  “Tragic  Scenes  in  the  History 
of  Maryland  and  the  Old  French  War  ” (1856) ; 
“ Old  Grips  and  Little  Tidd  ” (1871) ; “ First  Ex- 
plorers of  North  America”  (1874);  “Southern 
Explorers  and  Colonists  ” (1874);  “ Soldiers  and 
Patriots  of  the  Revolution  ” (1876),  and  a juvenile 
library  of  eight  volumes.  He  was  chosen  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Boston  society  of  nat- 
ural history  and  of  the  historical  society  of  Wis- 
consin, vice-president  of  the  Worcester  county, 
Mass.,  natui-al  history  society,  and  president  of 
the  historical  society  of  Passaic  county,  N.  J. 
He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A. M.  from 
Columbian  college,  and  that  of  D.D.  from  Shurt- 
leff  college. 

BARAGA,  Frederick,  Roman  Catholic  bishop, 
was  born  in  Treffen,  Carniola.  He  was  educated 
at  home  until  nine  years  of  age,  when  he  com- 
menced his  studies  at  the  college  of  Laibacli  in 
his  native  province.  He  was  distinguished  for 
his  linguistic  ability  and  proficiency  in  general 
studies.  He  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  law 
at  Vienna,  graduating  brilliantly  in  1821.  His 
inclination  was,  however,  for  the  priesthood, 
and  he  entered  the  ecclesiastical  seminary  of 
Laibach  to  take  a theological  course.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  priesthood  in  1823.  For  the  next 
seven  years  Carniola  was  the  scene  of  his  mis- 
sionary labors,  and  during  that  time  he  prepared 
many  books  of  devotion  in  the  Sclavonic  tongue 
for  popular  use,  greatly  improving  his  native 
language  thereby.  He  determined  to  devote  him- 
self to  American  missions,  and  sailed  from  Havre 
in  December,  1830,  arriving  in  Cincinnati,  Jan. 
18,  1831,  and  first  located  at  Arbre  Croche,  a vil- 
lage of  the  Ottawa  Indians  on  Lake  Michigan. 
Here  he  labored  for  two  years,  meanwhile  com- 
piling and  printing  a prayer  and  hymn  book 
in  the  Ottawa  language.  He  went  to  Grand 
river  in  the  autumn  of  1883,  and  remained  there 


BARBEE. 


BARBER. 


for  sixteen  months,  when  he  repaired  to  Lapointe, 
and  for  eighteen  years  his  labors  were  spent 
among  the  Indians  of  Lake  Superior.  Father 
Baraga's  desire  being  to  insure  the  permanence 
of  his  work  among  those  untutored  people,  in 
the  winter  of  1836-’37  he  compiled  “The  Prayer 
and  Hymn  Book  and  Catechism,”  “Extracts  of 
the  History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  with 
the  Gospels  of  the  A" ear,”  in  the  same  language; 
and  his  “Treatise  on  the  History,  Character, 
Manners  and  Customs  of  the  North  American 
Indians,”  in  German,  also  a devotional  book  in 
the  Sclavonic  language.  In  1837-’38  he  paid  a 
visit  to  Europe  to  secure  funds  for  his  mission, 
and  had  his  Indian  books  printed  in  Paris.  In  1843 
he  transferred  his  residence  to  the  “ Ance,”  where 
he  composed  his  great  philological  works,  a gram- 
mar and  a dictionary  of  the  Otchipwe  (Chip- 
peway)  language.  In  1853  Father  Baraga  was 
consecrated  titular  bishop  of  Amyzonia,  and 
made  Vicar- Apostolic  of  Upper  Michigan.  His 
missionary  labors  continued,  as  before,  and  in 
1854  he  visited  Europe  and  brought  back  with  him 
twelve  new  laborers  for  the  field.  In  1855  he 
attended  the  provincial  council  of  Cincinnati,  and 
for  the  next  few  years  the  labors  of  his  diocese 
engrossed  his  attention.  In  1856  he  was  made 
bishop  of  St.  Mary ; and  in  1865,  when  the  see  was 
transferred  to  Marquette,  bishop  of  Marquette 
and  St.  Mary.  The  health  of  the  venerable  mis- 
sionary had  long  been  failing,  when  in  1866  he 
was  struck  with  apoplexy  in  Baltimore,  while  in 
attendance  at  the  national  council.  His  condi- 
tion improved  sufficiently  to  enable  him  to 
return  to  his  bishopric,  where  he  died  two  years 
later,  having  performed  a work  of  inestimable 
value  in  creating  a literature  of  what  had  hitherto 
been  the  uncultivated  language  of  savage  people. 
He  died  at  Marquette,  Mich., Jan.  6,  1868. 

BARBEE,  William  J.,  author,  was  born  at  Win- 
chester, Ky.,  in  1816.  His  education  was  obtained 
at  Paris,  Ky.,  and  at  the  Miami  university,  in  Ox- 
ford, Ohio.  After  his  graduation  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine,  and  for  nearly  ten  years  prac- 
tised that  profession  in  Cincinnati,  but  he  subse- 
quently became  a school  teacher  and  a Campbellite 
preacher.  Among  his  published  writings  are: 
“The  Scriptural  Doctrine  of  Confirmation”; 
“Tiie  Physical  and  Moral  Aspect  of  Geology” 
(1859);  “The  Cotton  Question;  its  Production 
and  Consumption  ” (1866) ; “ The  First  Principles 
of  Geology”  (1867);  and  “ Life  of  the  Apostle 
Peter.” 

BARBER,  Francis,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  in  1751  He  was  graduated 
from  Princeton  college  in  1767,  and  two  years 
later  accepted  the  position  of  principal  of  the 
Elizabethtown  (N.  J.)  academy.  He  joined  the 
revolutionary  army  in  1776  with  the  rank  of 

1 


major  of  artillery,  and  received  promotion  first  to 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  later  to  assistant  in- 
spector-general, serving  under  Baron  Steuben. 
He  was  present  at  many  important  battles,  in- 
cluding Trenton,  Princeton,  Brandywine  and 
Germantown,  receiving  serious  wounds  at 
Monmouth.  He  was  taken  to  a hospital,  and 
while  convalescent  succeeded  in  gaining  impor- 
tant information  which  was  exceedingly  useful 
to  the  patriots.  In  1779  he  was  promoted  adju- 
tant-general, and  the  following  year  was  ap- 
pointed by  General  Washington  to  levy  stores 
in  New  Jersey.  The  following  year  when  insur- 
rection broke  out  in  some  of  the  troops  he  was 
sent  to  subdue  the  soldiers,  accomplishing  the 
task  with  tact  and  success.  He  was  present  at 
several  engagements  in  Lafayette’s  Virginia 
campaign  in  1781,  notably  at  York  town,  serving 
efficiently  throughout  the  war.  He  died  in 
Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  11,  1783. 

BARBER,  Francis  M.,  naval  officer,  was  born 
at  Sandusky,  Ohio,  in  1845,  and  was  graduated 
from  the  naval  academy,  Annapolis,  Md.,  in  1865, 
at  the  age  of  twenty.  After  his  graduation  he 
saw  service  on  various  ships,  cruising  in  the 
waters  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  the  West 
Indies,  being  steadily  promoted  from  acting  mid- 
shipman in  1861,  to  midshipman,  1862;  ensign, 
1866;  master,  1868;  lieutenant,  1869;  lieutenant- 
commander,  1879,  and  in  1889  receiving  the 
rank  of  commander.  He  was  instructor  at  the 
United  States  torpedo  station,  Newport,  from 
1871  to  1875,  at  the  same  time  superintending  the 
manufacture  of  high  explosives.  When  the 
Alarm  was  fitted  for  sea  he  was  her  first  com- 
mander, and  acted  in  the  Naval  advisory  board 
that  constructed  the  Atlanta,  Boston,  Chicago 
and  Dolphin.  In  October,  1893,  lie  was  granted 
leave  of  absence.  His  published  writings  include 
contributions  to  current  literature  on  naval  sub- 
jects, and  several  lectures,  among  which  are 
lectures  on  “The  Whitehead  Torpedo”  (1874); 
“ Drifting  and  Automatic  Movable  Torpedoes, 
Submarine  Guns  and  Rockets  ” (1874) ; and 
“Submarine  Boats  and  their  Application  to 
Torpedo  Operations  ” (1875). 

BARBER,  John  J.,  artist,  was  born  at  San- 
dusky, Ohio,  Sept.  21,  1840.  In  1862  he  obtained 
admission  to  the  bar,  but  never  practised  the  law, 
joining  the  army  the  following  year.  Under  the 
hardships  of  army  life  his  health  became  im- 
paired, and  lie  was  compelled  to  return  home, 
where  he  began  to  paint,  first  as  an  avocation 
and  later  as  a vocation.  He  may  be  called  a 
wholly  self-taught  painter.  In  1871  he  estab- 
lished a working  studio  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  where 
he  painted  many  successful  pictures,  several  of 
which  were  exhibited  at  the  National  academy 
of  design  in  New  York  city.  Among  the  better 
1R5J 


BARBER. 


BARBOUR 


known  of  his  paintings  are:  “Elysium  of  the 
Herd  ” ( 1881) ; “ Pride  of  the  Eastwood  Jerseys  ” 
(1882);  “The  Thirsty  Herd  ” (1883) ; “Jersey 
Herd”  (1883);  “The  Passing  Shower”  (1884); 
and  “ The  Cool  Retreat  ” (1885). 

BARBER,  John  Warner,  historian,  was  born 
at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Feb.  2,  1798.  When  a young 
man  he  conceived  the  plan  of  a history  prepared 
from  personal  recollections  of  participants  in  the 
stirring  scenes  incident  to  the  early  settlement 
of  the  United  States.  By  travelling  through 
the  historical  places  he  gathered  the  material  and 
carried  out  his  plan  in  “ Historical  Scenes  in  the 
United  States,”  written  in  collaboration  with 
Henry  Howe  of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  who  accom- 
panied him  on  his  travels,  and  published  in  1827. 
He  also  prepared  and  published:  “History  and 
Antiquities  of  New  Haven  ” (1831);  “Religious 
Events”  (1832);  “Historical  Collections  of 
Connecticut  ” (1836),  and  of  Massachusetts 

(1839) ; “ History  and  Antiquities  of  New  Eng- 
land, New  York  and  New  Jersey  ” (1841) ; 
“Elements  of  General  History”  (1844);  “In- 
cidents in  American  History”  (1847);  “Relig- 
ious Emblems  and  Allegories  ” (1848) ; “ European 
Historical  Collections"  (1855);  “Our  Whole 
Country,  Historical  and  Descriptive”  (1861); 
in  collaboration  with  Henry  Howe  of  New  Haven, 
he  issued:  “Historical  Collections  of  New 

York  (1841) ; New  Jersey  (1844) ; Virginia  (1844) ; 
Ohio  (1847),”  and  in  conjunction  with  Elizabeth 
G.  Barber,  “ Historical,  Poetical  and  Pictorial 
American  Scenes  ” (1850).  He  died  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  June  13,  1885. 

BARBOUR,  James  C.,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Orange  county , Va.,  June  10,  1775;  son  of  Col. 
Thomas  Barbour.  He  studied  law  while  deputy 
sheriff,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1794.  He 
was  a member,  and  part  of  the  time  speaker,  of 
the  Virginia  house  of  delegates  from  1796-1812, 
and  framed  the  anti-duelling  act.  In  1812  he 
was  elected  governor  of  Virginia,  and  in  1815 
to  the  United  States  senate.  He  was  secretary 
of  war  under  President  John  Q.  Adams,  and 
in  1828  was  sent  as  minister  to  England,  being 
recalled  by  President  Jackson  in  1829.  He  was 
president  of  the  Whig  convention  in  1839,  which 
nominated  General  Harrison  for  president,  and 
was  a vigorous  opposer  of  the  doctrines  of  the 
Democratic  party.  He  died  June  8,  1842. 

BARBOUR,  John  S.,  senator,  was  born  in 
Culpepper  county,  Dec.  29,  1820.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  University  of  Virginia  from  which 
he  was  graduated  in  1842,  and  soon  began  the 
practice  of  law  in  his  native  county'.  Born  of  a 
family  of  politicians,  yroung  Barbour  became 
prominent  in  the  politics  of  Culpepper  county', 
and  in  1847  at  the  age  of  twenty-seven  was 
sent  to  the  house  of  delegates  of  the  Virginia 


legislature.  He  was  re-elected  to  serve  in  three 
successive  sessions  of  that  body.  Then  for  nearly 
thirty  years  he  was  engaged  in  large  business 
enterprises.  In  1852  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  railroad  and 
served  in  that  capacity  until  the  road  was 
merged  in  the  Virginia  Midland  railroad,  when 
he  was  made  president  of  that  road  until  1883, 
when  he  resigned.  In  1880  he  was  elected  to 
represent  his  district  in  the  47th  Congress  and 
was  re-elected  to  the  48th  and  49th  congresses. 
The  Virginia  legislature  in  1889  elected  him  as  a 
Democrat  to  the  United  States  senate  to  succeed 
Harrison  H.  Riddleberger,  whose  term  expired 
March  3,  1889.  Senator  Barbour  served  as  a mem- 
ber of  the  regular  senate  comm  ittees  on  pensions, 
inter-state  commerce,  education  and  labor, 
District  of  Columbia,  and  organization  conduct 
and  expenditures  of  the  executive  departments, 
as  well  as  of  the  select  committees  to  investigate 
the  Potomac  river  in  front  of  Washington  and 
to  establish  a university  of  the  United  States. 
He  died  May  14,  1892. 

BARBOUR,  Philip  Norbourne,  soldier,  was 
born  near  Bardstown,  Kyr.,  in  1817.  In  1834 
he  was  graduated  from  the  military  academy  at 
West  Point  with  the  brevet  rank  of  2d  lieuten- 
ant, and  was  promoted  to  the  full  rank  in  1836, 
serving  on  frontier  duty  in  Iowa  and  Louisiana 
until  1840.  In  1838  he  was  promoted  1st  lieuten- 
ant and  from  1840  to  1842  served  in  the  Florida 
war.  In  April,  1842,  he  was  brevetted  captain 
for  his  services  in  the  war  against  the  Florida 
Indians,  and  until  June,  1843,  served  as  acting 
assistant  adjutant-general  of  the  department  of 
Florida.  He  was  promoted  captain  Nov.  26. 
1845,  and  served  in  the  military  occupation  of 
Texas  in  1845  and  1846.  He  was  actively  engaged 
in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  for  his  action  in  the 
battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma  he 
received  the  brevet  rank  of  major.  He  also 
served  in  the  battle  of  Monterey,  and  while 
cheering  his  men  to  the  charge,  he  was  struck 
by  a ball  and  died  Sept.  21,  1846. 

BARBOUR,  Philip  Pendleton,  jurist,  was 
born  in  Orange  county,  Va. , May  25,  1783,  son 
of  Col.  Thomas  Barbour.  He  received  a classical 
education,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  practised 
successfully'.  He  was  elected  a representative 
from  Virginia  to  the  13th  Congress,  and  was  re- 
elected to  the  five  succeeding  congresses,  serving 
from  Sept.  19.  1814,  to  Feb.,  1825.  In  1821  he  was 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  in 
1825  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Virginia  general 
court  for  the  eastern  district,  the  position  hav- 
ing been  left  vacant  by  the  death  of  Judge 
Holmes.  In  1827  he  was  elected  as  a representa- 
tive to  the  20th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to 
the  21st,  serving  until  1830,  when  he  resigned. 
[186] 


BARD. 


BARKER. 


At  the  National  Democratic  convention,  which 
met  at  Baltimore  in  1832,  he  received  forty -six 
votes  as  candidate  for  the  vice-presidency. 
He  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court,  March  15,  1836,  by  President  Jack- 
son,  holding  the  office  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  25,  1841. 

BARD,  Samuel,  physician,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  April  1,  1742,  son  of  John  Bard. 
His  paternal  grandfather  was  driven  to  America 
by  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and 
settling  at  Burlington,  N.  J.,  became  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  supreme  court.  Samuel  Bard  en- 
tered King’s  college  at  the  age  of  fourteen.  In 
1861  he  went  to  Europe  to  complete  his  education, 
and  was  graduated  at  Edinburgh  in  1865  with 
high  honors.  He  then  practised  medicine  in 
New  York  city,  and  within  a year  established 
a medical  school  in  connection  with  King’s  col- 
lege, in  which  he  held  the  chair  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  physics.  At  the  first  commence- 
ment of  Columbia  college  (formerly  King’s)  in 
1769,  Dr.  Bard  delivered  an  address  to  the  gradu- 
ates which  moved  influential  men  to  establish  the 
New  York  hospital.  His  work  was  somewhat 
interrupted  by  the  revolutionary  war,  but  he 
soon  regained  his  large  practice,  and  was  the 
family  physician  of  General  Washington  during 
his  stay  in  New  York.  In  1792  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  in  Columbia  college, 
and  in  1798  retired  from  active  professional  life, 
residing  at  Hyde  Park  on  the  Hudson,  where  he 
built  an  Episcopal  church  and  contributed 
largely  to  its  support.  He  was  much  interested 
in  agriculture,  being  instrumental  in  forming 
the  agricultural  society  of  Dutchess  county,  of 
which  he  was  elected  president  in  1806.  In  1811 
he  was  elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  col 
lege  of  physicians  and  surgeons  in  Philadelphia, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  made  president  of  the 
New  York  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons.  In 
1816  Princeton  college  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  The  titles  of  his  books  include  : 
“ De  Viribus  Opii  ” (1765);  “A  Compendium  of 
the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Midwifery  ” (1807,  5th 
ed.,  1819),  and  “ The  Shepherd’s  Guide.”  He  died 
in  Hyde  Park,  N.  Y.,  May  24,  1821. 

BARD,  William,  underwriter,  was  born  in  New 
York  city,  Oct.  6,  1777 ; son  of  Samuel  and  Mary 
(Bard)  Bard.  Through  his  marriage  with  a 
daughter  of  Edward  Prime  he  was  brought  into 
intimate  association  with  the  prominent  mer- 
chants of  New  York,  and  was  induced  to  embark 
in  the  insurance  business.  In  1830,  in  connection 
with  T.  B.  Wakeman  and  others,  he  obtained 
from  the  legislature  an  act  of  incorporation  for 
the  New  York  life  insurance  and  trust  company, 
of  which  he  was  for  many  years  president.  He 
died  Oct.  17,  1853. 


BARDWELL,  Willis  Arthur,  librarian,  was 
born  at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  Oct.  15,  1840;  son 
of  Joseph  Bardwell,  fourth  in  descent  from  Robert 
Bardwell,  his  first  American  ancestor,  who  came 
to  Boston  from  London  in  1670,  just  in  time  to 
take  active  part  in  the  Indian  wars  by  which  the 
colonists  were  harassed  during  the  years  that  fol- 
lowed his  arrival.  When  Willis  was  seven  years 
old  his  father  died,  and  the  next  twelve  years  of 
his  life  were  spent  in  farm  labor  during  the 
summers,  and  attending  school  in  winter.  At 
the  age  of  nineteen  he  went  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
and  engaged  in  the  book  business  as  clerk,  con- 
tinuing with  one  concern  for  ten  years.  In 
January,  1869,  he  obtained  the  position  of  assist- 
ant to  Mr.  S.  B.  Noyes,  librarian  of  the  mercantile 
library  of  Brooklyn,  and  acted  in  that  capacity 
until  1885,  when  upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Noyes  he 
was  appointed  acting  librarian.  In  1888  he  was 
made  librarian.  The  library  in  1896  consisted  of 
130,000  volumes. 

BARKER,  Fordyce,  physician,  was  born  at 
Wilton,  Maine,  May  2,  1819.  He  was  of  English 
descent,  and  his  father  was  a physician.  After 
being  prepared  for  college  in  his  native  town,  he 
was  sent  to  Bowdoin  college,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1837.  He  then  entered  the  Harvard 
medical  school  to 
study  for  his  fa- 
ther ’ s profession. 

Having  graduated 
there  in  1841,  he 
went  to  Europe  to 
complete  his  studies 
in  Edinburgh  and 
Paris.  He  returned 
to  America  in 
1844,  and  in  1845 
settled  at  Norwich, 

Conn.  Patients 
came  to  him  slowly, 
but  before  a year 


had  expired  he  was  j.  . 

appointed  professor 


of  obstetrics  in  the 


medical  department  of  Bowdoin  college.  Early 
in  his  medical  career,  Dr.  Barker  decided  to  make 
obstetrics  a special  study,  and  a paper  he  had 
read  on  that  subject  before  the  Connecticut  state 
medical  association  having  attracted  wide  at- 
tention, he  was,  in  1850,  called  to  the  chair  of 
midwifery  in  the  New  York  medical  college,  and 
when  Bellevue  hospital  was  opened  in  1852  he  was 
appointed  its  obstetrical  physician.  Eight  years 
later  he  was  made  professor  of  midwifery  and  the 
diseases  of  women  in  the  Bellevue  medical  col- 
lege. Dr.  Barker  had  been  but  a short  time  in 
New  York  when  he  attracted  attention  by  re- 
moving a fibroid  uterus  tumor,  that  being  the 


P87J 


BARKER. 


BARKER. 


first  time  such  an  operation  had  been  performed 
successfully  in  the  United  States.  He  afterwards 
gave  up  his  connection  with  Bellevue  medical 
college  and  became  a practising  physician.  In 
1856  he  was  elected  president  of  the  New  York 
state  medical  society,  and  from  1878  to  1884  was 
president  of  the  New  York  academy  of  medicine. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  medical  works,  in- 
cluding a series  of  lectures  on  “ Puerperal  Dis- 
eases ” (1872),  which  was  translated  into  German, 
French,  Italian  and  Spanish;  and  a treatise  on 
“ Seasickness  ” (1870).  He  received  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  from  Bowdoin  college,  Edinburgh 
university  and  Columbia  college.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  New  York  obstetrical  society,  of 
the  New  York  pathological  society,  of  the  New 
York  medical  and  surgical  society,  and  of  the 
American  gynecological  society.  He  was  also 
honorary  fellow  of  the  royal  medical  society  of 
Athens.  He  died  in  New  York  city  May  29,  1891. 

BARKER,  George  Frederick,  physicist,  was 
born  at  Charlestown,  Mass.,  July  14,  1885.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  scientific  school  in  1858, 
and  during  his  senior  year  was  appointed  assist- 
ant in  chemistry  to  Professor  Silliman.  After 
his  graduation  he  was  made  assistant  to  Dr.  John 
Bacon  of  Harvard  medical  college.  He  held  the 
chair  of  natural  sciences  in  Wheaton  (111.)  college 
during  1861,  and  in  1862  accepted  the  acting  pro- 
fessorship of  chemistry  in  Albany  medical  college, 
where  he  took  a medical  course,  receiving  the 
degree  of  M.D.  in  1863.  In  1864  he  was  professor 
of  natural  sciences  in  the  Western  university  of 
Pennsylvania;  in  1865  he  became  demonstrator 
of  chemistry  in  the  medical  department  of  Tale 
university,  and  the  following  year,  in  the  absence 
of  Professor  Silliman,  occupied  his  chair.  In 
1867  he  took  charge  of  the  department  of  physio- 
logical chemistry  and  toxicology  at  Yale,  and  in 
1873  was  given  the  chair  of  physics  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  In  1881  he  was  one  of 
the  United  States  commissioners  to  the  interna- 
tional electrical  exhibition  in  Paris,  and  a delegate 
to  the  international  congress  of  electricians. 
The  French  government  decorated  him  with 
the  insignia  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  with  the 
rank  of  commander.  In  1884  President  Arthur 
appointed  him  a member  of  the  United  States 
electrical  commission,  and  he  was  employed  as  an 
expert  in  the  suit  against  the  American  Bell 
telephone  company.  His  lecture  on  the  ‘ ‘ Correla- 
tion of  Vital  and  Physical  Forces  ” was  published 
in  1871,  and  later  was  republished  in  French. 
Among  his  other  published  writings  are  “ The 
Forces  of  Nature”  (1863);  “Text-book  of  Ele- 
mentary Chemistry  ” (1870);  “The  Chemical 
Discoveries  of  the  Spectroscope  ” (1873);  “ The 
Conversion  of  Mechanical  Energy  into  Heat  by 
Dynamo- Electric  Machines”  (1880),  and  “Phy- 


sics ” (1892).  In  1872  he  was  made  vice-president 
of  the  American  association  for  the  advancement 
of  science,  and  president  in  1879,  and  in  1876  he 
was  elected  a member  of  the  National  academy 
of  sciences.  He  was  editor  of  the  journal  of 
the  Franklin  institute,  and  for  a number  of 
years  edited  the  ‘ 1 Annual  Record  of  the  Prog- 
ress of  Physics,”  published  in  the  Smithsonian 
reports.  He  was  associate  editor  of  The  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Science,  established  in  1818, 
and  a contributor  to  the  American  Chemist  and 
the  “Proceedings”  of  the  American  philosoph- 
ical society. 

BARKER,  Jacob,  financier,  was  born  at  Per- 
kins, Swan  Island,  Maine,  Dec.  17, 1779, of  Quaker 
ancestry  and  distantly  connected  with  Benjamin 
Franklin.  In  1785  his  mother,  who  had  buried 
her  husband  in  1780,  returned  to  her  home  in 
Nantucket.  Here  Jacob  was  educated,  and  in 
1797  he  entered  the  office  of  Isaac  Hicks,  a com- 
mission merchant  of  New  York.  In  1800  lie 
engaged  in  business  as  a commission  merchant, 
in  partnership  with  Joseph  Minturn  and  John 
Bard.  His  energy  and  business  capacity  were 
great,  and  so  well  did  he  apply  them  that  in  a 
few  years  he  was  next  to  the  largest  ship-owner 
in  the  United  States,  having  extensive  business 
connections  in  most  of  the  countries  of  Europe. 
His  commerce  in  ships  was  especially  large,  and 
brought  him  into  intimate  connection  with  the 
admiralties  of  most  of  the  large  countries.  He 
imported  the  first  marine  steam-engine  used  in 
the  Clermont,  the  first  steamboat  built  by  Robert 
Fulton.  Mr.  Barker  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal  and 
patriotism  in  all  national  questions,  by  his  prac- 
tical judgment,  and  by  his  knowledge  of  law 
as  it  related  to  trade  and  finance.  He  ardently 
supported  Jefferson,  advocating  the  embargo 
and  non  importation  acts,  though  their  effect 
was  to  entail  upon  him  immense  losses.  He  also 
favored  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  and  although 
he  was  adverse  to  the  declaration  of  war  against 
England  in  1812,  he  supported  the  war  policy 
when  it  was  declared.  During  the  war  his  ships 
were  all  captured,  but  he  was  still  possessed  of 
ample  means  and  almost  unlimited  credit,  by 
means  of  which  he  was  enabled  to  assist  the 
depleted  treasury  of  1813  by  a loan  of  §5,000,000. 
On  the  re-establishment  of  peace,  Mr.  Barker 
started  the  Union,  a newspaper  advocating  the 
election  of  DeWitt  Clinton  as  governor.  In  1815 
he  founded  the  “ Exchange  " bank  of  New  Tork. 
Owing  to  financial  vicissitudes  in  1834  he  removed 
to  New  Orleans,  where  he  re  built  his  shattered 
fortunes.  He  engaged  in  the  banking  business, 
was  admitted  to  the  Louisiana  bar,  and  became 
actively  prominent  in  politics.  As  a member 
of  the  Society  of  Friends  he  was  opposed  to  slav- 


flS8] 


BARKER 


BARKER. 


ery,  and  when  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  sup- 
ported the  north  to  the  detriment  of  his  own 
fortunes.  He  was  elected  in  1864  a representative 
in  the  39tli  Congress,  but  did  not  take  his  seat, 
as  Louisiana  was  not  re  admitted  to  the  Union. 
The  last  four  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  the 
home  of  his  son,  Abraham  Barker,  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  died  Dec.  26,  1871. 

BARKER,  Wharton,  financier,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  May  1.  1846,  son  of  Abraham  and 
Sarah  (Wharton)  Barker,  and  a grandson  of 
Jacob  Barker,  who  was  a cousin  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  the  mothers  of  both  being  Folgers. 
His  maternal  grandfather,  William  Wharton, 

was  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  mem- 
bers of  the  Society 
of  Friends.  He 
was  sent  to  the  La- 
tin school  of  Dr. 
Charles  Short,  en- 
tered the  university 
of  Pennsylvania  in 
1862,  and  was  grad- 
uated with  the  de- 
gree of  A.  B.  in 
1866.  In  1869  he  re- 
ceived the  degree 
of  A.  M.  from  that 
institution,  and  in 
1880  was  elected  a member  of  its  board  of  trus- 
tees, holding  the  position  of  treasurer  of  the 
board  from  1882  to  1890.  He  was  made  a member 
of  the  American  philosophical  society,  the 
Academy  of  natural  sciences,  Academy 
of  the  political  and  social  sciences,  the  His- 
torical society  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Union 
league  club  and  the  Manufacturers  club. 
In  1875  he  organized  the  Penn  club,  and 
was  its  president  for  a number  of  years.  In  1870 
he  founded  The  Penn  Monthly,  of  which  he  was 
the  principal  owner  and  chief  editorial  manager 
until  1881,  when  the  publication  was  discon- 
tinued. In  1880  he  founded  and  became  editor 
and  publisher  of  The  American.  He  wrote  many 
able  papers  on  public  questions  at  issue,  and 
was  a leader  in  several  important  crises  in  the 
politics  of  his  state,  taking  an  active  part  in  the 
Garfield  campaign  in  1880,  and  the  Harrison 
campaign  in  1888.  He  became,  early  in  1893,  the 
acknowledged  leader  of  the  bimetallists  in  the 
east,  and  through  the  columns  of  The  American 
and  by  letters  and  addresses  worked  to  advance 
the  cause.  To  him  is  due  largely  the  organized 
and  sustained  movement  that  made  the  contest 
between  the  gold  monometallists  and  the  bi- 
metallists of  such  interest  in  the  year  1896.  In 
1878  he  was  selected  by  the  Russian  government 
to  purchase  and  build  cruisers  for  the  imperial 


navy.  Under  his  direction  the  Cramps  built  the 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Zabiaca.  In  July, 
1875,  Alexander  II.  conferred  upon  him  the  cross 
of  St.  Stanislaus,  second  order.  In  1879  he  made 
a survey  of  the  coal  and  iron  fields  in  the  Doritz 
country  in  the  south  of  Russia,  at  the  request  of 
the  Grand  Duke  Constantine  and  Prince  Dolgo- 
rouki.  The  system  of  railroads,  the  mines  and 
the  iron  and  steel  plant  he  proposed  would  have 
required  the  expenditure  of  more  than  $15,000,000, 
and  this  money  he  was  prepared  to  furnish. 
The  concessions  were  under  discussion  for  some 
months.  The  imperial  council,  then  under  the 
direction  of  the  emperor,  concluded  to  grant  the 
concession,  and  Prince  Dolgorouki  cabled  Mr. 
Barker  to  that  effect.  The  emperor  died  before 
concessions  were  granted,  and  Alexander  III. 
did  not  confirm  the  action  of  his  father.  In  1887 
the  Chinese  minister  to  the  United  States,  Chang 
Yen  Hoon,  opened  negotiations  with  him,  look- 
ing to  building  and  operating  extensive  lines  of 
railroad,  telegraph  and  telephone  in  China.  He 
sent  an  agent  to  China  to  meet  the  viceroy,  Li 
Hung  Chang,  and  the  “ Great  Chinese  Con- 
cessions ” were  granted  by  that  official  to  Mr. 
Barker.  Special  envoys  were  sent  to  America 
to  complete  these  negotiations.  The  Concession 
was  modified  by  envoys  and  Mr.  Barker,  and 
went  back  to  Peking  for  confirmation,  which 
never  came  because  of  the  distrust  occasioned  by 
the  passage  of  the  exclusion  act  by  the  United 
States.  He  visited  China  in  the  autumn  of 
1895,  on  the  invitation  of  Li  Hung  Chang  and 
other  great  officials  whom  he  met  at  Shanghai 
and  Peking.  Mr.  Barker  was  elected  president 
of  the  Finance  company  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
director  of  the  Investment  company  of  Phila- 
delphia. In  1867  he  married  Margaret  Corlies, 
daughter  of  Joseph  Baker  of  New  York. 

BARKER,  William  Morris,  4th  missionary 
bishop  of  Olympia  and  166th  in  succession  in  the 
American  episcopate,  was  born  at  Towanda,  Pa., 
May  12,  1854.  He  was  educated  primarily  at  his 
father's  classical  school  in  Germantown,  Pa.,  and 
was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1873.  He  pursued  his  theological 
course  at  the  Berkeley  divinity  school,  on  the 
completion  of  which  he  became  a teacher  in  the 
Bishop  Scott  grammar  school,  Portland,  Ore. 
He  entered  the  diaconate,  June  4,  1879,  and  was 
appointed  curate  at  St.  John’s,  Troy,  N.  Y.  He 
was  advanced  to  the  priesthood,  Feb.  15,  1880, 
after  which  he  was,  for  a short  time,  curate  at 
St.  John's,  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  then  until 
1887  he  was  rector  of  St.  Paul’s  church  in  the 
same  city.  In  1887  he  removed  to  Maryland, 
and  assumed  the  charge  of  St.  Luke’s,  Baltimore, 
where  he  remained  until  1819,  when  he  became 


[1891 


BARKSDALE. 


BARLOW. 


rector  of  St.  Paul's,  Duluth,  and  president  of  St. 
Luke's  hospital  in  that  city.  His  degree  of  D.D. 
was  conferred  by  the  Seabury  divinity  school  in 
18yd.  He  was  consecrated  bishop  June  25,  1893, 
and  assigned  to  the  missionary  jurisdiction  of 
Western  Colorado.  After  a little  more  than  a 
year's  service  he  was  transferred  to  Olympia,  to 
succeed  Bishop  Paddock,  who  died  March  4, 
1894.  This  change  was  effected  at  a meeting 
of  the  house  of  bishops  in  New  York  city, 
October,  1894. 

BARKSDALE,  William,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Rutherford  county,  Tenn.,  Aug.  21.  1821.  He 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Nashville,  and 
after  a law  course  in  Columbus,  Miss  , was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1839.  He  practised  his  pro- 
fession and  was  also  editor  of  the  Columbus 
Democrat , and  in  its  columns  he  was  ardent  in 
his  advocacy  of  state  rights.  In  the  Mexican 
war  he  served  as  a non-commissioned  officer  in 
the  2d  Mississippi  regiment.  He  was  a member 
of  the  state  convention  of  1851.  In  1852  he  was 
elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the  33d  Con- 
gress, and  was  re-elected  to  the  34th,  35tli  and 
36th  congresses.  He  was  a pro-slavery  Democrat, 
and  made  himself  conspicuous  on  the  occasion  of 
the  assault  of  Preston  S.  Brooks  on  Charles  Sum- 
ner by  preventing  the  interference  of  bystanders. 
On  the  secession  of  Mississippi,  he  resigned  his  seat 
in  Congress  and  entered  the  army  as  colonel  of  the 
13th  Mississippi  volunteer  regiment,  served  in 
Virginia,  and  was  made  a brigadier-general.  He 
was  in  action  under  Early  at  Gettysburg,  as  com- 
mander of  the  3d  brigade,  and  was  killed  on  the 
field  July  2,  1863. 

BARLOW,  Francis  Channing,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  19,  1834.  He  re- 
ceived a liberal  education,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1855,  at  the  head  of  his  class.  He 
studied  law  in  New  York  city,  meanwhile  becom- 
ing an  editorial  writer  for  the  New  York  Tribune. 
When  the  civil  war  broke  out,  he  enlisted  as  a 
private  in  the  12tlx  regiment  N.  Y.  S.  M.,  which 
was  among  the  first  to  report  for  the  defence  of 
Washington.  His  regiment  was  mustered  in  for 
three  months,  by  the  end  of  which  time  he  ranked 
as  lieutenant.  On  receiving  his  discharge  he 
joined  the  61st  N.  Y.  volunteer  regiment  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. During  the  siege  of  Yorktown 
he  was  promoted  colonel.  At  the  battle  of  Fair 
Oaks,  May  31,  1862,  he  so  distinguished  himself 
as  to  win  the  commission  of  brigadier-general, 
receiving  his  commission  Sept.  19,  1862.  He  was 
severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Antietam,  after 
his  command  had  captured  two  sets  of  Confed- 
erate colors  and  three  hundred  prisoners.  He 
recovered  from  his  wound  in  time  to  take  part  in 
the  battle  of  Chancellorsville,  May  2,  1863,  where 
he  commanded  a brigade  in  the  11th  army  corps. 


He  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner  on  the  field 
of  Gettysburg,  July  1,  1863,  his  name  being  among 
the  first  in  the  lists  of  the  leaders  reported  by  the 
Confederates  as  killed.  Following  Gettysburg 
came  an  exchange,  a long  waiting  for  recovery 
and  participation  in  the  campaign  of  the  Wilder- 
ness and  the  movements  “by  the  left  flank”  of 
the  army  of  the  Potomac,  through  Spottsyl vania, 
North  Anna,  Cold  Harbor,  and  across  the  James 
to  Petersburg.  At  Spottsylvania  General  Barlow, 
commanding  the  1st  division,  2d  corps,  under 
General  Hancock,  stormed  the  Confederate  works, 
captured  three  thousand  prisoners,  including 
Generals  !Ed.  Johnson  and  G.  H.  Steuart.  He 
was  at  Petersburg  when  the  siege  was  raised,  and 
at  the  final  surrender  of  General  Lee  and  his 
army.  Soon  after  the  close  of  the  war  he  was 
mustered  out  of  the  United  States  volunteer 
service  and  took  up  his  residence  in  New  York. 
He  was  elected  secretary  of  state  for  New  York, 
serving  from  1865  to  1868.  He  then  served  as 
United  States  marshal  by  appointment  of  General 
Grant  until  October.  1869.  He  was  elected  at- 
torney-general of  New  York  in  1872,  and  after- 
wards resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  New  York 
city.  General  Barlow  married  Arabella  Griffith 
Mrs  Barlow  was  agent  for  the  sanitary  commis- 
sion in  the  field  during  the  civil  war,  and  died, 
from  disease  contracted  in  the  performance  of 
her  self-imposed  duties,  July  27, 1864.  A window 
in  Memorial  hall,  Harvard  college,  is  dedicated 
to  Phillips  Brooks  and  his  classmate,  Francis 
Channing  Barlow.  He  died  in  New  York  city 
Jan.  11,  1896. 

BARLOW,  Joel,  author,  was  born  at  Redding, 
Conn.,  March  24,  1754.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1778  as  class  poet.  During  his 
college  course  he  served  in  the  patriot  army  during 
vacations  and  fought  at  White  Plains,  N.  Y.  He 
entered  the  ministry  after  graduating  and  served 
as  chaplain  in  the  army  until  the  conclusion  of 
the  war,  when  he  settled  at  Hartford,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1786.  He  subsequently  en- 
gaged in  literature,  and  attained  notoriety  upon 
the  publication  of  his  epic  poem,  “ The  Vision  of 
Columbus,”  in  1787.  He  went  to  Europe  to  find 
customers  for  the  Scioto  land  company,  con- 
trolling 3,500,000  acres  of  government  kind  in 
Ohio.  He  failed  in  his  efforts,  and  became  inter- 
ested in  politics  in  France  as  a Girondist,  con- 
tributing largely  to  the  political  literature.  In 
1791  he  went  to  London,  where  he  was  one  of  a 
circle  of  artists,  wits,  poets  and  journalists,  who 
formed  among  the  American  colony  the  Constitu- 
tional society,  which  was  intensely  republican  in 
tone,  and  his  “ Advice  to  the  Privileged  Orders,” 
published  in  London,  was  proscribed  by  the  gov- 
ernment. He  took  refuge  in  France,  and  in 
1792— ’93  joined  the  deputation  of  the  national 
[190J 


BARLOW. 


BARNARD. 


convention  organized  to  erect  Savoy  into  the  84th 
department  of  France,  and  was  defeated  in  the 
election  for  deputy.  While  at  Chambery  he 
wrote  “ Hasty  Pudding.  ” He  returned  to  Paris, 
wrote  “ The  Columbiad”  and preparedthe  ground- 
work for  a history  of  the  American  revolution 
and  one  of  the  French  revolution,  and  in  1795 
was  appointed  by  President  Washington  consul  at 
Algiers,  and  he  succeeded  in  negotiating  a treaty 
of  peace  with  the  Dey,  and  in  redeeming  the 
American  captives  held  by  Barbary.  In  1 805  he 
returned  to  America,  declined  all  political  honors 
and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  In  1811  he 
was  appointed  United  States  minister  to  France, 
sailed  on  the  Constitution,  Commodore  Hull,  and 
after  nine  months  of  skillful  diplomacy  received 
an  invitation  from  Napoleon,  then  engaged  in  his 
Russian  campaign,  to  meet  him  at  Wilna,  Poland, 
to  sign  the  treaty  already  agreed  upon.  He  be- 
came involved  in  the  retreat  of  the  French  army 
from  Russia,  and,  overcome  by  cold  and  privation, 
died  at  Yarmisica,  in  Poland,  Dec.  24,  1812. 

BARLOW,  Samuel  Latham  Mitchell,  lawyer, 
was  born  at  Granville,  Mass.,  June  5,  1826,  son  of 
Samuel  Bancroft  Barlow,  physician.  He  was  de- 
scended from  English  stock,  which  first  settled  in 
Massachusetts  in  1620.  The  family  removed  to 
New  York  city  while  Samuel  was  very  young, 
and  in  1840  he  obtained  a position  in  a law  office, 
and  remained  with  the  firm  seven  years.  In  1847 
he  established  an  office  of  his  own  and  attained  a 
high  reputation  at  the  bar.  In  1852  he  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Bowdoin,  Larocque  & Bar- 
low.  He  adjudicated  a difficulty  between  Cor- 
nelius Vanderbilt  and  William  H.  Aspinwall, 
arising  from  a Panama-Nicaragua  enterprise, 
which  made  the  millionaires  friends  and  future 
co-operators.  Mr.  Barlow’s  reputation  rapidly 
widened,  and  he  was  much  sought  as  a rail- 
road lawyer.  Shortly  after  the  Franco-Prussian 
war,  a contract  was  made  by  Commodore  Gar- 
rison and  some  others  to  send  about  §1,600,000 
worth  of  arms  to  the  French  government.  But 
the  agreement  having  been  made  with  Gam- 
betta,  Thiers,  then  in  authority,  refused  to  pay 
so  large  a sum.  Barlow  arranged  the  matter 
amicably,  and  within  three  months  the  arms 
were  received  and  paid  for.  The  lawsuit  which 
took  the  control  of  the  Erie  railway  from  the 
hands  of  Jay  Gould  was  the  most  famous  and 
one  of  the  most  successful  ever  undertaken  by 
Mr.  Barlow.  The  stockholders  sued  Gould  for 

810.000. 000,  placing  their  interests  in  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Barlow.  After  consulting  with  his  lawyers, 

Mr.  Gould  decided  to  compromise  by  paying 

89.000. 000,  and  when  the  railway  was  turned  over 
to  the  stockholders,  Mr.  Barlow  was  made  direc- 
tor and  private  counsel.  Mr.  Barlow  was  a 
Democrat  in  politics  and  as  one  of  the  largest 

[191J 


stockholders,  controlled  the  New  York  World 
until  1869.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Manhattan  club,  a member  of  the  Century  asso- 
ciation and  of  the  Grant  monument  association, 
and  a liberal  patron  of  the  line  arts.  He  made 
a notable  collection  of  rare  and  costly  books  and 
works  of  art,  his  library  being  especially  rich  in 
Americana.  He  maintained  a fine  stock  farm 
and  country  residence  at  Glen  Cove,  Long  Island, 
where  he  died  suddenly  July  10,  1889. 

BARLOW,  Thomas  Harris,  inventor,  was  born 
in  Nicholas  county,  Ivy.,  Aug.  5.  1789.  He  was 
of  limited  education.  He  built  a steamboat  at 
Augusta,  Tenn.,  about  1820,  and  in  1827  con- 
structed a miniature  steam  locomotive,  with  car 
attached,  to  carry  two  passengers  and  with 
power  to  ascend  a grade  of  eighty  feet  to  the  mile. 
He  operated  it  in  a room  on  an  oval  track,  the 
first  Western  railway  train  in  America.  In  1835 
he  constructed  a large  locomotive  with  two  up- 
right cylinders  and  lever  beams,  both  engines 
attached  to  one  axle  with  crooks  at  right  angles, 
and  upright  boilers.  This  he  expected  to  run  from 
Lexington  to  Frankfort,  but  owing  to  the  peculiar 
construction  of  the  rails,  it  was  abandoned.  In 
1845,  while  teaching  his  grand-children  the  motion 
of  the  heavenly  bodies,  he  conceived  the  idea  of 
a small  planetarium.  After  three  years  of  patient 
labor  the  instrument  was  finished,  and  sold  to 
Girard  college,  Philadelphia.  Others  were  soon 
constructed,  and  one  was  exhibited  at  the  World’s 
Fair  in  New  York,  in  1851,  and  sold  for  two  thou- 
sand dollars.  West  Point  military  academy  bought 
one  of  larger  size,  as  did  Annapolis  naval  acad- 
emy, and  one  was  sent  to  New  Orleans.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  exact  and  remarkable  machines  ever 
invented,  showing  the  motions  of  the  solar  sys- 
tem, the  dates  of  the  eclipses,  and  of  the  transit 
of  Mercury  and  Venus.  In  1855  he  obtained  a 
patent  for  a rifled  cannon,  which,  being  tested  at 
the  Washington  navy  yard,  developed  remarkable 
accuracy  and  range.  Previous  to  this  he  invented 
an  automatic  nail  and  tack  machine.  He  died  in 
Cincinnati.  O. , Feb.  22,  1865. 

BARNARD,  Charles,  author,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  13,  1838;  son  of  C.  F.  Barnard, 
clergyman.  As  a boy  he  attended  public  schools 
and  aided  his  father  in  his  mission  work  at  the  War- 
ren Street  chapel.  He  studied  for  the  ministry, 
but  ill-health  forbade  his  completing  his  course, 
and  for  a short  time  he  carried  on  a florist’s  busi- 
ness. He  then  became  assistant  editor  of  the 
Boston  Journal  of  Commerce,  musical  editor  of 
the  Boston  Post,  and  head  of  the  “ World’s  Work 
Department  ” in  the  Century  Magazine.  He  was 
made  superintendent  of  instruction  of  the  Chau- 
tauqua town  and  country  club,  a branch  of  the 
Chautauqua  university.  Among  his  amateur 
operas  and  dramas  are:  “The  Triple  Wedding,” 


BARNARD. 


BARNARD. 


“ Too  Soon,”  “ Eugenea,”  “ The  Dreamland  Tree,” 
and  “ Katy  Neal.”  He  also  helped  to  write  the 
play  “We,  Us  and  Co.”  His  published  books 
include:  “My  Ten  Rod  Farm”;  “Farming  by 
Inches”;  “The  Strawberry  Garden”;  “ A Simple 
Flower  Garden”;  “ The  Tone  Masters”  (3  vols, 
1871);  “The  Soprano”  (1872);  “ Legilda  Roman- 
ies 1880);  “Knights  of  Today”  (1881);  “Coop- 
eration as  a Business”  (1881);  “A  Dead  Town” 
(1884);  “Talks  About  the  Weather”  (1885), 
“Talks  About  the  Soil”  (1886);  “Talks  About 
Our  Useful  Plants”  (16),  and  “Graphic  Method 
in  Teaching”  (1889). 

BARNARD,  Daniel  Dewey,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Sheffield,  Mass..  July  16,  1797.  His  education 
was  received  at  Williams  college,  and  after  his 
graduation  in  1818,  he  took  up  the  study  of  law 
in  Rochester.  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1821.  He  won  a wide  reputation  at 
the  bar  of  western  New  York.  In  1826  he  was 
elected  district  attorney  of  Monroe  county,  and 
in  1828  was  chosen  to  represent  his  district  in  the 
21st  Congress.  He  then  went  abroad,  and  on  his 
return  made  his  home  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  served  one  year  in  the  state  assembly.  In 
1838  he  was  elected  a representative  for  the 
Albany  district  to  the  26th  Congress,  and  was 
re-elected  to  the  27th.  28th  and  29th  congresses, 
and  served  in  the  29th  Congress  as  chairman  of 
the  judiciary  committee.  In  1850  President  Fill- 
more appointed  him  U.  S.  minister  to  Prussia, 
where  he  represented  his  country  for  three  years. 
He  died  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  April  24.  1861. 

BARNARD,  Edward  Emerson,  astronomer, 
war  born  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Dec.  16,  1857.  At 
the  age  of  eight,  the  fatherless  lad  began  to  earn 
his  living  in  a photograph  studio.  He  was  fond 
of  study,  and  a book  on  practical  astronomy 
roused  his  interest  in  that  subject.  From  the 
maps  and  charts  of  this  book  he  learned  some  of 
the  wonders  of  the  sky.  As  a telescope  was  his 
first  want,  he  mounted  the  object  lens  of  a com- 
mon spy-glass  in  a paper  tube  made  by  himself, 
and  with  this  crude  but  ingenious  instrument  he 
secured  an  observation  of  the  crescent  form  of 
Venus,  the  disks  of  the  other  planets  and  phen- 
omena so  strange  that  he  longed  for  better  views. 
In  1877  by  rigid  economy  he  was  enabled  to  pur- 
chase a five-inch  telescope.  With  this  instru- 
ment, the  young  astronomer  began  to  study 
Jupiter  and  to  seai'cli  for  comets.  In  1886  he  dis- 
covered Comet  IV.,  and  by  1887  had  become  world 
renowned  as  the  leading  discoverer  of  comets. 
In  1883  he  left  his  occupation  as  photographer  to 
accept  a fellowship  in  astronomy  at  Vanderbilt 
university.  He  took  a course  in  English,  French, 
German,  mathematics  and  physics  at  the  uni- 
versity, and  was  graduated  from  the  school  of 
mathematics  in  1887.  The  faculty  placed  him  in 


charge  of  the  observatory  connected  with  the 
university  when  he  began  his  course  and  he 
became  a diligent  observer.  H.  H.  Warner  of 
the  Warner  observatory  in  Rochester,  N.  A’.,  had 
offered  a prize  of  two  hundred  dollars  for  the 
discovery  of  each  new  comet,  and  Barnard 
received  three  of  these  prizes.  The  money  thus 
obtained  enabled  him  to  buy  books  and  apparatus 
needful  in  his  work.  In  1S88  Professor  Barnard 
accepted  a position  in  the  Lick  observatory.  His 
observations  at  the  Vanderbilt  university  had 
covered  a wide  range.  He  had  studied  asteroids, 
nebulae,  double  stars,  planets,  the  moon,  sun- 
spots, meteors,  occ-ulations  and  eclipses.  With 
increased  zeal  he  continued  this  wide  field  of 
study  at  Lick  university.  In  1890  he  observed  a 
double  transit  of  the  first  satellites  across  the 
disk  of  Jupiter,  and  in  July,  1892.  he  began  to  use 
the  large  telescope  on  that  planet  and  soon  aston- 
ished the  astronomical  world  by  discovering  a 
new  moon  revolving  about  Jupiter.  This  moon 
appeared  as  a faint  speck  of  light  and  had 
escaped  the  observation  of  astronomers  for  three 
hundred  years.  The  discovery  made  the  superior- 
ity of  the  Lick  telescope  manifest.  The  making 
of  photographs  of  the  milky  way  interested  Mr. 
Barnard  more  than  any  other  work  that  he  under- 
took. His  plates  revealed  facts  that  materi- 
ally changed  astronomical  computations.  Older 
astronomers  estimated  the  number  of  suns  in 
the  milky  way  at  about  20.000.000.  Mr.  Barnard 
asserted  that  he  could  photograph  200,000.000  in 
a five-minute  dry-plate  exposure,  and  that  his 
finished  photographs  revealed  500.000,000  suns. 
Photography  greatly  assisted  Professor  Barnard 
in  the  study  and  discerning  of  comets,  besides 
being  fruitful  in  unlooked-for  directions.  He  was 
made  a fellow  of  the  Royal  astronomical  society 
of  London  in  1887.  His  observations  are  recorded 
in  the  standard  astronomical  journals  of  the 
world.  His  treatises  are  entirely  of  original 
observations;  hence  his  contributions  give  new 
knowledge  to  the  world.  In  1893  the  French 
academy  of  science  awarded  to  him  the  Lalande 
gold  medal  for  his  discovery  of  the  5th  moon  of 
Jupiter,  and  in  the  same  year  he  received  the 
Donalioe  medal  for  his  photographic  discovery  of 
a comet  in  1892.  In  1894  the  French  academy  of 
science  gave  him  its  highest  honor  in  the 
bestowal  of  the  Arago  medal,  worth  a thousand 
francs,  for  his  discovery  of  Jupiter’s  fifth  satellite. 
This  medal  has  only  been  given  to  two  others, 
Prof.  Asaph  Hall  for  his  discovery  of  two  moons 
of  Mars  in  1877.  and  Leverrier  for  his  discovery  of 
Neptune  in  1846. 

BARNARD,  Frederick  Augustus  Porter, 

educator,  was  born  at  Sheffield,  Berkshire  county, 
Mass.,  March  5,  1809;  son  of  Robert  Foster  and 
Augusta  (Porter)  Barnard.  He  was  graduated 


[192] 


BARNARD. 


BARNARD. 


at  Yale  college  in  1828;  taught  in  a grammar 
school,  in  Hartford;  was  tutor  in  Yale  college, 
and  a teacher  in  the  asylum  for  deaf  mutes  at 
Hartford  and  in  the  New  York  institution  for 
the  instruction  of  the  deaf  and  dumb.  From 
1837  to  1848  he  was  professor  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy  in  the  University  of 
Alabama,  and  afterwards  professor  of  chemistry. 
In  1854  he  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood  of  the 
Episcopal  church,  and  removed  to  Alabama, 
where  he  was  made  professor  of  astronomy  and 
mathematics  in  the  University  of  Mississippi. 
Two  years  later  he  was  elected  president  and 
chancellor  of  the  university.  Upon  the  threat- 
ened outbreak  of  civil  war  he  went  to  Labrador 
to  observe  the  eclipse  of  the  sun,  and  in  1862 
journeyed  to  the  southern  hemisphere  to  carry 
out  astronomical  researches.  In  1862  he  was 
appointed  director  of  the  printing  and  lithograph- 
ing of  the  maps  and  charts  of  the  coast  survey, 
which  office  he  held  until  1864,  when  he  was 
chosen  president  of  Columbia  college  in  New 
York  city.  In  1867  he  was  United  States  com- 
missioner to  the  Paris  exposition,  and  on  his 
return  he  published  a valuable  “Report  on 
Machinery  and  the  Industrial  Arts.”  He  was 
again  commissioned  to  the  Paris  exposition  of 
1878.  President  Barnard  transformed  Columbia 
college  into  one  of  the  great  universities  of  the 
United  States.  The  law  school,  the  school  of 
mines,  the  school  of  political  science,  and  the 
Barnard  college  for  women  were  housed  and 
almost  founded  through  his  exertions.  The  wide 
range  of  his  scholarship  admirably  fitted  him  to 
sympathize  with  the  many  departments  of  a 
great  university,  and  in  addition  to  the  schools 
already  established  by  his  influence,  at  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  planning  for  a school  of  letters 
and  philosophy.  He  originated  a system  of  the 
teaching  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  was  editor- 
in-chief  of  “Johnson’s  Cyclopaedia,”  many 
articles  on  the  exact  sciences  and  mathematics 
being  from  his  pen.  President  Barnard  won  many 
scientific  honors.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
incorporators  of,  and  foreign  secretary  to,  the 
National  academy  of  sciences  from  1874  to  1880; 
president  of  the  American  metrological  society, 
also  of  the  American  association  for  the  advance- 
ment of  science,  of  the  Board  of  experts  of  the 
American  bureau  of  mines,  of  the  American 
institute,  and  also  an  honorary  correspondent  to 
many  foreign  scientific  associations.  In  1855 
Jefferson  college,  Miss.,  gave  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D. ; Yale  conferred  the  same  degree  in  1859; 
the  University  of  Mississippi  gave  him  the  de- 
gree of  S.T.D.,  1861.  and  in  1872  the  University 
of  the  state  of  New  York  that  of  L.  H.D.  He 
published  a “Treatise  on  Arithmetic”  (1830); 
oneon  “ Analytical  Grammar  ” (1836) ; “ Letters 


on  Collegiate  Government  ” (1855) ; “ A History 
of  the  United  States  Coast  Survey"  (1857); 
“Recent  Progress  of  Science”  (1859);  “The 
Metric  System”  (1871);  “Mono-Metallism,  Bi- 
Metallism,  and  International  Coinage  ” (1879); 
“Two  Papers  on  Academic  Degrees”  (1880); 
“ Imaginary  Metrological  System  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  ” (1884),  and  “ Theory  of  Magic  Squares 
and  of  Magic  Cubes,”  in  National  academy  of 
science  (1888).  He  died  in  New  York  city  and 
is  buried  in  the  old  cemetery  at  Sheffield,  Mass. 
The  date  of  his  death  is  April  27,  1889. 

BARNARD,  Henry,  educator,  was  born  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  24,  1811.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  district  school,  the  academy, 
Munson,  Mass.,  Hopkins  grammar  school,  and 
at  Yale  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1830  with  the  degree  of  A.M.  During  his  last 
two  years  at  Yale 
he  acted  as  assistant 
librarian.  On  leaving 
college  he  began  to 
study  law,  but  accept- 
ing an  invitation  giv- 
en by  President  Day 
of  Yale,  took  charge 
of  an  academy  at 
Wellsboro,  Pa.  He  ^ 
did  not  enjoy  teach- 
i n g , and  in  a few 
months  returned  to 
the  law.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in 
1835,  and  spent  the  x- 
year  1836  in  Europe, 
where  he  studied  the  / 
educational,  social  and  municipal  systems,  visited 
Pestalozzi's  school  at  Yverdon,  and  made  the 
acquaintance  of  Carlyle,  Lord  Brougham,  De 
Quincey,  Wordsworth,  Chalmers,  Lockhart, 
Combe,  and  other  leading  men.  He  returned  to 
the  United  States  late  in  1836,  and  in  1837  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legislature, 
holding  his  seat  until  1840.  Mr.  Barnard  was  an 
orator  of  great  power,  and  his  earnest  and  for- 
cible speeches  were  influential  in  bringing  about 
various  reforms  in  the  treatment  of  criminals  and 
in  the  care  of  the  insane.  In  1838  he  was  success- 
ful in  amending  and  obtaining  the  passage  of  a 
bill  providing  for  the  better  local  supervision 
of  schools,  which  had  been  defeated  in  the  senate 
the  previous  session.  This  bill  provided  for  a 
state  board  of  school  commissioners;  Mr.  Bar- 
nard was  made  a member  of  the  board  and  served 
as  its  secretary  from  1838  to  1842.  He  also, 
during  those  years,  made  a tour  of  the  United 
States,  addressed  ten  state  legislatures,  and  lec- 
tured and  held  conferences  in  every  state  but 
Texas,  with  the  object  of  elevating  public  senti- 
[193] 


BARNARD. 


BARNARD. 


ment  in  regard  to  education.  His  work,  “ Edu- 
cational Development  in  the  United  States,”  of 
which  thirty  thousand  copies  were  sold,  was  the 
fruit  of  this  tour.  In  1843  Governor  Fenner  of 
Rhode  Island  appointed  Mr.  Barnard  superin- 
tendent of  schools  in  that  state.  In  1849  nervous 
exhaustion  caused  him  to  resign  his  position,  and 
after  a short  period  of  rest  he  became,  in  1850, 
superintendent  of  the  Connecticut  state  schools, 
an  office  which  he  filled  until  1854.  Dr.  Bar- 
nard's valuable  labors  in  behalf  of  popular  edu- 
cation met  with  appreciation  in  America  and 
abroad.  Dr.  Wimmer,  a German  educator,  de- 
scribed him  as  “ the  veritable  reformer  of  popu- 
lar education,”  and  Professor  Le  Roy,  of  Liege 
university,  wrote  of  him  in  1855  as  “ that  inde- 
fatigable apostle  of  progress  and  distinguished 
administrator.  ” In  1855  he  began  the  publication 
of  the  Journal  of  Education , and  during  the 
years  1856  and  1857  he  was  chiefly  occupied  with 
his  work  on  that  periodical.  In  1858  he  accepted 
the  position  of  chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  and  agent  of  the  normal  regents. 
“ His  chief  purpose  in  accepting  the  position,” 
wrote  James  L.  Hughes,  “was  to  bring  about  a 
state  unity  of  all  educational  forces,  from  the 
kindergarten  to  the  university,  and  make  the 
complete  system  free.”  He  inaugurated  the 
Teachers’  institute  in  Wisconsin.  In  1866  he 
was  elected  president  of  St.  John's  college,  An- 
napolis (founded  in  1784),  which  had  been  closed 
during  the  war,  and  while  reorganizing  the 
college  he  was  appointed  the  first  United  States 
commissioner  of  education.  In  his  first  report, 
Jufie,  1868,  Dr.  Barnard  anticipated  almost  every 
measure  of  educational  reform  that  was  after- 
wards adopted  in  the  United  States.  As  com- 
missioner of  education  he  organized  the  bureau 
of  education.  Dr.  Barnard  established  the  first 
state  system  of  libraries,  and  the  credit  is  due  to 
him  for  the  inception  of  a national  organization 
of  teachers.  He  advocated  throughout  his 
life  the  equal  education  of  the  sexes.  In  1852 
he  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Yale 
college,  and  in  1853  a like  degree  from  Harvard 
college;  Columbia  college  in  1887  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  L.H.D.  Dr.  Barnard’s  literary 
work  was  voluminous.  He  established  The 
Connecticut  School  Journal , which  he  edited  for 
eight  years,  and  issued  during  the  years  1843  to 
'49  the  Rhode  Island  School  Journal.  Of  the 
thirty-one  volumes  of  the  American  Journal  of 
Education  issued  under  his  supervision,  the 
“Encyclopaedia  Brittanica  ” says,  “ The  Journal 
is  by  far  the  most  valuable  work  in  our  lan- 
guage on  the  history  of  education.”  He  issued 
seven  volumes  of  “ Papers  for  Teachers,”  and 
over  eight  hundred  educational  tracts,  in  which 
he  expended  forty  thousand  dollars  of  his  private 


means.  A corporation  was  organized  in  July, 
1891,  for  the  purpose  of  publishing  the  Journal 
of  Education  and  Dr.  Barnard's  many  other 
writings.  “ The  Henry  Barnard  Society  ” was 
also  organized,  membership  to  which  entitles 
holders  to  special  reduction  in  the  price  of  his 
publications.  Among  his  published  books  are: 
“School  Architecture”  (1839);  “National  Edu- 
cation ” (1840);  “ Practical  Illustrations  of  School 
Architecture”;  “ Report  on  Public  Schools  in 
Rhode  Island  ” (1845  and  1848);  “Documentary 
History  of  Public  Schools  in  Providence”; 
“ Education  and  Employment  of  Children  in 
Factories”;  “Normal  Schools  and  Teachers’ 
Institutes  ” (1850) ; “ National  Education  in 
Europe  ” (1854);  “ Normal  Schools  in  the  United 
States  and  Europe  ” ; “History  of  Education  in 
Connecticut  from  1638  to  1854”;  “Educational 
Biography”  (1857);  “Papers  for  Teachers”; 
“Military  Schools”;  “Technical  and  Scientific 
Education”;  “American  Pedagogy”;  “Dis- 
courses on  the  Life  and  Character  of  T.  H. 
Gallaudet,  with  History  of  the  American 
Asylum”;  “ Hints  and  Methods  for  the  Use  of 
Teachers”;  “American  Teachers”;  “Ele- 
mentary and  Secondary  Instruction  in  Switzer- 
land, France,  Belgium,  etc.”;  “English 
Pedagogy  ” ; “ German  Teachers  and  Educational 
Reformers”;  “Life  of  Ezekiel  Cheever,  and 
Notes  on  the  Free  Schools  of  New  England”; 
“Kindergarten  and  Child  Culture  Papers”; 
“ Object  Teaching  and  Oral  Lessons  on  Social 
Science  and  Common  Things  ” (1861);  “ Pestalozzi 
and  Pestalozzianism  ” (1861) ; “ Primary  Schools 
and  Elementary  Instruction  ” ; “ School  Codes  ” ; 
“Science  and  Art”;  “Superior  Instruction 
in  Different  Countries,”  and  “The  American 
Library  of  Schools  and  Education  ” (1886);  a col- 
lection of  52  volumes,  which  contain  eight  hun- 
dred treatises,  all  of  which  are  also  published 
individually.  His  86th  birthday  was  celebrated 
in  Hartford,  Conn.,  Jan.  25,  1897,  many  well- 
known  educators  being  present  at  the  exercises 
and  at  the  banquet. 

BARNARD,  Isaac  D.,  senator,  was  born  at 
Aston,  Pa.,  July  18,  1789.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  his  native  town,  and  in 
1811  studied  law  at  Chester,  but  soon  abandoned 
Blackstone  to  fight  the  British,  and  distinguished 
himself  at  Fort  George,  Canada,  in  1813,  and 
at  Lyons  Creek  in  1814.  In  1815  he  left  the  army, 
studied  law,  and  in  1816  obtained  admission  to 
the  bar  at  Winchester,  Pa. ; the  following  year 
he  received  the  appointment  of  deputy  attorney- 
general,  and  in  1S20  was  chosen  state  senator. 
He  was  elected  secretary  of  state  for  Penn- 
sylvania in  1826,  and  in  1827  was  elected  United 
States  senator,  holding  the  seat  until  1831.  when 
he  resigned.  He  died  Feb.  28,  1834. 


BARNARD. 


BARNARD. 


BARNARD,  John,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Boston.  Mass.,  Nov.  6,  1681.  His  parents  caused 
him  to  be  baptized  on  the  day  of  his  birth  and 
educated  him  for  the  ministry.  He  entered  Har- 
vard college  in  July,  1696,  taking  his  degree  in 
1700.  He  studied  divinity  during  his  college 
course,  and  preached  his  first  sermon  in  1699. 

He  began  pastoral  work  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Cole- 
man in  Boston.  In  the  spring  of  1707  Governor 
Dudley  appointed  him  chaplain  of  one  of  the  regi- 
ments sent  to  take  Port  Royal,  Nova  Scotia,  then 
held  by  the  French.  In  1709  he  sailed  for  Barba- 
does  and  London,  and  while  in  England  had 
several  advantageous  proposals  to  remain,  includ- 
ing a chaplaincy  under  Lord  Wharton,  which  he 
did  not  accept,  as  he  could  not  subscribe  to  the 
thirty-nine  articles  of  the  established  church. 
Returning  to  America  he  preached  from  place 
to  place  in  Massachusetts,  but  did  not  settle  until 
1714,  when  he  accepted  a call  to  Marblehead. 

He  was  afterwards  invited  to  become  pastor  at 
the  old  North  church  in  Boston,  but  remained  at 
Marblehead  until  his  death.  In  1742,  during  the 
theological  controversy  throughout  the  churches 
of  New  England,  he  declared  himself  as  not  in 
sympathy  with  Whitefield's  extreme  Calvinism, 
and  he  is  credited  with  being  an  original  Trini- 
tarian-Congregationalist.  Mr.  Barnard  was  a 
man  of  scholarly  attainments,  of  eloquence  and 
magnetism,  and  of  purity  and  beauty  of  charac- 
ter. Among  his  published  writings  are:  “A 
History  of  the  Strange  Adventures  of  Philip 
Ashton”  (1725);  “A  Version  of  the  Psalms” 
(1752),  and  many  sermons  and  addresses.  He 
died  at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  Jan.  24,  1770. 

BARNARD,  John  Gross,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Sheffield,  Mass.,  May  19,  1815.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  W est  Point  in  1833,  and  was 
appointed  to  duty  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  in 
the  engineer  corps  with  the  rank  of  brevet  2d 
lieutenant.  He  was  afterwards  engaged  on 
fortifications  at  Pensacola  and  New  Orleans  and 
had  attained  a captaincy  in  1848.  During  the 
Mexican  war  he  was  constructing  engineer,  the 
fortifications  of  Tampico  being  built  under  his 
direction,  and  he  made  the  topographical  maps 
of  the  country  around  the  city  of  Mexico  pre- 
paratory to  its  capture.  For  these  services  he 
received  a brevet  major’s  commission  on  Slay  30, 
1848.  In  the  Tehuantepec  survey  for  a railroad 
across  the  isthmus  in  1850  he  acted  as  chief 
engineer  by  appointment  of  President  Fillmore, 
and  in  1852  he  surveyed  the  mouths  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.  In  1854  he  was  instructor  of 
practical  engineering  at  the  military  academy, 
of  which,  in  1856,  he  was  made  superintendent. 

He  was  afterwards  given  charge  of  the  defences 
of  New  York  city.  In  1858  he  was  promoted 
major  of  engineers.  In  1861  he  was  appointed 

f!95J 


chief  engineer  of  defences  of  Washington  and 
afterwards  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  serving 
thus  until  1864,  when  he  was  placed  on  General 
Grant’s  staff  and  given  the  management  of  the 
engineering  department  of  the  entire  army. 
On  March  31,  1863,  he  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  engineers,  and  at  the  close  of  the  civil 
war  he  was  made  colonel  of  engineers,  and  bre- 
vetted  major-general  U.  S.  army  “for  gallant 
and  meritorious  services  in  the  field.  ” He  served 
as  a member  of  the  joint  board  of  army  and  navy 
officers  in  harbor  defences,  torpedoes,  etc., 
and  as  senior  member  of  the  board  of  engineers 
for  fortifications  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 
The  University  of  Alabama  gave  him  the  degree 
of  A.M.  in  1838,  and  Yale  college  conferred  upon 
him  that  of  LL.D.  in  1864.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are : ‘ 1 Survey  of  the  Isthmus  of 
Tehuantepec”  (1852);  “Phenomena  of  the 
Gyroscope”  (1858);  “ Dangers  and  Defences  of 
New  York”  (1859);  “ Notes  on  Sea-Coast  De- 
fence” (1861);  “The  Confederate  States  of 
America  and  the  Battle  of  Bull  Run”  (1862); 
“ Reports  of  the  Engineer  and  Artillery  Opera- 
tions of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac”  (1863); 
“Eulogy  on  General  Totten”  (1866);  “Report 
on  the  Defences  of  Washington”  (1871);  “The 
North  Sea  Canal  of  Holland  and  Improvement  of 
Navigation  from  Rotterdam  to  the  Sea”; 
‘ ‘Problems  of  Rotary  Motion  presented  by  Gyro- 
scope, the  Precession  of  the  Equinoxes,  and  the 
Pendulum,  ’ ’ and  numerous  reports  and  memoirs. 
He  died  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  May  14,  1882. 

BARNARD,  William  Stebbins,  entomologist, 
was  born  at  Canton,  111.,  Feb.  28,  1849.  He  was 
educated  at  Canton  high  school  and  University 
of  Michigan,  and  graduated  at  Cornell  university 
(BS.)  in  1871,  and  at  the  University  of  Jena 
(Ph.D.)in  1873;  also  studying  at  the  University  of 
Leipsic.  In  1871  he  accompanied  Agassiz  to  Brazil 
as  assistant  geologist.  In  1874  he  was  teacher  and 
lecturer  on  protozoa  at  Cornell  university,  and  at 
Anderson  summer  school,  Penikese  Island.  He 
was  professor  of  natural  science  in  the  Mississippi 
agricultural  college,  1874— ’75 ; lecturer  on  zoology 
in  the  Illinois  state  summer  school,  1875;  pro- 
fessor of  natural  science  at  the  Wisconsin  state 
normal  school,  1876— ’77 ; at  Oskaloosa  college, 
1877-’78;  zoologist  of  the  Woodruff  scientific 
expedition,  1878;  assistant  professor  of  ento- 
mology, and  lecturer  on  the  zoology  of  inverte- 
brates at  Cornell  university,  1879— ’81 ; assistant 
in  the  entomological  division  United  States  de- 
partment of  agriculture,  1881-'86,  and  professor  of 
natural  history,  Drake  university,  1886- ’87.  He 
was  the  author  of  a “ Catalogue  of  the  Inverte- 
brates ”(1876),  and  a contributor  to  the  American 
Quarterly  Microscopical  Journal,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Naturalist.  He  died  Nov.  13,  1888. 


BARNES. 


BARNES. 


BARNES,  Albert,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Rome,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  1,  1798.  The  greater  part  of 
his  boyhood  was  passed  at  work  in  a tannery, 
and  though  able  to  secure  but  limited  school- 
ing, his  thoughtful  nature  led  him  to  read  much. 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  left  his  father’s  em- 
ploy to  begin  the  study  of  law.  After  attending 
the  Fairfield,  Conn.,  academy,  earning  his  board 
and  tuition  by  means  of  teaching  a district 
school,  he  prepared  to  enter  Hamilton  college, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1820.  Having 
abandoned  his  purpose  of  becoming  a lawyer, 
he  entered  Princeton,  N.  J.,  theological  seminary 
in  April,  1824;  he  was  licensed  to  preach, 
and  in  February,  1825,  was  ordained  and  installed 
at  the  First  Presbyterian  church  in  Morristown, 
N.  J.  During  his  five  years’  pastorate  of  that 
church  his  parishioners  became  devotedly  at- 
tached to  him.  In  1880  he  resigned  to  take  charge 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia, 
and  he  was  installed  in  his  new  pastorate  June  25, 
1880.  On  the  publication  of  his  “ Notes  on  the 
Epistle  to  the  Romans  ” he  was  tried  for  heresy 
before  the  Presbytery  and  acquitted,  and  he 
thereupon  changed  the  phraseology  of  the  sen- 
tences in  the  work  that  called  forth  the  charge. 
When  the  case  was  brought  before  the  synod  he 
was  condemned,  and  was  forbidden  to  preach  for 
six  months  At  the  end  of  this  time  an  appeal 
was  made  to  the  general  assembly,  and  he  was 
acquitted.  His  “ defence  ” was  published  in 
New  York,  and  his  trial  as  reported,  in  Phila- 
delphia. This  charge  and  trial  was  the  occasion 
of  the  organization  of  the  new-school  Presby- 
terians. Mr.  Barnes  was  a man  of  eminent 
ability  as  a preacher,  of  clear  mind  and  beautiful 
character.  He  was  loved  by  his  people,  toward 
whom  he  was  sympathetic  and  tender.  He  was 
a conscientious  and  interested  student,  reading 
the  scriptures  in  the  original,  and  studying  phil 
osophy,  history  and  the  natural  sciences.  He 
wrote  “Scriptural  Views  of  Slavery  ” (1846) ; 
“ The  Way  of  Salvation”  (1863);  “Manual  of 
Prayers”;  “The  Atonement”;  “Claims  of 
Episcopacy”;  “Church  Manual”;  “Practical 
Sermons  for  Vacant  Congregations  and  Families” ; 
“Closest  Companion”  (1854);  “ How  shall  Man 
be  Just  with  Godi”  (1855) ; “ Miscellaneous 

Essays  and  Reviews”  (1855);  “The  Church 
and  Slavery  ” (1856);  “Way  of  Salvation  Illus- 
trated ” (1856) ; “ Inquiries  and  Suggestions  in 
regard  to  the  Foundation  of  Faith  in  the  Word 
of  God”;  “Life  at  Three-score”  (1858);  “The 
Atonement  ” ; “ Lectures  on  the  Evidences  of 
Ghristianity  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  ” (1868), 
and  “ Prayers  for  Family  Worship.”  More  than 
a million  copies  of  his  notes  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment were  sold  before  the  edition  of  1872.  He 
died  in  Philadelphia,  Dec.  24,  1870. 


BARNES,  Alfred  Smith,  publisher,  was  born 
at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Jan.  28,  1817,  son  of  Eli 
and  Susan  (Morris)  Barnes,  descended  from  the 
original  settlers  of  Fair  Haven  and  New  Haven. 
Conn.  The  son  was  brought  up  to  work  on 
a farm  in  the  summer  and  attend  school  dur- 
ing the  winter. 

When  about  sixteen 
years  of  age  he  ob- 
tained employment 
in  the  book  store  of 
Daniel  F.  Robinson. 

He  removed  with  the 
firm  of  D.  F.  Robin- 
son & Co.  to  New 
York  city  in  1835 
and  in  1838,  when  he 
arrived  at  the  age 
of  twenty-one,  he 
entered  into  part 
nersliip  with  Prof. 

Charles  Davies,  the 
well-known  mathe- 
matician. In  1838  they  removed  to  Hartford,  and 
founded  the  house  of  A.  S.  Barnes  & Co., 
publishers  of  mathematical  text  - books.  Mr. 
Barnes  personally  canvassed  the  state  of  Con- 
necticut for  patronage  for  their  school  books, 
and  finding  the  manufacturing  facilities  at 
Hartford  limited,  the  house  was  removed  in 
1840  to  Philadelphia,  and  in  1844  to  New  York 
where  they  published  “ The  National  Series  " of 
standard  school  books,  which  became  generally 
adopted  in  schools,  some  of  the  volumes  at- 
taining a sale  of  over  one  million  copies.  In  1848 
Professor  Davies  retired  from  the  firm,  and 
shortly  after  his  place  was  taken  by  Henry  L. 
Burr,  a brother-in-law  of  Mr.  Barnes,  and  upon 
his  death,  in  1865,  Mr.  Barnes’s  eldest  son,  Alfred, 
and  his  brother,  John  C.  Barnes,  were  admitted 
as  partners,  the  latter  retiring  in  1873.  In  1867 
Henry  W.  Curtiss  and  Mr.  Barnes's  second  son. 
Henry,  and  later  his  nephew,  Charles  J.  Barnes, 
were  made  partners.  In  1874  his  third  son, 
Edwin,  came  into  the  firm,  and  in  1884-'85  his 
fourth  and  fifth  sons,  Richard  and  William,  were 
admitted.  Mr.  Barnes  founded,  and  for  six 
years  published  the  Magazine  of  American 
History.  He  was  in  every  way  public-spirited 
and  liberal  in  his  benefactions  to  all  worthy 
objects,  including  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  the  Faith 
Home  for  incurables,  and  the  Academy  of  music 
of  Brooklyn ; the  Brooklyn  library,  the  Long 
Island  historical  society  and  the  various  Presby- 
terian boards  of  missions.  He  donated  a building 
costing  $45,000  to  Cornell  university,  for  the  use  of 
the  Christian  associations,  called  Barnes  hall,  and 
$25,000  to  the  Home  for  Incurables  in  Brooklyn. 
He  was  married  in  1841  to  Harriet,  daughter  of 


[196] 


BARNES. 


BARNES. 


Gen.  Timothy  Burr  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  who 
bore  him  live  sons  and  live  daughters.  She  died 
in  1881  and  in  1883  he  was  married  to  Mary 
Matthews  Smith,  who  survived  him.  (See  an  ex- 
tended notice  in  Dr.  Stiles's  “ History  of  King’s 
county.”)  He  died  Feb.  IT,  1888. 

BARNES,  Catherine  Weed,  photographer, 
was  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  10,  1,851;  the 
daughter  of  William  and  Emily  P.  Barnes  and 
the  grand-daughter  of  Thurlow  Weed.  She 
received  an  academical  education  at  Albany  and 
entered  Vassal-  college,  but  did  not  graduate. 
Miss  Barnes  travelled  extensively  in  America  as 
well  as  abroad,  and  after  1886,  when  she  took  up 
photography  as  a pastime,  she  never  went  with- 
out her  camera.  She  became  a practical  worker 
in  the  studio  and  laboratory,  and  in  camera  work 
not  only  made  exposures  and  developed  the 
plates,  but  made  lantern  slides,  managed  her 
own  oxy-hydrogen  lantern,  and  experimented 
with  the  various  printing  methods  constantly 
being  brought  out.  She  became  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  New  York  society  of  amateur  photo- 
graphers, of  the  New  York  camera  club,  and 
honorary  member  of  the  Brooklyn  academy  of 
photography,  the  first  woman  honorary  member 
of  the  Chicago  camera  club,  a member  of  the 
Postal  photographic  club,  and  a member  of  the 
Sorosis  club.  She  wrote  for  the  different  photo- 
graphic periodicals,  and  in  1890  became  one  of 
the  editors  of  the  American  Amateur  Photog- 
rapher. She  also  edited  a special  department  in 
Outing,  and  contributed  photographic  articles 
for  Frank  Leslie’s  Weekly.  At  the  Boston 
exhibition  of  1888  she  received  a diploma,  and 
at  the  one  in  New  York  in  1891,  a silver  medal 
for  lantern  slides.  In  1892  she  addressed  the 
photographic  convention  of  the  United  Kingdom 
at  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

BARNES,  Daniel  Henry,  educator,  was  born 
at  Canaan,  Columbia  county,  N.  Y.,  April  25,  1785. 
After  his  graduation  from  Union  college  in  1809, 
lie  spent  two  years  in  studying  Hebrew  under 
an  eminent  instructor.  In  1811  he  removed  to 
Poughkeepsie,  where  he  became  principal  of 
the  academy,  and  in  the  same  year  began  the 
study  of  divinity,  with  the  intention  of  becoming 
a Baptist  minister.  He  received  his  preacher's 
license  in  1813,  and  in  1814  went  to  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  where  he  taught  a school  for  several  years, 
hoping  to  see  it  grow  into  a Baptist  college. 
Disappointed  in  this  he,  in  1816,  became  principal 
of  the  Union  college  classical  school,  many  of  his 
pupils  afterwards  attaining  distinction,  and  in 
1819  professor  of  languages  in  the  Baptist  theologi- 
cal seminary,  New  York  city.  This  institution  was 


A few  years  later  he  became  associate  principal 
of  the  high  school  for  boys  in  New  York  city. 
In  1827  he  refused  an  election  to  the  presidency 
of  Waterville  college,  Me.,  and  also  that  of  Colum- 
bian college,  Washington,  D.  C.  He  was  eminent 
as  a conchologist,  and  contributed  to  the  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Science  and  Art  papers  on 
“Geological  Section  of  the  Canaan  Mountain,” 
“ Memoir  of  the  Genera  Unio  and  Alasmodonta,  ” 
“ Five  Species  of  Chiton,”  “ Magnetic  Polarity,” 
“Reclamation  of  Unios,”  and  “Memoir  on 
Batrachian  Animals  and  Doubtful  Reptiles.” 
He  also  rendered  service  in  preparing  the  original 
edition  of  “ Webster’s  Dictionary.”  He  died  at 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  27,  1828. 

BARNES,  David  Leonard,  civil  engineer,  was 
born  near  Providence,  R.  I.,  Aug.  23,  1858.  He 
was  graduated  from  Brown  university  in  1879, 
and  studied  engineering  at  the  Massachusetts 
institute  of  technology.  From  1882  to  1887  he 
was  chief  draughtsman  and  mechanical  engi- 
neer at  the  Rhode  Island  locomotive  works,  and 
in  1887  became  a consulting  engineer  for  New 
York  and  Chicago,  having  his  principal  office  in 
the  latter  city.  He  established  a very  wide  prac- 
tice, covering  mechanical,  civil  and  electrical 
engineering,  and  was  consulting  engineer  for 
several  western  and  southern  railroads,  foreign 
manufacturers,  and  for  the  Railroad  Gazette, 
New  York,  of  which  periodical  he  was  for  about 
eight  years  previous  to  his  death  on  the  editorial 
staff.  In  1890  he  was  awarded  by  Brown  uni- 
versity the  degree  of  A.M.  by  special  vote.  He 
was  a member  of  the  American  society  of  me- 
chanical engineers;  American  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science ; American  society 
of  civil  engineers;  treasurer  of  the  Western 
society  of  engineers,  and  vice-president  of  the 
Western  railway  club.  He  revised  the  second 
edition  of  “ Compound  Locomotives  ” by  Arthur 
Tannatt  Woods,  published  in  1893,  and  was  the 
author  of  various  scientific  and  technical  papers. 
He  died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  15,  1896. 

BARNES,  Frances  Julia  Allis,  reformer,  was 
born  at  Skaneateles,  N.  Y.,  April  14,  1846.  She 
was  educated  at  Packer  institute,  Brooklyn,  in 
which  city  she  lived  several  years.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1871,  she  was  married  to  Willis  A.  Barnes, 
and  resided  in  New  York  city  until  1874,  when 
they  removed  to  Chicago,  where  Mrs.  Barnes 
became  interested  in  the  temperance  cause,  and 
for  five  years  worked  with  Frances  E.  Willard, 
corresponding  secretary  of  the  National  woman's 
Christian  temperance  union,  and  with  the  Chi- 
cago, W.  C.  T.  U.  In  1879  she  returned  to  New 


York  city  and  in  1880  was  appointed  superinten- 
transf erred  to  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  and  Mr.  Barnes  * dent  of  the  National  young  women's  Christian 
established  an  English  and  classical  school  in  temperance  union.  In  1887  the  Oak  and  Ivy 
New  York  city,  in  which  he  was  very  successful.  Leaf,  the  organ  of  the  Y.  W.  C.  T.  U.,  appeared, 

[197J 


BARNES. 


BARNES. 


to  which  she  constantly  contributed.  In  1890 
she  was  chosen  fraternal  delegate  to  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  British  women’s  temperance 
association  held  in  London.  In  1891  she  was 
made  the  World’s  superintendent  of  the  Y.  W.  C. 
T.  U.,  and  under  her  care  the  work  grew  to  a 
total  membership  of  thirty  thousand  in  the  United 
States  alone.  Mrs.  Barnes’s  work  included  the 
delivering  of  addresses  and  organizing  of  new 
local  unions.  After  1885  she  was  president  of 
the  Loyal  legion  temperance  society  of  New 
York  city. 

BARNES,  George  Thomas,  representative, 
was  born  in  Richmond  county,  Ga.,  Aug.  14, 
1833.  He  was  educated  at  the  Richmond  county 
academy,  and  at  the  University  of  Georgia, 
Athens,  where  he  was  graduated  in  August,  1853. 
He  then  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Georgia  bar  in  1855,  and  practised  in  Augusta. 
He  served  in  the  Confederate  army  as  an  officer 
in  the  artillery  in  the  first  year  of  the  war,  in 
Georgia,  and  in  1862  and  1864  in  Virginia.  He 
was  a member  of  the  house  of  representatives 
of  the  state  of  Georgia  in  1860,  ’61,  ’63  and  '65, 
and  was  elected  to  represent  the  10th  Georgia 
district  in  the  49th,  50th  and  51st  congresses, 
being  succeeded  in  the  52d  Congress  by  Thomas 
E.  Watson.  As  a member  of  the  National 
Democratic  executive  committee  in  1876  and 
1880  he  ably  represented  the  party  in  Georgia, 
and  was  chosen  as  delegate-atdarge  to  the  Na- 
tional Democratic  conventions  of  1868,  ’76 
and  '80. 

BARNES,  James,  soldier,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  1806.  In  1829  he  was  graduated  from 
West  Point,  remaining  at  the  academy  as  assist- 
ant instructor  for  one  year.  He  was  then 
assigned  to  service  at  Fort  McHenry,  Md.,  with 
the  rank  of  lieutenant  of  artillery,  and  in  1832 
took  part  in  the  Black  Hawk  expedition.  After 
serving  at  Charleston  harbor  during  South  Caro- 
lina’s threatened  nullification,  he  returned  to 
West  Point,  where  for  three  years  he  was  assist- 
ant instructor.  He  resigned  from  the  United 
States  army  in  1836  and  for  more  than  twenty 
years  devoted  his  time  to  civil  engineering,  in 
which  he  gained  a wide  reputation.  Many  of  the 
large  railroads  of  the  country  were  constructed 
under  his  supervision.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war  he  volunteered  in  the  Union  army, 
and  was  given  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1862,  he  was  made  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers,  and  saw  active  service  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1862  and  1863.  At  the  battle  of  Gettys- 
burg he  was  severely  wounded.  During  1863 
and  1864  he  commanded  the  defences  of  Norfolk 
and  Portsmouth,  Va.,  and  later  was  in  command 
at  St.  Mary’s  district  and  Point  Lookout.  For 
his  service  during  the  war  he  was  brevetted 


major-general  of  volunteers  in  March,  1865,  and 
in  January,  1866,  he  was  mustered  out  of  service. 
His  army  life  had  so  undermined  his  physical 
strength  that  he  died  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  Feb. 
12,  1869. 

BARNES,  Joseph  K.,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  21,  1817.  He  studied  at 
Northampton , Mass.,  entered  Harvard  college 
in  the  academic  department,  but  left  the  school 
on  account  of  ill-health.  He  then  studied  medi- 
cine, and  was  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1838,  practised  in  Philadelphia 
until  1840,  when  he  was  appointed  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  United  States  army,  and  detailed  to 
service  at  the  military  academy.  His  first  field 
service  was  in  Florida,  in  the  Seminole  war,  under 
General  Harney ; from  1842  to  1846  he  served  at 
Fort  Jessup,  La.,  and  later  during  the  Mexican 
war  under  Generals  Taylor  and  Scott,  being 
attached  to  a cavalry  brigade.  In  1854  he  re- 
turned to  West  Point,  where  he  remained  until 
1859,  when  he  was  transferred  to  Oregon.  On 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  was  summoned 
to  Washington  and  placed  on  duty  in  the  surgeon- 
general's  office,  remaining  there  for  two  years, 
when  he  was  made  medical  inspector  with  the 
rank  of  colonel.  In  September,  1863,  he  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Hammond  as  surgeon-general  and  was 
promoted  brigadier-general.  At  the  time  of 
President  Lincoln’s  assassination,  General  Barnes 
was  the  first  physician  called  to  his  bedside,  and 
the  same  evening  he  attended  Secretary  Seward 
and  his  son.  He  was  one  of  the  consulting  physi- 
cians to  President  Garfield.  He  was  a trustee  of 
Peabody  educational  fund  and  commissioner  of 
the  Soldiers'  home.  The  royal  medical  societies  of 
London,  Paris  and  Moscow  made  him  an  honorary 
member.  In  1882  he  was  retired,  and  he  died 
in  Washington,  D.  C.,  March  25,  1883. 

BARNES,  Phinehas,  politician,  was  born  at 
Orland,  Me.,  Jan.  11.  1811.  He  was  prepared  for 
college  at  Phillips  academy.  Andover,  Mass.,  and 
was  graduated  from  Bowdoin  college  in  1830. 
He  was  clerk  in  a bookstore;  edited  a paper  in 
Bangor,  and  from  1834  to  1839  occupied  the  chair 
of  Greek  and  Latin  at  Waterville  college.  He 
then  studied  law;  was  admitted  to  practice  and 
established  a large  business  in  Portland,  being 
solicitor  of  the  Grand  Trunk  railroad,  and  trustee 
of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  railroad.  He 
filled  numerous  offices  of  trust  and  responsibility, 
acting  as  a trustee  of  the  Maine  general  hospital, 
and  of  the  state  agricultural  college,  an  overseer 
of  Bowdoin  college,  a director  of  the  Portland 
savings  bank,  and  for  several  years  editor  of  the 
Advertiser.  In  1860  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Whigs  on  the  Constitutional  Union  ticket  for 
governor  of  Maine,  but  was  not  elected.  He  died 
in  Portland,  Me..  Aug.  21,  1871. 

[1981 


BARNEY. 


BARNEY. 


BARNES,  Thuriow  Weed,  journalist  and  pub- 
lisher, was  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  June  28,  1853, 
son  of  William  and  Emily  (Weed)  Barnes.  He 
learned  the  printing  trade  in  Albany,  and  was 
graduated  from  Harvard  college  in  1876.  He  was 
active  as  a journalist,  being  connected  with  the 
Albany  Evening  Journal,  and  as  chairman  of  the 
Republican  county  committee  until  1883,  when 
he  retired  from  active  political  life  in  Albany, 
and  prepared  and  published  a life  of  his  grand- 
father, Thuriow  Weed.  He  spent  two  winters 
in  India,  and  travelled  extensively  in  the  East. 
In  1887  he  became  a partner  in  the  publishing 
firm  of  Houghton,  Mifflin  & Co.  of  Boston,  resid- 
ing in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  engaging  in 
literary  work. 

BARNEY,  Hiram,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Jeffer- 
son county,  N.  Y.,  May  30,1811.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Union  college  in  1834,  and  then  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1840  he 
settled  in  New  York  city,  and  in  1849  became 
associated  in  legal  practice  with  Benjamin  F. 
Butler  and  his  son,  William  Allen  Butler.  Benj.  F. 
Butler  having  soon  afterward  retired  from  active 
practice,  James  Humphrey  of  Brooklyn  became 
associated  with  the  business,  and  the  firm  was 
continued  under  the  name  of  Barney.  Humphrey, 
& Butler,  and  afterward  — on  Mr.  Humphrey’s 
election  to  Congress  — under  the  title  of  Barney, 
Butler  & Parsons,  which  was  succeeded,  on  Mr. 
Barney’s  retirement,  by  the  firm  of  Butler,  Still- 
man & Hubbard.  Mr.  Barney  was  appointed 
collector  of  the  port  of  New  York  by  President 
Lincoln,  and  served  during  the  first  three  years 
of  Lincoln’s  administration,  when  he  resigned, 
and  declined  an  appointment  to  a foreign  mission. 
Mr.  Barney  was  first  married  to  Susannah,  daugh- 
ter of  Lewis  Tappan,  the  abolitionist,  and  after  her 
death  to  Miss  Kilburne  of  Keokuk,  la.  In  1830  he 
became  identified  with  the  temperance  and  anti- 
slavery cause,  and  was  chairman  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  young  men’s  anti-slavery  society 
in  New  York  city.  In  1840  he  was  nominated 
as  a representative  to  Congress  by  the  anti-slavery 
party,  but  received  only  three  hundred  and  fifty 
votes.  In  1848,  when  the  anti-slavery  party 
formed  the  Free  Soil  party,  Mr.  Barney  was  a 
presidential  elector.  In  1852  he  was  on  the  elec- 
toral ticket  for  Hale  and  Julian.  When  the 
Republican  party  was  formed,  in  1856,  Mr.  Barney 
was  a delegate  to  the  Philadelphia  convention 
that  nominated  Fremont  and  Dayton.  At  that 
convention  he  voted  for  Sumner  instead  of  Fre- 
mont. In  1860  he  attended  the  convention  at 
Chicago  that  nominated  Lincoln  and  Hamlin, 
and  he  succeeded  in  raising  835,000  in  New  York, 
which  he  sent  to  the  state  committee  in  Illinois 
to  assist  in  carrying  that  state.  He  died  at 
Kingsbridge.  N.  Y. , May  18,  1895. 


[199J 


BARNEY,  Joshua,  naval  officer,  was  born  at 
Baltimore,  Md.,  July  6, 1759,  the  son  of  a farmer. 
His  boot  learning  was  meagre,  for  at  the  age  of 
ten  he  left  school,  and  went  to  sea  on  a small 
brig.  For  three  years  he  served  as  a seaman’s 
apprentice,  and  while  on  the  last  voyage  to  Italy 
the  captain  died,  and  young  Barney  took  his 
place,  successfully  finishing  the  trip  and  taking 
the  vessel  back  to  Baltimore.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  revolutionary  war,  he  joined,  as  master’s 
mate,  the  sloop  Hornet,  which  in  1775  was  one 
of  the  squadron  commanded  by  Commodore  Hop- 
kins in  his  expedition  against  New  Providence. 
While  with  this  fleet  he  saw  much  active  service, 
and  on  its  return  to  Philadelphia  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Wasp,  participated  in  his  first  sea 
fight  in  the  engagement  with  the  British  brig 
Tender,  his  gallantry  winning  him  his  promotion 
as  lieutenant.  As  commander  of  the  sloop 
Sachem,  he  captured  a British  privateer,  was 
made  prize-master,  and  was  soon  after  captured. 
Upon  being  released,  he  in  1777  was  assigned  to 
the  Andrea  Doria  and  cruised  in  the  West  Indies. 
In  1778  he  was  first  officer  on  the  frigate  Virginia, 
which  was  captured  in  attempting  to  pass  the 
mouth  of  the  Chesapeake,  and,  after  an  imprison- 
ment of  five  months,  was  exchanged  and  was 
made  second  officer  of  a privateer,  which  brought 
a valuable  prize  into  Philadelphia  in  1779.  Again 
he  was  taken  prisoner  with  his  crew,  exchanged 
and  joined  the  sloop  of  war  Saratoga,  and  while 
heading  a boarding  party  captured  the  Charming 
Molly,  a British  ship  with  a crew  outnumbering 
his  three  to  one,  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
prize,  recaptured,  carried  to  New  York,  and  sub- 
sequently to  England,  whence  he  managed  to  es- 
cape after  three  months’  confinement  in  a British 
prison,  a price  being  set  on  his  head.  Return- 
ing to  Philadelphia  in  1782  he  was  made  com- 
mander of  the  Hyder  All,  and  succeeded  in 
capturing  the  British  ship  General  Monk  off  Cape 
May,  N.  J.,  after  a fight  of  only  twenty-six 
minutes.  In  1782,  Congress,  in  recognition  of  his 
services,  conferred  upon  him  the  rank  of  commo- 
dore, and  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  presented 
him  with  a handsome  gold-hilted  sword.  He 
continued  to  render  valuable  services  to  the 
country;  cruised  in  the  frigate  Washington 
to  the  West  Indies,  and  afterwards  to  France 
as  bearer  of  government  despatches  to  Franklin, 
and  on  his  return  delivered  to  Congress  the 
news  of  the  preliminary  treaty  of  peace  with  the 
United  States  and  the  large  sum  of  money  loaned 
by  France.  In  1793  he  returned  tc  his  native  city, 
where  he  entered  into  commercial  business.  In 
1794  he  went  with  Monroe  to  France  and  carried 
the  American  flag  to  the  national  convention. 
He  joined  the  French  navy  in  the  West  Indies, 
as  commander  of  a squadron  protecting  its  com- 


BARNUM. 


BARNUM. 


merce  from  the  British,  and  remained  in  the 
French  service  until  1808,  when  he  returned  to 
Baltimore.  When  the  war  of  1812  broke^out  he 
again  entered  the  navy  as  commander  of  a 
privateer.  In  1814  he  commanded  the  gunboat 
flotilla,  defending  the  Chesapeake  bay.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  gallantry  in  the  battle 
of  Bladensburg,  where  he  was  severely  wounded, 
taken  prisoner,  and  exchanged  .after  six  weeks 
imprisonment.  He  was  presented  with  a sword, 
by  the  city  of  Washington,  in  acknowledgment 
of  his  services.  He  was  sent  on  a mission  to 
England,  but  was  obliged  to  return  on  account 
of  his  health.  He  received  the  appointment 
of  naval  officer  of  the  port  of  Baltimore  in  1817, 
and  lived  upon  his  farm  in  Elkridge.  He  started 
for  the  west  to  take  possession  of  a large  tract 
of  land  he  had  purchased  in  Kentucky,  and  on 
his  journey  thither  died  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Dec.  1, 
1818. 

BARNUM,  Henry  A.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Jamesville,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  24,  1833.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Syracuse  institute,  graduated  in  1856, 
and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1860.  In  1861  he  vol- 
unteered as  a private  in  the  12th  New  York  vol- 
unteer regiment.  He  was  commissioned  captain 
and  fought  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and  during 
the  Peninsular  campaign.  For  his  services  in 
these  engagements  he  received  the  rank  of  major. 
At  the  battle  of  Malvern  Hill  he  served  on  the 
staff  of  General  Butterfield,  was  wounded  and 
left  on  the  field  for  dead.  He  was  found  by  the 
Confederates,  taken  prisoner,  and  confined  in 
Libby  prison,  from  which  he  was  liberated  in 
July,  1862.  Soon  after  his  release  he  was  pro- 
moted colonel,  and  commanded  his  regiment  in 
the  battles  of  Gettysburg  and  Lookout  mountain, 
and  also  throughout  the  Atlanta  campaign, 
being  wounded  at  Lookout  mountain,  where  his 
regiment  captured  eleven  battle  flags.  Before 
Atlanta  he  was  again  wounded,  and  on  Sherman’s 
famous  march  to  the  sea  Colonel  Barnum  was 
commander  of  a brigade.  In  1865  he  was  made 
major-general  of  volunteers  “for  his  gallantry 
and  fearlessness  during  the  entire  war,”  and 
resigned  from  the  volunteer  army  in  January, 
1866,  refusing  a commission  as  colonel  in  the  reg- 
ular army.  He  was  elected  inspector  of  state 
prisons  in  New  York,  and  in  1869  was  made 
deputy  tax-commissioner,  holding  the  office  three 
years.  In  1885  he  was  elected  to  the  state 
assembly,  and  was  afterwards  appointed  harbor 
master  of  the  port  of  New  York,  where  he  served 
five  years,  having  been  reappointed  to  the  office 
in  1889  by  President  Harrison.  Congress,  by 
special  vote  in  1890,  awarded  him  a pension  of 
one  hundred  dollars  per  month,  that  being  the 
largest  pension  ever  allowed  an  officer  of  his 
rank.  He  died  in  New  York  city  Jan.  29,  1892. 


BARNUM,  Phineas  Taylor,  showman,  was 
born  at  Bethel.  Conn.,  July  5,  1810,  the  son  of  a 
country  store  and  tavern  keeper.  His  father 
died  when  he  was  quite  young,  and  he  went  to 
New  York  to  find  employment.  Having  accumu- 
lated some  money,  he  opened  a small  store  in 
Bethel,  and  became  connected  with  the  lottery 
chartered  by  the  state  for  the  purpose  of  building 
the  Groton  monument  opposite  New  London.  In 
1829  he  established  and  edited  The  Herald  of  Free- 
dom, was  charged  with  libel  and  imprisoned  sixty 
days.  In  1834  he  removed  to  New  York  city,  and 
placed  on  exhibition  an  old  slave  woman  called 
Joyce  Heth,  advertised  as  the  nurse  of  George 
Washington,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty  years 
old.  He  paid  one  thousand  dollars  for  the  right 
to  exhibit  her,  advertised  her  extensively,  and 
realized  large  returns.  Thereafter  Barnum  trav- 
elled through  the  Southern  states,  exhibiting  sev- 
eral small  shows.  In  1841  he  bought  Scudder’s 
American  museum,  entirely  on  credit,  and  by 
shrewd  management  he  was  able  to  pay  for  it 
within  a year.  This  became  known  as  “ Barnum's 
Museum,”  and  was  a favorite  resort  for  many 
years.  In  1842  he  brought  before  the  public 
Charles  S.  Stratton,  of  Bridgeport,  Conn. , a dwarf 
whom  he  named  Gen.  Tom  Thumb  and  exhibited 
in  America  and  Europe  with  great  success.  In 
1849  he  engaged  Jenny  Lind  for  one  hundred  and 
fifty  nights,  at  one  thousand  dollars  per  night, 
brought  her  to  America,  and  provided  a concert 
company  to  assist  her.  This  venture  returned  him 
a large  profit.  In  1855  he  retired  from  the  show 
business  and  built  an  elegant  home  in  Bridgeport, 
Conn.  Here  he  entered  into  several  local  business 
schemes  which  eventually  absorbed  his  fortune- 
He  again  visited  England  with  Tom  Thumb,  re- 
turning in  1857,  and  his  earnings  enabled  him  to 
extricate  himself  from  his  financial  difficulties. 
He  once  more  took  charge  of  the  old  museum 
which  was  burned  on  the  13th  of  July,  1865. 
Another  museum  in  a different  locality  was 
quickly  extemporized,  which  was  also  burned. 
In  1871  he  established  a vast  travelling  menagerie 
and  circus,  which  attracted  much  patronage 
and  earned  him  a large  fortune.  He  was  four 
times  a member  of  the  lower  house  of  the  Con- 
necticut legislature,  and  Mayor  of  Bridgeport  for 
many  years.  He  was  a man  of  decided  public 
spirit,  and  his  benefactions,  which  were  most  lib- 
eral, included  a public  park  in  Bridgeport  and  a 
stone  museum  building  for  Tufts  college,  filled 
with  specimens  of  natural  history.  He  also  de- 
livered popular  lectures  in  all  parts  of  the  country 
for  many  years,  and  wrote  his  own  life,  which  had 
a wide  circulation,  and  is  entertaining  as  any 
romance.  He  also  published  in  1845,  “ The  Hum- 
bugs of  the  World,”  and  in  1876,  “ Lion  Jack.  " He 
died  at  his  home  at  Bridgeport.  April  7,  1891. 

[200] 


BARNUM. 


BARR. 


BARNUM,  William  H.,  senator,  was  born  at 
Lime  Rock,  Litchfield  county,  Conn.,  Sept.  17, 
1818.  He  received  liis  primary  education  at  the 
common  schools,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  en- 
gaged as  clerk  in  a country  store.  He  became  in- 
terested in  politics  from  hearing  the  farmers’ 
discussions,  informed  himself  generally  on  the 
issues  of  the  day,  and  he  soon  acquired  a local 
reputation  as  authority  on  political  questions. 

In  1836  he  engaged  in  the  iron  business,  smelting 
and  manufacturing  car  wheels.  In  1853  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legislature, 
meanwhile  dividing  his  time  between  politics  and 
business,  to  the  detriment  of  neither.  In  1866  he 
went  to  Philadelphia  as  delegate  from  Connecti- 
cut to  the  Union  national  convention.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  a representative  to  the  40th 
Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  41st,  43d,  43d 
and  44th  congresses.  In  1876  he  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  senate,  to  succeed  J.  E.  English, 
elected  governor  of  the  state,  where  he  remained 
until  March  4,  1879.  From  1876  until  1888  he  was 
chairman  of  the  National  Democratic  committee, 
which  position  he  filled  with  efficiency  and  suc- 
cess. He  died  March  20,  1889. 

BARNWELL,  Robert  Woodward,  statesman, 
was  born  at  Beaufort,  S.  C.,  Aug.  10,  1801,  son  of 
Robert  Barnwell,  a soldier  of  distinction  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution,  and  a member  of  the  con- 
vention that  framed  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States.  The  son  was  graduated  from 
Harvard  college  in  1821.  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  his  native  state  in  1824.  In  1828  he  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  21st  Congress,  and 
was  re-elected  to  the  22d  Congress.  In  1835  he 
was  made  president  of  the  South  Carolina  college, 
filling  the  position  until  1841,  when  ill-health 
compelled  his  resignation.  Upon  recovering 
his  health,  he  declined  re-election,  and  upon 
the  death  of  Senator  Elmore  in  1850  he  was 
appointed  United  States  senator,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1851  by  R.  H.  Rliett,  elected  by  the 
legislature.  He  was  an  advocate  of  secession, 
and  was  a commissioner  from  South  Carolina  to 
Washington  in  1860  to  determine  the  ownership 
of  United  States  property  in  the  seceding  state. 

In  the  Montgomery  convention,  which  originated 
the  Confederate  states  government,  he  cast  the 
vote  which  elected  Jefferson  Davis  president,  and 
was  afterwards  elected  a Confederate  states 
senator.  He  died  Nov.  25,  1882. 

BARR,  Amelia  Edith,  author,  was  born  at 
Ulverton  in  Lancashire.  Eng.,  March  29,  1831, 
daughter  of  William  Huddleston,  a clergyman 
noted  for  his  learning  and  refinement,  and  from 
whom  she  received  the  principal  part  of  her  some- 
what unmethodically  conducted  education.  From 
her  mother’s  people  she  inherited  the  tendency  to 
the  mystical  in  religious  matters,  which  is  a 

[201 J 


feature  of  all  her  works.  In  her  nineteenth  year 
she  married  Robert  Barr,  a Scotchman,  and  four 
years  later  immigrated  to  America,  settling  in 
Galveston,  Texas,  after  travelling  quite  exten- 
sively through  the  country.  Her  husband  and 
three  sons  were  victims  of  the  yellow  fever 
scourge  of  1867,  and  finding  herself  left  to  the 
necessity  of  providing  a support  for  her  three 
daughters,  she  adopted  literature  as  a profession, 
removed  to  New  York  city,  where  she  obtained 
such  literary  work  as  writing  advertisements, 
paragraphs,  items  of  gossip  for  current  news- 
papers, and  all  sorts  of  odds  and  ends  for  the 
New  York  Ledger.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  became 
interested  in  her  and  her  heroic  efforts  to  keep 
her  family  together,  and  assisted  her  in  a number 
of  ways,  giving  her  work  on  the  Christian 
Union  and  introducing  her  to  influential  friends. 
She  taught  school  for  two  years,  all  the  time 
devoting  her  leisure  moments  to  the  study  of 
literature  as  a craft,  and  then  became  a regular 
contributor  to  various  publications.  Her  articles 
were  mainly  descriptive  and  historical,  but  she 
also  contributed  stories,  most  of  which  were  after- 
ward collected  and  published  in  book  form.  In 
1884  an  accident  confined  her  to  her  room  for  some 
weeks,  and  during  this  enforced  leisure  she  wrote 
“ Jan  Vedder’s  Wife,”  her  first  novel,  which  was 
published  in  1885.  Its  immediate  popularity  de- 
cided her  to  devote  herself  exclusively  to  novel 
writing.  The  scenes  of  her  novels  are  laid  in 
various  parts  of  England,  in  Scotland,  in  WTales, 
in  the  Netherlands,  on  the  high  seas,  in  Mexico, 
and  in  the  United  States,  and  with  all  this  wide 
range  of  territory,  the  local  coloring  of  her  scenes 
is  ever  faithful  even  in  minute  details.  Her  most 
popular  books  include:  “The  Young  People 

of  Shakespeare’s  Dramas”  (1882);  “Scottish 
Sketches”  (1883);  “Cluny  MacPherson”  (1883); 
“ The  Lost  Silver  of  Briffault”  (1885) ; “The  Hal- 
lam  Succession ” (1885) ; “Between  Two  Loves,,” 
"The  Bow  of  Orange  Ribbon,”  “ A Daughter  of 
Fife,”  and  “The  Last  of  the  Macallisters,”  pub- 
lished in  1886 ; “ Paul  and  Christina,”  “The  Squire 
of  Sandal-Side,”  in  1887;  "Master  of  his  Fate,” 
“Remember  the  Alamo,”  “A  Border  Shep- 
herdess,” “Christopher  and  Other  Stories,”  in 
18S8;  “Feet  of  Clay, ” in  1889;  “Friend  Olivia,” 
in  1890;  “The  Beads  of  Tasmer,”  “Love  for  an 
Hour  is  Love  Forever,”  “A  Sister  to  Esau,”  “ A 
Rose  of  a 'Hundred  Leaves,”  and  “ She  Loved  a 
Sailor,  in  1891;  “Michael  and  Theodora,”  and 
“ The  Preacher’s  Daughter,”  in  1892 ; " The  Lone 
House,  "Girls  of  a Feather."  "The  Mate  of  the 
‘ Easter  Bell  ’ and  other  Stories,”  and  “ A Singer 
from  the  Sea,”  in  1893;  “Bernicia,”  in  1895,  and 
“A  King  of  the  Nets,”  in  1896.  The  Century 
magazine  of  1896  published  a serial  from  her  pen 
depicting  life  in  the  Hebrides. 


BARRETT. 


BARRETT. 


BARRETT,  Edward,  naval  officer,  was  born 
in  Louisiana  in  1828.  From  1841  to  1846  lie 
served  as  a midshipman,  chiefly  abroad.  He  then 
entered  the  naval  academy  at  Annapolis  and  was 
graduated  the  same  year.  He  served  through  the 
Mexican  war,  and  at  its  close  was  assigned  to  the 
African  coast  station  in  1848.  as  commander  of 
the  sloop  Jamestown.  In  1855  he  was  advanced 
to  the  grade  of  lieutenant,  and  after  a few  years 
more  of  service  was  made  instructor  of  gunnery. 
He  was  subjected  to  court-martial  in  1862,  on  a 
charge  of  disloyal  conduct,  but  the  evidence  fully 
exonerated  him,  and  he  was  given  command  of 
the  gunboat  Massasoit , having  been  promoted 
lieutenant-commander.  He  then  commanded  the 
ironclad  monitor  Catskill,  and  captured  the 
blockade-runner  Deer.  He  ascended  the  Yangtse- 
Kiang  river  to  Hankow,  and  commanded  the  man- 
of-war  that  tested  the  jetties  of  the  Mississippi 
river  when  completed  by  Eads.  He  is  the  author 
of  “Dead  Reckoning;  or,  Day’s  Work”  (1863); 
“Temporary  Fortifications:  Prepared  for  the 
Naval  Service”  (1863);  “Naval  Howitzer v 
(1863);  and  the  editor  of  “The  Carlyle  Anthol- 
ogy,” selected  and  arranged  with  the  author’s 
sanction.  He  died  in  March,  1880. 

BARRETT,  George  Carter,  jurist,  was  born 
in  Ireland,  July  28,  1838,  son  of  a clergyman  of 
the  church  of  Ireland,  who  in  1846  was  appointed 
a missionary  to  the  Muncey  and  Oneida  Indians 
in  Canada.  His  son  George  accompanied  him 
and  in  1851  was  adopted  by  an  uncle,  George  C. 
Barrett,  a successful  lawyer  of  New  York  city. 
He  received  a good  education  and  subsequently 
studied  law  in  his  uncle’s  office.  Upon  attaining 
his  majority,  he  was  naturalized  by  Chief-Judge 
Daly.  On  his  admission  to  the  bar  in  1859  he 
entered  into  co-partnership  with  his  uncle,  and 
four  years  of  successful  practice  followed.  In 
1863,  supported  by  both  political  parties,  he  was 
elected  justice  of  the  sixth  district  court  of  New 
YTork  city;  this  office  he  filled  until  1867,  when 
he  was  promoted  to  the  bench  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas.  Judge  Barrett  took  an  active 
part  in  the  overthrow  of  the  “ Tweed-ring,”  and 
was  one  of  the  callers  of  the  mass  meeting  held 
in  Cooper  Union,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,  1871,  at  which 
the  “committee of  seventy”  was  appointed.  He 
was  counsel  for  that  committee  and  as  such  pro- 
cured from  Judge  Barnard  the  famous  order 
enjoining  Richard  B.  Connelly  from  acting  as 
comptroller  of  the  city.  On  Oct.  19,  1871,  he  was 
nominated  as  a justice  of  the  New  York  supreme 
court,  and  was  elected  by  a majority  of  more 
than  forty-four  thousand  votes.  Judge  Barrett’s 
first  term  expired  Dec.  31,  1885,  and  in  the  pre- 
ceding October  he  was  re-nominated  by  Tammany 
Hall,  and  elected.  In  1896,  when  the  appellate 
branch  of  the  supreme  court  of  New  York  was 


organized,  Judge  Barrett  was  made  one  of  the 
five  justices.  He  wrote  the  play  “ An  American 
Marriage,”  which  had  a successful  run  at  Wal- 
lack’s  theatre  in  1883. 

BARRETT,  John  P.,  electrician,  was  born 
near  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  in  1837.  He  removed  with 
his  parents  to  Chicago  in  1844.  and  when  twelve 
years  old  went  to  sea  as  a ship’s  boy,  rising  to  the 
position  of  an  able  seaman.  In  a storm  off  the 
coast  of  Chili  he  fell  from  aloft,  and  was  crippled 
for  life ; but  after  nearly  two  years  of  suffering, 
in  a San  Francisco  hospital,  he  regained  his  health, 
returned  to  Chicago  in  1862,  and  was  appointed 
fire  watchman  in  the  tower  of  the  city  hall.  On 
the  introduction  of  the  fire  telegraph  in  1865,  he 
was  appointed  assistant  operator,  and  during  his 
connection  with  it,  improved  the  fire  alarm  tele- 
graph system  which  became  generally  adopted 
throughout  the  country.  As  chief  electrician  of 
the  Cliicago  fire  department  he  improved  the 
box  system  until  it  was  automatically  perfect. 
His  “joker”  in  the  engine  houses,  was  so  con- 
structed as  to  instantly  i-elease  the  horses  from 
their  stalls  at  the  sound  of  the  alarm,  and  to 
rouse  all  the  firemen  from  their  beds,  while  his 
“still  switch”  served  to  call  only  apart  of  the 
men,  while  the  others  were  allowed  to  sleep  un- 
disturbed. He  also  turned  his  attention  to  the 
police  patrol  system,  the  underground  telegraph, 
the  bridge  telephone,  the  lighting  of  Chicago’s 
streets  and  river,  and  in  recognition  of  his  great 
services  in  these  various  departments  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  electrician  to  the  World’s  Colum- 
bian exposition  of  1893. 

BARRETT,  Lawrence,  actor,  was  born  at 
Paterson,  N.  J.,  April  4,  1838.  He  sprang  from 
an  obscure  family,  his  father  being  an  Irish 
immigrant,  too  poor  to  educate  him  properly, 
but  the  boy  possessed  an  insatiable  craving  for 
reading,  and  lost  no  opportunity  to  study  history 
and  literature.  His 
first  work  in  a theatre 
was  as  a call-boy  in 
Detroit,  and  there  his 
love  for  the  drama 
was  awakened.  His 
spare  moments  were 
occupied  in  reading 
plays  and  his  acute 
observation  readily 
grasped  the  details  of 
the  actor’s  art . F rom 
call-boy  he  worked  his 
way  up  to  a speaking 
part,  and  in  January, 

1857,  though  not  nine- 
teen years  old,  he 
made  his  first  appearance  in  New  York  city  as  Sir 
Thomas  Clifford,  in  the  “ The  Hunchback,  play- 
r 202 1 


BARRETT. 


BARRETT. 


ing  in  the  Chambers  street  theatre.  Mr.  Burton, 
who  had  just  opened  a new  house,  afterwards  called 
Winter  Garden  theatre,  was  pleased  with  Barrett’s 
acting  and  engaged  him  to  play  minor  parts  in 
the  new  theatre.  In  the  season  of  1862-’63,  he 
had  risen  to  the  part  of  leading  man,  supporting 
Edwin  Booth,  Mary  Provost,  Mrs.  D.  P.  Bowers, 
and  others.  In  1864  he  went  south  with  Lewis 
Baker,  and  undertook  the  management  of  the  old 
Varieties  theatre  in  New  Orleans,  La.  There  he 
played  for  the  first  time  such  parts  as  Hamlet 
and  Richelieu,  and  Eliot  Grey  in  Lester  Wallack’s 
“Rosedale.”  He  made  his  first  trip  abroad  in 
1867,  returning  in  the  latter  part  of  that  year,  and 
afterward  taking  a sea  journey  to  California. 
In  February,  1869,  he  played  Hamlet  in  Maguire’s 
opera  house  in  San  Francisco.  While  in  that  city 
he  undertook,  in  connection  with  John  McCul- 
lough, the  management  of  the  new  California 
theatre,  retaining  his  interest  for  nearly  two 
years.  He  returned  to  New  York  in  the  summer 
of  1870  and  played  Cassius  at  Niblo’s  theatre,  with 
E.  L.  Davenport  as  Brutus,  and  Walter  Mont- 
gomery as  Marc  Antony.  The  following  winter 
he  played  with  Edwin  Booth  at  Booth’s  theatre, 
acting  Laertes,  Othello  and  De  Mauprat  to  Booth’s 
Hamlet,  Iago,  and  Richelieu,  and  also  appearing 
as  Leontes  in  “Winter’s  Tale.”  In  June,  1871, 
he  first  acted  James  Harebell  in  “The  Man  of 
Airlie  ” at  Booth’s,  and  in  December  assumed  the 
management  of  the  new  Varieties  theatre  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  remaining  in  New  York  to  act  Cas- 
sius in  Edwin  Booth’s  revival  of  “ Julius  Csesar.” 
He  went  to  New  Orleans  in  March,  1872,  and 
played  with  great  success  in  many  roles,  among 
them  Hamlet,  Richelieu,  Shylock,  Richard  III.. 
Cassius,  Raphael  in  “ The  Marble  Heart,”  Alfred 
Evelyn  in  “ Money,”  Dazzle  in  “ London  Assur- 
ance,” Manuel  in  “ The  Romance  for  a Poor 
Young  Man,”  Harebell.  Romeo,  and  King  Lear. 
Returning  to  Booth’s  in  1875  he  added  to  his  rep- 
ertoire “Daniel  Druce,  Blacksmith,”  by  W.  S. 
Gilbert,  Mr.  Barrett  taking  the  title  roll.  In  1877 
he  went  to  Cincinnati,  O.,  playing  “A  Counter 
feit  Presentment,”  and  in  1878  played  “ Yorick’s 
Love”  in  Cleveland,  both  Mr.  Howell’s  plays.  In 
1881  he  went  to  Chicago,  and  in  1882  to  Phila- 
delphia, attracting  large  and  enthusiastic  audi- 
ences. He  played  in  the  Lyceum  theatre,  London, 
in  the  spring  of  1884,  and  in  the  fall  of  the  same 
year  again  appeared  in  New  York  city,  having 
two  new  plays — “ A Blot  on  the  ‘ Scutcheon,”  by 
Robert  Browning,  and  “The  King’s  Pleasure,” 
by  Theodore  de  Banville.  In  the  fall  of  1886  he 
became  the  manager  of  Edwin  Booth’s  tours,  and 
in  1887-88  and  1888-89  played  with  that  actor 
in  “Julius  Caesar,”  “Othello,”  “Hamlet,”  and 
other  plays.  He  made  four  tours  of  Europe,  but 
was  received  with  some  coldness  by  English 


a udiences.  The  best  critics  hesitated  to  call  Mr. 
Barrett  great,  or  called  him  great  with  some 
reservations.  His  art  was  acquired  rather  than 
original,  and  acquired  only  by  the  most  assid- 
uous labor  of  an  earnest  and  highly  intellectual 
man.  His  appearance  on  the  stage  cannot  better 
be  described  than  by  the  words  of  William 
Winter,  written  shortly  after  Barrett’s  death: 
“ His  coming  was  always  a signal  to  arouse  the 
mind.  His  mental  vitality  impressed  even  un- 
sympathetic beholders  with  a.  sense  of  fiery 
thought  struggling  in  its  fetters  of  mortality  and 
almost  shattering  and  consuming  the  frail  temple 
of  its  human  life.  His  stately  head,  silvered  with 
graying  hair,  his  dark  eyes  deeply  sunken  and 
glowing  with  intense  light,  his  thin  visage,  pallid 
with  study  and  pain,  his  form  of  grace,  and  voice 
of  sonorous  eloquence  and  solemn  music  (in  com- 
pass, variety  and  sweetness,  one  of  the  few  great 
voices  of  the  current  dramatic  generation),  his 
tremendous  earnestness,  his  superb  bearing,  and 
his  invariable  authority  and  distinction,  all  those 
attributes  united  to  announce  a ruler  and  leader 
in  the  realm  of  intellect.  ’ ’ Lawrence  Barrett  was 
said  to  be  essentially  the  student  and  scholar  of 
the  theatre,  and  it  is  undeniable  that  he  was  a 
man  of  unusual  intellectual  power.  But  the 
chief  characteristic  of  his  nature  was  his  un- 
swerving adherence  to  what  he  believed  to  be 
right.  A biographer  said  of  him,  “ He  never  spoke 
a false  word  or  knowingly  harmed  a human  being 
in  all  his  life.”  He  was  a prominent  member  of 
the  Players’  club  in  New  York,  the  author  of 
“ Edwin  Forrest  ” (1881),  and  “ Charlotte  Cush- 
man ” (1889).  He  died  in  New  York  city,  March 
20,  1891. 

BARRETT,  William  E.,  representative,  was 
born  at  Melrose,  Mass.,  Dec.  29,  1858.  He  was 
graduated  from  Dartmouth  college  in  1880,  and 
became  assistant  editor  on  the  Messenger,  St. 
Albans,  Vt.,  where  he  remained  for  two  years. 
In  1882  he  connected  himself,  with  the  Boston 
Daily  Advertiser,  and  was  sent  to  Washington 
as  regular  correspondent  for  that  paper.  In  1886 
Mr.  Barrett  left  Washington  to  take  the  position 
of  president  of  the  Advertiser  newspaper  com- 
pany, publishers  of  the  Advertiser  and  Evening 
Record.  He  was  elected  a representative  to  the 
Massachusetts  legislature  in  1887,  ’88,  ’89,  '90,  ’91, 
’92 ; became  speaker  of  the  house  in  1889,  and  was 
re-elected  every  year  to  1892  without  opposition. 
In  1891  he  was  the  Republican  nominee  for  gov- 
ernor. He  was  elected  a representative  to  the 
54th  U.  S.  Congress  on  the  Republican  ticket, 
and  made  himself  conspicuous  by  his  attitude 
on  the  Venezuelan  matter,  and  by  his  efforts  for 
the  impeachment  of  Mr.  Bayard,  United  States 
ambassador  to  Great  Britain.  He  was  re-elected 
to  the  55th  Congress  in  1896. 


f 203 J 


BARRIGER. 


BARRON. 


BARRIGER,  John  Walker,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Shelby  county,  Ky.,  July  9,  1832.  On  graduating 
from  West  Point  military  academy  in  1856  lie 
was  promoted  2d  lieutenant  of  2d  artillery,  and 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  served  in 
garrison  and  on  frontier  duty.  In  May,  1861, 
he  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant,  and  in  July 
of  that  year  was  brevetted  captain  for  his 
services  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run.  On  Aug. 
3,  1861,  he  was  made  captain  of  staff,  and  for 
three  months  was  chief  of  commissary  depart- 
ment for  the  state  of  Indiana  and  later  for  West 
Virginia.  He  was  inspector  in  the  department 
of  the  Ohio  from  April  to  November,  1863,  and 
chief  commissary  of  the  army  of  the  Ohio  until 
August,  1865.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was 
brevetted  major  and  lieutenant -colonel  for  ser- 
vices during  the  civil  war,  and  subsequently 
served  in  North  Carolina  and  at  Louisville,  Ky. , 
as  purchasing  and  depot  commissary,  as  chief 
of  commissary  department  of  the  Platte,  and 
as  assistant  to  the  commissary -general  of  sub- 
sistence at  Washington,  being  given  the  rank 
of  major  in  November,  1875.  He  was  promoted 
assistant  commissary-general  with  the  rank 
of  colonel,  July,  14,  1890,  and  colonel,  Dec.  27, 
1892.  He  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  sub- 
sistence department  in  1894.  He  is  the  author  of 
“ Legislative  History  of  the  Subsistence  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  States  Army  from  June  16, 
1875,  to  August  15,  1876.” 

BARRINGER,  Rufus,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Cabarrus  county,  N.C.,  Dec.  2,  1828,  son  of  Gen. 
Paul  Barringer  and  grar.  dson  of  Paul  Barringer, 
who  came  from  Wurtemburg,  Germany,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  settled 
in  North  Carolina.  Rufus  was  graduated  from 

the  University  of 
North  Carolina  in 
1842.  He  read  law 
with  his  brother 
at  Concord,  N.  C. , 
finished  his  legal 
trai  n i n g under 
Chief  Justice  Pear- 
son at  Mocksville, 
N.  C. , and  opened  a 
law  office  at  Con- 
cord. He  was  Whig 
in  politics,  and  in 
1848  was  elected  to 
the  lower  house  of 
the  state  legisla- 
ture, w here  he 
urged  the  construc- 
tion of  a railroad  from  Charlotte  to  Danville,  and 
otherwise  advocated  a progressive  system  of 
internal  improvements,  including  the  North 
Carolina  railroad.  The  following  session  lie 


represented  his  district  in  the  state  senate.  His 
growing  practice  claimed  his  entire  attention 
until  1860  when,  as  a Whig  elector,  he  made 
an  energetic  canvass  in  behalf  of  Bell  and 
Everett.  He  opposed  secession,  but  when  war 
became  inevitable,  lie  prepared  to  assist  in  the 
defence  of  his  native  state,  raised  a company 
of  cavalry,  afterwards  Company  F,  1st  North 
Carolina  cavalry,  was  commissioned  captain 
May  16,  1861 ; major,  Aug.  26,  1863,  and  three 
months  later  he  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel. 
In  June,  1864,  he  was  commissioned  brigadier- 
general,  and  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the 
North  Carolina  cavalry  brigade  consisting  of  the 
1st,  2d,  3d,  and  5tli  regiments.  General  Bar- 
ringer was  in  seventy-six  actions,  received  three 
wounds,  and  had  two  horses  killed  under  him. 
He  was  conspicuous  in  the  battles  at  Willis's 
church ; at  Brandy  station,  where  he  was  severely 
wounded;  Auburn  Mills  and  Buckland  Races, 
where  he  led  the  charge;  Davis  Farm,  where  he 
was  commander ; and  he  was  in  command  of  a 
division  at  Reams’  station.  His  brigade  was 
distinguished  at  Chamberlin  Run,  March  31, 
1865,  where  it  forded  a stream  a hundred  yards 
wide,  saddle-girth  deep,  under  a galling  fire, 
and  attacked  a division  of  Federal  cavalry,  driv- 
ing them  from  behind  their  breastworks.  This 
was  the  last  decisive  Confederate  victory.  On 
April  3,  1865,  while  making  an  effort  to  extricate 
one  of  his  regiments  from  a perilous  position 
at  Namozine  church,  Va.,  General  Barringer  was 
captured,  and  was  held  as  a prisoner  of  war 
until  August,  1865.  Upon  returning  to  North 
Carolina  he  advocated  qualified  negro  suffrage, 
as  a southern  policy,  and  co-operated  with  the 
Republicans  until  1888,  when  he  followed  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  for  tariff  reform.  In  1875  he 
was  a member  of  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention, carrying  the  Democratic  county  of 
Mecklenburg  for  the  Republicans,  and  in  1880 
he  was  their  candidate  for  lieutenant-governor. 
He  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  at  Char- 
lotte, N.  C.,  until  1S84,  when  he  retired  from 
the  bar  to  superintend  the  large  landed  and 
farming  interests  he  had  acquired.  He  wrote 
on  war  subjects,  and  while  on  his  death-bed 
dictated  “A  History  of  the  1st  North  Carolina.  " 
He  died  Feb.  3,  1895. 

BARRON,  James,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1769.  He  began  his  career  in  the 
navy  of  his  native  state  during  the  war  of  the 
revolution,  entered  the  navy  of  the  United 
States  in  1798  as  a lieutenant,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  a captaincy  in  the  year  following,  for 
important  services  on  board  the  United  States, 
under  Commodore  Barry,  to  the  command  of 
which  frigate  he  afterwards  succeeded.  After 
an  active  and  useful  service  of  nine  years,  during 


[204] 


BARRON. 


BxYRROW. 


•which  he  acquired  a high  reputation  for  courage 
and  seamanship,  he  hoisted  his  flag  on  board 
of  the  Chesapeake , as  commander  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean squadron.  The  ship  had  been  hurriedly 
fitted  for  sea,  in  anticipation  of  a war  with 
France,  its  stores  had  been  hastily  trundled  on 
board,  and  its  men  were  wholly  undisciplined; 
when  just  outside  of  Hampton  roads,  on  June 
22.  1807,  Captain  Barron  encountered  the  British 
frigate  Leopard , some  ten  miles  east  of  Cape 
Henry.  The  Chesapeake  was  hailed  by  the 
Leopard  and  Captain  Humphrey  sent  on  board 
an  officer  with  Admiral  Berkeley’s  instructions  to 
search  the  frigate  for  deserters  from  the  Brit- 
ish navy.  Commodore  Barron  refused  to  allow 
him  to  do  so.  and  just  eight  minutes  after  the 
British  officer  left  the  Chesapeake  with  the 
commander's  response,  the  Leopard , being  then 
less  than  two  hundred  feet  distant,  poured  her 
whole  broadside  of  solid  shot  and  canister 
into  the  American  frigate.  The  vessels  were 
not,  on  the  whole,  unequally  matched,  but  the 
Chesapeake , taken  by  surprise,  was  wholly  un- 
prepared to  fight.  The  gun  deck  was  encum- 
bered with  lumber,  the  cables  were  not  yet  stowed 
away,  four  of  the  guns  did  not  fit  perfectly  to 
their  carriages,  and  only  five  of  the  powder 
horns  used  in  priming  the  guns  were  filled.  The 
Leopard  followed  up  its  advantage  by  discharg- 
ing three  full  broadsides  into  the  Chesapeake , by 
which  three  men  were  killed  and  eighteen 
wounded.  At  the  end  of  fifteen  minutes  of  un- 
resisted massacre,  the  commander  of  the  Ameri- 
can vessel  struck  his  flag,  and,  as  it  touched  the 
tatfrail.  one  gun  was  fired  from  the  Chesa- 
peake. An  English  officer  then  came  aboard, 
and,  mustering  the  ship’s  company,  picked  out 
and  carried  off  Ratford,  a British  sailor,  together 
with  three  other  deserters  not  included  in  Admi- 
ral Berkeley’s  order  to  Captain  Humphrey.  In- 
formed by  Commodore  Barron  that  the  Chesa- 
peake was  his  prize,  Captain  Humphrey  declined 
to  take  possession,  declaring  that  with  the  seiz- 
ure of  the  deserters  his  duty  had  been  accom- 
plished. The  Chesapeake  returned  to  Norfolk, 
and  Barron's  conduct  was  investigated  by  a 
naval  court  martial.  The  outcome  of  his  long 
trial  was  a decision  that  he  was  blameless  in 
every  particular,  except  in  failing  to  instantly 
prepare  for  action  on  reading  Admiral  Berke- 
ley's order.  For  this  mistake,  which  his  own 
orders  from  the  secretary  of  the  navy  ex- 
tenuated if  they  did  not  warrant,  Barron  was 
condemned  to  suspension  for  five  years  from 
the  service  without  pay.  Even  after  returning 
to  duty  he  was  excluded  from  active  sea  ser- 
vice, principally  through  the  influence  of  Com- 
modore Decatur.  Barron  challenged  him  and 
in  1820  they  met  and  Decatur  was  killed  and  Bar- 


ron severely  wounded.  This  unfortunate  affair 
increased  Barron's  unpopularity  and  the  remain- 
der of  his  life  was  passed  in  “waiting  orders.” 
He  became  senior  officer  of  the  navy  in  1839,  and 
died  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  April  21,  1851. 

BARRON,  Samuel,  naval  officer,  was  born  at 
Hampton,  Va.,  about  1763,  brother  of  Commo- 
dore James  Barron.  His  first  naval  training  was 
received  from  his  father,  who  had  been  a com- 
mander of  the  Virginia  navy  during  the  revolu- 
tion. In  1798  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
Augusta , the  vessel  having  been  prepared  by  the 
Norfolk,  Va.,  citizens  as  a defence  against  the 
French.  During  the  war  with  Tripoli  he  took 
an  active  part,  being  sent  in  1805  with  a squad- 
ron of  ten  vessels  to  relieve  Commodore  Preble, 
his  flag-ship  being  the  President.  He  assisted 
Hamet  the  deposed  bashaw,  but  upon  the  cap- 
ture of  Derne,  Tripoli,  April  27,  1805,  by  Cap- 
tain Hall,  he  desisted  from  further  aid,  fearing 
the  new  bashaw  would  retaliate  by  massacring 
Captain  Bainbridge  and  his  crew,  then  in  captiv- 
ity. He  transferred  his  command  to  Capt. 
John  Rodgers,  and  returned  to  the  United  States 
to  regain  his  health  and  was  made  commandant  of 
the  Norfolk  navy  yard.  He  died  Oct.  29,  1810. 

BARRON,  Samuel,  naval  officer,  was  born  at 
Hampton,  Va.,  in  1802.  He  was  commissioned 
midshipman,  U.  S.  N.,  Jan.  1,  1812,  and  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant,  March  3,  1827.  His  next  pro- 
motion was  on  July  15,  1847,  when  he  was  made 
commander,  and  he  became  a captain,  Sept.  14, 
1855.  He  was  dismissed  May  22,  1861.  and  was 
given  the  rank  of  commodore  in  the  Confederate 
navy.  He  commanded  Fort  Hatteras,  and,  being 
compelled  to  capitulate,  was  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Union  forces,  and  remained  in  captivity  for 
about  a year.  After  being  exchanged  in  1862,  lie 
was  sent  to  London  to  equip  vessels  as  blockade 
runners  and  privateers  for  the  Confederates,  and 
remained  there  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He 
then  became  a farmer  in  Virginia.  He  died  Feb. 
20,  1888. 

BARROW,  Alexander,  senator,  was  born  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1801.  xYfter  attending  the 
military  academy  at  West  Point  for  a short  time 
he  began  the  study  of  the  law  at  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  prac- 
tised his  profession  in  Louisiana  for  a time,  and 
then  devoted  himself  to  agricultural  pursuits. 
He  was  elected  and  several  times  re-elected  to 
the  Louisiana  state  legislature,  and  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  senate  in  1841,  serving  from 
May  31,  1841,  until  his  death,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Pierre  Sould.  He  died  Dec.  29,  1846. 

BARROW,  Frances  Elizabeth  (Mease), 
author,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Feb.  22, 
1822.  She  was  educated  in  New  York  city, 
where,  in  1848,  she  was  married  to  James 


BORROWS. 


BARROWS. 


Barrow,  Jr.  In  1853  she  began  to  write  under 
the  pen  name  of  “ Aunt  Fanny,”  her  books  being 
healthy  in  sentiment  and  exceptionally  well 
adapted  to  interest  and  instruct  the  young. 
Many  of  them  had  a large  circulation  in  America, 
and  were  translated  into  some  of  the  European 
languages.  The  stories  were  first  published 
separately  and  then  collected  in  the  following 
series  : “ Little  Pet  Books”  (3  vols.,  1860  ; 5th 
ed.,1876);  “ Good  Little  Hearts : or,  Stories  about 
Children  who  Tried  to  Be  Good  and  Do  Good” 
(4  vols.,  1864);  “Night-Cap  Series  ” (6  vols.); 
“Pop-Gun  Stories”  (6  vols.),  and  “The  Six 
Mitten  Books  ” (6  vols.). 

BARROWS,  John  Henry,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Medina,  Mich.,  July  11,  1847,  son  of  John  M. 
and  Catherine  (Moore)  Barrows.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Olivet  college,  Mich.,  and  at  Yale, 
Union,  and  Andover  theological  seminaries.  In 
1881  he  became  pastor  of  the  first  Presbyterian 
church,  Chicago,  111.  He  was  the  principal  or- 
ganizer and  promoter  of  the  World’s  parliament 
of  religions  held  in  connection  with  the  Colum- 
bian exposition  at  Chicago  in  1893,  the  report  of 
which  was  edited  by  him,  and  published  in  two 
volumes  in  1893.  In  1895  he  resigned  his  pastor- 
ate in  Chicago  and  made  a tour  through  India  for 
the  purpose  of  visiting  the  principal  universities 
of  that  country,  and  of  delivering,  in  behalf  of 
the  University  of  Chicago,  a series  of  lectures  on. 
Christianity.  He  wrote:  “ Seven  Lectures  on  the 
Credibility  of  the  Gospel  Histories”  (1891); 
“ Henry  Ward  Beecher,  the  Shakespeare  of  the 
Pulpit”  (1893),  and  “I  Believe  in  God,  the 
Father  Almighty  ” (1893). 

BARROWS,  Samuel  June,  representative,  was 
born  in  New  York,  May  20,  1845.  His  mother 
being  left  a widow  with  six  children,  the  boy  at 
eight  years  of  age  entered  the  printing-office  of 
his  cousin,  Colonel  Hoe,  the  inventor  of  the  Hoe 
press.  Young  Barrows  attended  night  school, 
and  by  his  own  efforts  became  proficient  in  teleg- 
raphy and  stenography,  and  when  still  quite 
young  was  employed  as  a reporter  on  a New 
York  daily  newspaper  of  some  repute.  In  1867 
he  became  private  secretary  to  Wm.  H.  Seward 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  afterwards  held  the 
same  relation  to  Hamilton  Fish.  While  in  Wash- 
ington, he  studied  at  Columbian  university,  and 
then  went  to  Leipzig,  Germany;  returning  to 
America,  he  entered  Harvard  divinity  school, 
graduating  in  1875.  His  summer  vacations  he 
spent  in  railroad  surveying  and  as  a newspaper 
correspondent  on  the  western  plains,  where 
he  met  and  travelled  with  General  Custer  in  his 
last  campaign.  In  1876,  he  became  pastor  of  the 
Meeting  House  Hill  church.  Dorchester,  Mass., 
and  was  its  pastor  until  1888,  when  he  be- 
came editor  of  the  Christian  Register.  He 


subsequently  took  a very  active  interest  in 
prison  reform.  In  1895  he  was  secretary  of  the 
American  delegation  to  the  Paris  prison  con- 
gress, and  when,  in  1896,  the  United  States 
became  a member  of  the  international  prison 
commission,  President  Cleveland  appointed  Dr. 
Barrows  the  U.  S.  commissioner,  and  as  such  he 
joined  the  other  commissioners  in  Switzerland, 
August,  1896,  where  they  met  to  arrange  for  the 
quinquennial  congress  in  Brussels  in  1900.  In 
November,  1896,  he  was  elected  a representative 
to  the  55th  Congress  from  the  10th  Massachu- 
setts district.  At  a meeting  held  in  Boston,  in  1896, 
to  express  sympathy  with  the  Cretans,  Mr. 
Barrows  made  a stirring  speech  in  modern 
Greek.  He  acquired  reputation  as  a Greek 
and  Sanskrit  scholar,  and  published  several  books 
in  the  writing  of  which  he  was  greatly  assisted 
by  his  wife,  Isabella  C.  Barrows:  “ The  Doom  of 
the  Majority  of  Mankind”  (1883);  “A  Baptist 
Meeting  House”  (1885);  “The  Staybacks  in 
Camp”  (1888). 

BARROWS,  William,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
New  Braintree,  Mass.,  Sept.  19,  1815.  He  at- 
tended Phillips  academy  from  1834  to  1836,  and 
was  graduated  from  Amherst  in  1840,  after 
which  he  taught  in  St.  Louis  until  1843,  when  lie 
entered  the  Union  theological  seminary.  On 
the  completion  of  his  course  in  1845  he  was 
ordained  in  the  Congregational  ministry  and 
installed  at  Norton,  Mass.  In  1850  he  was  placed 
over  the  church  in  Grantville,  near  Wellesley 
Hills.  Thence  he  moved  in  1856  to  become  pas- 
tor of  the  Old  South  church,  Reading,  Mass.  In 
1869  he  was  made  secretary  of  the  Congregational 
Sunday-school  publishing  society,  and  filled  this 
office  until  1873,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  sec- 
retaryship of  the  Massachusetts  home  missionary 
society.  He  relinquished  this  work  in  1880  to 
devote  himself  to  the  educational  and  religious 
wants  of  the  western  frontier,  where  he  had 
already  made  eleven  long  tours.  He  was  a lec- 
turer on  prehistoric  America  and  on  the  colonial 
and  pioneer  history  of  the  United  States,  and  he 
wrote  much  on  these  subjects  for  periodicals. 
In  1869  lie  published:  “ Twelve  Nights  in  a Hun- 
ter's Camp”;  in  1875,  “The  Church  and  her 
Children."  and  in  1876,  “ Eight  Weeks  on  the 
Frontier  ” (1876).  In  1881  he  accepted  the  pas- 
torate of  a church  at  New  Braintree,  where  he 
remained  until  1885  during  which  time  he  pub- 
lished: “ Purgatory  Doctrinally,  Practically  and 
Historically  Opened,”  and  “ Oregon  : the  Strug- 
gle for  Possession”  (1884),  of  which  the  8th 
edition  was  printed  in  1893.  In  1887  he  issued 
“ The  Indians’  Side  of  the  Indian  Question, 
and  “The  United  States  of  Yesterday  and  of 
To-morrow.”  He  was  for  seven  years  editor  of 
the  Congregational  Review.  He  died  Sept.  9,  1891. 


BARRY. 


BARRY. 


BARRY,  John,  naval  officex-,  was  born  at  Ta- 
cumshane,  Wexford,  Ireland,  in  1745.  He  went 
to  sea  when  a mere  boy,  and  became  a skilful 
sailor.  He  shipped  for  America  in  1760,  and 
settled  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  became  engaged 
in  the  shipping  business,  and  by  shrewd  manage- 
ment accumulated  a fortune.  His  business  was 
at  the  height  of  its  prosperity  at  the  breaking  out 
of  the  revolution,  but  his  sympathies  were  so 
strongly  with  the  colonists  that  he  sacrificed  his 
interests  and  enlisted  in  the  Continental  navy. 
He  rendered  efficient  and  important  service  as 
commander  of  various  vessels,  the  first  being  the 
Lexington,  with  which  lie  captured  the  Edward, 
this  being  the  first  capture  effected  by  the  Amer- 
ican navy.  After  commanding  the  Effingham 
for  a short  time,  she  was  locked  up  in  the  Dela- 
ware river  by  the  British  occupation  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  he  volunteered  to  do  land  duty,  and  was 
placed  in  command  of  a volunteer  company  at 
Trenton.  In  1777  he  made  a night  attack  in 
small  boats  and  captured  one  of  the  enemy’s  war 
vessels  on  the  Delaware  river.  Later  he  was 
assigned  to  General  Cadwalader’s  staff  as  aide. 
He  was  offered  a tempting  bribe  of  money  and  a 
position  in  the  British  navy  if  he  would  surrender 
the  Effingham  to  the  enemy.  He  indignantly 
refused  all  these  offers,  and  the  vessel  was  after- 
wards burned.  The  following  year  he  com- 
manded the  Raleigh,  and  in  1781,  as  commander 
of  the  Alliance,  he  took  Colonel  Laurens  to 
France,  returning  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year. 
On  his  return  voyage,  after  a hard  struggle,  he 
captured  the  British  ships  Trepasa  and  Atalanta, 
and  during  the  encounter  sustained  a serious 
wound.  In  1782  he  made  another  trip  to  France 
to  convey  Noailles  and  Lafayette,  and  later  cruised 
in  the  West  Indies  and  engaged  the  enemy  in 
several  well-contested  sea  fights.  In  1794,  when 
the  new  United  States  navy  was  organized,  he 
was  given  the  rank  of  commodore,  and  ranked  as 
senior  officer.  The  frigate  United  States  was  con- 
structed under  his  supervision,  and  for  some  years 
he  was  her  commander.  He  died  Sept.  13,  1803. 

BARRY,  John  R.,  R.  C.  bishop,  was  born  in  the 
barony  of  Forth,  County  Wexford,  Ireland,  1799. 
He  came  to  America  before  the  completion  of 
his  ecclesiastical  course,  which  he  resumed  at  the 
seminary  at  Charleston,  under  Bishop  England. 
After  his  ordination  to  the  priesthood,  in  1825,  he 
became  rector  of  the  church  of  the  Holy  Trinity 
in  Augusta,  Ga.  Here  he  did  inestimable  service 
during  the  epidemic  of  cholera  in  1832,  caring  for 
the  sick  in  his  own  house,  and  afterwards  con- 
verting it  into  an  asylum  for  the  orphaned  sur- 
vivors of  the  victims  of  the  pestilence.  In  1839 
Bishop  England  appointed  him  vicar  of  his  see, 
and  in  1844  he  became  vicar-general  of  the  dio- 
cese of  Charleston,  and  superior  of  the  Theologi- 


cal seminary.  He  established  the  first  Catholic 
parochial  school  in  Georgia.  He  attended  the 
sixth  council  of  Baltimore  in  1846,  and  in  1853 
went  as  vicar-general  to  Savannah.  Here  he 
again  exerted  his  humanity  during  the  epidemic 
of  yellow  fever ; and  when  Bishop  Gartland  suc- 
cumbed to  its  ravages,  he  was  appointed  adminis- 
trator of  the  diocese;  as  such  he  attended  the 
eighth  council  of  Baltimore.  He  was  consecrated 
bishop  in  1857.  He  never  recuperated  the  strength 
he  had  spent  so  freely  for  others,  and  the  gradual 
declension  of  his  health  caused  him  to  visit 
Europe,  where  he  died  Nov.  21,  1859. 

BARRY,  John  S.,  governor  of  Michigan,  was 
born  in  Vermont  in  1802.  He  received  an 
ordinary  education,  and  while  still  a youth  settled 
in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  and  in  1832  went  to  Michigan, 
where  he  established  himself  in  business  at  Con- 
stantine. He  helped  to  formulate  the  constitu- 
tion of  Michigan  on  its  admission  to  the  Union  in 
1836,  and  was  elected  to  the  state  senate,  and  re- 
elected in  1840.  He  was  elected  in  1841  governor 
of  his  state  and  served  for  three  terms:  1842- ’46, 
and  1850-52.  He  was  again  named  as  a candidate 
for  gubernatorial  honors  in  1860,  but  was  not 
elected.  He  was  a firm  supporter  of  the  “ Wilmot 
Proviso,”  and  an  ultra  Democrat  in  his  principles. 
In  1864  he  was  a member  of  the  Democratic 
national  convention  that  nominated  George  B. 
McClellan  for  president.  He  died  in  Constantine, 
Mich.,  Jan.  14,  1870. 

BARRY,  William,  author,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  Jan.  10,  1805.  After  graduating  at  Brown 
university,  in  1822,  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  law,  but  changed  law  for  theology,  and 
after  a course  of  two  years  at  the  Cambridge 
divinity  school,  went  abroad  to  pursue  his  studies 
in  Gottingen  and  Paris.  He  was  ordained  a 
Unitarian  minister  in  1830,  and  for  five  years  was 
pastor  of  the  South  church,  Lowell,  Mass.  From 
1835  to  1844  he  preached  at  Framingham,  Mass. 
Ill-health  then  compelled  him  to  surrender  his 
charge,  and  he  spent  three  years  travelling  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  On  his  return  he  took  charge 
of  a church  in  Lowell,  and  in  1851  resigned  to 
take  another  trip  to  Europe.  He  went  to  Chicago 
in  1856  and  organized  the  historical  society  of 
which  he  was  secretary  and  librarian  until  1868. 
He  published  several  works,  among  them  : “ Rights 
and  Duties  of  Neighboring  Churches” ; “Thoughts 
on  Christian  Doctrine”  (1855);  “A  History  of 
Framingham,  Mass.”  (1847) ; “Antiquities  of  Wis- 
consin ” (1857),  and  “ Letters  from  the  East.”  He 
died  in  Chicago,  III.,  Jan.  17,  1885. 

BARRY,  William  Farquhar,  soldier,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  8,  1818.  In  1838 
he  was  graduated  from  West  Point  with  the 
brevet  rank  of  2d  lieutenant  of  4th  artillery, 
given  the  rank  of  2d  lieutenant  of  2d 
12071 


BARRY. 


BARSTOW. 


artillery,  July  7,  1838,  and  that  of  1st  lieutenant, 
Aug.  17,  1842.  In  1846  he  was  ordered  to  Mexico, 
having  in  the  interim  served  on  garrison  duty. 
He  was  aide-de-camp  to  General  Worth  during 
part  of  the  Mexican  campaign,  and  saw  active 
service  at  the  battle  of  Tampico.  During  the 
years  1 849-’ 51  he  was  stationed  at  Fort  McHenry; 
was  promoted  to  a captaincy  in  the  2d  artillery 
in  1852,  served  in  the  Florida  campaigns  in 
1852-’53,  and  took  part  in  the  suppression  of  the 
Kansas  disturbances  of  1857-'58.  He  served  ac- 
tively throughout  the  civil  war,  first  as  chief  of 
artillery  in  the  army  of  the  Potomac.  As  a briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers  he  was  present  at 
Yorktown,  Gaines’s  Mill,  Mechanicsville,  Charles 
City  Cross  Roads,  Malvern  Hill  and  Harrison’s 
Landing.  In  1863  he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  1st  artillery,  and  was  for  a time  in  charge 
of  the  artillery  of  the  defences  of  Washington. 
From  March,  1864,  to  June,  1866,  he  served  as 
chief  of  artillery  on  General  Sherman’s  staff. 
Sept.  1,  1864,  he  received  brevet  rank  as  colonel 
and  as  major-general  of  volunteers  for  distin- 
guished bravery  at  Rocky  Ridge.  He  was  made 
brevet  brigadier-general  of  the  United  States  army 
March  13,  1865,  and  brevet  ;maj or- general  for  gal- 
lant service  in  the  field.  He  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  second  United  States  artillery  in 
1865,  and  during  1866  was  in  command  of  the 
northern  frontier,  being  at  that  time  mustered 
out  of  volunteer  service.  From  1867  to  1877  he 
was  commander  of  the  school  of  artillery  at 
Fort  Monroe,  and  in  1877  he  was  transferred 
to  Fort  McHenry.  He  published,  in  conjunction 
with  Gen.  J.  G.  Barnard,  “ Reports  of  the  En- 
gineer and  Artillery  Operations  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  from  its  Organization  to  the  Close  of 
the  Peninsular  Campaign”  (1863).  He  died  at 
Fort  McHenry.  July  18.  1879. 

BARRY,  William  Taylor,  statesman,  was  born 
at  Lunenburg,  Va.,  Feb.  5.  1785.  When  he  was 
very  young  his  parents  removed  to  Kentucky, 
where  his  education  was  received,  and  where  he 
pursued  the  study  of  law.  After  his  admission  to 
the  bar,  he  became  widely  known  as  an  able  law- 
yer. He  served  in  both  houses  of  the  state  legis- 
lature, and  was  elected  a representative  to  the 
12th  U.  S.  Congress  in  1810.  During  the  cam- 
paign of  1813  he  acted  as  Governor  Shelby’s  aide, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  gallant  service  at 
the  battle  of  the  Thames.  In  1813  he  was  elected 
to  fill  a vacancy  in  the  United  States  senate, 
caused  by  the  death  of  Senator  G.  Walker,  but 
resigned  his  seat  on  his  appointment  as  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  his  state  in  1816.  He  was 
state  secretary,  chief  justice  of  the  state,  and  lieu- 
tenant-governor. General  Jackson,  on  his  acces- 
sion to  the  presidency,  appointed  Judge  Barry 
postmaster-general,  March  9.  1829,  and  then  first 


made  the  incumbent  a cabinet  officer.  There  was 
much  opposition  to  his  administration,  notably 
by  Representative  W.  C.  Johnson  of  Maryland, 
and  he  resigned  his  portfolio  April  10,  1835,  to 
accept  the  office  of  minister  to  Spain.  He  did  not, 
however,  arrive  at  his  destination,  being  taken  ill 
in  Liverpool,  where  he  died  Aug.  30.  1835. 

BARRY,  William  Taylor  Sullivan,  lawyer, 
born  at  Columbus,  Miss.,  Dec.  12,  1821.  He  re- 
ceived a classical  education,  was  graduated  from 
Yale  college  in  1841,  and  after  being  admitted  to 
the  bar.  practised  law  in  his  native  place.  He 
was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  Mississippi 
legislature  in  1849,  serving  until  1851.  Two  years 
later  he  removed  to  Sunflower  county,  where  he 
had  planting  interests,  and  in  1852  was  elected  as 
a representative  to  the  33d  Congress.  In  1855 
he  returned  to  Columbus  and  re-established  his 
law  practice,  was  elected  a representative  in  the 
state  legislature,  and  was  speaker  of  the  house  in 
1855.  At  the  Democratic  national  convention  at 
Charleston.  S.  C.,  in  1860,  he  withdrew  with  other 
slave-holding  members.  In  1861  he  was  president 
of  the  secession  convention  of  Mississippi,  and  a 
member  of  the  provisional  Confederate  congress 
from  Feb.  4,  1861,  to  January,  1862.  He  recruited 
and  commanded  the  35th  Mississippi  volunteers  in 
1862,  and  with  it  defended  Vicksburg,  took  part 
in  the  Georgia  campaign,  and  was  captured  at 
Mobile,  April  25,  1865.  After  the  war  he  returned 
to  the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  died  at 
Columbus,  Miss.,  Jan.  29,  1868. 

BAkSTOW,  William  Augustus,  governor  of 
Wisconsin,  was  born  at  Plainfield,  Windham 
county,  Conn.,  Sept.  13.  1813.  He  spent  the  first 
sixteen  years  of  his  life  at  his  home,  attending 
the  village  school  in  winter  and  working  on  the 
farm  in  summer.  In  1829  he  entered  the  store  of 
his  brother  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  and  in  1834 
started  in  the  business  of  milling  and  forwarding 
with  another  brother  at  Cleveland,  Ohio.  In 
1839  Mr.  Barstow  removed  to  the  territory  of 
Wisconsin,  establishing  a flouring  mill  at  Prairie- 
ville.  He  soon  became  prominent  in  local  politics, 
holding  the  offices  of  postmaster  and  county  com-  * 
missioner.  After  changing  his  residence  to  Madi- 
son, the  state  capital,  he  was,  in  1849,  elected 
secretary  of  state.  He  was  influential  in  secur 
ing  the  charter  of  the  Milwaukee  and  Mississippi 
railroad,  and  was  one  of  its  first  directors.  In 
1853  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  state.  His 
administration  was  censured  for  various  attempted 
reforms.  He  was  nominated  for  re-election  in 
1855,  but  his  election  was  contested  by  his  oppo- 
nent. Coles  Bashford,  the  case  being  tried  before 
the  supreme  court  and  decided  against  Mr. 
Barstow.  In  1857  he  removed  to  Janesville,  and 
engaged  in  banking,  but  later  returned  to  the  busi- 
ness of  milling.  In  August,  1861,  he  recruited, 


BARTHOLDI. 


BARTLETT. 


equipped,  mounted,  and  armed  a cavalry  regiment, 
and  in  February.  1862,  he  was  made  colonel.  The 
regiment  went  to  Fort  Leavenworth.  Kansas,  and 
in  June,  1862,  Colonel  Barstow  was  appointed 
provost  martial-general  of  Kansas.  He  remained 
with  his  regiment  in  the  southwest  until  Febru- 
ary. 1863,  when  his  health  incapacitated  him  from 
further  field  duty,  and  he  was  assigned  to  court- 
martial  duty  in  St.  Louis.  He  was  mustered  out 
and  honorably  discharged  March  4,  1865.  He 
died  Dec.  14.  1865. 

BARTHOLDI,  Frederic  Auguste,  sculptor, 
was  born  at  Colmar.  Alsace.  April  2,  1834.  He 
removed  to  Paris  while  a boy,  and  first  studied 
painting  with  Scheffer,  but  in  a short  time  aban- 
doned painting  for  sculpture,  to  which  he  after- 
wards applied  himself.  He  made  his  first  exhibit 
when  thirteen  years  old,  and  produced  his  “ Fran- 
cesca di  Rimini  ” when  eighteen.  In  1856-’58  he 
made  an  Oriental  tour  with  Gerome,  and  during 
the  Franco-German  war  served  in  the  army  with 
the  painters  Regnault  and  De  Neuville.  His  works 
include  portrait  busts  of  Erckmann  and  Chatrian ; 
a monument  to  Martin  Schongauer ; “La Maledic- 
tion d’Alsace  le  Vigneron”;  “ Vercingetorix  ” ; 
“ Lafayette  Arriving  in  America,”  which  was  set 
up  in  Union  square,  N.  Y.,  in  1876;  “ The  Young 
Yine  Grower  ” ; “ G^nie  Funfebre  ” ; “ Peace,”  and 
“ Genius  in  the  Grasp  of  Misery,”  contributed 
to  the  United  States  centennial  exhibition;  “The 
Lion  of  Belfort”;  “ Gribeauval,”  and  “Liberty 
Enlightening  the  World.”  He  made  several  trips 
to  the  United  States;  suggested  Bedloe’s  Island 
as  the  site  for  his  colossal  statue ; was  present  at 
its  dedication,  and  has  received  the  cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  In  1890  he  protested  against 
the  proposed  use  of  Bedloe’s  Island  as  an  immi- 
gration depot,  and  suggested  that  it  should  be 
adorned  with  the  statues  of  great  Americans. 
He  finished  in  1895  a bronze  group  representing 
Washington  and  Lafayette  which  was  set  up  in 
the  Rue  Etats  Unis,  Paris,  and  unveiled  Dec.  1, 
1895. 

BARTHOLDT,  Richard,  representative,  was 
born  in  Germany,  Nov.  2, 1853.  He  immigrated  to 
the  United  States  when  a boy,  received  a classical 
education,  learned  the  printing  trade,  and  adopted 
the  profession  of  journalism.  He  was  connected 
with  the  Brooklyn  Free  Press  and  New  York 
Staats-Zeitung  as  reporter  and  legislative  corres- 
pondent, and  afterwards  joined  the  editorial  staff 
of  the  Staats-Zeitung.  In  1884  he  returned  to 
St.  Louis  as  editor-in-chief  of  the  St.  Louis 
Tribune.  In  1889  he  was  elected  to  the  Board  of 
public  schools  of  St.  Louis,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  exertions  for  the  intro- 
duction of  physical  culture  into  the  public  schools, 
for  a thorough  revision  of  the  course  of  study, 
and  for  better  text-books. 


introducing  these  improvements,  and  in  1891  was 
elected  president  of  the  board.  In  1892  he  was 
elected  on  the  Republican  ticket  as  a represen- 
tative for  the  10th  congressional  district  of 
Missouri  in  the  53d  Congress,  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  54th  and  55th  congresses. 

BARTINE,  Horace  F.,  representative,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  March  21,  1848.  He  attended 
the  public  schools  until  fifteen  years  of  age.  when 
he  enlisted  as  a private  in  the  8th  New  Jersey 
regiment,  and  served  throughout  the  civil  war.  He 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  and 
was  engaged  in  nearly  all  the  battles  that  led  to  the 
surrender  at  Appomattox.  In  1869  he  removed 
to  Nevada,  and  until  1876  was  employed  as  a mill- 
hand,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphate  of  cop- 
per for  milling  purposes,  in  the  meantime  studying 
at  night  to  supply  the  defects  of  his  early  educa- 
tion. After  1876  he  devoted  his  evenings  to  the 
study  of  law,  and  in  1880  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  and  became  a practitioner  in  all  the  courts, 
state  and  Federal,  in  Nevada.  He  served  two 
years  as  district  attorney  of  Ormsby  county,  and 
in  1888  he  was  elected  by  the  Republican  party  as 
representative-at-large  from  Nevada  to  the  51st 
Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  52d  Congress. 
He  was  not  a candidate  in  1892.  In  the  election 
of  1894  he  was  defeated  by  Francis  G.  Newlands, 
silver-party  man,  who  had  represented  the  state 
in  the  53d  Congress. 

BART LET,  William,  philanthropist,  was  born 
at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  Jan.  31,  1748.  He 
received  a common  school  training,  and  starting 
in  business  penniless,  he  amassed  a large  fortune 
which  he  used  for  the  good  of  his  fellow  men. 
In  the  spring  of  1808  he  contributed  twenty 
thousand  dollars  for  the  purpose  of  founding 
Andover  theological  seminary,  and  later  in  the 
same  year  added  ten  thousand  dollars  to  this 
amount.  In  1809  he  erected  the  president’s 
house,  which  he  gave  to  the  institution,  and 
early  in  the  following  year  built  a residence 
for  one  of  the  professors.  Meanwhile  he  gener- 
ously contributed  funds  for  needy  students.  In 
1817  he  offered  to  build  a handsome  chapel  for 
the  seminary,  requesting  with  characteristic 
delicacy  that  no  mention  be  made  of  himself  in 
connection  with  the  gift.  In  1820  he  erected 
another  building  for  the  use  of  the  seminary.  In 
addition  to  his  gifts  to  the  seminary  he  contrib- 
uted largely  to  temperance  work,  foreign  and 
home  missions,  and  educational  efforts  and  insti- 
tutions. He  died  Feb.  8,  1841. 

BARTLETT,  Elisha,  physician,  was  born  at 
Smithfield,  R.  I.,  Oct.  6,  1805.  After  his  grad- 
uation from  the  medical  department  of  Brown 
university  in  1826.  he  was  appointed  lecturer  on 
anatomy  at  the  Berkshire  medical 
In  1838  he  went  to  Dartmouth  col- 


pathological 
He  was  successful  in  institution. 

[209] 


BARTLETT. 


BARTLETT. 


lege,  where  for  two  years  lie  filled  the  chair  of 
the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  and  patho- 
logical anatomy.  He  was  subsequently  professor 
in  the  Transylvania  college,  Lexington,  Ky.,  in 
the  University  of  Maryland,  and  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  New  York.  In  1852  he  was  appointed  to 
the  chair  of  materia  medica  and  medical  juris- 
prudence in  the  College  of  physicians  and  sur- 
geons, New  York,  holding  the  position  until  the 
year  of  his  death.  From  1843  to  1852  he  lec- 
tured at  the  Vermont  medical  college.  Among 
his  published  works  are  the  following:  “ His- 

tory, Diagnosis,  and  Treatment  of  Typhoid 
and  Typhus  Fever  -'  (1842) ; “ History,  Diagnosis, 
and  Treatment  of  the  Fevers  of  the  United 
States”  (1847);  “Inquiry  into  the  Degree  of 
Certainty  in  Medicine”  (1848) ; “ Brief  Sketch  of 
the  Life  of  William  Charles  Wells”  (1849); 
“ Discourse  on  Times,  Character,  and  Writings  of 
Hippocrates”  (1852),  and  “Simple  Settings  in 
Verse  for  Six  Portraits  and  Pictures  in  Mr. 
Dickens’s  Gallery  ” (1855).  He  was  also  editor  of 
the  Monthly  Journal  of  Medical  Literature  in 
Lowell.  He  died  in  the  house  in  which  he  was 
born,  July  18,  1855. 

BARTLETT,  Homer  Newton,  musician,  was 
born  at  Olive,  Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  28, 1846; 
a direct  descendant  of  Josiah  Bartlett,  a signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  early 
showed  an  aptitude  for  music,  and  at  five  years 
he  could  play  the  violin,  and  when  eight  years 
old  performed  in  quartette  concerts.  He  soon 
began  to  compose,  and  lie  fore  he  was  fourteen 
years  of  age  he  had  written  several  pieces  for  the 
violin  and  piano,  as  well  as  some  songs  and  duets. 
His  musical  education  was  acquired  under  Amer- 
ican instructors.  Among  the  more  noteworthy 
of  his  compositions  are : “ The  Last  Chieftain,”  “ O 
Lord  God,  Hear  My  Prayer,”  “ On  Wings  of  Liv- 
ing Light,”  “ The  Fountain  and  Autumn  Violets  ” ; 
a book  for  Masonic  work,  containing  odes  and  an- 
thems for  ritual,  festival  and  other  occasions;  sev- 
eral works  for  orchestra  and  military  bands ; an 
oratorio  entitled  “Samuel”;  an  opera,  called 
“ Juca  Manco,”  and  “ La  Vallibre,”  an  opera  in 
three  acts.  His  numerous  pianoforte  works  in- 
clude the  popular  compositions:  “The  Grande 
Polka  de  Concert”;  “Polka  de  Salon”;  “Polon- 
aise”; “La  Grace”;  “ Le  Reve” ; “ Dance  of  the 
Gnomes”;  “Valse  Impromptu”;  “Grande  Ga- 
votte”; “ L’Aurore,”  and  “Reverie  Poetique.” 
Anton  Seidl  played  his  instrumentation  of  Chop- 
in’s “Military  Polonaise”  several  times.  As  an 
organist  and  teacher,  Mr.  Bartlett  attained  success 
and  popularity. 

BARTLETT,  Ichabod,  lawyer,  was  born  at 

Salisbury,  N.  Id.,  July  24,  1786.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Dartmouth  in  1808,  studied  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1811.  and  commenced 


practice  in  Durham,  N.  H.  He  removed  to  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.,  in  1816,  and  rapidly  rose  to  distinc- 
tion, being  frequently  successful  in  cases  in 
which  Daniel  Webster  or  Jeremiah  Mason  was 
the  opposing  counsel.  He  held  a number  of  pub- 
lic offices;  was  clerk  of  the  state  senate  (1817— 
’18) ; state  representative  ( 1820— ’21 ) ; speaker  of 
the  state  house  of  representatives  (1821);  state 
solicitor  for  Rockingham  county  ( 1819— ’21) ; a 
representative  in  the  18tli,  19th,  20tli,  and  21st 
national  congresses ; and  again  a state  represen- 
tative in  1830,  1851,  and  1852.  In  1825  lie  declined 
the  appointment  of  chief  justice  of  the  newly 
‘established  New  Hampshire  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  in  1832  he  was  defeated  in  the  election 
for  the  governorship  on  the  Whig  ticket.  He 
was  a member  of  the  convention  which  in  1850 
revised  the  state  constitution.  His  death  oc- 
curred at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Oct.  19,  1853. 

BARTLETT,  John,  publisher,  was  born  at  Ply- 
mouth, Mass.,  June  14,  1820.  He  acquired  a 
good  education  and  in  1836  entered  a publishing 
establishment  in  Cambridge,  Mass.  In  1849  he 
became  manager  of  the  business  and  conducted 
it  for  ten  years.  In  1862  he  was  appointed  vol- 
unteer paymaster  in  the  United  States  navy. 
In  1865  he  entered  the  Boston  publishing  house 
of  Little,  Brown  & Go.,  of  which  he  became 
senior  member  in  1888.  In  1871  Harvard  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Master 
of  Arts,  and  he  was  made  a fellow  of  the  Amer- 
ican academy  of  arts  and  sciences.  Mr.  Bartlett 
prepared  “ Familiar  Quotations  ” ; “ New  Method 
of  Chess  Notation”;  “The  Shakespeare  Phrase 
Book”;  a “Catalogue  of  Books  on  Angling."’ 
and  a “New  and  Complete  Concordance  of 
Shakespeare’s  Works.” 

BARTLETT,  John  Russell,  author,  was  born 
in  Providence,  R.I.,  Oct.  23,  1805.  He  received 
a plain  business  education,  and  while  still  in  his 
boyhood  was  placed 
in  a banking  house 
in  his  native  city, 
where  he  rose 
through  the  several 
grades  to  the  posi- 
tion of  cashier. 

His  leisure  was  em- 
ployed in  scientific 
Study,  to  which  end 
he  became  associ- 
ated w i t li  t h e 
Franklin  society ; 
and  was  actively 
instrumental  with 
others  in  establish- 
ing the  Providence 

Athenaeum.  He  subsequently  engaged  in  the  book 
business  in  New  York  city  under  the  firm  name  of 
[210] 


BARTLETT. 


BARTLETT. 


Bartlett  & Welford,  and  while  residing  in  New 
York  acted  as  corresponding  secretary  of  the  New 
York  historical  society,  and  also  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  American  ethnographical  society. 
From  1850  to  1853  he  acted  on  the  commission  for 
determining  the  boundary  between  Mexico  and 
the  U.  S.,  and  from  1855  to  1872  was  secretary  of 
state  for  Rhode  Island.  He  was  for  several  years 
librarian  of  the  John  Carter  Brown  library  and 
collated  an  exhaustive  catalogue  which  was  pub- 
lished in  four  volumes.  His  publications  are : 
“The  Progress  of  Ethnology”  (1847);  “A  Dic- 
tionary of  Americanisms  ” (1850,  of  which  two 
later  editions  were  issued  in  1859  and  1877) ; 
‘ 1 Records  of  the  Colony  of  Rhode  Island  and  the 
Providence  Plantations  ” (ten  volumes  1856-' 65) ; 
“ Bibliography  of  Rhode  Island  ” (1864) ; “ Index 
to  the  Acts,  etc.,  of  the  General  Assembly  of 
Rhode  Island,  1758-1862  ” (1863);  “Literature  of 
the  Rebellion”  (1866);  “Memoirs  of  Rhode 
Island  Officers  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  ” 
(1867);  “Primeval  Man”  (1868);  “History  of 
the  Wanton  Family  of  Newport,  R.  I.  " (1878), 
and  “ Genealogy  of  the  Russell  Family  ” (1879). 
He  died  May  28,  1886. 

BARTLETT,  John  Russell,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Sept.  26,  1843;  son  of 
John  Russell  Bartlett,  author.  He  entered  the 
naval  academy  in  1859,  and  in  1861,  on  board  the 
sloop  Mississippi , was  present  at  the  engage- 
ments at  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  at  the  cap- 
ture of  New  Orleans  and  the  attack  on  Vicks- 
burg. He  was  transferred  to  the  Susquehanna , 
having  in  the  meantime  been  promoted  ensign 
and  then  lieutenant.  He  assisted  at  both  attacks 
on  Fort  Fisher,  his  gallantry  at  the  latter  engage- 
ment receiving  commendatory  mention  in  the 
reports,  both  of  Commodore  Godon  and  of 
Lieutenant-Commander  Blake.  Promotion  as 
lieutenant-commander  followed,  and  he  spent 
the  two  succeeding  years,  1867  to  1869,  at  the 
naval  academy.  He  was  commissioned  com- 
mander in  1877,  and  assigned  to  duty  as 
hydrograplier  to  the  bureau  of  navigation  at 
Washington,  D.  C. 

BARTLETT,  Josiah,  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  was  born  at  Amesbury,  Mass., 
Nov.  21,  1729.  He  received  an  academic  educa- 
tion and  a thorough  course  in  medicine,  and  in 
1750  commenced  practice  in  Kingston,  N.  H.  His 
methods  of  medical  treatment  were  original,  and 
largely  acquired  while  doctoring  himself  through 
a protracted  fever.  His  experience  being  in  direct 
opposition  to  the  usages  of  the  profession,  he  de- 
parted from  the  “ old  school, ' ’ and  his  success  won 
him  a large  practice.  He  introduced  Peruvian 
bark  into  use  in  1754  In  1765  he  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  colonial  legislature  of  New  Hampshire 
and  held  the  office  by  annual  re-election  until 


the  revolution.  While  in  the  legislature  he  op- 
posed the  royalists,  and  the  governor  made  an 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  win  him  over  to  his  sup- 
pi  >rt  by  appointing  him  a magistrate  and  com- 
missioning him  a lieutenant-colonel  of  militia. 
His  zeal  in  the  cause  of  the  colonies  was  not 
abated,  however,  and  in  1775  he  was  deposed 
from  both  offices.  He  was  a member  of  the  com- 
mittee of  safety  which  conducted  the  affairs 
of  government  after  the  departure  of  Governor 
Wentworth  from  the  colony  in  1775,  and  he  was 
a delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress  in  1775 
and  1776,  being  the  first  to  cast  a vote  for  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  and  the  second  to 
sign  it.  He  resigned  as  delegate  to  Congress 
shortly  after  he  was  appointed  general  naval 
agent,  and  later  accompanied  General  Stark  to 
Bennington,  having  been  charged  with  the  medi- 
cal supplies  of  the  New  Hampshire  troops.  In 
1778-’79  he  was  again  a delegate  to  Congress, 
and  in  November,  1779,  resigned  his  seat  to  accept 
the  office  of  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas  of  New  Hampshire.  He  became 
muster-master  in  1780;  justice  of  the  superior 
court  of  the  state  in  1782;  chief  justice  in  1788, 
and  in  the  latter  year  served  as  a delegate  to  the 
convention  called  to  ratify  the  federal  constitu- 
tion. Though  declining  an  election  to  the  first 
United  States  Congress  as  a senator  in  1789  on  the 
plea  of  age,  he  accepted  the  presidency  of  the 
state  when  it  was  offered  him  by  the  legislature 
in  1790,  and  after  serving  for  three  years,  being 
re-elected  by  popular  vote  each  year,  he  became 
in  1793  the  first  governor  of  the  state  under  its 
new  constitution  He  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  A.M.  and  M.D.  from  Dartmouth  col- 
lege, and  was  for  many  years  the  president  of 
the  New  Hampshire  medical  society,  which  he 
had  been  chiefly  instrumental  in  founding.  He 
retired  from  public  life  in  1794,  and  died  at  Kings- 
ton, N.  H.,  May  19,  1795. 

BARTLETT,  Joseph  J.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Binghampton,  N.  Y.,  in  1820,  and  there  passed 
his  early  years.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war  he  was  appointed  captain  in  the  27th 
regiment  New  York  volunteers,  by  distin- 
guished service  in  the  field,  rose  to  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  Oct.  4,  1862, 
and  was  made  major-general  by  brevet,  Aug.  1, 
1864.  He  participated  in  nearly  every  engage- 
ment of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  became 
known  as  “ the  Hero  of  a Hundred  Battles.” 
General  Bartlett  was  appointed  United  States 
minister  to  Sweden  and  Norway,  by  President 
Johnson  in  1866,  holding  the  office  for  two 
years.  Upon  his  return  he  was  appointed  second 
deputy  commissioner  of  pensions  and  held  the  posi- 
tion up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  1894. 


BARTLETT. 


BARTLETT. 


BARTLETT,  Samuel  Colcord,  educator,  was 
born  at  Salisbury,  N.  II.,  Nov.  2a,  1817,  the  son 
of  a farmer.  He  worked  on  the  farm  and  pre- 
pared himself  for  college.  He  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth,  1836,  and  at  Andover  theological 
seminary  in  1842.  In  1843  he  was  pastor  at  Mon- 
son,  Mass. ; in  1846  professor  of  intellectual  phil- 
osophy at  Western  Reserve  college,  Hudson, 
Ohio ; in  1852  pastor  of  a Congregational  church 
at  Manchester,  N.  H.  ; 1857,  pastor  at  Chicago, 

111.,  one  year,  and  professor  of  biblical  literature 
in  the  Chicago  theological  seminary,  which 
professorship  he  retained  until  1877.  In  1877 
he  was  made  president  of  Dartmouth  college, 
which  office  he  resigned  in  1892.  In  1874  Dr. 
Bartlett  crossed  the  desert  of  El  Till  to  Palestine, 
having  in  view  the  comparison,  in  detail,  of  all 
the  circumstances  and  conditions  of  this  region 
with  the  biblical  narrative  of  the  journey  of  the 
children  of  Israel.  In  1879  he  published  “ From 
Egypt  to  Palestine  through  Sinai,  the  Wilderness 
and  the  South  Country  an  “ Historical  Sketch 
of  the  Missions  of  the  American  Board  " in  1880; 

“ Sources  of  History  in  the  Pentateuch  ” (1882) ; 
and  in  1894  a volume  of  anniversary  discourses. 

He  was  a frequent  contributor  to  the  Bibliotheca 
Sacra,  the  Neiv  Englander,  the  North  American 
Revieiv,  and  the  Princeton  Review.  He  also  fur- 
nished contributions  to  the  American  edition  of 
Smith’s  Dictionary  of  the  Bible.  He  resigned 
the  presidency  of  Dartmouth  in  1892  to  de- 
vote himself  to  literary  work.  Dartmout  h college 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  and  also 
that  of  LL.D. 

BARTLETT,  William  Francis,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Haverhill,  Mass.,  June  6,  1840.  He  came 
of  soldierly  descent,  one  of  his  great-grandfathers 
having  been  an  officer  of  the  3d  Massachusetts 
regiment  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  another 
active  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  war,  he  was  a member  of  the  junior 
class  in  Harvard  college,  joined  the  4tli  bat- 
talion Mass,  volunteer  militia,  April  17, 1861,  and 
was  on  garrison  duty  at  Fort  Independence  until 
May  25,  when  the  battalion  was  relieved  and  he 
returned  to  college.  On  July  10,  1861,  he  was 
commissioned  a captain  in  the  20th  Mass,  volun- 
teers, and  reported  at  Washington,  Sept.  15.  He 
was  in  the  battle  of  Ball's  Bluff,  Oct,  21,  1861. 

On  April  24,  1862,  while  watching  the  enemy 
through  a field  glass  before  Yorktown,  lie  was 
shot  in  the  left  knee,  and  bis  leg  had  to  be  ampu- 
tated. On  Sept.  6,  1862,  he  accepted  the  com- 
mand of  Camp  Briggs,  the  recruiting  station  of 
the  49th  Mass,  regiment,  near  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
and  was  commissioned  colonel  of  this  regiment 
Nov.  10,  1862.  He  embarked  with  his  regiment, 
Jan.  24.  1863,  and  arrived  at  New  Orleans,  Feb- 
ruary 7.  He  was  in  the  first  assault  on  Port 

r-21-21 


Hudson,  May  27,  1863,  and  in  the  assaulting 
columns,  about  three  thousand  strong,  he  being 
unable  to  walk,  was  the  only  mounted  man,  and 
was  twice  wounded.  Governor  Andrew  then 
offered  him  the  colonelcy  of  a colored  regiment 
but  he  declined,  and  he  was  mustered  out  with 
his  regiment,  Aug.  22,  1863,  and  was  made  colonel 
of  the  57th  Mass,  volunteers.  The  citizens  of 
Winthrop,  Mass.,  presented  him  with  a sword 
March  21,  1864.  On  April  20,  1864,  he  reported  to 
Annapolis,  his  regiment  becoming  part  of  the 
1st  brigade,  1st  division,  9th  army  corps.  In  the 
second  day’s  fight  of  the  Wilderness,  May  6,  lie 
was  wounded  above  the  right  temple.  For  liis 
gallantry  on  this  occasion  he  received  his  com- 
mission as  brigadier-general,  dated  June  20,  1864. 
He  commanded  the  1st  brigade  Ledlie's  division, 
9th  army  corps,  in  front  of  Petersburg,  and  was 
taken  prisoner  July  30,  after  the  mine  explosion, 
and  sent  to  Danville,  Va.  He  was  exchanged 
Sept.  24,  1864,  but  did  not  take  the  field  until 
June  19,  1865,  when  he  commanded  the  1st  divi- 
sion, 9tli  army  corps,  at  Tenallytown  near  Wash- 
ington. He  was  married  Oct.  14,  1865,  to  Agnes 
Pomeroy  of  Pittsfield,  and  sailed  with  his  wife 
for  a tour  in  Europe,  visiting  England,  France 
and  Italy,  and,  returning  in  June,  1866,  was  mus- 
tered out  of  the  United  States  service  in  July 
and  engaged  in  business.  In  1875  he  was  nomi 
nated  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts  by 
the  Democratic  party,  and  was  the  next  year 
offered  the  nomination  as  governor  by  the  Repub- 
licans, both  of  which  honors  he  declined.  He 
died  Dec.  17,  1876. 

BARTLETT,  William  Frederic  Vincent, 

clergyman,  was  born  in  Portland,  Maine.  Aug.  20, 
1831.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  the 
class  of  1853,  receiving  bis  A.M.  degree  in  1856. 
and  at  Union  theological  seminary  in  1859.  He 
received  the  degree  of  S.T.D.  from  Central  uni- 
versity, Ky.,  in  1876. 

Dr.  Bartlett  early  re- 
linquished the  oppor- 
tunity of  a lucrative 
business  to  become  a 
minister  of  the  gos- 
pel. During  the  civil 
war  be  resided  near 
Natchez,  Miss.,  and 
exposed  himself  to 
the  hardships  of  the 
siege  of  Port  Hudson 
in  order  to  do  the 
duty  of  a Christian 
minister  to  the  First 
Alabama  regiment.  , j.  ~ 

His  health,  greatly 
impaired  in  consequence,  was  restored  by  years  of 
rest  and  travel,  after  which  he  resumed  charge. 


BARTLETT. 


BARTOL. 


in  1874,  of  the  First  Presbyterian  church  of  Lex- 
ington, Ky.  His  character  and  ability  se- 
cured him  great  influence  in  Kentucky,  where 
he  was  greatly  loved  and  respected,  and  where  he 
became  familiarly  known  as  the  “ Bishop.” 

BARTLETT,  William  Holms  Chambers, 
mathematician,  was  born  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  in 
1804.  His  parents  removed  to  Missouri  in  his  in- 
fancy, and  he  received  an  appointment  to  West 
Point  from  that  state  in  1822.  His  genius  for 
mathematics  manifested  itself  in  the  early  days  of 
his  cadetship,  and  during  the  last  two  years  of  his 
course  at  the  academy  he  was  assistant  professor 
of  mathematics.  He  was  graduated  in  1826  with 
highest  honors,  being  one  of  the  few  students  to 
pass  through  the  rigid  course  without  demerit 
marks.  He  was  commissioned  2d  lieutenant  of 
engineers,  and  assigned  to  duty  as  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  engineering  at  the  academy.  In  1829  he 
was  detailed  on  engineering  duty,  in  the  erection 
of  coast  defences  and  fortifications;  in  1834 
returned  to  West  Point  as  acting  professor  of  nat- 
ural and  experimental  philosophy,  and  was  made 
full  professor  in  1836.  In  1840  he  visited  the 
principal  observatories  of  Europe,  having  been 
commissioned  to  procure  astronomical  instru- 
ments, and  to  observe  new  methods  with  a view 
to  the  improvement  of  the  course  of  instruction 
at  West  Point.  He  was  an  honored  member  of 
many  scientific  associations,  and  was  one  of  the 
original  incorporators  of  the  National  academy  of 
sciences.  Princeton  college  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1837,  and  Geneva  ( now 
Hobart)  college,  that  of  LL.D.  in  1847.  He  is 
the  author  of  “ A Treatise  on  Optics”  (1839); 
“Synthetical  Mechanics”  (1850-’58);  “Acoustics 
and  Optics  ” (1852-’59) ; “ Analytical  Mechanics” 
(1853-’59),  and  “Spherical  Astronomy”  (1855- 
’58),  and  a series  of  text  books  originally  designed 
for  the  West  Point  cadets.  Colonel  Bartlett,  at 
his  own  request,  was  retired  in  1871,  and  for  the 
subsequent  twenty-two  years  held  the  position  of 
actuary  to  the  Mutual  life  insurance  company 
of  New  York.  He  died  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  11,  1893. 

BARTLEY,  Elias  Hudson,  chemist,  was  born 
at  Bartley ville,  N.  J.,  Dec.  6,  1849.  He  was 
graduated  B.S.  at  Cornell  university  in  1873. 
After  teaching  science  at  the  Princeton  high 
school  for  one  year,  he  became  instructor  in 
chemistry  at  Cornell  in  1874-’75.  For  the  three 
years  following  he  occupied  the  chair  of  chemis- 
try at  Swarthmore  college,  delivering  in  1877  and 
1879  lectures  on  chemistry  before  the  Franklin 
institute  in  Philadelphia.  In  1878  and  1879  he 
studied  at  the  Jefferson  medical  college,  and  after 
obtaining  his  degree  he  practised  for  a year  on 
Long  Island.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  chief 
chemist  to  the  department  of  health  in  Brooklyn, 


N.  Y.,  also  becoming,  in  1883,  the  inspector  of  the 
New  York  state  board  of  health.  In  1885  he  was 
given  the  chair  of  chemistry  and  toxicology  at 
the  Long  Island  college  hospital,  in  which  insti- 
tution, in  1886,  he  was  made  lecturer  on  children’s 
diseases.  He  wrote  “Text-Book  of  Medical 
Chemistry  ” (1885,  3d  enlarged  edition,  1894),  and 
became  a contributor  to  the  “Reference  Hand- 
Book  of  Medical  Sciences  ” and  to  other  sanitary 
and  medical  journals. 

BARTLEY,  Mordecai,  governor  of  Ohio,  was 
born  in  Fayette  county,  Pa.,  Dec.  16,  1783.  In 
1809  he  went  to  Ohio  and  engaged  in  farming,  and 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  of  1812  he  joined  the 
army  of  General  Harrison  with  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain, from  which  he  received  promotion  to  that 
of  adjutant.  In  1817  he  was  chosen  to  represent 
Richmond  county  in  the  state  senate,  and  the 
following  year  received  the  appointment  of  regis- 
trar of  the  land  office  of  Virginia  military  district 
school  lands.  This  office  he  held  until  he  was 
elected  a representative  to  Congress  in  1822.  He 
served  in  the  18th,  19th,  20th,  and  21st  congresses. 
He  was  elected  governor  of  the  state  in  1844, 
as  a Whig,  and  served  one  term.  In  the  Mexi- 
can war  he  personally  superintended  the  raising 
of  troops,  although  as  a Whig  he  was  opposed  to 
the  war.  In  1856  he  joined  the  Republican  party, 
but  took  no  active  part  as  a politician,  devoting 
himself  to  his  farm  and  the  practice  of  law.  He 
died  in  Mansfield,  Ohio,  Oct.  10,  1870. 

BARTOL,  Cyrus  Augustus,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Freeport,  Me.,  Aprd  30,  1813.  He  re- 
ceived a liberal  education,  graduating  at  Bowdoin 
college  in  1832,  and  at  Cambridge  divinity  school 
in  1835.  He  early  showed  a fine  spiritual  percep- 
tion which,  despite  a reserve  that  was  almost  shy- 
ness, united  with  a very  genial,  sympathetic 
nature,  made  him  peculiarly  fitted  for  pastoral 
work.  He  was  made  colleague  with  Dr.  Charles 
Lowell,  pastor  of  the  West  church  (Unitarian) 
in  Boston.  This  church  was  distinguished  for 
its  liberality  in  religious  views,  and  for  its  devo- 
tion to  freedom.  Mr.  Bartol  became  sole  pastor 
in  1861,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Lowell.  His  earlier 
views  were  largely  in  accord  with  the  teachings 
of  Channing,  but  afterwards  they  harmonized 
more  nearly  with  what  is  known  as  Free  reli- 
gion. The  contrast  between  the  first  book  pub- 
lished by  him,  “Discourses  on  the  Christian 
Spirit  and  Life  ” (1850)  and  “ Radical  Problems  ” 
(1872),  not  as  to  topics,  but  as  to  trend  of  thought, 
is  quite  marked.  Sensitive  to  the  welfare  of  others, 
Dr.  Bartol  gave  much  time,  thought  and  labor  to 
the  anti-slavery  cause,  and  to  general  philan- 
thropy and  reform.  He  spoke  his  mind  fearlessly 
on  all  suitable  occasions,  and  because  of  the  ex- 
quisite spirituality  of  his  thought,  and  his  tender- 
ness and  purity  of  life,  he  had  much  influence, 


BARTON. 


BARTON. 


even  with  those  who  differed  from  him  in  opinion. 
His  published  works  are:  “ History  of  the  West 
Church  and  its  Ministers  ” (1858) ; “ Church  and 
Congregation”  (1858);  “Word  of  the  Spirit  to 
the  Church”  (1860);  “The  Unspotted  Life” 
(1864);  “ Discourses  on  the  Christian  Spirit  and 
Life”;  “ Discourses  on  the  Christian  Body  and 
Form  " ; “ Pictures  of  Europe  ” ; “ Radical  Prob- 
lems ” (1872) ; “ The  Rising  Faith  ” (1874) ; 

“Principles  and  Portraits'”  (1880);  “Spiritual 
Specifics  ” (1884) ; occasional  essays  and  poems 
and  innumerable  sermons  and  discourses.  In 
1888  he  resigned  his  pastorate  at  the  expiration 
of  fifty  years’  service. 

BARTON,  Clarissa  Marlowe  (Clara  Barton), 

philanthropist,  was  born  at  North  Oxford,  Mass., 
Dec.  25,  1821 ; daughter  of  Captain  Stevens  and 
Dolly  (Stone)  Barton.  Her  father  fought  under 
“ Mad  Anthony  Wayne  ” against  the  Indians  in 
the  West,  and  her  mother  was  a daughter  of  Cap- 
tain Stone  of  Oxford.  After  her  academic  edu- 
cation acquired  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  she  became  a 
teacher.  At  her  own  risk  Miss  Barton  founded 
the  first  free  school  in  New  Jersey,  which  she 
opened  with  six  pupils  at  Bordentown,  and  by 
the  end  of  the  first  year  her  pupils  had  increased 
from  six  to  six  hundred,  and  she  had  erected  a 
new  schoolhouse,  costing  four  thousand  dollars. 
Failing  health  compelled  a relinquishment  of 
her  school,  and  in  1854  she  became  a clerk  in  the 
U.  S.  patent  office,  which  position  she  held  until 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  when  she 
devoted  herself  to  caring  for  wounded  soldiers  on 
the  battle  field  and  in  camp  and  hospital.  Per- 
sonal solicitation  brought  to  her  supplies  in 
abundance,  and  when  the  army  moved  in  1862, 
she  took  the  field,  and  in  her  quiet,  self-contained 
way,  among  hospitals  and  camps  prosecuted  her 
work.  Military  trains,  and  hospital  and  camp 
appointments  were  at  her  service.  She  was  pres- 
ent at  the  battles  of  Cedar  Mountain,  second  Bull 
Run.  Antietam  and  Fredericksburg,  was  eight 
months  at  the  siege  of  Charleston,  was  in  the 
hospital  on  Morris  Island,  at  Fort  Wagner,  and 
afterwards  in  front  of  Petersburg  and  in  the 
Wilderness,  and  in  hospitals  about  Richmond. 
Her  labors  were  not  over  when  the  war  ended. 
Under  the  authority  and  at  the  request  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  she  undertook  the  task  of  searching 
for  the  80,000  men  marked  “ missing  ” on  the 
muster  rolls  of  the  army,  She  went  to  Ander- 
sonville  to  aid  in  supervising  the  identification 
of  the  dead  and  the  erection  of  tablets  over  their 
graves.  She  saw  gravestones  placed  over  the 
bodies  of  12,920  men.  and  tablets  marked  with 
the  word  “ unknown  ” over  foqr  hundred.  She 
devoted  four  years  to  this  work  and  to  telling  to 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  interested  listeners  the 
story  of  her  army  life  and  work,  and  then,  with 

[214 1 


health  broken  by  overwork,  she  in  1869  visited 
Europe  for  rest  and  recuperation.  While  in  Swit- 
zerland in  1869  she  learned  of  the  society  of  the 
Red  Cross,  established  under  a treaty  signed  by 
every  power  of  Europe,  making  its  members  non- 
combatant  and  neutral,  and  licensing  them  to  care 
for  the  wounded  of  whatever  creed  or  national- 
ity, whether  friend  or  enemy.  She  promptly 
joined  this  society,  and  under  its  emblem  did 
much  volunteer  hospital  work  during  her  five 
years  abroad.  In  recognition  of  her  services  in 
the  Franco-Prussian  war  she  was  decorated  with 
the  golden  cross  of  Baden  and  the  Iron  cross  of 
Germany.  After  the  capitulation  of  Strasbourg 
she  entered  that  city  with  the  German  army 
and  assisted  materially  in  relieving  the  destitu- 
tion of  the  thousands  of  starving  and  homeless 
people ; materials  were  found  for  thousands  of 
garments,  and  women  who  were  hungry  and  suf- 
fering from  lack  of  clothing  were  set  to  work  to 
make  them  and  were  paid  for  their  labor.  During 
the  days  of  the  commune  she  labored  to  assist 
the  needy  by  the  distribution  of  food  and  cloth- 
ing. She  returned  to  America  in  1873  and 
secured  from  Congress  a ratification  of  the 
European  treaty,  which  established  the  society 
of  the  Red  Cross  in  the  United  States  in  1881. 
The  same  year  President  Garfield  appointed  (Miss 
Barton  president  of  the  American  association  of 
the  Red  Cross,  under  the  treaty  of  Geneva.  Fore- 
seeing an  era  of  peace  for  this  country,  she  pro- 
posed the  famous  “American  amendment." 
which  allowed  the  Red  Cross  society  to  work 
when  fire,  flood,  famine,  pestilence,  or  any  other 
disaster  sufficient  to  call  for  public  relief,  should 
occur.  Hitherto  the  society  had  had  but  one  ob- 
ject, the  relief  of  the  wounded  in  time  of  war,  but 
her  amendment,  which  also  granted  protection 
to  Red  Cross  agents,  was  agreed  to  by  the  confer- 
ence at  Berne,  was  signed  March  16.  1882.  and  gave 
the  American  branch  a much  broader  field  of 
usefulness.  Miss  Barton  personally  directed  the 
relief  work  of  the  Red  Cross  at  the  scene  of  the 
Michigan  forest  fires  and  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Ohio  floods  in  1882  and  1883;  and  again  in  1884. 
of  the  Louisiana  and  Mt.  Vernon  cyclones:  of  the 
Charleston  earthquake,  and  of  the  Texas  drought. 
At  the  Johnstown,  Pa.,  flood  she  was  on  the 
ground  on  the  first  train,  and  with  a force  of 
fifty  men  and  women  she  remained  there  for 
five  months,  administering  relief  to  the  destitute. 
Her  work  on  the  Sea  Islands  of  South  Carolina, 
after  the  terrible  ravages  of  the  cvclone  and  tidal 
wave,  was  one  of  the  most  difficult  and  extensive 
of  her  many  relief  operations.  The  “ American 
amendment  " has  not  been  adopted  by  any  other 
country,  though  into  foreign  lands  the  blessed- 
ness of  its  ministrations  has  been  convincingly 
demonstrated.  In  the  famine  in  Russia  in 


The  Cyclopaedia  Publishing  Company 


BARTON. 


BARTON. 


1891-'92  the  American  Red  Cross  society  took  an 
active  part,  under  the  direction  of  Miss  Barton,  in 
the  great  work  of  relief,  collecting  and  distribut- 
ing supplies  of  food  and  clothing.  In  January, 
1896,  Miss  Barton,  after  making  a personal 
appeal  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  and 
England  for  funds,  sailed  for  the  scene  of  the 
Armenian  outrages.  Reaching  Constantinople 
in  February,  she,  with  her  five  assistants, 
immediately  began  work,  the  Sultan  having 
yielded  a reluctant  consent  to  her  request 
that  the  Red  Cross  society  be  permitted  to  do 
what  it  could  to  relieve  the  distress  existing 
in  his  empire.  She  was  required  to  place  the 
crescent  above  the  cross  on  the  badge  worn  by 
herself  and  her  associates,  and  having  acceded 
to  this  demand,  she  met  with  prompt  and  cour- 
teous assistance  from  the  Turkish  government. 
Her  task  ended,  she  left  Turkey  and  proceeded  on 
a visit  to  Germany,  returning  to  America  in 
October,  1896.  In  June,  1896,  she  was  decorated 
with  the  Order  of  Melusine  by  his  Royal  High- 
ness, Guy  de  Lusignan,  Prince  of  Jerusalem, 
Cyprus  and  Armenia.  Miss  Barton  accumulated 
a collection  of  rich  jewels  presented  in  token  of 
appreciation  of  her  noble  efforts.  She  received  a 
handsome  jewel  from  the  Duchess  of  Baden,  a 
medal  and  jewel  from  the  Empress  of  Germany, 
a decoration  of  gems  from  the  Queen  of  Servia, 
and  a brooch  and  pendant  of  diamonds  given  as 
a loving  tribute  by  the  grateful  people  of  Johns- 
town for  her  assistance  in  their  time  of  need. 
Miss  Barton  was  on  three  occasions  a ppointed  by 
the  government  to  represent  the  United  States 
in  international  conferences  held  in  Euro]>e  to 
discuss  measures  of  relief  in  war,  and  she  was 
the  first  woman  to  represent  a government  in 
an  international  conference.  In  1883  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  senate  committee  on  foreign  rela- 
tions, she  prepared  a “ History  of  the  Red  Cross 
Association.  ” 

BARTON,  Edmund  Mills,  librarian,  was  born 
in  Worcester,  Mass.,  Sept.  27,  1838;  son  of  Ira 
Moore  and  Maria  Waters  (Bullard)  Barton.  He 
attended  the  public  schools  of  Worcester  and  the 
Elmer  Valentine  boarding  school  at  Northbor- 
ough,  Mass.,  until  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  spent 
the  three  years  immediately  following  in  acquir- 
ing a business  training  with  a dry -goods  jobbing 
house  in  Boston.  After  a short  mercantile  life 
in  St.  Louis  and  New  York  city,  he  returned  to 
Worcester  to  assist  in  the  care  of  an  invalid 
father,  and  there  remained  from  the  opening  of 
the  civil  war  until  May  1,  1863.  After  careful 
preparation,  he  went  to  the  headquarters  of  the 
army  of  the  Potomac,  visiting  the  hospitals  en 
route  and  laboring  in  the  field  hospitals  after  the 
disastrous  battle  of  Chancellorsville.  He  then 
visited  Gen.  John  A.  Dix  at  Fort  Monroe  and 


accompanied  him  upon  his  expedition  to  Bot- 
tom Bridge,  near  Richmond.  The  battle  of 
Gettysburg  called  him  at  once  to  that  field  for 
hospital  work,  and  there  he  was  commissioned 
field  relief  agent  of 
the  United  States 
sanitary  commission 
under  the  authority 
of  the  secretary  of 
war,  and  was  assigned 
to  the  care  of  the  5th 
army  corps,  army  of 
the  Potomac.  This 
position  he  held  until 
the  end  of  the  war. 
accompanying  the 
surgical  staff  of  the 
Maltese  cross  corps 
on  all  general  move- 
ments and  special 
raids.  He  returned  to 
Worcester  about  July  1,  I860,  where,  after  some 
months  of  travel,  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
American  antiquarian  society  as  assistant  libra- 
rian, April  1,  1866.  On  Aprif  24,  1883,  he  was 
unanimously  elected  librarian  to  succeed  Samuel 
Foster  Haven,  who  for  forty-three  years  had 
held  the  position  with  distinguished  honor.  For 
his  literary  work  see  “ Bibliography  of  the 
Works  of  Members  of  the  American  Historical 
Association,”  of  which  he  was  a life  member,  as 
he  also  was  of  the  American  antiquarian  society, 
of  the  American  library  association,  and  of  the 
Massachusetts  library  club. 

BARTON,  Thomas,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
County  Monaghan,  Ireland,  in  1730.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Dublin,  immigrated 
to  the  United  States,  and  settled  himself  as  tutor 
in  the  academy  at  Philadelphia,  afterwards  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land in  1754  for  ordination,  and  after  taking  orders 
returned  to  America  and  became  rector  of 
the  St.  James  Episcopal  church,  Lancaster,  Pa., 
which  cure  he  held  for  over  nineteen  years.  He 
married  Miss  Rittenhouse.  a sister  of  the  cele- 
brated astronomer  and  mathematician.  Un- 
willing to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  after  the 
declaration  of  independence,  he  removed  to  New 
York,  where  he  died,  May  25, 1780. 

BARTON,  William,  soldier,  was  born  at  War- 
ren, Bristol  county,  R.  I.,  May  26,  1748.  He 
acquired  a rudimentary  education,  was  appren- 
ticed to  a hatter,  and  entered  into  business  for 
himself.  He  volunteered  in  the  Continental 
army  after  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  in 
December  entered  formally  as  a corporal,  soon 
gaining  the  rank  of  captain,  and  in  July,  1777, 
he  fixed  upon  a feasible  plan  for  surprising 
and  taking  captive  General  Prescott.  Ascer- 


[215] 


BARTON. 


BARTRAM. 


taining  that  the  British  general  was  quartered 
at  a house  on  the  west  side  of  the  island,  and 
taking  with  him  five  officers,  forty-five  privates, 
and  a black  servant,  he  reached  the  house  after 
dark,  secured  the  sen- 
tinel, and  breaking  in 
the  door  of  the  room 
in  which  Prescott  was 
sleeping,  they  took 
him  prisoner.  On 
July  25,  1777,  Con- 
gress presented  him 
with  a sword  in  ac- 
knowledgment of  his 
services,  and  in  Octo- 
ber he  was  given  the 
commission  of  brevet 
colonel.  In  1778,  when 

^ T , the  British  retreated 

/j  from  Warren,  Colonel 

Barton  received  a 
wound  which  prevented  his  taking  active 
part  in  the  military  actions  of  the  following 
year.  He  was  a member  of  the  state  committee 
that  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  a member  of  the  legislature  and  inspector 
of  customs.  Some  time  after  the  close  of  the 
war  he  became  involved  in  a lawsuit  in  Vermont 
regarding  a township  in  Orleans  county,  which 
he  claimed  to  have  bought.  His  title,  however, 
being  disputed,  lie  was  required  to  pay  the 
costs,  which  he  refused  to  do.  He  was  con- 
sequently held  in  Danville  for  fourteen  years. 
He  boarded  at  the  hotel,  where  he  was  well 
treated  and  apparently  contented.  In  1824,  when 
Lafayette  visited  this  country,  he  was  surprised 
and  shocked  to  learn  that  Barton  was  held  a 
prisoner  and  at  once  paid  the  debt  without  his 
knowledge,  and  Colonel  Barton  returned  to 
Warren.  He  wrote  a book  entitled  “ Capture  of 
Richard  Prescott-’  (1777).  He  died  Oct.  22,  1831. 

BARTON,  William  Paul  Crillon,  botanist  and 
physician,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Nov. 
17,  1786;  nephew  of  Thomas  Pennant  Barton, 
and  grand-nephew  of  Benjamin  Smith  Barton. 
He  thus  came  of  a family  of  students.  He  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1805,  and  three  years 
later  was  given  an  M.I).  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  practised  his  profession  for  a 
time  in  his  native  city,  but  discontinued  June 
28,  1809,  to  accept  an  appointment  as  surgeon  of 
the  United  States  navy.  In  this  work  he  was 
eminently  successful,  establishing  the  naval 
bureau  of  medicine  and  surgery,  of  which  he 
was  made  the  chief.  In  1815  he  succeeded  his 
uncle  in  the  chair  of  botany  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  later  became  similarly  con- 
nected with  Jefferson  medical  college.  Dr.  Barton 
was  a scientist  of  great  ability,  and  his  writings 


are  evidences  of  his  zeal  in  rendering  available 
knowledge  of  the  medical  and  general  botany 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  an  interesting 
and  magnetic  lecturer,  and  a thorough  and  suc- 
cessful teacher.  He  was  a member  of  the 
American  philosophical  society  and  president  of 
the  Linntean  society.  He  was  a fellow  of  the 
College  of  physicians  in  Philadelphia,  and  senior 
surgeon  in  the  navy.  Among  his  published 
writings  are:  “Chemical  Properties  and  Exhil- 
arating Effects  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas  ” (1808) ; 
a translation  of  Gregory’s  “ Dissertation  on  the 
Influence  of  a Change  in  Climate  in  Curing  Dis- 
eases” (1815) ; “ Florae  Philadelphia  Prodromus  ” 
(1815) ; “ Vegetable  Materia  Medica  in  the 
United  States”  (2vols.,  1817-’25) ; “Plans  for 
Marine  Hospital  in  the  United  States  ” (1817) ; 
“ Compendium  Florae  Pliiladelpliiae  ” (2  vols., 
1818);  “Flora  of  North  America”  (1821-’23); 
“ Letter  to  the  Trustees  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  Relative  to  Introducing  the  Pro- 
fessorship of  Botany  into  the  Medical  Faculty  ” 
(1825) ; “ Outlines  of  Lectures  on  Materia  Medica 
and  Botany”  (2  vols.,  1827— ’28) ; “Hints  to 
Naval  Officers  Cruising  in  the  West  Indies  ” 
(1830);  “Medical  Botany”;  “Audi  Alteram 
Partem  ” (1838) ; “ Address  to  Congress  Respect- 
ing the  Use  of  Liquors  in  the  Navy”  (1843); 
and  “History  of  the  Navy  Hospital  Fund” 
(1843).  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Feb.  29,  1856. 

BARTRAM,  John,  botanist,  was  born  at 
Marple,  Delaware  county,  Pa.,  March  23,  1699. 
His  first  intention  was  to  become  a physician, 
and  he  devoted  some  time  to  studying  for  that 
profession,  but  his  natural  tastes  inclined  him 
toward  botany,  and  he  founded,  near  Philadelphia, 
the  first  botanical  garden  in  this  country.  H is  suc- 
cess was  so  marked  that  Linnaeus  called  him  the 
most  accomplished  natural  botanist  of  the  world, 
and  in  America  he  became  known  as  “ the 
father  of  American  botany.”  He  made  long 
excursions  and  collected  many  valuable  speci- 
mens. He  was  held  in  so  high  esteem  abroad, 
that  he  was  made  American  botanist  to  George 
III.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Observations  on  the 
Inhabitants,  Climate,  Soil,  Rivers,  Productions, 
Animals  and  Other  Matters  Worthy  of  Notice, 
Made  by  Mr.  John  Bartram  in  his  Travels  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Onondaga,  Oswego,  and  the 
Lake  Ontario  in  Canada”  (1751),  and  he  also 
contributed  to  several  scientific  journals,  notably 
a paper  on  his  visit  to  East  Florida  in  1765-"66. 
He  died  at  Kingsessing,  Pa.,  Sept.  22,  1777. 

BARTRAM,  William,  botanist,  was  born  in 
Kingsessing,  near  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  9.  1739; 
son  of  John  Bartram,  the  “father  of  American 
botany.  ” Being  bred  in  an  atmosphere  of  natural 
science,  he  acquired  a taste  for  botany,  and  the 
business  life  which  he  first  entered  was  soon 


121(5] 


BARUS. 


BASCOM. 


exchanged  for  the  study  of  that  science.  He 
published  in  1792  a book  entitled  “ Travels 
Through  North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
East  and  West  Florida,  the  Cherokee  Country, 
the  Extensive  Territories  of  the  Muscogules,  or 
Creek  Confederacy,  and  the  Country  of  the 
Choctaws.”  He  became  famous  as  a scientist. 
He  was  unmarried,  and  lived  quite  alone.  His 
home  was  tilled  with  rare  plants  and  flowers, 
and  was  frequently  visited  by  strangers.  In 
1797  William  Dunlap  paid  him  a visit,  which  he 
describes:  “ Arrived  at  the  botanist’s  garden,  we 
approached  an  old  man,  who,  with  a rake  in  his 
hand,  was  breaking  the  clods  of  earth  on  a tulip 
bed.  His  hat  was  an  old  one,  and  flopped  over 
his  face ; his  coarse  shirt  was  seen  near  his  neck, 
as  he  wore  no  cravat  or  kerchief ; his  waistcoat 
and  breeches  were  both  of  leather,  and  his  shoes 
were  tied  with  leather  strings.  We  approached 
and  accosted  him.  He  ceased  his  work  and 
entered  into  conversation  with  the  ease  and 
politeness  of  nature’s  nobleman;  his  counte- 
nance was  expressive  of  benignity  and  happiness. 
This  was  the  botanist,  traveller  and  philosopher 
we  had  come  to  see.”  Alexander  Wilson  was 
greatly  aided  in  his  scientific  work  by  Mr.  Bar- 
tram,  whose  ornithological  studies  were  very 
extended.  His  publications  include:  “Anec- 
dotes of  a Crow,”  “Description  of  Certhia,” 
“Memoirs  of  John  Bartram,”  “ Observations  on 
the  Creek  and  Cherokee  Indians,”  and  a list  of 
American  birds  He  died  July  22,  1828. 

BARUS,  Carl,  geologist,  was  born  in  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  in  1856.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
Woodward  high  school,  Cincinnati,  in  1874,  then 
entered  the  Columbia  school  of  mines,  New 
York,  and  completed  a three  years’  course  in  two 
years.  In  1876  he  went  to  Germany  and  re- 
mained nearly  five  years  in  Wurzburg,  studying 
physics,  and  for  the  last  year  acting  as  assistant 
to  the  professor  in  charge.  He  took  the  degree 
of  Ph.D.  in  Wurzburg  in  1880.  In  1881  he 
returned  to  America  and  entered  the  service  of 
the  United  States  geological  survey,  at  first 
working  in  the  west.  In  1888  was  engaged  at  the 
physical  laboratory,  Washington,  in  working  up 
problems  in  dynamic  geology  — more  particu- 
larly the  questions  of  the  behavior  of  matter 
under  conditions  of  high  temperature  combined 
with  enormous  pressure.  From  August,  1893,  to 
January,  1895,  he  was  physicist  at  the  Smith- 
sonian institution,  engaged  in  aeronautical 
research.  In  June,  1895,  he  was  elected  Hazard 
professor  of  physics  at  Brown  university.  Dur- 
ing 1894  and  1895  he  acted  as  a member  of  the 
congressional  committee  of  seven  for  drawing  up 
specifications  for  the  electrical  standards  of  the 
United  States.  He  published  very  many  scienti- 
fic papers  and  bulletins  — the  latter  issued  by  the 


geological  survey  — the  former  printed  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Science,  the  London  Philo- 
sophical Magazine  and  Die  Journal  der  Physiko 
Chemical. 

BASCOM,  Henry  Bidleman,  educator,  was 
born  at  Hancock,  N.  Y.,  May  27,  1796.  He 
received  his  license  to  preach  in  1813,  and  for 
some  years  thereafter  his  work  lay  on  the  Ohio 
frontier.  After  serving  in  Tennessee  and  Ken- 
tucky, he  was,  in  1823,  appointed  chaplain  to 
Congress,  and  in  1827  he  was  elected  first  presi- 
dent of  Madison  college,  Pa. , where  he  remained 
until  1829.  From  1832  to  1841  he  held  the  chair 
of  moral  science  and  belles  lettres  at  Augusta 
college,  and  in  1842  became  president  of  Transyl- 
vania university,  which  office  he  retained  until 
his  death.  In  1845  he  was  a member  of  the 
Louisville  convention  which  organized  the  Meth- 
odist church,  south,  and  was  the  author  of  its 
report,  and  chairman  of  the  reconciliation  com- 
mittee. From  1846  to  1850  he  was  the  able  editor  of 
the  Southern  Methodist  Quarterly  Review.  He  was 
made  bishop  of  the  M.  E.  church,  south,  in  May, 
1850.  His  complete  works  were  published  after 
his  death,  which  occurred  at  Louisville,  Ky., 
Sept.  8,  1850. 

BASCOM,  John,  educator,  was  born  in  Genoa, 
N.  Y.,  May  1,  1827.  He  was  graduated  from 
Williams  college  in  1849,  and  in  1854  entered  the 
theological  seminary  at  Andover,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1855.  For  the  following  nineteen 
years  he  occupied  the  chair  of  rhetoric  at  Wil- 
liams college,  leav- 
ing to  accept  the 
position  of  presi- 
dent of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wiscon- 
sin, which  he  filled 
from  1874  until  1887. 

He  was  in  1896  pro- 
fessor of  political 
economy  at  Wil- 
liams college.  His 
published  works  are 
chiefly  on  philo- 
sophic and  relig- 
ious themes.  He 
warmly  defended 
the  intuitive  philosophy,  accepting,  however, 
many  modifications  arising  from  our  enlarged 
physical  knowledge.  His  principal  service  as 
a worker  and  educator  lies  in  this  direction. 
His  books  include : “ Political  Economy  ” (1859); 
“iEsthetics  ” (1862);  “ Philosophy  of  Rhetoric” 
(1865);  “Principles  of  Psychology”  (1869); 
“Science,  Philosophy  and  Religion”  (1871); 

“ Philosophy  and  English  Literature  ” (1874) ; 

“ A Philosophy  of  Religion  ” (1876) ; “ Compara- 
tive Psychology”  (1878);  “Ethics”  (1879); 


(2171 


BASHFORD. 


BASKETTE. 


“ Natural  Theology  ” (1880) ; “ Science  of  Mind  ” 
(1881);  “ The  Words  of  Christ”  (1884);  “Prob- 
lems in  Philosophy  ” (1885) ; “ Sociology  ” (1887) ; 
“ Tlie  New  Theology  ” (1891) ; “ Historical  Inter- 
pretation of  Philosophy”  (1893),  and  “Social 
Theory  ” (1895). 

BASHFORD,  Coles,  governor  of  Wisconsin, 
was  born  at  Alden,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  34,  1816.  After 
the  usual  preliminary  course,  he  studied  law  at 
the  Wesleyan  seminary,  Lima,  N.  Y.,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1841,  and  became  promin- 
ent in  politics  in  three  different  states,  acting 
as  district  attorney  for  Wayne  county,  N.  Y., 
1847-’50;  removed  to  Oshkosh,  Wis.,  was  a 
member  of  the  Whig  state  convention  of  Wis- 
consin in  1851 ; state  senator  in  the  Wisconsin 
legislature,  1852-’55;  the  first  Republican  gov- 
ernor of  Wisconsin,  1855-’57;  removed  to  Tucson, 
Arizona ; was  attorney-general  of  the  territory, 
1864-’67;  delegate  to  Congress,  1867-'69,  and 
secretary  of  the  territory,  1869-'76.  He  died 
April  35,  1878. 

BASHFORD,  James  Whitford,  educator,  was 
born  in  Fayette,  Lafayette  county,  Wis.,  May  25, 
1849.  His  father  was  a Methodist  minister,  and 
he  was  reared  on  a Wisconsin  farm,  receiving  a 
good  common-school  education  and  was  gradu- 
ated with  honor  from  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin, with  the  class  of 
1873.  He  had  to  con- 
tend with  financial 
difficult  ies  and  a pro- 
tracted illness  dur- 
ing his  college 
course,  serving  dur- 
ing the  time  as  prin- 
cipal of  the  Fayette 
high  school  and  also 
teaching  one  season 
during  his  sopho- 
more year,  by  reason 
of  which  he  did  not 


complete  his  course 
P,  O'O  until  the  age  of  twen- 
ty- ty-four.  He  projected 

and  was  editor  of  the  University  Press , while  in 
college,  the  pioneer  college  weekly  of  the  state, 
by  which  he  paid  his  debts,  and  after  completing 
his  studies  was  made  tutor  of  Greek  in  the  uni- 


versity. During  his  freshman  year  at  college  he 
united  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  and 
decided  to  adopt  the  ministry  as  a profession. 
Accordingly  he  entered  the  school  of  theology  of 
Boston  university  in  1874,  to  prepare  for  his  life 
work,  and  having  completed  the  prescribed 
course  in  1876,  he  continued  his  studies  in  the 
same  university,  and  graduated  in  the  school  of 
oratory  in  1878,  and  in  the  school  of  all  sciences 
in  1879,  securing  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  He  then 


officiated  as  pastor  of  the  Harrison  Square 
church,  Jamaica  Plain  (Boston),  until  1880.  In 
that  year  he  married  Jane  Field  and  with  his 
wife  travelled  in  Europe,  and  again  in  1887  they 
made  an  extensive  tour  of  Italy,  Greece  and 
German}’.  He  subsequently  filled  pastorates 
at.  Auburndale,  Mass.,  Portland,  Me.,  and,  Buf- 
falo, N.  Y.,  and  delivered  courses  of  lectures 
on  systematic  theology  in  the  University  of  Den- 
ver and  De  Pauw.  Owing  to  his  exceptional 
ability  and  attainments,  he  was  offered  the 
presidency  of  several  leading  colleges,  and,  in 
1889,  left  his  pastorate  to  accept  the  presidency 
of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  university,  where  an 
annual  attendance  of  nearly  twelve  hundred 
students  gave  him  a broad  field  for  the  use  of  his 
literary  and  pedagogic  powers.  In  1890  the  North- 
western university  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  D.D.  As  a member  of  the  board  of  trustees 
of  the  Ohio  anti-saloon  league  he  exerted  a 
powerful  influence  in  the  temperance  cause.  He 
contributed  liberal  articles  to  the  periodical  liter- 
ature of  the  church,  and  is  the  author  of  “The 
True  Church,”  “Christianity  and  Education,” 
“The  Bible  Women,”  and  a course  of  lectures 
on  “ Systematic  Theology.” 

BASKERVILL,  William  Malone,  educator, 
was  born  in  Fayette  county,  Tenn.,  April  1, 
1850.  He  received  his  collegiate  training  at  Ran- 
dolph-Macon  college,  Va.,  and  went  from  there 
to  the  University  of  Leipsic,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  with  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  in  1880. 
On  his  return  to  America,  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  Latin  and  French,  in  Wofford  college, 
S.  C.,  from  which  he  had  received  the  degree  of 
A.M.  in  1878;  and  in  1881,  he  was  elected  adjunct- 
professor  of  the  English  language  and  literature 
at  Vanderbilt  university;  during  that  collegiate 
year  he  also  had  charge  of  the  French  and  German ; 
the  following  year  he  was  made  full  professor,  and 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  the  chair  of  Eng- 
lish. His  publications  include:  “ Epistola  Alex- 
andri  ad  Aristotelem,  ” “A  Handy  Anglo-Saxon 
Dictionary  ” — in  conjunction  with  Prof.  J.  A. 
Harrison;  “An  Outline  of  Anglo-Saxon  Gram- 
mar ”;  an  edition  of  “ Andreas,”  and  an  “ Eng 
lisli  Grammar”  — in  conjuncton  with  J.  W. 
Sewell.  His  popular  writings  are:  “ The  Study 
of  English,”  “Higher  Education  of  Women," 
“Thackeray,”  “Southern  Writers,”  including 
Joel  Chandler  Harris;  “Maurice  Thompson," 
“ Sidney  Lanier, ” etc. , etc.,  “Southern  Litera- 
ture," “English  Writers  of  To-day”  — a series 
of  articles  for  the  Chautauquan,  and  some 
etymological  work  for  the  Century  and  other 
dictionaries. 

BASKETTE,  Gideon  Hicks,  journalist,  was 
born  at  Middleton.  Rutherford  county,  Tenn.. 
March  11,  1845.  He  was  educated  at  Murfrees- 


1218] 


BASS. 


BASSETT. 


boro,  liis  collegiate  course  being  interrupted  by 
the  civil  war.  He  enlisted  in  the  Confederate 
army  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  serving  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  then  entered  mercantile 
life,  and  in  1874  became  editor  of  the  Murfrees- 
boro News,  which  he  conducted  until  1882,  when 
he  was  chosen  editor  of  the  Nashville  American. 
He  subsequently  was  editor  of  the  Chattanooga 
Democrat  and  later  held  an  editorial  position  on 
the  Cincinnati  News,  from  which  place  he  re- 
turned to  Chattanooga  to  take  charge  of  The 
People’s  Paper,  a tri-weekly  literary  journal. 
This  position  he  held  until  1884,  when  he  became 
managing  editor  of  the  Nashville  Evening  Ban- 
ner. In  the  following  year  he  assumed  its  chief 
editorship,  and  the  presidency  of  the  Nashville 
Banner  Publishing  Co. 

BASS,  Edward,  first  bishop  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  7th  in  succession  in  the  American 
episcopate,  was  born  at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  Nov. 
23,  1726.  He  was  graduated  from  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1744,  and  for  several  years  occupied 
himself  as  a teacher.  He  was  licensed  as  a 
Congregationalist  preacher,  but  in  1752,  lie 
accepted  the  tenets  of  the  established  church, 
and  in  May  of  that  year  was  ordained  deacon  at 
the  chapel  of  Fulham  Palace,  by  the  bishop  of 
London ; he  received  his  ordination  as  a priest  at 
the  hands  of  the  same  prelate,  May  24,  1752.  He 
was  sent  as  a missionary  to  Newburyport,  Mass., 
by  the  Venerable  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  and  became  incum- 
bent of  St.  Paul's  church.  At  the  opening  of  the 
revolutionary  war,  he,  in  deference  to  the  public 
sentiment,  omitted  the  prayer  for  the  King,  but 
when  the  Continental  Congress  requested  that 
clergymen  no  longer  use  the  royal  collects,  he 
closed  his  church  for  twelve  months,  and  did  not 
open  it  even  then  till  urged  by  the  sight  of  his 
congregation  gradually  going  over  to  the  dis- 
senters. He  refused  to  read  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  in  church,  and  called  himself  a 
“ Tory,  and  inimical  to  the  liberties  of  America,” 
buc  notwithstanding  his  efforts  to  make  his 
action  clear  with  the  society  his  past  due  stipend 
was  refused  and  his  name  dropped  from  the  roll. 
Finding  him  driven  from  the  support  of  the  soci- 
ety, his  friends  in  America  nominated  him  for 
bishop.  The  first  election  was  not  recognized,  but 
after  another  attempt  he  was  consecrated,  May  7, 
1797,  first  bishop  of  Massachusetts,  by  Bishops 
White,  Provoost  and  Claggett.  His  jurisdiction 
was  later  extended  to  New  Hampshire,  Rhode 
Island,  and  V ermont.  He  was  awarded  the  degree 
of  D.D.  by  the  Pennsylvania  university  in  1789. 
He  published  several  sermons  and  addresses,  and 
a pamphlet  on  his  connection  with  the  Venera- 
ble society.  He  died  at  Newburyport,  Mass., 
Sept.  10,  1803. 


BASSETT,  Homer  Franklin,  librarian,  was 
born  at  Florida,  Berkshire  county,  Mass.,  Sept. 
2,  1826,  son  of  Ezra  and  Keziah  (Witt)  Bassett. 
He  removed  with  his  father  to  Rockport,  Ohio,  in 
1836,  doing  farm  work  to  procure  an  education 
at  the  Berea  seminary.  In  1848  he  entered  Ober- 
liu,  intending  to  take  a full  course  of  study,  but 
ill-health  compelled  him  to  leave  school  in  1849, 
and  he  returned  to  New  England.  He  became  a 
student  of  the  natural  sciences,  and  in  1853 
established  a school  in  Wolcott,  Conn.  In  1868 
he  became  the  principal  of  a private  school  in 
Waterbury,  Conn.,  still  making  a specialty  of 
the  study  of  natural  history,  and  particularly  of 
insect  life.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  librarian 
of  the  Silas  Bronson  libi'ary  in  Waterbury, 
founded  in  1870.  The  library  under  his  prede- 
cessor comprised  about  13,000  volumes,  which 
number  was  more  than  quadrupled  in  1895.  In 
1894  a new  library  building  was  erected.  Mr. 
Bassett  was  awarded  the  degree  of  M.A.  by 
Yale  university  in  1894.  He  wrote:  “Description 
of  Several  New  Species  of  Cynips  and  of  Diastro- 
phus,”  in  the  “Proceedings  of  the  Entomological 
society  of  Philadelphia,  ” and  ‘ ‘ Waterbury  and  her 
Industries  ” (1889). 

BASSETT,  James,  missionary,  was  born  at 
Glenford,  Ontario,  Can.,  Jan.  31,  1834.  He  was 
educated  at  Wabash  university,  after  which  he 
pursued  a theological  course  at  Lane  seminary, 
graduating  in  1859.  During  the  civil  war  he  served 
in  the  Union  army,  after  which  he  entered  the 
Presbyterian  ministry  in  New  Jersey.  He  was 
assigned  to  missionary  duty  by  the  Presbyterian 
Board  in  1871.  He  penetrated  the  interior  of 
Turkey  and  of  Persia,  and  during  a residence  in 
those  countries  covering  many  years  obtained  an 
insight  into  the  knowledge  of  the  manners  and 
customs  of  their  peoples,  much  of  which  he  has 
given  to  the  world  through  the  medium  of  his 
various  publications:  “Among  the  Turcomans’’ 
(1880) ; “Hymns  in  Persian ” (1884) ; “ Grammat- 
ical Note  on  the  Simnuni  Dialects  of  the  Persian” 
(1884) ; “ Persia,  the  Land  of  the  Imams  ” (1886). 
He  also  translated  the  gospel  of  St.  Matthew  into 
the  Gaghatti  Tartar  dialect.  In  1894  he  returned 
to  the  United  States. 

BASSETT,  Richard,  governor  of  Delaware, 
was  born  in  Delaware.  In  1787  he  was  a member 
of  the  Continental  Congress  and  met  with  the 
convention  which  formed  the  Federal  constitu- 
tion. In  1789  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator,  and 
was  the  first  to  vote  for  the  location  of  the  capi- 
tal on  the  Potomac.  He  held  the  office  of  senator 
until  1793,  and  in  1796  was  made  presidential  elec- 
tor, casting  his  vote  for  John  Adams.  From  1798 
to  1801  he  was  governor  of  Delaware,  and  then 
acted  as  United  States  circuit  judge  for  one  year. 
He  died  in  September,  1815. 


BATCHELDER. 


BATE. 


BATCHELDER,  Richard  N.,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Meredith,  N.  H.,  July  27,  1832.  He  was  ap- 
pointed regimental  quartermaster  of  the  1st  N. 
H.  regiment,  April  30,  1861.  He  was  promoted 
captain  and  assistant  quartermaster,  and  assigned 
to  duty  as  chief  quartermaster  of  the  corps  of 
observation  in  August,  1861 ; chief  quartermaster 
second  division,  second  corps,  army  of  the  Po- 
tomac, March,  1862;  lieutenant-colonel  and  chief 
quartermaster,  second  corps,  army  of  the  Po- 
tomac, January,  1863;  acting  chief  quartermas- 
ter, army  of  the  Potomac,  June,  1864;  colonel 
and  chief  quartermaster,  army  of  the  Potomac, 
August,  1864.  Here  lie  had  charge  of  the  im- 
mense baggage  trains  of  that  great  force,  com- 
prising some  five  thousand  wagons  and  thirty 
thousand  horses  and  mules,  on  the  campaign  from 
the  Rapidan  to  the  James.  He  was  brevetted 
major,  lieutenant-colonel  and  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers,  and  major,  lieutenant-colonel  and 
colonel.  United  States  army,  for  faithful  and 
meritorious  service  during  the  war.  He  was  ap- 
pointed captain  and  assistant  quartermaster  in 
the  regular  service  in  February,  1865,  and  from 
that  date  until  1889  he  served  as  assistant  and 
chief  quartermaster  at  various  depots,  posts  and 
departments.  He  received  seven  brevets  for 
faithful  and  meritorious  services  during  the  war, 
and  medals  of  honor  were  awarded  him  by  Con- 
gress under  the  act  of  July  12,  1862,  and  under 
that  of  March  3,  1863,  for  “such  officers,  non- 
commissioned officers  and  privates  as  have  most 
distinguished  or  who  may  hereafter  most  distin- 
guish themselves  in  action.”  He  was  brevetted 
“for  most  distinguished  gallantry  in  action 
against  Mosby’s  guerrillas,  between  Catlett's  and 
Fairfax  stations,  Va.,  Oct.  13-15,  1863,  while 
serving  as  lieutenant-colonel  and  quartermaster 
of  volunteers,  chief  quartermaster  of  the  second 
army  corps.”  On  July  10,  1890,  he  was  appointed 
quartermaster-general  of  the  army  by  President 
Harrison.  During  his  six  years  of  service  in  that 
capacity  he  handled  forty-three  millions  of 
dollars.  On  account  of  age  he  was  retired  from 
active  service  July  27,  1896. 

BATCHELDER,  Samuel,  manufacturer,  was 
born  at  Jaffrey,  N.  H.,  June  8,  1784.  In  1808  he 
entered  the  cotton  manufacturing  business  in 
Ipswich,  N.  H.,  and  later  transferred  his  interests 
to  Lowell,  Mass.  He  thoroughly  understood  both 
the  practical  and  theoretical  sides  of  his  business, 
and  became  very  influential  among  manufactur- 
ing men  and  elsewhere.  He  was  president  of 
five  large  manufacturing  establishments  at  one 
time,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  rive  million 
dollars.  Aside  from  making  a number  of  useful 
inventions  and  improvements  in  machinery,  ho 
was  the  author  of  “ Responsibilities  of  the  North 
in  Relation  to  Slavery,”  published  in  1856.  and 

I* 


wrote,  when  he  was  nearly  eighty  years  of  age,  a 
“History  of  the  Progress  of  Cotton  Manufac- 
tures in  the  United  States.”  He  died  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  Feb.  5,  1879. 

BATCHELOR,  Joseph  B.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Halifax  county,  N.  C.,  in  1825.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  University  of  North  Carolina  in  1845,  and 
two  years  later  received  a license  to  practise  law. 
In  1855  he  was  appointed  to  the  office  of  attorney- 
general  of  North  Carolina,  which  office  he  held 
for  two  years.  He  was  a leading  member  of  the 
North  Carolina  legislature  of  1860  that  voted  for 
the  call  of  the  convention  which  passed  the  ordi- 
nance of  secession.  He  gave  largely  of  his  ample 
means  for  the  vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.  In  1879 
Mr.  Batchelor  began  legal  proceedings  by  which 
about  $700,000  were  saved  to  the  state  of  its 
interest  in  the  North  Carolina  railroad.  Soon 
after  the  adoption  of  the  “Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure ” he  secured  the  passage  of  the  act  of  the 
legislature  that  is  styled  “ Batchelor’s  Stay  Law,” 
which  was  a necessity  to  prevent  the  utter  ruin 
of  the  agricultural  and  laboring  classes  of  the 
state  after  the  construction  given  by  the  courts 
to  the  “Code  of  Civil  Procedure.”  He  was  also 
largely  influential  in  securing  the  establishment 
of  the  orphan  asylum  at  Oxford.  In  1891  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  conferred  on  him 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D. 

BATE,  William  B.,  senator,  was  born  near 
Castalian  Springs,  Tenn..  and  after  receiving 
an  academic  education,  engaged  as  clerk  on  a 
steamboat.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Mexican 
war  he  volunteered  as  a private,  serving  thus 
until  its  close,  when,  returning  to  his  native 
state,  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the 
Tennessee  legislature.  In  1852  he  was  graduated 
from  the  Lebanon  law  school,  going  thence 
to  Gallatin,  where  he  began  to  practise  law. 
From  1854  to  1860  he  acted  as  attorney-general 
for  the  Nashville  district,  during  which  time  he 
declined  a nomination  as  representative  in  Con- 
gress. In  1860  he  was  a Democratic  presidential 
elector.  The  following  year  lie  joined  the  Con- 
federate army  as  a private,  and  was  promoted 
through  the  ranks  of  captain,  colonel,  and  brig- 
adier-general to  that  of  major-general,  serving 
throughout  the  war.  At  its  close  he  returned  to 
Tennessee  and  again  began  to  practise  law.  In 
1868  he  was  a delegate  to  the  Democratic  national 
convention,  and  he  served  for  twelve  years  on 
the  national  Democratic  executive  committee  for 
Tennessee.  In  1876  he  was  a Democratic  elector 
for  the  state  at  large,  and  was  elected  governor 
of  Tennessee  in  1882  and  1884.  He  was  elected 
United  States  senator  in  1887,  to  which  office 
he  was  re-elected  in  1893. 

>oj 


BATEMAN. 


BATES. 


BATEMAN,  Ephraim,  senator,  was  born  at 
Cedarville,  N.  J.,  in  1770.  He  studied  and  prac- 
tised medicine  in  his  native  town,  and  for  a num- 
ber of  years  served  in  the  state  senate.  He  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  14th  Congress  on  the 
Democratic  ticket,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  15th. 
16th,  and  17th  congresses.  On  Dec.  7.  1826,  hav- 
ing received  an  equal  number  of  votes  with  Theo- 
dore Frelinghuyson  in  the  election  for  United 
States  senator  to  fill  the  vacancy  left  by  the  death 
of  Senator  Mcllvaine,  Mr.  Bateman  made  himself 
senator,  his  position  as  president  of  the  council  of 
the  state  legislature  giving  him  the  casting  vote. 
The  incident  caused  much  discussion,  but  the 
senate  afterwards  declared  his  action  to  be  per- 
fectly legal.  He  died  at  Cedarville,  N.  J.,  Jan. 
29.  1829. 

BATEMAN,  Kate  Josephine,  actress,  was  born 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  7,  1842.  She  at  a very 
early  age  began  her  theatrical  career,  appearing 
for  many  years  with  her  sister  as  one  of  the 
“Bateman  Children.”  When  just  passing  out 
of  her  teens,  she  began  to  attract  much  atten- 
tion, one  of  her  best  roles  being  that  of  “ Leah, 
the  Forsaken.  ” After  several  years  of  remark- 
able success  in  America,  she  went  to  Europe, 
where  she  attained  equal  distinction.  There  in 
1866,  she  was  married  to  Mr.  George  Crowe, 
and  for  two  years  retired  from  the  stage,  having 
accumulated  considerable  wealth  by  her  profes- 
sional work  and  good  management  of  her  funds. 
In  1868  she  returned  to  the  stage  in  London, 
playing  “Mary  Warner  in  1872  she  had  great 
success  as  “ Media,”  as  she  had  in  1875  when  she 
acted  “Lady  Macbeth,”  to  Mr.  Irving’s  “Mac- 
beth.” In  1876  she  retired. 

BATEMAN,  Luther  C.,  editor,  was  born  in 
Waldoboro,  Me.,  Jan.  14,  1849,  son  of  Alfred  and 
Julia  (Borneman)  Bateman.  His  early  youth  was 
a constant  struggle  with  poverty,  and  his  educa- 
tion was  obtained  in  the  intervals  of  hard  toil. 
Though  but  fifteen  years  of  age  he  served  during 
the  last  year  of  the  civil  war,  and  in  1866  fol- 
lowed his  father  to  California,  where  he 
remained,  engaged  in  various  occupations,  until 
1869.  Upon  his  return  to  the  east  he  took  a 
course  at  the  Fowler  & Wells  phrenological  insti- 
tute, N.  Y.,  and  after  his  graduation  in  1870 
became  a scientific  lecturer,  achieving  great  pop- 
ularity. He  belonged  to  the  Greenback  party 
and  subsequently  joined  the  Populist  party,  in 
which  he  became  an  enthusiastic  worker.  He 
founded  and  became  editor  of  the  Maine  Popu- 
list. He  served  the  party  as  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor of  Maine  on  the  Populist  ticket  at  the 
successive  elections,  and  twice  was  placed  on 
the  ticket  as  representative  in  Congress,  failing 
of  election  each  time,  but  entering  the  succeed- 
ing campaign  with  unabated  enthusiasm.  As 


a Populist,  a Granger,  a Knight  Templar,  a 
member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and 
a Knight  of  Labor,  his  influence  extended  to  a 
large  body  of  men  belonging  to  the  laboring  class 
of  his  native  state. 

BATEMAN,  Newton,  educator,  was  born  in 
Fairfield,  N.  J.,  July  27,  1822.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Illinois  college  in  1843 ; was  principal 
of  a select  school  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1845-'46; 
professor  of  mathematics  in  St.  Charles  college, 
Mo.,  from  1847  to  1851;  superintendent  of  pub- 
lic schools  in  Jacksonville,  111.,  from  1851  to  1857, 
and  during  three  years  of  that  time  was  county 
superintendent  of  schools  of  Morgan  county ; in 
1858  was  principal  of  Jacksonville  female  acad- 
emy, and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  was  elected 
state  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  hold- 
ing that  office  for  fourteen  years.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Illinois  state  board  of  health  from 
1877  to  1891,  and  a part  of  the  time  president  of 
the  board.  He  acted  as  president  of  Knox  college 
from  1875  to  1893,  and  on  his  retirement  was 
elected  president  emeritus  and  professor  of  men- 
tal and  moral  science. 

BATES,  Arlo,  author,  was  born  at  East 
Machias,  Me.,  Dec.  16,  1850.  He  was  educated 
at  the  common  schools  of  his  native  town,  and 
was  graduated  from  Bowdoin  college  in  1876. 
He  then  went  to  Boston,  Mass.,  and  began  work 
as  a journalist.  From  1878  to  1880  he  was  editor 
of  the  Broadside,  and  from  1880  to  1893  of  the 
Boston  Sunday  Courier,  at  the  same  time  being 
Boston  correspondent  of  the  Book  Buyer,  the 
Providence  Journal,  and  the  Chicago  Tribune. 
In  1893  he  was  elected  professor  of  English  in 
the  Massachusetts  institute  of  technology.  His 
published  works  include:  “Patty’s  Perversi- 
ties” (1881);  “The  Pagans”  (1884):  “A  Wheel 
of  Fire"  (1885);  “Berries  of  the  Brier”  (1886): 
“Sonnets  in  Shadow  ” (1887) ; “A  Lad’s  Love” 
(1887);  “The  Philistines"  (1889);  “Albrecht” 
(1890);  “The  Poet  and  His  Self”  (1891);  “A 
Book  o’  Nine  Tales  ” (1891);  “ Told  in  the  Gate  ” 
(1892);  “In  the  Bundle  of  Time”  (1893),  and 
“ The  Torch  Bearers  ” (1894).  He  also  edited 
“ Old  Salem  ” (1886),  a book  left  unfinished  by 
his  wife  (“Eleanor  Putnam”),  author  of  “A 
Woodland  Wooing.” 

BATES,  Barnabas,  postal  reformer,  was  born 
at  Edmonton,  England,  in  1785,  and  at  a very 
early  age  was  brought  to  America.  Here  he 
studied  for  the  ministry,  and  became  connected 
with  the  Baptist  denomination,  changing  his 
views  shortly  afterwards  to  those  of  the  Uni- 
tarians. He  received  the  appointment,  through 
President  J.  Q.  Adams,  of  collector  of  the  port 
of  Bristol,  R.  I.  In  1825  he  established  a Unita- 
rian journal  in  New  York  called  the  Christian  In- 
quirer, which  was  published  weekly.  He  was 
41 


BATES. 


BATES. 


acting  postmaster  in  the  New  York  postoffice, 
under  President  Jackson,  and  it  was  while  oc- 
cupying this  position  that  he  first  became  inter- 
ested in  the  subject  of  postage.  He  gave  careful 
attention  to  the  rates  of  postage  in  other  coun- 
tries, and  by  means  of  newspaper  and  magazine 
articles,  lectures  and  pamphlets,  he  succeeded  in 
calling  public  attention  to  the  disadvantage  of 
high  postal  rates.  The  land  postage  was  reduced, 
but  he  died  before  accomplishing  what  he  had 
hoped  for  in  regard  to  ocean  rates.  His  death 
occurred  Oct.  11,  1853. 

BATES,  Charlotte  Fiske  (Madame  RogC), 

author,  was  born  in  New  York,  Nov.  30,  1838. 
She  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.,  and  was  occupied  in  private  teach- 
ing for  twenty-five  years  in  that  city.  From  her 
eighteenth  year  she  contributed  to  periodicals, 
some  of  her  first  articles  appearing  in  Our 
Young  Folks.  In  1879  she  issued  a volume  of 
verse,  “ Risk,  ” and  other  poems.  She  assisted 
Mr.  Longfellow  in  the  preparation  of  “ Poems  of 
Places,"  translating  several  poems  from  the 
French  for  that  volume,  and  dedicated  in  mem- 
ory of  him  “ The  Cambridge  Book  of  Poetry  and 
Song,”  a compilation  published  by  her  in  1882. 
Sire  became  a favorite  lecturer  and  gave  pleasura- 
ble readings  from  her  own  works.  In  1891  she 
married  Edouard  Koge  of  New  York.  Her  pen 
work  continued  to  be  published  under  her  maiden 
name. 

BATES,  David  Stanhope,  civil  engineer,  was 
born  near  Morristown,  N.  J.,  June  10,  1777,  son 
of  David  Bates,  an  officer  in  the  revolutionary 
army.  He  acquired  an  excellent  education, 
abandoned  his  contemplated  theological  course, 
and  made  an  extended  study  of  mathematics.  In 
1810,  he  removed  to  Constantia,  Oneida  county, 

N.  Y.,  where  lie  engaged  as  a surveyor,  and  soon 
after  was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  iron- 
works at  Rotterdam.  His  evenings  were  passed 
in  studying  law,  and  he  became  judge  of  the 
common  pleas  of  Oneida  county.  In  1817  he  was 
appointed  assistant  engineer  on  the  Erie  canal, 
and  until  1824  was  employed  by  the  state  as 
division  engineer.  In  1825  he  was  made  chief 
engineer  of  the  system  of  canals  of  Ohio,  and 
under  his  supervision  six  hundred  and  seventy 
miles  of  canal  and  feeder  lines  were  located  dur- 
ing one  season.  From  1825  to  1828  he  also 
acted  as  chief  engineer  of  the  Louisville  and 
Portland  canal  company.  In  March,  1829,  he  was 
appointed  chief  engineer  in  charge  of  the  sur- 
veys and  location  of  the  Chenango  canal  from 
Utica  to  Binghampton,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1830  sur- 
veyed the  shore  of  the  Alleghany  river  for  a 
canal  from  Rochester  to  Olean.  The  following 
year  lie  made  surveys  for  the  location  of  a rail- 
road from  Canandaigua  to  Rochester,  and  after- 

122; 


wards  constructed  upon  this  route  the  Auburn 
and  Rochester  railroad.  He  next  constructed 
the  railroad  from  Rochester  to  Carthage,  and  was 
made  engineer  of  the  Niagara  river  hydraulic 
company.  He  then  made  surveys  for  a water 
power  on  the  Niagara  river,  and  in  1834  was 
made  engineer-in-chief  for  surveying  the  Erie 
and  Kalamazoo  railroad  in  Michigan.  He  died 
in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  28,1839. 

BATES,  Edward,  statesman,  was  born  at  Bel- 
mont, Goochland  county,  Va.,  Sept.  4,  1793,  son 
of  Thomas  Fleming  Bates.  His  education  was 
acquired  chiefly  at  Charlotte  hall  academy  in 
Maryland.  In  1812  he  procured  an  appointment 
as  midshipman,  but  was  dissuaded  by  his  mother 
from  accepting  it,  and  joined  the  militia  of  his 
native  state.  In  1814  he  removed  to  Missouri,  then 
a territory,  and  after  studying  law  for  two  years 
began  to  practise  in  the  town  of  St.  Louis.  He 
was  soon  appointed  prosecuting  attorney  for  his 
district,  and  held  various  local  offices.  In  1820  he 
was  elected  a member  of  the  state  constitutional 
convention,  and  was  afterwards  made  prosecuting 
attorney,  attorney -general,  and  district  attorney. 
In  1822  he  was  elected  to  the  state  house  of  rep 
resentatives,  and  in  1827  took  his  seat  as  rep- 
resentative in  the  20th  U.  S.  Congress.  In  1830 
and  in  1834  he  served  in  the  Missouri  state  legis- 
lature, and  in  1847  was  a delegate  to  the  Chicago 
internal  improvement  convention.  Meanwhile 
lie  had  established  a large  law  practice  in  St. 
Louis,  and  through  the  able  discharge  of  his 
various  official  duties  had  become  known  as  a 
man  of  executive  ability.  The  position  of  secre- 
tary of  war  was  offered  to  him  in  1850  by  Presi- 
dent Fillmore,  but  he  declined  it.  He  was  made 
judge  of  the  land  court  of  St.  Louis  in  1853  and 
in  1856  he  was  chairman  of  the  Baltimore  Whig 
presidential  convention.  He  became  a member 
of  the  Free  Soil  party  and  in  1859  his  name  was 
proposed  as  a presidential  candidate,  receiving, 
in  the  Republican  convention  of  the  following 
year,  forty-eight  votes  on  the  first  ballot.  He 
was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  attorney- 
general,  resigning  the  office  in  1864  to  resume  his 
law  practice  in  Missouri.  He  died  in  St.  Louis. 
Mo.,  March  25,  1869. 

BATES,  Isaac  Chapman,  statesman,  was  born 
at  Granville,  Mass.,  May  14.  1780.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Yale  college  in  1802,  studied  law  and 
practised  at  Northampton,  Mass.  He  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature,  serving  in  both 
branches  as  well  as  on  the  executive  council. 
In  1826  lie  was  elected  a representative  to  the 
20th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  21st  and 
22d  congresses,  as  an  anti-Jackson  Democrat.  He 
was  presidential  elector  in  1836  and  again 
in  1840.  In  1842  he  became  a United  States 
senator,  having  been  chosen  to  fill  the  vacancy 


BATES. 


BATTELLE. 


caused  by  the  death  of  Senator  John  Davis.  He 
was  opposed  to  the  admission  of  Texas  and  was 
chairman  of  the  senate  committee  of  pensions. 
He  was  a protectionist,  and  in  1844  advocated 
that  policy  in  a speech  in  the  senate.  He  died 
in  Washington,  D.  C.,  March  16,  1845. 

BATES,  Joshua,  banker,  was  born  at  Wey- 
mouth, Mass.,  in  1788,  only  son  of  Joshua  Bates, 
who  was  a colonel  in  the  revolutionary  army. 
The  family  was  among  the  first  to  immigrate  to 
New  England,  the  name  appearing  as  early  as 
1633  among  the  settlers  of  Plymouth  county. 
There  being  no  suitable  school  in  Weymouth,  he 
received  his  education  from  the  town  clergyman 
studying  with  him  until  he  was  fifteen  years  old. 
He  then  entered  the  employ  of  William  Gray,  of 
Boston,  and  won  the  respect  of  his  employer  by 
his  remarkable  business  ability.  The  famous 
merchant  asked  his  advice  on  matters  usually 
considered  too  intricate  for  the  comprehension 
of  a boy.  When  only  twenty-one  years  of  age 
he  was  sent  to  London  as  agent  of  the  firm,  and 
here  he  still  further  won  its  admiration  by 
his  keenness  and  sagacity.  He  afterward  estab- 
lished a banking-house  in  partnership  with  a son 
of  Sir  Thomas  Baring,  the  business  later  being 
merged  in  the  famous  house  of  Baring  Brothers 
& Co.  In  the  points  at  issue  between  the  gov- 
ernment of  Great  Britain  and  that  of  the  United 
States,  which  grew  out  of  the  war  of  1812,  he  was 
chosen  as  umpire  by  the  joint  commission,  and  His 
decisions  were  unquestioningly  accepted  by  both 
parties.  He  was  a lover  of  books,  and  a public 
benefactor  in  his  discriminating  charities.  In 
1852,  when  he  learned  of  the  establishment  of  the 
free  public  library  in  Boston,  he  donated  $50,000 
for  the  purchase  of  books  of  acknowledged  stand- 
ard, to  be  at  all  times  accessible  to  the  public 
and  kept  in  a room  where  at  least  one  hundred 
readers  could  be  comfortably  seated.  This  bene- 
faction resulted  in  “Bates  Hall,”  in  Boston 
Public  Library,  named  in  his  honor.  Mr.  Bates 
afterwards  added  to  his  gift  his  library  of  over 
thirty  thousand  volumes,  making  his  aggregate 
donation  to  the  library  amount  to  over  8100,000. 
He  died  in  London,  Eng.,  Sept.  24,  1864. 

BATES,  Martin  W.,  senator,  was  born  at 
Salisbury,  Conn.,  Feb.,  24,  1787.  He  received 
a good  English  education  and  then  began  the 
study  of  medicine,  which  Ire  later  abandoned  for 
that  of  law.  After  obtaining  admission  to  the 
bar  he  began  to  practise  at  Dover,  Del.  He  was 
elected  a member  of  the  state  legislatui'e,  being 
re-elected  for  several  terms.  In  1850  he  was 
appointed  a member  of  the  state  constitutional 
convention  of  Delaware.  He  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  senate  to  succeed  J.  P.  Comegys, 
who  had  been  appointed  to  the  vacancy  occa- 
sioned by  the  death  of  J.  M.  Clayton.  Senator 


Bates  served  from  December,  1858,  to  the  end  of 
Senator  Clayton's  term,  March  4,  1859,  acting 
on  the  committees  of  pensions  and  revolu- 
tionary pensions,  and  died  at  Dover,  Del.,  Jan. 
1,  1869. 

BATES,  Samuel  Penniman,  educator,  was 
born  at  Mendon,  Mass.,  Jan.  29,  1827.  He  was 
engaged  in  teaching  at  Milford,  Mass.,  when  six- 
teen years  old,  and,  fitting  himself  for  college,  was 
graduated  from  Brown  university  in  1851  with 
the  degree  of  A.  M.  He  was  occupied  as  a pri- 
vate tutor  in  1851  and  1852.  For  five  years  fol- 
lowing he  acted  as  principal  of  the  academy  at 
Meadville,  Pa.,  and  as  instructor  of  a class  of 
teachers  to  whom  he  lectured  on  the  theory  and 
practice  of  teaching,  this  being  an  embryo  nor- 
mal school,  and  from  1857  to  1860  was  superin- 
tendent of  schools  in  Crawford  county,  Pa.  This 
office  lie  resigned  to  become  deputy  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  in  1866  he  was  appointed  state  historian  by 
Governor  Curtin.  From  1874  to  1881  he  acted  as 
superintendent  of  schools  in  Meadville,  Pa., 
travelling  in  England,  Scotland,  and  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe  in  1877.  He  was  president  of  the 
public  library  association  from  1872  to  1880,  a 
member  of  the  Pennsylvania  historical  society, 
and  a member  of  Crawford  county  historical 
society.  His  published  writings  include:  “ Insti- 
tute Lectures  on  Mental  and  Moral  Culture  ” 
(1859);  “Method  of  Teachers’  Institutes” 
(1862) ; articles  on  “ Physical  Culture”  (1862- 
"63);  “Liberal  Education”  (1864);  “ History  of 
the  Colleges  of  Pennsylvania  ” ; “ History  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Volunteers”  (5  vols.,  1866-'73); 
“ Lives  of  the  Governors  of  Pennsylvania  ” 
(1873) ; “ Martial  Deeds  of  Pennsylvania  ” (1875); 
“Battle  of  Gettysburg”  (1878);  “Life  of  Gen- 
eral O.  B.  Knowles”  (1878);  “History  of  Craw- 
ford County,  Pennsylvania  ” (1878) ; “ Battle  of 
Chancellorsville  ” (1882);  “History  of  Pennsyl- 
vania”; “History  of  Greene  County,  Penn- 
sylvania”; “Digest  of  School  Laws”;  and 
contributions  to  volume  twelve  of  the  Encyclo- 
paedia Brittannica.  He  received  ihe  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Westminster  college  in  1862,  and 
from  Alleghany  college  in  1877. 

BATTELLE,  Gordon,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Newport,  Ohio,  Nov.  14, 1814.  After  his  graduation 
from  Alleghany  college,  in  1840.  he  studied  for  the 
Methodist  ministry,  and  in  1842  was  given  a 
preacher’s  license.  The  following  year  he  was 
offered  the  position  of  principal  of  the  Clarksburg, 
Va.,  academy,  and  accepted  it,  during  which  time 
he  continued  preaching  and  was  made  deacon 
and  presiding  elder.  In  1856  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  general  conference,  and  again  in 
1860,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  lie  be- 
came a visitor  to  the  camps  located  in  western 


BATTERSHALL. 


BATTEY. 


Virginia.  He  was  a pronounced  abolitionist,  and 
used  his  influence  toward  freeing  West  Virginia 
from  slavery.  He  was  a member  of  the  Constitu- 
tional convention  which  met  Nov.  24,  1861,  and 
framed  the  constitution  of  the  new  state.  He 
was  chaplain  of  the  1st  Virginia  regiment  from 
November,  1861,  until  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  camp,  Jan.  7,  1862. 

BATTERSHALL,  Jesse  Park,  chemist,  was 
born  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  May  26,  1851.  After  a par- 
tial course  of  study  at  the  Columbia  college  school 
of  mines,  he  worked  in  some  of  the  best  German 
laboratories,  where  he  became  practically  con- 
versant with  the  latest  discoveries  in  chemistry 
and  physics,  and  added  to  his  theoretical  knowl- 
edge by  attending  the  lectures  of  Marignac  at 
Geneva.  In  1873  the  University  of  Tubingen  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  D.Sc.,  and  shortly 
afterwards  he  returned  to  America  and  settled  in 
New  York  city.  He  spent  several  years  in  the 
laboratories  of  various  New  York  commercial 
houses,  but  in  1879  he  accepted  the  position  of 
superintendent  of  analysis  at  the  government  lab- 
oratory in  New  York  city.  He  wrote  frequent 
articles  on  chemistry  for  scientific  periodicals, 
and  a book  entitled  “ Adulteration  of  Food  and 
Drink  and  Its  Detection”  (1887).  He  also  trans- 
lated Naquet’s  “Legal  Chemistry”  (1876).  He 
was  a member  of  several  prominent  scientific 
associations,  including  the  American  and  London 
chemical  societies.  He  died  Jan.  12,  1891. 

BATTERSHALL,  Walton  W.,  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  8,  1840,  son  of  Lud- 
low A.  and  Eustatia  (Ward)  Battershall.  His 
father  was  a prominent  merchant  and  president 
of  the  Union  bank  of  Trov,  N.  Y.,  until 
1866,  when  he  removed  to  New  York  city.  The 
son  was  graduated  from  the  Kimball  union  acad- 
emy, Meriden,  N.  H.,  in  1858,  and  from  Yale  col- 
lege in  1864,  as  class  poet,  with  the  degree  of  M.  A. 

He  studied  theology  under  Bishop  Potter,  who 
was  at  that  time  rector  of  St.  John’s,  Troy,  in 
which  church  Dr.  Battershall  was  ordained 
deacon.  He  was  graduated  from  the  General 
theological  seminary,  N.  Y.,  in  1866,  when  he  was 
also  advanced  to  the  priesthood.  After  serving 
two  years  as  assistant  minister  at  Zion  church, 

N.  Y.,  he  took  the  rectorship  of  St.  Thomas’ 
church,  Ravenswood,  N.  Y.,  whence  he  was 
called  to  Christ  church,  Rochester,  in  1869,  where 
he  served  as  rector  for  five  years,  being  also  a 
member  of  the  standing  committee  of  the  diocese 
of  western  New  York.  In  1874  he  was  called  to 
the  rectorship  of  St.  Peter’s  church,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Union  col- 
lege in  1878.  He  served  for  several  years  as 
trustee  of  Hobart  college,  Geneva,  a delegate  to 
the  triennial  conventions,  and  a member  of  the 
diocesan  board  of  missions. 

|224j 


BATTEY,  Robert,  surgeon,  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond county,  Ga..  Nov.  26,  1828,  son  of  Cephas 
and  Mary  (Magruder)  Battey.  He  was  educated 
at  Augusta,  Ga.,  and  at  Phillips  academy.  An- 
dover, Mass.,  and  studied  medicine  at  the  Phila- 
delphia college  of  pharmacy,  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  the  Jefferson  medical  college, 
graduating  from  the  college  of  pharmacy  in  1856. 
and  from  the  Jefferson  medical  college  in  1857. 
Soon  after  graduation  he  began  practice  at  Rome. 
Ga.,  residing  there  during  the  rest  of  his  life, 
except  during  an  interval  of  two  years,  in  which 
he  filled  the  chair  of  obstetrics  in  the  Atlanta 
medical  college,  and  edited  the  Atlanta  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal.  In  1858  he  devised  a new 
and  successful  method  of  treating  club  foot  by 
means  of  curved  splints  and  roller  bandage. 
In  1859  he  suggested  and  successfully  performed 
a new  operation  for  the  cure  of  vesico-vaginal 
fistula.  He  originated  and  introduced  to  the  pro- 
fession a new  combination  known  as  iodized 
phenol,  for  the  cure  of  chronic  uterine  diseases. 
In  1859  he  visited  Europe  for  study  in  the  hospi- 
tals of  Great  Britain  and  France,  and  returned  to 
America  in  time  to  take  part  in  the  civil  war. 
In  July,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  a surgeon  in 
the  Confederate  states  army  with  the  rank  of 
major,  and  served  till  the  close  of  the  war.  In 
June,  1869,  he  performed  successfully  the  opera- 
tion of  perineal  cystotomy  for  chronic  cystitis, 
suggested  by  Dr.  Willard  Parker  of  New  York. 
On  Aug.  17,  1872,  he  originated  and  successfully 
performed  at  Rome,  Ga.,  a new  operation  in 
surgery,  since  known  as  Battey's  operation  for 
the  removal  of  the  ovaries,  afterwards  recognized 
and  performed  all  over  the  civilized  world.  In 
1872  he  discovered  that  water  introduced  by  the 
rectum  may  (the  subject  being  etherized)  be  read- 
ily passed  into  the  living  body,  throughout  the 
colon,  the  small  intestines  and  stomach,  coming 
out  at  the  mouth;  the  entire  practicability  of 
which  was  afterwards  demonstrated,  first  on  the 
cadaver  at  the  Atlanta  medical  college  in  Decem- 
ber, 1873,  and  later  in  actual  practice  by  the  pro- 
fession. In  1882  he  established  at  Rome,  Ga.,  one 
of  the  largest  private  infirmaries  in  the  United 
States.  He  was  president  of  the  American  gyne- 
cological society,  of  the  medical  association  of 
Georgia,  and  of  the  tri-state  medical  association ; 
and  a member  of  the  American  medical  associa- 
tion, and  -of  the  British  gynecological  society. 
He  was  also  honorary  fellow  of  the  obstetrical 
society  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  the  American 
gynecological  society,  the  Philadelphia  college  of 
pharmacy,  and  the  medical  society  of  Virginia. 
He  contributed  papers  to  medical  societies  and 
journals  in  Europe  and  America.  In  1S59  the 
Jefferson  medical  college  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  He  died  Nov.  8,  1895. 


BATTLE. 


BATTLE. 


BATTLE,  Archibald  J.,  educator,  was  born  at 
Powelton,  Hancock  county,  Ga.,  Sept.  10,  1826, 
son  of  Dr.  Cullen  Battle,  a prominent  Baptist  lay- 
man in  Georgia,  one  of  the  founders  of  Mercer 
university,  and  widely  known  for  his  wealth  and 
benefactions.  The  son  was  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Alabama  in  1846,  and  first  en- 
gaged in  educational  work  as  principal  of  the 
Eufaula  academy.  He  was  tutor  of  ancient  lan- 
guages at  the  University  of  Alabama,  1847-52, 
and  held  a chair  in  the  East  Alabama  female  col- 
lege in  1852-’55.  He  entered  the  Baptist  ministry 
in  1853  as  minister  of  the  Tuskegee  Baptist  church, 
and  in  1855  assumed  the  pastorate  of  the  Tusca- 
loosa Baptist  church.  In  1856  educational  work 
again  claimed  him.  and  he  returned  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Alabama  to  become  professor  of  Greek. 

He  founded  the  Alabama  Central  female  college, 
of  which  he  was  president  in  1860.  At  the  close 
of  the  civil  war  he  re-established  and  became 
president  of  the  Judson  female  institute,  Marion, 
Ala.,  1865-71,  after  which  he  was  president  of 
Mercer  university  from  1871-89.  In  1872  the  doc- 
torate of  divinity  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
Howard  college,  Ala.,  and  Columbian  college, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  and  by  the  University  of 
Georgia  in  1873.  In  1883  Mississippi  college  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  published 
“The  Human  Will,”  “Lectures  on  Memory,” 

“ Imagination.”  “ Man  the  Image  of  God.”  “ The 
Sun,”  and  “The  Sabbath  of  Creation.”  In  1890 
he  left  Macon  to  accept  the  presidency  of  Shorter 
college,  Rome,  Ga. 

BATTLE,  Kemp  Plummer,  educator,  was  born 
near  Louisburg,  Franklin  county,  N.  C.,  Dec.  19. 
1831,  son  of  William  Horn  and  Lucy  (Plummer) 
Battle.  He  was  graduated  at  the  university  of 
North  Carolina  in  1849,  with  first  honors  in  a class 
of  distinguished  graduates.  Immediately  there- 
after he  was  elected  tutor  in  the  university,  but, 
on  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854,  he  resigned, 
and  soon  acquired  an  extensive  legal  practice.  In 
politics  he  was  an  old-line  Whig,  and  a decided 
friend  of  the  union,  and  in  consequence  of  his 
powerful  presentation  of  the  dangers  and  disasters 
which  would  attend  secession,  he  came,  in  1860, 
within  only  three  votes  of  an  election  to  the  legis- 
lature in  a strong  Democratic  county.  A cam- 
paign document  prepared  by  him  was  so  highly 
approved  by  the  Whig  executive  committee,  that 
fifty  thousand  copies  of  it  were  printed  and  cir- 
culated; but  when  President  Lincoln,  in  April, 
1861,  called  upon  North  Carolina  for  her  quota  of 
the  seventy-five  thousand  men  to  assist  in  coer- 
cing the  seceding  states,  Dr.  Battle,  in  common 
with  nearly  all  the  Whig  leaders,  cast  his  lot  with 
the  southern  Confederacy.  He  was  elected  to  the 
secession  convention  of  North  Carolina,  and 
signed  the  ordinance  just  below  the  name  of 

[225] 


George  E.  Badger.  In  1866  he  was  elected  treas- 
urer of  the  state,  and  again  in  1867 ; and  in  1876 
he  was  chosen  president  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  filling  the  office  with  great  ability  until 
June,  1891,  when  he  resigned  it  to  take  the  more 
congenial  position  of  professor  of  history.  In  1870 
he  was  appointed  state  superintendent  of  public 
instruction.  He  also  filled  the  office  of  director 
of  the  insane  asylum  and  president  of  the  state 
agricultural  society.  As  a delegate  to  the  general 
convention  of  the  Episcopal  church  in  1865,  he 
aided  in  reuniting  that  denomination  throughout 
the  United  States.  He  was  for  many  years  treas- 
urer and  trustee  of  the  St.  Augustine  normal 
school  for  the  colored  race.  The  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  awarded  him  by  Davidson  college.  N.  C. 
Dr.  Battle  is  the  author  of  various  historical 
monographs,  among  which  are:  “History  of 

the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina”  (1883); 
“ History  of  the  City  of  Raleigh  ” (1893) ; “ His- 
tory of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.” 
“ Trials  and  Judicial  Proceedings  in  the  New 
Testament.”  •■The  Colonial  Laymen  of  the 
Church  of  England  in  North  Carolina,”  and 
“ Fifty  Years’  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
Nortli  Carolina." 

BATTLE,  William  Horn,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Edgecombe  county,  N.  C.,  Oct.  17,  1802,  son  of 
Joel  and  Mary  (Johnston)  Battle.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  the  University  of  Nortli  Carolina  at  the 
age  of  eighteen;  then  began  the  study  of  law 
under  Chief  Justice  Henderson,  and  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  repre- 
sented Franklin  county  in  the  legislature  in  1833 
and  1834.  and.  associated  with  Mr.  Devereux,  re- 
ported the  decisions  of  the  supreme  court  of 
N.  C.,  from  1834  to  1840.  In  1835  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  commissioners  to  revise  the 
statutes  of  the  state.  He  was  appointed  a judge 
of  the  superior  court  in  1840;  in  1843  was  elected 
professor  of  law  in  the  University  of  N.  C.,  and 
in  1848  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  but  failing  an  election  by  the  legis- 
lature at  the  next  session,  was  by  it  elected  a 
judge  of  the  superior  court.  In  1852  he  was 
again  elevated  to  the  supreme  bench,  which  dis- 
tinguished position  he  held  with  great  credit  until 
a new  court  was  established  in  1868.  In  1873 
Judge  Battle,  by  selection  of  the  legislature, 
again  collated  the  statute  law  under  the  title  of 
“Battle’s  Revisal.”  He  ranked  very  high  as 
a jurist,  and  is  said  to  have  had  a most  reten- 
tive memory,  being  able  to  recall  in  a moment  the 
names  of  all  the  leading  cases  in  England  and  the 
United  States.  He  was  married  June  4,  1825,  to 
Lucy  Martin,  daughter  of  Kemp  Plummer,  who 
was  descended  from  Col.  Nicholas  Long,  com- 
missary-general of  N.  C.  in  the  revolutionary  war. 
He  died  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C.,  March  14,  1879. 


BAUSMON. 


BAXTER. 


BAUQHER,  Henry  L„  educator,  was  born  in 
Abbottstown,  Pa.,  about  1805.  In  1825  he  was 
graduated  from  Dickinson  college,  Carlisle.  He 
became  a Lutheran  preacher  and  held  a pastorate 
at  Boonesboro,  Md.  In  1830  lie  was  principal  of 
a classical  school  at  Gettysburg.  The  school  was 
made  a college  in  1832,  and  he  was  given  the 
chair  of  Greek  and  belles  let t res.  In  1850  he  was 
made  president  of  the  college,  and  so  remained 
till  his  death,  April  14,  1868. 

BAUSMON,  Benjamin,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  Jan.  28,  1824.  He  was  educated  at 
Marshall  college,  Pa.,  and  studied  theology  at  the 
seminary  at  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  leaving  the  latter 
in  1852.  His  first  pastorate  was  at  Lewisburg,  Pa. 

In  1858  he  became  editor  of  the  Reformed  Mes- 
senger. He  subsequently  held  pastorates  at 
Chambersburg  and  Reading.  He  was  delegated 
by  his  denomination  to  the  Reformed  diet  at  Lu- 
beck  in  1856.  and  to  the  council  of  the  alliance  of 
Reformed  churches  at  Belfast  in  1884.  His  lead- 
ing published  works  are : “ Sinai  and  Zion  "(I860), 
and  “ Wayside  Gleanings  in  Europe  ” (1876). 

BAXTER,  Annie  White,  county  clerk,  was 
born  in  Pittsbui'g,  Pa.,  March  2,  1864.  Her  edu- 
cation was  commenced  in  Newark,  Ohio,  and 
completed  in  the  High  school  at  Carthage,  Mo., 
where  she  was  graduated  in  1882,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year  became  assistant  clerk 
in  the  county  clerk’s  office.  Her  efficient  services 
were  so  well  appreciated  that  in  November,  1885, 
she  was  sworn  and  appointed  a regular  deputy 
clerk  of  the  county  court.  She  was  married  to 
Mr.  C.  W.  Baxter  of  Carthage  in  1888.  and  with- 
drew for  a time  into  private  life.  In  1890  she  was 
nominated  by  the  Democrats  for  county  clerk, 
the  farmers  of  the  county  casting  their  votes  for 
her  regardless  of  party,  and  the  miners  at  Joplin 
Hocking  to  the  polls  singing  “Little  Annie 
Rooney  ” and  voting  for  their  favorite,  and  she 
was  elected  with  a majority  of  463  votes,  being 
the  first  woman  in  the  United  States  elected  as 
county  clerk.  Her  election  was  contested,  but 
was  confirmed  by  the  courts,  and  she  served  the 
full  term  of  four  years. 

BAXTER,  Elisha,  governor  of  Arkansas,  was 
born  in  Rutherford  county,  N.  C.,  Sept.  1.  1827. 
After  receiving  a common-school  education  he 
removed  to  Batesville,  Ark.,  and  in  1853  became 
mayor  of  that  town.  He  was  a state  legislator  in 
1854  and  in  1858;  a colonel  in  the  Federal  army 
in  1863,  commanding  the  4th  Arkansas  mounted 
infantry,  and  a judge  of  the  third  district  court 
of  Arkansas  from  1868  to  1872.  He  was  elected 
a United  States  senator  in  1867,  but  was  not  per- 
mitted to  take  his  seat,  Arkansas  not  having  been 
re-admitted  into  the  Union.  In  1872  he  was  de- 
clared the  successful  candidate  for  governor  of 
the  state  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office 

[226] 


when  his  opponent,  Joseph  Brooks,  contested  the 
election,  and  applied  in  turn  to  the  United  States 
circuit  court,  the  state  legislature  and  the  state 
supreme  court  for  redress,  and  being  unsuccess- 
ful, brought  suit  in  the  circuit  court  of  the  state 
in  1874,  and  obtained  a judgment  in  the  absence 
of  Governor  Baxter’s  counsel.  Brooks  then  un- 
dertook to  forcibly  take  possession  of  the  office. 
An  armed  encounter  between  the  adherents  of 
the  two  claimants  took  place,  and  blood  was  shed 
before  the  United  States  troops  arrived  on  the 
scene  and  put  an  end  to  the  disturbance. 
After  a legal  opinion  from  Attorney-General  Wil- 
liams, the  Baxter  government  was  recognized  by 
President  Grant.  Although  he  had  been  elected 
for  four  years  he  relinquished  his  office  when,  at 
the  end  of  his  second  year,  a change  in  the  state 
constitution  reduced  the  term  of  the  governor’s 
tenure  of  office  from  four  years  to  two.  for  which 
he  was  criticised  by  his  party. 

BAXTER,  Henry,  soldier,  was  born  at  Sidney 
Plains,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  8,  1821.  He  received  a dis- 
trict school  education,  went  to  California  in  1848, 
crossing  the  plains  with  a party  of  thirty  men 
and  ox-teams,  being  captain  of  the  pioneers.  He 
afterwards  settled  in  Michigan,  where,  at  the 
opening  of  the  civil  war,  he  raised  a company, 
was  assigned  to  the  7tli  Michigan  infantry,  made 
captain,  and  in  the  following  year  was  promoted 
lieutenant-colonel.  At  Fredericksburg  he  was 
wounded  while  making  a sortie  to  dislodge  Con- 
federate sharpshooters,  and  was  promoted  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers,  March  12,  1863.  He 
was  afterward  wounded  at  Antietam  and  in  the 
Wilderness,  had  two  horses  shot  under  him,  and 
many  times  distinguished  himself  for  bravery  in 
action.  At  the  end  of  the  war  was  brevetted 
major-general  of  volunteers.  President  Johnson 
appointed  him  United  States  minister  to  Hon- 
duras in  1866,  and  he  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1869.  He  died  Dec.  30,  1873. 

BAXTER,  James  Phinney,  philanthropist, 
was  born  at  Gorham,  Me.,  March  23,  1831.  He 
received  his  early  education  in  the  schools  of 
Portland,  at  an  academy  at  Lynn,  Mass., 
and  finished  his  studies  under  private  tutors. 
Abandoning  his  intention  to  enter  the  legal  pro- 
fession, he  engaged  in  mercantile  enterprises  which 
proved  successful,  and  his  wealth  enabled  him 
to  gratify  his  philanthropic  spirit.  He  organized 
and  was  the  first  president  of  the  associated 
charities  of  Portland,  of  the  Portland  society 
of  art.  and  of  the  Gorges  publication  society : and 
he  built  and  donated  to  the  city  its  public  library 
building,  in  which  the  Maine  historical  society 
has  accommodations  for  its  library  and  collections. 
He  accepted  many  offices  of  trust,  including  trus- 
tee of  the  Portland  savings  bank,  vice-president 
of  the  Portland  trust  company,  president  of 


BAXTER. 


BAYARD. 


Merchants  national  bank,  one  of  the  board  of 
overseers  of  Bowdoin  college,  president  of  the 
Maine  historical  society,  the  Portland  public 
library,  and  the  Portland  publishing  company. 

Throughout  his  ac- 
tive business  life 
he  found  time  to 
devote  to  study 
and  authorship.  His 
early  contributions 
were  to  the  New 
York  Home  Journal 
and  other  first-class 
publi  cations.  He 
became  widely 
known  as  a lecturer, 
and  several  poems  de- 
livered by  him  on 
public  occasions  were 
widely  published,  including  one  delivered  in  1882, 
on  the  occasion  of  the  celebration  of  the  seventy- 
fifth  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  the  poet  Long- 
fellow by  the  Maine  historical  society,  and 
another  on  the  celebration  of  the  eighty-fourth 
anniversary  of  the  birth  of  the  venerable  Profes- 
sor Packard,  Longfellow’s  tutor,  at  Bowdoin 
college.  In  1889,  on  the  occasion  of  the  centen- 
nial celebration  by  the  city  of  Portland  of  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  constitution,  he  delivered 
the  oration.  At  the  World’s  congress  in  Chicago 
in  1893,  he  read  before  the  American  historical 
association  a paper  on  “ The  Present  Status  of 
Pre-Columbian  Discovery,”  which  elicited  warm 
commendation.  He  was  elected  mayor  of  the 


BAXTER  LIBRARY. 


city  of  Portland  in  1893,  and  to  his  administration 
Portland  owes  her  model  high  school  building, 
the  introduction  of  manual  training  into  her 


public  schools,  and  many  important  reforms  in 
municipal  management.  In  1881  Bowdoin  col- 
lege conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree 
of  A.M.  His  published  books  include:  “Idyls 
of  the  Year,  Poems”  (1884);  “George  Cleeve 
and  His  Times”  (1885);  “The  British  Invasion 
from  the  North”  (1887);  “ Documentary  History 
of  Maine”  (1889);  “Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  and 
His  Province  of  Maine”  (1890);  “Christopher 
Levitt,  the  Pioneer  Colonist  of  Casco  Bay  ” 
(1893),  and  “The  Pioneers  of  New  France  in 
New  England”  (1894). 

BAXTER,  John,  jurist,  was  born  in  North 
Carolina  in  1819.  He  practised  law  in  North 
Carolina  until  1857,  when  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Knoxville,  Tenn.  He  was  several  times 
elected  to  the  house  of  representatives  of  the 
state  legislature,  was  speaker,  and  a judge  of 
the  supreme  court.  He  was  a firm  Union  man 
during  the  civil  war,  and  a member  of  the 
Republican  party.  He  acted  as  chairman  of  the 
judiciary  committee  of  the  state  constitutional 
convention  in  1870,  and  in  1877  was  made  a judge 
of  the  sixth  judicial  district  by  President  Hayes. 
He  died  April  2,  1886. 

BAXTER,  Lydia,  poet,  was  born  at  Peters- 
burg, Rensselaer  county,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  2,  1809. 
She  is  chiefly  known  as  the  author  of  “ The 
Gates  Ajar,”  and  other  Sunday  -school  hymns, 
which  became  widely  known  and  very  popular. 
In  1855  she  published  a book  of  poems,  prin- 
cipally of  a religious  character,  entitled  “ Gems 
by  the  Wayside.  ” She  died  in  New  York  city, 
Jan.  23,  1874. 

BAXTER,  Marion  Babcock,  lecturer,  was 
born  at  Litchfield,  Mich.,  April  12,  1850,  daugh- 
ter of  A.  E.  Babcock,  an  Adventist  preacher. 
Her  mother  was  a woman  of  rare  gifts  and 
marked  Christian  character.  At  twenty  years 
of  age  she  delivered  her  first  public  address  at 
Jonesville,  Mich.  It  attracted  wide  and  favor- 
able attention,  and  fixed  her  vocation  as  a lec- 
turer. From  that  time  she  was  constantly 
before  the  public,  speaking  to  large  audiences  in 
all  parts  of  the  country,  temperance  generally 
being  her  theme.  She  became  a prominent 
member  of  the  women’s  Christian  temperance 
union,  and  also  of  the  national  W.  C.  T.  U.  lec- 
ture bureau.  In  1891  she  was  elected  state  presi- 
dent of  the  White  Rose  clubs  of  Michigan,  a 
partisan  organization  of  women,  for  the  support 
of  the  Prohibition  party.  She  has  written  several 
poems. 

BAYARD,  George  Dashiell,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  18,  1835,  son  of 
Samuel  J.  Bayard.  His  parents  removed  to  Iowa, 
and  his  early  education  was  acquired  at  a mil- 
itary school  in  that  state,  where  he  became  an 
expert  swordsman  under  the  instruction  of 
[227] 


BAYARD. 


BAYARD. 


Colonel  Korponay,  an  exiled  Hungarian  soldier. 
He  entered  the  United  States  military  academy, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1856,  and  assigned  to 
the  1st  cavalry.  He  passed  some  years  in 
frontier  duty  and  in  1861  was  appointed  cavalry 
instructor  at  West  Point.  He  was  promoted 
1st  lieutenant  in  the  3d  cavalry,  16th  March, 
and  captain  in  the  4th  cavalry,  Aug.  20,  1861, 
and  granted  leave  of  absence  to  join  the  vol- 
unteer service  as  colonel  of  the  1st  Pennsyl- 
vania cavalry,  Sept.  14,  1861;  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  April  28,  1862,  and  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  daring  in  reconnoissances 
during  the  campaigns  of  the  Shenandoah,  North- 
ern Virginia,  and  Rappahannock.  He  fell  at 
Fredericksburg,  fatally  wounded,  and  died  the 
day  after  the  battle,  Dec.  14,  1862. 

BAYARD,  James  Asheton,  2d.,  statesman, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  28,  1767;  son 
of  Dr.  James  Asheton.  His  descent  is  traced 
directly  from  Anna  Bayard,  sister  of  Peter  Stuy- 
vesant.  He  was  early  orphaned  and  was  brought 
up  by  his  father’s  twin-brother,  Col.  John  Bayard. 
He  was  educated  at  Princeton,  graduating  in 
1784,  after  which  he  studied  law,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and  established  himself  in  his  profes- 
sion at  Wilmington,  Del.  He  was  elected  a 
representative  to  the  5th  U.  S.  Congress  in  1796, 
on  the  Federalist  ticket,  and  was  re-elected  to 
the  6th,  7th  and  8th  congresses.  He  took  a lead- 
ing part  in  the  large  questions  that  came  before 
the  house,  notably,  in  his  management  of  the 
impeachment  of  William  Blount  of  North  Caro- 
lina for  his  share  in  instigating  the  Creek  and 
Cherokee  Indians  to  aid  the  British  in  their  ef- 
forts to  conquer  the  Spanish  possessions  in  Lou- 
isiana. He  was  instrumental  as  the  leader  of 
the  Federalist  party  in  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives in  securing,  with  the  aid  of  Hamilton,  the 
election  of  Jefferson  as  president  in  1801.  He 
was  appointed  minister  to  France  by  Adams  early 
in  1801,  but  declined  to  serve  after  the  senate  had 
confirmed  the  appointment.  He  was  well  versed 
in  constitutional  law,  and  keen  to  resent  any  in- 
fringement of  its  principles,  always  opposing 
with  much  vigor  any  measures  which  appeared 
to  lead  to  that  end,  as  he  did  the  repeal  of  the 
judiciary  bill  in  the  7th  Congress.  He  was 
elected  United  States  senator  in  1804,  to  fill  the 
vacancy  left  by  the  resignation  of  William  Hill 
Wells,  and  was  re-elected  in  1807.  During  his 
senatorial  career  he  strenuously  opposed  the 
declaration  of  war  against  Great  Britain,  and  in 
1813  was  appointed  by  President  Madison  on  the 
joint  commission  with  John  Quincy  Adams  to 
negotiate  peace  through  the  mediation  of  Russia ; 
on  the  refusal  of  England  to  accept  Russia  as  a 
mediator  he  was  made  a member  of  the  new 
commission  appointed  Jan.  18,  1814.  which  met 


at  Ghent,  where  the  treaty  of  peace  was  signed. 
Dec.  24,  1814.  He  had  taken  a very  prominent 
part  in  the  negotiations  at  Ghent,  and  was  on  the 
eve  of  a journey  to  London  with  the  other  com- 
missioners to  arrange  a treaty  of  commerce,  the 
preliminaries  of  which  had  already  been  contem- 
plated, when  he  was  seized  with  severe  illness 
which  necessitated  his  return  to  America.  He 
died  in  Wilmington,  Del.,  Aug.  6.  1815. 

BAYARD,  James  Asheton,  3d,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Wilmington.  Del.,  Nov.  15,  1799,  second 
son  of  Janies  Asheton  Bayard,  statesman.  He 
received  a classical  education,  studied  law. 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1837  he  was 
made  United  States  attorney  for  Delaware,  hold- 
ing the  office  for  four  years.  He  was  elected 
United  States  senator  in  1851  as  a Democrat  to 
succeed  Senator  Wales,  a Whig,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1857  and  1863,  and  on  March  4tli  of 
that  year,  being  asked  to  take  “ the  iron-clad 
oath,”  he  protested,  considering  it  a violation  of 
the  constitution  and  an  indignity  to  his  state. 
He  then  took  the  oath,  resigned  his  seat  in  the 
senate,  G.  R.  Riddle  being  elected  to  fill  the 
vacancy,  and  after  his  death,  in  1867,  the  legis- 
lature elected  Mr.  Bayard  to  fill  out  the  unex- 
pired term,  and  at  the  same  session  elected  his 
son,  Thomas  Francis,  as  his  successor  on  March 
4,  1869.  Senator  Bayard  was  a very  promi- 
nent factor  in  all  the  affairs  of  the  United  States 
during  his  connection  with  the  senate.  He  was 
strictly  upright  in  public  and  private  life,  and 
was  a man  of  marked  ability.  He  died  at  Wil- 
mington. Del.,  June  13,  1880. 

BAYARD,  John,  patriot,  was  born  at  Bohemia 
Manor,  Cecil  county,  Md.,  Aug.  11.  1738.  He 
was  the  fourth  in  descent  from  Samuel  Bayard 
of  Amsterdam,  whose  widow  accompanied  her 
brother,  Peter  Stuyvesant.  when  he  came  as 
governor  to  New  Amsterdam,  in  1647.  The  fam 
ilies  were  doubly  related,  as  Peter  Stuyvesant 
married  Judith,  the  sister  of  Samuel  Bayard. 
The  Bayards,  however,  were  not  Hollanders,  but 
of  French  Huguenot  extraction.  Mrs.  Bayard 
brought  with  her  to  the  new  world  her  four  young 
children.  Samuel,  the  son  of  Peter,  and  grandson 
of  the  original  Samuel,  settled  in  1698  at  Bohemia 
Manor,  Md.,  having  broken  with  his  family  on  ac 
count  of  religious  differences.  John  went  with  liis 
twin-brother.  James  Asheton.  to  Philadelphia  in 
1756.  where  he  entered  commercial  life  and  became 
a prosperous  merchant.  He  seems  to  have  pos 
sessedinits  full  measure  the  uprightness  of  char- 
acter which  has  distinguished  the  family.  In  1770 
his  brother,  James  Asheton.  a physician,  died, 
leaving  four  children,  whom  he  adopted  and  edu- 
cated with  his  own.  John  Bayard  was  prominent 
in  public  affairs,  was  one  of  the  first  members  of 
theSonsof  Liberty,  founded  in  1766.  anda  member 


BAYARD. 


BAYARD. 


oftlie  provincial  congress  in  1744.  In  conjunction 
with  a friend  he  fitted  out  a privateer,  and  his  firm 
furnished  many  of  the  arms  used  by  the  patriots 
of  the  revolution.  He  was  chosen  colonel  of  one 
of  the  regiments  raised  in  his  city  in  1775,  and 
the  following  winter  saw  active  service  fighting 
at  Brandywine,  Germantown  and  Princeton,  and 
received  personal  compliments  from  Washington 
for  his  bravery  in  battle.  He  served  on  the  state 
board  of  war  in  1777,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
made  speaker  of  the  state  assembly,  being  re- 
elected in  1778.  He  was  a member  of  the  state 
revenue  committee  in  1780,  the  year  follow- 
ing was  chosen  one  of  the  supreme  executive 
council,  and  in  1785  took  his  seat  in  the  Con- 
tinental Congress,  which  met  in  New  York.  At 
the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war  the  losses  he 
had  sustained  obliged  him  to  sell  his  property  in 
Cecil  county,  Md.,  and  having  ceased  to  do  busi- 
ness in  Philadelphia,  he  removed  to  New  Jersey 
and  settled  at  New  Brunswick,  where  he  was  re- 
nowned for  his  generous  hospitality.  In  1790  he 
was  chosen  mayor  of  New  Brunswick,  and  was 
afterwards  presiding  judge  of  Somerset  county 
court  of  common  pleas.  For  several  years  he 
was  interested  with  others  in  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  at  Paterson,  but  retired  from  business  in 
1795.  Colonel  Bayard  was  thrice  married:  to 
Margaret  Hodge,  who  died  in  1780 ; to  Mrs.  Hodg- 
son, widow  of  John  Hodgson,  who  died  in  1785; 
and  to  Johannah,  sister  of  Gen.  Anthony  W. 
White,  of  New  Brunswick.  He  was  a consistent 
Federalist  and  somewhat  of  an  aristocrat.  He 
died  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Jan.  7,  1807. 

BAYARD,  Nicholas,  colonial  official,  was  born 
in  Alphen,  Holland,  about  1644;  son  of  Samuel 
Bayard,  a rich  merchant  of  Amsterdam,  and 
after  the  death  of  his  father  came  to  America 
with  his  mother  and  his  uncle,  Peter  Stuyvesant, 
the  last  governor  of  New  Amsterdam,  in  1647. 
Nicholas  was  educated  by  his  mother,  a culti- 
vated woman  of  great  natural  ability.  He  was 
private  secretary  to  his  uncle,  the  governor,  and 
about  the  same  time  was  chosen  clerk  of  the 
common  council,  and  surveyor  of  the  province. 
He  took  for  his  wife,  in  1666,  Judith  Verlet, 
a sister  of  his  mother’s  second  husband,  who 
had,  in  1662,  been  imprisoned  as  a witch  in  Hart 
ford,  Conn.  In  1673  Nicholas  Bayard  held  office 
as  secretary  of  the  province,  and  when  the  Eng- 
lish for  the  second  time  obtained  possession  of 
New  York,  in  1685,  he  was  mayor  of  that  city, 
and  also  sat  in  Governor  Dongan’s  council,  and 
framed  the  Dongan  charter,  granted  in  1685. 
When  Andros,  the  reinstated  governor,  came  to 
New  York  in  1688,  Bayard  met  and  escorted  him 
with  a regiment  of  militia  of  which  he  was 
colonel.  As  a prominent  personage  in  the  gov- 
ernor's council  and  commander-in-chief  of  the 

[2 


militia,  he  inspired  the  insurrectionist  Leisler 
with  peculiar  animosity,  and  when  the  rebellion 
which  the  latter  headed  was  at  its  height,  Bayard 
was  compelled  to  flee  for  his  life,  taking  refuge 
in  Albany.  Returning  from  Albany  to  visit  his 
sick  child,  he  was  arrested  and  imprisoned,  but 
was  released  on  the  arrival  of  Governor  Slough  - 
ter,  and  made  a councillor.  Colonel  Bayard  was 
implicated  in  the  Captain  Kidd  piracies,  in  con- 
nection with  Lord  Bellomont,  the  new  governor. 
He  went  to  England,  where  he  proved  himself 
guiltless  of  the  imputation.  Later,  however,  he 
narrowly  escaped  death,  being  accused  by  the 
followers  of  his  old  enemy,  Leisler,  of  a scheme 
to  establish  popery  and  slavery  in  New  York;  he 
was  foimd  guilty  of  high  treason  and  sentenced 
to  death  by  Chief  Justice  Atwood,  but  at  this 
crisis  the  wheel  of  fortune  again  revolved ; King 
William  died,  the  chief  justice  fled,  and  Colonel 
Bayard's  position  and  property  were  restored  to 
him.  With  Lieutenant  Lodowick  he  wrote  and 
published  a “ Journal  of  the  Late  Action  of  the 
French  in  Canada,”  of  which  only  two  copies  of 
the  original  edition  are  preserved.  It  was  repub- 
lished in  1866.  He  died  in  New  York  city  in  1707. 

BAYARD,  Richard  Henry,  statesman,  was 
born  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  Sept.  8,  1796;  the 
eldest  son  of  James  Ashetcn  Bayard,  Federalist. 
After  his  graduation  from  Princeton,  in  1814, 
he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
Wilmington.  In  1836  lie  was  elected  to  a seat 
in  the  U.  S.  senate,  made  vacant  by  the  resigna- 
tion of  Arnold  Naudam,  and  resigned  September, 
1839,  to  accept  the  chief  justiceship  of  Delaware, 
being  re-elected  in  December,  1839,  for  the 
full  term,  which  he  served  out.  His  last  public 
office  was  that  of  charge  d'affaires  at  Brussels, 
which  he  held  from  1850  to  1853.  He  married  a 
grand  daughter  of  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton. 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March  4,  1868. 

BAYARD,  Samuel,  jurist,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  Jan.  11,  1767 ; the  fourth  son  of  John  and 
Margaret  (Hodge)  Bayard.  After  his  graduation 
from  Princeton  college,  in  1784,  as  valedictorian, 
he  studied  law  and  established  an  excellent 
practice  in  his  native  city.  He  became  interested 
and  prominent  in  politics,  and  was  made  clerk  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States  in  1791. 
From  1794  to  1798  he  represented  the  United 
States  government  in  London,  as  its  agent,  to 
prosecute  American  claims  before  the  admiralty 
courts.  Upon  his  return  he  practised  law  at 
New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  receiving  the  appointment 
of  presiding  judge  of  Westchester  county.  From 
1803  to  1806  he  resided  and  practised  in  New  York 
city,  and  the  year  after  his  removal  to  that  city 
helped  to  establish  the  New  York  historical  soci- 
ety. He  also  aided  in  the  organization  of  the 
American  Bible  society  and  the  New'  Jersey 
29] 


BAYARD. 


BAYLES. 


Bible  society.  He  removed  to  Princeton,  N.  J., 
in  1806,  and  was  a member  of  the  house  of 
assembly.  Among  his  published  works  are:  “A 
Digest  of  American  Cases  on  the  Law  of  Evi- 
dence ” ( 1810) ; “ An  Abstract  of  the  Laws  of  the 
United  States,  which  Relate  to  the  Duties  and 
Authority  of  Judges  of  Inferior  State  Courts  and 
Justices  of  the  Peace  ” (1834),  and  “ Letters  on 
the  Sacrament  of  the  Lord’s  Supper  ” (1835).  He 
died  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  May  12,  1840. 

BAYARD,  Thomas  Francis,  diplomatist,  was 
born  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  Oct.  29,  1828;  son  of 
James  Asheton  Bayard,  senator.  In  1841  he  en- 
tered Dr.  F.  L.  Hawks’s  famous  school,  St.  Thomas 
hall,  at  Flushing,  L.  I.,  where  he  remained  until 
the  school  finally  closed,  in  1843.  On  his  return 

from  school  he  passed 
a year  and  a half  in 
the  counting-room  of 
h i s brother-in-law, 
Augustus  Van  Cort- 
land Scliermerhorn, 
in  New  York  city,  re- 
moving at  the  end  of 
that  time  to  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  en- 
tered the  employ  of  S. 
Morris  Wain,  a mer- 
chant. He  returned 
to  Delaware  in  1848, 
where,  after  studying 
law,  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  in  1851. 

His  first  public  office 
was  that  of  -United  States  attorney  for  Dela- 
ware, to  which  he  was  appointed  in  1853,  and 
which  he  resigned  in  1854,  and  removed  to  Phila- 
delphia, where,  in  co-partnership  with  William 
Shippen,  Jr.,  he  resinned  the  practice  of  the  law. 
Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Shippen,  in  1856,  Mr. 
Bayard  returned  to  Wilmington,  Del  In 
1861  he  made  a memorable  peace  speech  at  Dover, 
Del.,  and  succeeded  his  father  as  United  States 
senator  on  the  expiration  of  his  term,  March  3, 
1869,  his  election  being  on  the  same  day  and  by 
the  same  legislature  that  elected  his  father  to  fill 
out  the  short  term  made  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Senator  Riddle.  He  was  re-elected  in  1875  and  in 
1881.  During  his  senatorial  career,  which  lasted 
until  1884.  he  was  prominent  on  the  most  impor- 
tant committees  of  that  body.  In  1 876— *77  he  was 
one  of  t lie  commission  to  decide  the  electoral  vote 
of  the  disputed  stat  es.  He  was  nominated  as  a can- 
didate before  the  Democratic  convention  for  the 
presidency  of  the  U.  S.  in  1880  and  1884.  In  1885 
President  Cleveland  appointed  him  secretary  of 
state,  and  he  served  with  great  ability  through- 
out Cleveland’s  first  administration,  at  the  close 
of  which,  in  1889,  he  retired  to  private  life.  In 

1230J 


1893  he  was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland 
ambassador  to  Great  Britain.  Lord  Salisbury,  in 
1896,  sent  Mr.  Bayard  an  advance  copy  of  the 
official  reply  of  Great  Britain  to  the  inquiry  of 
the  U.  S.  government  concerning  the  Venezuelan 
dispute,  and  this  courtesy  was  considered  symp- 
tomatic of  the  high  measure  of  esteem  accorded 
him  in  British  official  circles.  In  1895  Lord  Sack- 
ville,  the  British  minister,  who  had  been  recalled 
at  the  demand  of  President  Cleveland  in  1889  for 
an  official  indiscretion  in  writing  a political 
letter  during  the  presidential  campaign  of  1888, 
issued  a pamphlet  attacking  Mr.  Bayard;  the 
British  press  and  people  strongly  condemned 
Lord  Sackville’s  action,  the  result  being  an  acces- 
sion of  popularity  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Bayard.  In 
December,  1895,  Representative  Barrett  of  Massa- 
chusetts asked  for  the  impeachment  of  Mr.  Bay- 
ard for  “ high  crimes  and  misdemeanors,"  because 
of  utterances  in  certain  speeches  made  at  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  and  Boston,  England,  which 
were  construed  into  an  attack  on  the  policy  of 
protection.  The  words  “by  impeachment  or 
otherwise  ” being  struck  out,  the  amended  resolu- 
tion, after  the  preamble  had  been  withdrawn, 
was  adopted  and  referred  to  the  committee  on 
foreign  affairs.  The  freedom  of  the  city  of  Dun- 
dee, Scotland,  was  presented  to  Mr.  Bayard,  Nov. 
13,  1895,  and  at  the  opening  of  the  Haashalter 
water-color  exhibition  in  London,  Mr.  Bayard 
made  the  inaugural  speech.  The  degree  of 
D.C.L.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Oxford  uni- 
versity, June  24,  1896,  and  he  was  further  honored 
in  the  peaceful  adjudication  of  the  Venezuelan 
difficulties  by  arbitration. 

BAYLES,  James  C.,  journalist,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  July  3,  1845.  In  1862  he  entered 
the  army  and  served  for  two  years  with  the  rank 
of  2d  lieutenant.  He  was  compelled  to  resign 
at  the  end  of  that  time  on  account  of  illness,  and 
in  1865  he  began  his  career  as  a journalist  by 
assuming  editorial  charge  of  the  New  Y’ork 
Citizen.  He  remained  in  this  position  for  two 
years,  then  edited  the  Commercial  Bulletin  for 
a year;  for  the  ensuing  three  years  he  was  editor 
of  the  Iron  Age,  and  in  1874  founded  and  edited 
The  JSIetai  Worker.  Besides  his  regular  work  in 
journalism  he  experimented  in  physics  and  chem- 
istry, becoming  an  active  and  interested  member 
of  the  American  institute  of  mining  engineers, 
of  which  he  was  twice  made  president,  and 
he  contributed  several  papers  to  its  “Transac- 
tions.” Among  them  are : " Explosion  from  LTn- 
known  Causes,”  “ Spirally-Welded  Steel  Tubes  ” 
and  “ Spirally -Welded  Tubing. " His  articles 
on  sanitary  reform  attracted  much  attention,  and 
resulted  in  improved  sanitary  conditions  in 
New  Jersey.  The  sewer  system  in  New  Jersey 
being  so  faulty  as  to  need  extensive  alterations, 


BAYLEY 


BAYLEY. 


it  was  decided  to  construct  an  entirely  new  sys- 
tem, and  Mr.  Bayles  was  made  a commissioner  to 
plan  and  carry  on  the  work.  He  was  a forcible 
and  pithy  speaker,  presenting  his  subject  in  in- 
teresting and  comprehensive  form.  He  lectured 
extensively  in  New  York.  New  Jersey  and  else- 
where. and  in  1886  lectured  before  the  Sibley 
school  of  engineering,  Cornell  university.  He 
held  various  offices  of  honor  and  responsi- 
bility. among  them  that  of  president  of  the  New 
Jersey  state  sanitary  association.  Among  his 
published  writings  are:  “House  Drainage  and 
Water  Service  in  Cities,  Villages,  etc.,  With 
Considerations  of  Causes  Affecting  the  Healthful- 
ness of  Dwellings”  (1878);  “The  Study  of 
Iron  and  Steel  (1884) ; “ Causes  of  Industrial 
Depression  ” (1884) ; “ Industrial  Competition 

(1885) ; “ Iron  Manufacture  in  the  Southern 

States”  (1885);  “The  Engineer  and  the  Wage- 
Earner  ” (1885);  “Professional  Ethics”  (1886), 
and  “ The  Shop  Council  ” (1886). 

BAYLEY,  James  Roosevelt,  R.  C.  archbishop, 
was  born  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  23, 1814;  grand- 
son of  Dr.  Richard  Bayley,  professor  of  anatomy 
of  Columbia  college.  His  preparatory  education 
was  acquired  at  Mount  Pleasant  school  near 
Amherst,  after  which  he  entered  Trinity  college, 
Hartford,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1835.  His 
first  idea  was  to  make  medicine  his  vocation,  thus 
following  his  father  and  grandfather,  who  had 
both  attained  eminence  in  that  profession.  He 
abandoned  the  study  at  the  close  of  his  first  year, 
since  his  preference  had  turned  unmistakably 
towards  the  church,  and  resolved  to  study  for  the 
ministry,  accomplishing  his  purpose  under  the 
tuition  of  Rev.  Samuel  F.  Jarvis  at  Middleton, 
Conn.  He  was  ordained  a priest  and  appointed 
rector  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in 
Harlem,  a position  which  he  filled  during  the 
years  1840-'41.  When  the  cholera  broke  out,  Mr. 
Bayley  was  distinguished  for  the  activity  and 
humanity  of  the  aid  he  rendered  the  sufferers. 
Religious  doubts  which  had  long  assailed  him 
caused  him  at  the  end  of  the  year  1841  to  resign 
his  rectorship  and  repair  to  Rome,  and  on  April 
28,  1842,  he  was  received  into  the  Roman  Catholic 
church.  He  began  a theological  course  in  the 
Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  but  was  recalled  to 
America  by  Bishop  Hughes,  who  ordained  him  a 
priest  in  1844.  In  1845  he  became  vice-president 
of  St.  John’s  college,  Fordham,  and  in  1846  its 
president.  In  this  year  he  was  made  pastor  of  a 
church  on  Staten  Island,  near  the  quarantine 
station,  and  chaplain  of  the  fever  ships  anchored 
there.  As  private  secretary  to  Bishop  Hughes  he 
gave  valuable  assistance  in  maturing  the  bishop’s 
plans  to  promote  the  growth  of  the  diocese  of  New 
York.  He  also  collated  and  arranged  valuable 
historical  matter  concerning  the  early  days  of  the 

[231] 


Catholic  church  in  New  York.  He  was,  at  the 
suggestion  of  Bishop  Hughes,  made  first  bishop 
of  Newark  in  1853,  and  rapidly  converted  it  from 
a weak  missionary  district  into  one  of  the  most 
prosperous  of  the  American  dioceses.  Bishop 
Bayley  founded  Seton  hall  college,  at  Orange, 
N.  J.,  in  1856,  and  a theological  seminary,  which 
was  later  attached  to  the  college.  He  established 
St.  Elizabeth’s  convent  at  Madison,  N.  J.,  for  the 
education  of  young  girls,  having  brought  from 
Europe  a colony  of  nuns  whom  he  placed  in 
charge.  He  introduced  into  his  diocese  the  re- 
ligious orders  of  the  Passionists,  Dominicans,  and 
Augustinians,  and  founded  the  priory  of  the 
Benedictine  monks.  He  travelled  in  Europe  and 
the  Holy  Land,  and  was  present  at  Rome,  in  his 
official  capacity,  at  the  canonization  of  the 
Japanese  martyrs,  in  1862;  at  the  centenary  of 
the  Apostles  in  1867 ; and  of  the  Ecumenical 
council  in  1869.  The  notes  taken  during  his 
travels  were  given  to  his  flock  in  the  form  of 
lectures.  In  1872  he  was,  by  a papal  brief,  trans- 
lated to  the  archiepiscopal  see  of  Baltimore,  the 
highest  honor  the  church  had  to  offer  in  the 
United  States,  and  in  October,  1872,  was  installed 
in  the  cathedral  at  Baltimore  and  invested  with 
the  pallium  by  Archbishop  McCloskey  of  New 
York.  His  work  ever  continued  earnest  and 
enthusiastic,  though  his  health  steadily  declined. 
He  was  consecrated  apostolic  delegate  in  1875, 
and  was  appointed  by  the  Holy  Father  to  confer 
the  beretta  upon  Cardinal  McCloskey,  and  the 
same  year  to  bestow  the  pallium  on  Archbishop 
Wood  of  Philadelphia.  In  1876  he  consecrated  St. 
Mary’s  cathedral,  having  succeeded  in  entirely 
freeing  it  from  debt.  In  1877  Archbishop  Bayley 
repaired  to  the  hot  baths  at  Vichy,  hoping  to  re- 
gain a measure  of  health.  He  was,  however, 
obliged  to  return  to  America  worse  than  when  he 
left,  and  soon  afterwards  died.  His  best  known 
literary  works  were  a sketch  of  the  “ History  of 
the  Catholic  Church  on  the  Island  of  New  York,” 
“ Memoirs  of  Simon  Gabriel  Brutd,  First  Bishop 
of  Vincennes,”  and  “Pastorals  for  the  People.  ” 
He  died  in  New  Jersey  Oct.  3,  1877. 

BAYLEY,  Richard,  physician,  was  born  at 
Fairfield,  Conn.,  in  1745.  He  acquired  his  medi- 
cal training  in  bis  native  country  and  his  hospital 
experience  in  England,  and  began  practice  as 
a physician  and  surgeon  in  New  York  city  in 
1772.  After  practising  three  years,  during  which 
time  he  introduced  radical  changes  in  the 
ordinary  treatment  of  croup,  he  returned  to  Lon- 
don and  studied  there  for  a year.  Upon  his  re- 
turn he  attached  himself  to  the  British  army  in 
the  capacity  of  military  surgeon  under  General 
Howe,  retaining  his  commission  until  1777,  when 
he  resigned  and  resumed  bis  private  practice  in 
New  York  city.  In  1792-'93  he  occupied  the  chair 


BAYLIES. 


BAZIN. 


of  anatomy  at  Columbia  college,  and  in  1793  be- 
came professor  of  surgery  in  the  same  institu- 
tion. He  delivered  several  courses  of  lectures  on 
surgery,  and  published  the  results  of  his  experi- 
ence in  practice  in  “A  View  of  the  Croup  ” 
(1781),  and  “ An  Account  of  the  Epidemic  Fever 
which  Prevailed  in  New  York  in  1795  ” (1796). 
As  health  officer  of  the  port  of  New  York  he 
established  stringent  laws  of  quarantine,  and 
made  general  improvements  in  sanitary  matters 
under  his  control.  He  maintained,  in  1797,  that 
yellow  fever  was  not  contagious,  but  due  entirely 
to  local  causes.  He  died  of  ship  fever  on  Staten 
Island,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  17,  1811. 

BAYLIES,  Francis,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Taunton,  Mass.,  Oct.  16,  1783;  son  of  William 
Baylies,  M.D.,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts medical  society.  He  received  an 
academic  education,  and  after  studying  law  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  practice.  He  was 
made  register  of  probate  for  Bristol  county  in 
1812,  holding  the  office  for  eight  years.  In  1820 
he  was  elected  a representative  from  Massachu- 
setts in  the  17th  U.  S.  Congress,  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  18th  and  19th  congresses.  On  his  return 
home  he  was  made  a member  of  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives in  the  state  legislature,  and  held  his 
seat  by  re-election  until  1832,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Jackson  as  charge  d'affaires 
to  the  Argentine  Republic.  In  1835  he  was  again 
elected  to  tire  state  legislature,  and  served  one 
term.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Historical  Memoir 
of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth  ” (2  vols.,  1830). 
He  died  Oct.  28,  1852. 

BAYLIES,  William,  physician,  was  born  ax 
Uxbridge,  Mass.,  Dec.  5, 1743.  He  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  university  in  1760,  and  after  study- 
ing medicine  established  a large  practice  at 
Dighton,  Mass.  He  was  a man  of  progress  and 
activity,  aiding  in  establishing  the  Massachusetts 
medical  society,  and  holding  membership  in  the 
Massachusetts  state  historical  society  and  the 
Academy  of  arts  and  sciences.  He  was  also  prom- 
inent in  politics,  being  elected  in  1775  a mem- 
ber of  the  Massachusetts  provincial  congress,  and 
a member  of  the  state  convention  which  adopted 
the  Federal  constitution.  In  1783  he  represented 
his  district  in  the  State  senate,  and  was  a repre- 
sentative in  the  9th  and  10th  U.  S.  congresses 
from  1805  to  1809.  He  died  at  Dighton,  Mass., 
June  17,  1826. 

BAYLOR,  Frances  Courtenay,  author,  was 
born  at  Fayetteville,  Ark.,  Jan.  20,  1848.  She 
travelled  in  Europe  from  1865  to  1867,  when  she 
returned  to  the  United  States  and  wrote  for  the 
periodicals.  In  1873~'74  she  resided  in  England, 
gathering  literary  material.  Her  book,  “ On  Both 
Sides,”  brought  her  fame,  and  she  afterwards 
published  “ Juan  and  Juanita  ” (1886),  and  “ Be- 


hind the  Blue  Ridge”  (1887),  which  were  like- 
wise successful,  passing  through  many  editions 
in  America  and  England. 

BAYLOR,  George,  soldier,  was  born  at  New- 
market, Va.,  Jan.  12,1752.  He  joined  the  revolu- 
tionary army  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  serving 
first  as  aide-de-camp  to  General  Washington.  He 
was  given  a horse  by  Congress,  in  appreciation 
of  his  services  both  in  the  attack  on  the  Hessians 
at  Ti-enton,  N.  J.,  and  in  his  prompt  announce- 
ment to  Congress  of  the  news  of  the  victory.  In 
January,  1777,  he  was  promoted  colonel,  and  in 
1778  was  captured  by  General  Grey  at  Tappan, 
N.  Y.,  with  his  entire  command,  after  sixty- 
seven  had  been  killed,  and  he  was  held  a pris- 
oner for  some  time.  Subsequently  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  Virginia  cavalry,  and  served 
until  the  end  of  the  war.  A serious  lung  wound, 
received  at  Tappan,  finally  resulted  in  his  death 
in  Bridgetown,  Barbadoes,  W.  I.,  whither  he  had 
gone  in  search  of  health.  He  died  in  March,  1784. 

BAYLOR,  Robert  Emmett  Bledsoe,  jurist, 
was  born  in  Lincoln  county,  Ky.,  May  10,  1793. 
Several  of  his  ancestors  were  military  officers  in 
the  Continental  army.  His  law  studies  were  in- 
terrupted by  the  war  of  1812,  in  which  he  took 
an  active  part,  but  upon  the  restoration  of  peace 
he  resumed  them,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
soon  enjoyed  a comfortable  practice.  He  became 
a member  of  the  Kentucky  state  legislature  in 
1819,  but  resigned  the  office  in  1820,  upon  his 
removal  to  Alabama.  In  1824  he  was  elected  to 
the  Alabama  legislature,  and  from  1829  to  1831 
represented  his  district  in  the  21st  Congress.  As 
commander  of  a regiment  of  Alabamians  he  ren- 
dered brilliant  service  in  quelling  the  disturb- 
ances on  the  state  borders  during  the  Creek  war. 
Later  he  removed  to  Texas,  then  a republic,  and 
was  made  a judge  of  the  district  and  supreme 
courts.  After  annexation  he  took  an  active 
interest  in  the  growth  and  development  of  the 
state  and  its  institutions,  and  was  a member  of 
the  convention  which  formulated  the  state  con- 
stitution, and  for  a quarter  of  a century  he  was 
one  of  the  district  judges  of  the  new  state.  Bay- 
lor county  and  Baylor  university  were  both 
named  in  his  honor,  and  to  the  latter  he  gave  a 
large  tract  of  land  and  a handsome  sum  of  money. 
He  died  at  Gay  Hill,  Texas,  Jan.  6,  1874. 

BAZIN,  John  S.,  R.  C.  bishop,  was  born  at 
France,  1796.  He  acquired  his  education  and  was 
ordained  in  France.  Removing  to  the  United 
States  in  1830,  he  was  assigned  to  the  diocese  of 
Mobile,  Ala.,  under  Bishop  Portier,  where  his 
benevolence  and  urbanity  procured  him  the  es- 
teem and  respect  of  all  classes  of  the  community, 
regardless  of  sect  or  creed.  After  his  appoint- 
ment  as  vicar-general  of  Mobile  he  devoted  his 
time  largely  to  the  founding  of  charitable  institu- 


1 232  J 


BEACH. 


BEACH. 


tions,  in  which,  he  was  eminently  successful.  In 
1846,  feeling  the  need  of  more,  help  in  his  educa- 
tional enterprises,  he  journeyed  to  France,  and 
there  procured  Jesuit  fathers  to  take  charge  of 
St.  Joseph's  college  at  Spring  Hill,  and  a company 
of  Brothers  of  the  Sacred  Heart  for  St.  Mary’s 
male  orphan  asylum.  In  1847  he  was  nominated 
by  the  sixth  council  of  Baltimore  for  the  see  of 
Vincennes,  rendered  vacant  by  the  resignation  of 
Bishop  De  La  Hailandiere.  He  was  consecrated 
at  Vincennes,  and  died  there  April  23,  1848. 

BEACH,  Alfred  E.,  journalist,  was  born  at 
Springfield,  Mass.,  in  1826;  son  of  Moses  Y. 
Beach,  who  established  the  New  York  Sun. 
After  obtaining  an  academic  education  at  Monson, 
Mass.,  he  entered  his  father’s  office,  where  he  ac- 
quired a practical  knowledge  of  newspaper  work. 

In  1846  he  founded, 
with  Orson  D.  Munn, 
a former  schoolmate, 
the  firm  of  Munn  & 
Co.,  publishers,  as- 
suming control  of  the 
Scientific  American, 
which  at  that  time 
was  the  only  weekly 
journal  of  a scientific 
character  published  in 
America.  For  nearly 
fifty  years  Mr.  Beach 
was  active  in  the  ed- 
itorship of  the  Scien- 
tific American,  and  in 
the  direction  of  the  extensive  patent  business  of 
the  firm.  With  his  inherent  taste  for  mechanics 
and  all  branches  of  science  he  was  well  adapted 
for  the  business  he  had  chosen.  His  sympathy 
with  inventors  and  men  of  genius  rendered  him 
very  helpful  to  that  class  of  people.  About  1852 
he  invented  a type-writing  machine,  which  was 
exhibited  in  operation  at  the  World's  fair,  crys- 
tal palace,  New  York,  and  at  the  American  in- 
stitute exhibition  in  New  York  city  from  1852  to 
1855.  It  received  the  gold  medal  of  the  institute 
as  one  of  the  most  ingenious  and  important  in- 
ventions then  exhibited.  The  machine  had  a 
keyboard,  a pot  of  type-bars,  an  ink  ribbon  and  a 
spacing  bar,  the  paper  being  moved  by  the  keys. 
About  the  year  1865  Mr.  Beach  devised  a system 
of  carrying  letters  by  means  of  underground 
pneumatic  tubes  from  the  street  lamp-posts 
directly  to  the  central  post-office,  and  invented 
many  devices  to  perfect  it.  This  led  to  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Beach  pneumatic  transit  com- ' 
pany,  of  which  he  was  president.  In  1867,  at  the 
American  institute  fair  in  Fourteenth  street. 
New  York,  he  had  in  operation,  suspended  from 
the  ceiling,  a section  of  a pneumatic  elevated 
railway  in  which  many  persons  rode.  The  success 


of  this  experiment  so  convinced  him  of  the  value 
of  pneumatic  power  for  the  propulsion  of  cars 
that  he  soon  conceived  the  idea  of  constructing  a 
tunnel  under  Broadway,  and  planned  a system  of 
underground  railways  for  New  York.  In  1869, 
legislative  authority  having  been  granted,  he 
constructed  a section  of  underground  railway  ex- 
tending from  Warren  street  to  Murray  street. 
This  work  was  executed  while  traffic  was  going 
on  overhead,  by  means  of  the  Beach  hydraulic 
shield,  the  first  example  of  the  machine  which 
was  afterwards  used  in  the  construction  of  the 
great  railway  tunnel  under  the  St.  Clair  river 
at  Port  Huron,  the  underground  railway  tun- 
nels in  London  and  Glasgow,  the  Hudson  river 
tunnel,  and  similar  works.  In  1860  Mr.  Beach 
founded  and  maintained  a private  school,  with 
a full  corps  of  teachers,  at  Stratford,  Conn., 
where  he  resided  up  to  1870,  and  soon  after  the 
close  of  the  civil  war  he  founded  the  Beach  insti- 
tute at  Savannah  for  the  education  of  freedmen. 
He  died  in  New  York  city  Jan.  1,  1896. 

BEACH,  Mrs.  H.  H.  A.  (Amy  Marcy  Cheney), 
musical  composer,  was  born  at  Henniker,  N.  H., 
Sept.  5, 1867.  She  came  of  a musical  family,  who 
carefully  fostered  the  talent  displayed  almost 
from  her  cradle.  Her  mother  was  her  first 
teacher.  From  the  time  her  hands  could  reach 
the  keyboard  of  the  piano  she  would  find  melo- 
dious combinations  of  notes  and  play  the  little 
airs  she  had  heard.  Reading  music  seemed  to  be 
instinctive  with  her,  and  when  a mere  child  she 
could  read  at  sight  almost  anything  put  before 
her.  She  also  improvised  with  remarkable  taste, 
and  composed  several  little  airs  with  odd  and 
pretty  accompaniments.  At  as  early  an  age  as 
was  deemed  expedient  she  was  placed  under  the 
best  Boston  instructors,  and  her  progress  was 
phenomenal.  In  1883  she  played  in  Boston  the 
G-minor  concerto  of  Moscheles,  with  grand  or- 
chestra. She  was  married  in  1885  to  Dr.  Henry 
Harris  Aubrey  Beach,  a prominent  Boston  phy- 
sician. Mrs.  Beach  composed  a Mass  in  E-flat, 
which  was  performed  in  1892  by  the  Handel  and 
Haydn  society,  and  which  has  been  pronounced 
one  of  the  grandest  musical  compositions  ever 
produced  by  a woman.  In  1893  “ Festival  Jubi- 
late,” written  for  the  World’s  Columbian  expo- 
sition at  Chicago,  attracted  much  favorable 
comment.  During  the  season  of  1895-"96  she 
played  with  the  Boston  symphony  orchestra. 
Among  her  compositions  are  a scena  and  aria, 
“ Eilende  Wolken,”  for  contralto,  with  orches- 
tral accompaniment ; cantatas  for  male  and 
female  voices,  with  and  without  orchestra,  and 
more  than  sixty  shorter  works  for  piano,  violin 
and  one  or  more  voices ; a sonata  for  piano  and 
violin,  and  the”  Gaelic  ” symphony,  performed 
in  1896  by  the  Boston  symphony  orchestra. 


F 233] 


BEACII. 


BEAL. 


BEACH,  Moses  Yale,  publisher,  was  born  at 
Wallingford,  Conn.,  Jan.  7, 1800.  He  learned  the 
business  of  cabinet  making,  and  failed  in  estab- 
lishing a manufactory  at  Northampton,  as  he  did 
also  in  his  effort  at  steamboat  building  at  Spring- 
field,  Mass.  Soon  after  he  made  an  attempt  to 
propel  balloons  by  gunpowder  explosion,  and  to 
establish  a line  of  steamers  between  Springfield 
and  Hartford.  He  then  engaged  in  the  business 
of  paper-making,  to  which  he  was  able  to  make  a 
valuable  addition  by  inventing  a rag-cutting 
machine,  which  was  adopted  in  many  paper- 
mills.  After  delays  in  obtaining  a patent  he 
realized  enough  from  his  invention  to  enable  him 
to  purchase  a paper-mill  in  Ulster  county,  N.  Y., 
which  was  not  successful.  In  1835  he  secured  an 
interest  in  the  New  York  Sun.  In  the  course  of 
a few  years  he  gained  complete  control  of  the 
paper,  from  which  he  realized  considerable 
wealth.  In  1846  President  Polk  sent  Mr.  Beach 
to  Mexico  to  arrange  a treaty  of  peace,  but  this 
commission  failed,  by  reason  of  a false  rumor  of 
the  defeat  of  General  Taylor  by  Santa  Anna.  In 
1857  Mr.  Beach  retired  from  active  work  as  pub- 
lisher of  the  New  York  Sun.  and  returned  to 
Wallingford,  where  he  died  July  19,  1868. 

BEACH,  William  Augustus,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  9,  1809.  He  at- 
tended Partridge’s  military  school  at  Norwich, 
Vt.,  and  on  leaving  that  institution  studied  law 
with  his  uncle,  Judge  Warren,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1853.  He  soon  secured  an  active  and 
successful  practice, 
a n d w a s appointed 
district  - attorney  o f 
Saratoga  county,  ac- 
quiring in  this  office  a 
thorough  knowledge 
of  criminal  law,  as 
well  as  a reputation 
as  an  orator.  In  1851 
he  removed  to  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  where  his  repu- 
tation as  a sound  law- 
yer had  preceded  him. 
He  was  the  leading 
counsel  for  the  plain- 
tiff in  the  celebrated 
Albany  Bridge  case, 
brought  to  prevent 
the  construction  of  a bridge  across  the  Hudson 
river.  He  defended  Canal  Commissioner  Dorn, 
who  was  impeached  for  malfeasance  in  office  be- 
fore the  court  for  the  trial  of  impeachment,  and 
secured  his  acquittal,  and  in  1867  be  was  associ- 
ated with  James  T.  Brady  in  the  defence  of  Gen- 
eral Cole,  charged  with  the  murder  of  L.  Harris 
Hiscock.  He  later  removed  to  New  York  city, 
where  his  name  was  associated  with  some  of  the 


most  important  litigations  of  the  period.  He 
was  the  leading  counsel  for  the  plaintiff  in  the 
celebrated  Tilton-Beecher  trial,  appeared  also 
in  the  Vanderbilt  will  case,  in  the  defence  of 
Judge  Barnard  in  his  trial  for  impeachment,  and 
in  the  trial  of  E.  S.  Stokes  for  the  murder  of 
James  Fisk,  Jr.  He  died  in  Tarrytown,  N.  Y., 
June  28,  1884. 

BEADLE,  William  Henry  Harrison,  edu 

cator,  was  born  at  Liberty,  Parke  county,  Ind., 
Jan.  1,1838.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  Michigan  in  1861,  received  the  degree  of  A.M. 
in  1864,  and  then  completed  the  law  course  and 
received  that  of  LL.B.  in  1867.  He  served  in  the 
Union  army  from  1861  until  1866,  receiving  regu- 
lar promotions  and  three  brevets,  the  last  being 
that  of  brigadier-general,  March  15,  1865.  After 
the  civil  war  he  served  as  private  secretary  to 
Governor  Howard  of  Dakota,  then  as  U.  S.  sur- 
veyor-general of  the  territory,  member  of  the  ter- 
ritorial legislature,  as  the  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  and  as  regent  or  trustee  of 
several  educational  institutions  in  the  territory. 
He  was  an  instructor  in  the  Yankton  Congrega- 
tional college,  superintendent  of  the  Indian  in- 
dustrial training  school  at  Salem,  Oregon,  and  in 
1889  was  called  to  the  presidency  of  the  State 
normal  school  at  Madison,  S.  Dakota,  which  in- 
stitution he  placed  upon  a high  grade  of  thor- 
oughness and  excellence.  The  township  system 
of  school  organization  first  advocated  by  Mr. 
Beadle  was  adopted  in  most  counties  of  Dakota, 
and  he  succeeded  in  creating  a sentiment  for  the 
protection  of  the  school  lands  donated  to  the  state 
by  the  United  States,  whereby  a great  state 
school  fund  should  be  accumulated.  He  wrote 
the  article  upon  education  in  the  state  constitu- 
tion, secured  a prohibition  of  the  sale  of  these 
lands  at  less  than  two  dollars  an  acre,  which 
Congress  extended  to  the  other  five  new  states  in 
enabling  acts,  viz. : North  Dakota.  Washington, 
Montana,  Idaho  and  Wyoming.  He  also  advo- 
cated the  leasing  of  the  lands  upon  twenty-five  or 
fifty  year  leases,  the  rental  to  be  re  appraised 
every  five  years. 

BEAL,  George  Lafayette,  soldier,  was  born  at 

Norway.  Maine,  May  21,  1825;  son  of  Ezra  F. 
Beal.  Early  in  life  he  was  a bookbinder,  and 
later  on  express  messenger  on  the  Grand  Trunk 
railroad,  leaving  this  position  when  the  military 
company  with  which  he  was  connected  responded 
to  the  call  for  troops  in  1861.  He  served  in  the 
civil  war  first  as  captain  of  the  1st  Maine  regi 
ment,  and  later  as  colonel  of  the  10th  Maine  vol- 
unteers. At  the  end  of  his  enlistment  he  was 
commissioned  colonel  of  the  29th  Maine  volun- 
teers. was  shortly  afterwards  brevetted  brigadier- 
general.  and  Nov.  30,  1864.  was  given  full  grade 


commission  as  brigadier-general  of  volunteers. 
1 234 1 


BEAL. 


BEALL. 


He  was  severely  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
Antietam,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the 
battles  of  Red  River  and  the  Shenandoah.  His 
brigade  was  the  first  to  advance  and  break  the 
enemy's  lines  at  Cedar  Creek  after  Sheridan  had 
covered  twenty  miles  of  his  famous  ride.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  his  native  town 
and  engaged  in  business.  He  was  foremost  in 
the  building  of  the  Norway  branch  railroad. 
General  Beal  served  as  adjutant-general  of  Maine 
for  four  years,  and  as  state  treasurer  for  six  years. 
He  died  at  Norway,  Me.,  Dec.  11,  1896. 

BEAL,  William  James,  botanist,  was  born  at 
Adrian,  Mich.,  March  11,  1833.  He  was  fitted 
for  college  at  the  Raisin  valley  seminary,  and  en- 
tered the  University  of  Michigan  in  1855,  gradu- 
ating in  1859.  He  then  taught  school  for  about 
three  years,  and  in  1862  entered  Harvard  uni- 
versity, w here  he 
took  a post-graduate 
course  under  Agassiz 
and  Gray.  In  1868 
he  accepted  the  pro- 
fessorship of  natural 
history  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago, 
and  in  1870  he  was 
given  the  chair  of 
botany  and  horticul- 
ture in  the  Michigan 
agricultural  college, 
which  he  held  until 
1883,  when  he  was 
/i/)i/)  /?  transferred  to  the 

//z-y  dj  professorship  of  bot- 

any and  forestry.  He 
became  a member  of  numerous  scientific  soci- 
eties, and  contributed  many  original  papers  to 
the  American  Naturalist,  the  American  Journal 
of  Science,  and  to  the  reports  of  the  Michigan 
board  of  agriculture  and  tbe  several  state  soci- 
eties. In  1875  he  made  a collection  of  grasses 
and  woods  for  the  Centennial  exhibition  at  Phila- 
delphia, which  received  much  attention  and 
won  two  diplomas.  He  was  president  of  the 
Michigan  state  teachers'  association  in  1881,  and 
president  of  the  society  for  the  promotion  of  agri- 
cultural science  in  1880-'81  He  published  “A 
New  Botany  ” (1881),  and  the  “ Grasses  of  North 
America”  (vol.  i.,  1887;  vol.  ii. , 1896),  both  of 
which  are  highly  esteemed  by  scientific  men. 
Speaking  of  the  latter  work,  Prof.  A.  J.  Cook 
says:  “ He  is  without  doubt  the  best  authority  on 
the  Graminece  in  the  United  States  and  one  of  the 
highest  authorities  in  the  world.  His  work  on 
this  family  of  plants  is  not  only  scientific  and 
exhaustive,  but  is  wonderfully  accurate,  so  that 
both  the  scientist  and  tbe  practical  man  can  rely 
on  it  as  a certain  guide.” 


BEALE,  Edward  Fitzgerald,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  4,  1822,  grandson  of 
Thomas  Truxton,  U.  S.  N.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a midshipman  in  the  navy  and  was 
graduated  from  the  U.  S.  naval  school  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1842.  He  saw  his  first  actual  service 
on  the  Pacific  coast  under  Commodore  Stockton 
during  the  war  with  Mexico.  He  attained 
distinction  for  his  services  in  making  his  way 
through  the  enemy’s  lines  to  procure  relief  for 
Kearney’s  command,  and  for  this  gallant  exploit 
was  presented  with  a sword  by  his  fellow  officers. 
At  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war  he  resigned  his 
commission  in  the  navy  and  became  superinten- 
dent of  Indian  affairs  for  California  and  New 
Mexico.  He  subsequently  attained  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general,  and  quelled  an  Indian  insurrec- 
tion in  California.  President  Lincoln  made  him 
surveyor-general  of  California  in  1861,  and  in 
1876  President  Grant  appointed  him  minister  to 
Austria.  He  remained  there  but  one  year,  re- 
turning to  devote  his  remaining  years  to  the  care 
of  his  California  estates.  He  died  April  22,  1893. 

BEALE,  Joseph,  surgeon,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Dec.  30,  1814;  son  of  Joseph  and 
Margaret  (McDowell)  Beale.  He  received  a 
classical  and  medical  education  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  from  which  institution  he  was 
graduated  in  1832.  After  practising  his  profes- 
sion for  a time  he  entered  the  United  States  navy 
as  assistant  surgeon  in  1837,  and  afterward  rose 
to  the  positions  of  medical  director  in  1871,  and 
surgeon-general  in  1873.  He  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  in  1876.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Sept.  22,  1889. 

BEALL,  Benjamin  Lloyd,  soldier,  was  born 
in  the  District  of  Columbia  in  1800 ; son  of  Major 
Beale  of  Maryland.  His  education  was  acquired 
in  the  common  schools  and  in  the  U.  S.  military 
academy  at  West  Point.  He  volunteered  in  t lie 
army  in  June,  1836,  and  went  to  Florida  to  fight 
the  Seminole  Indians,  having  the  rank  of  captain. 
The  following  year  he  was  given  the  brevet  rank 
of  major,  and  received  the  full  rank  of  major  of 
dragoons  in  February,  1847.  He  served  bravely 
throughout  t lie  war  with  Mexico,  winning  the 
brevet  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  action 
at  Santa  Cruz.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  March,  1855,  and  served  in  California 
with  the  rank  of  general,  constructing  frontier 
defences,  and  later  was  assigned  to  duty  on  Van- 
couver's Island.  In  1861  he  served  as  muster- 
master  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  during  the  same 
year  was  promoted  to  a colonelcy  in  the  1st 
United  States  dragoons.  In  1862  he  was  retired 
from  active  service.  He  had  two  sons  in  the 
Federal,  and  one  in  the  Confederate  service  in 
the  civil  war.  He  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Aug. 
16,  1863. 


[235J 


BEALL. 


BEARD. 


BEALL,  John  Young,  spy,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, Jan.  1,  1835.  He  was  educated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  Charlottesville,  and  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  was  the  owner  of  a 
large  plantation  and  over  one  hundred  slaves, 
and  was  said  to  be  heir -apparent  to  Lord  Egelby, 
an  English  nobleman.  He  entered  the  Confed- 
erate service  as  captain  of  Company  G,  2d  Vir- 
ginia regiment,  which  was  attached  to  T.  J.  Jack- 
son’s brigade,  and  was  afterwards  transferred  to 
the  Confederate  navy,  becoming  acting  master, 
March  31,  1863.  On  the  morning  of  Sept.  19,  1864, 
he,  with  three  other  men,  boarded  the  steamboat 
Pliilo  Parsons  on  Lake  Erie,  ostensibly  to  take  a 
pleasure  trip.  In  the  afternoon,  when  the  boat 
had  nearly  reached  Kelly’s  Island,  about  six 
miles  from  the  Ohio  shore,  the  men  covered  the 
officers  in  charge  of  the  boat  with  revolvers,  and 
imprisoning  them  in  the  cabins,  took  possession. 
They  threw  freight  overboard,  examined  the 
ship’s  papers,  robbed  the  clerk,  and  ran  the  boat 
to  Middle  Bass  Island,  where  the  passengers  were 
put  ashore.  Soon  after  this  a freight  and  pass- 
enger steamboat,  the  Island  Queen,  came  along- 
side of  the  boat,  and  was  promptly  seized  and 
sunk.  As  soon  as  the  news  reached  the  outside 
world,  officers  were  sent  to  arrest  Beall  and  his 
party.  He  escaped  capture  for  a time  by  taking 
up  his  residence  on  the  American  side  of  the 
Suspension  Bridge,  and  by  disguising  his  personal 
appearance.  He  made  observations  on  the  de- 
fences of  the  frontiers,  and  was  the  instigator 
of  a foray  in  St.  Albans,  Vt.,  which  was  accom- 
panied with  incendiarism  and  murder.  He  had 
many  sympathizers  in  the  south,  with  whom  he 
was  in  communication.  He  was  finally  arrested 
on  Dec.  16, 1864,  at  Suspension  Bridge,  N.  Y.  The 
charges  against  him  were  violation  of  the  law  of 
war  by  seizing  the  Philo  Parsons  and  the  Island 
Queen,  for  “ undertaking  to  carry  on  irregular 
and  unlawful  warfare  as  a guerrilla,  without 
lawful  authority  and  for  unlawful  purposes,” 
and  for  acting  as  a spy.  Of  these  he  was  found 
guilty  and  was  sentenced  to  be  hanged.  An 
effort  to  save  Beall  was  made  by  President  Davis, 
who  issued  a proclamation  assuming  responsi- 
bility for.  the  act,  and  declaring  that  the  seizure 
of  the  vessels  had  been  effected  by  his  authority. 
But  this  could  not  help  one  who  had  ventured 
into  the  enemy’s  country  and  made  war  while 
wearing  no  badge  of  service.  He  was  hanged  on 
Governor’s  Island,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  24,  1865. 

BEALL,  Samuel  Wooton,  pioneer,  was  born 
at  Montgomery,  Md.,  Sept.  26,  1807 ; son  of  Major 
Beall  of  Maryland.  After  his  graduation  from 
Union  college,  in  1827,  he  began  the  study  of  law, 
at  the  same  time  acting  as  receiver  for  the  sale 
of  public  lands  in  the  northwest.  He  resided  for 
nearly  seven  years  in  Wisconsin.  At  the  end  of 


this  time  he  removed  to  Cooperstown,  N.  Y., 
where,  with  his  talented  wife,  Elizabeth  Feni- 
more,  daughter  of  J.  Fenimore  Cooper,  he  enter- 
tained at  “ Woodside,”  Cooper,  Irving,  Webb  and 
others  of  the  notable  authors  of  the  day.  But 
tiring  of  civilized  life,  he  again  went  to  Wiscon- 
sin, where  he  spent  his  time  in  farming,  and 
where  he  later  became  very  prominent  in  polities. 
He  served  twice  as  a delegate  to  the  state  consti- 
tutional convention,  and  from  1850  to  1852  as 
lieutenant-governor  of  Wisconsin.  Meanwhile, 
the  death  of  his  mother  had  placed  the  homestead 
in  his  native  state  in  his  hands.  The  property 
consisted  of  a plantation  of  little  value  and  nearly 
forty  slaves,  and  Mr.  Beall  at  once  freed  the 
slaves  and  sold  the  property  to  support  them 
while  they  were  finding  employment.  In  1852 
he  was  appointed  Indian  agent,  and  served  in  this 
office  efficiently.  He  led  a party  to  Pike's  Peak 
in  1859,  and  aided  in  founding  Denver,  Col.,  and 
was  sent  to  Washington  to  procure  a charter  for 
the  city.  He  resided  in  Denver  until  1861,  when 
he  joined  the  army  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
18th  Wisconsin  regiment,  and  took  part  in  the 
various  engagements  of  that  regiment.  Being 
disabled  by  wounds  received  at  the  battle  of 
Vicksburg,  he  served  until  the  close  of  the  war 
in  the  invalid  corps,  when  he  removed  to  Helena, 
Montana,  where  he  was  shot  during  a quarrel, 
and  died  Sept.  26,  1868. 

BEAN,  Nehemiah  S.,  inventor,  was  born  at 
Gilmanton,  N.  H.,  in  1818.  He  worked  during 
his  youth  as  a machinist,  and  in  1847  became 
connected  with  the  Amoskeag  company  machine 
shop,  in  whose  employ  he  remained  until  1854, 
when  he  removed  to  Lawrence  to  take  charge  of 
the  locomotive  works  of  the  Essex  manufactur- 
ing company.  In  1857-’58  he  constructed  the 
first  steam  fire-engine,  and  in  1859  he  invented 
and  built  the  “ Amoskeag,”  the  first  of  a class  of 
steam  fire-engines  which  were  afterwards  used 
in  all  parts  of  the  world;  for  twenty  years  he 
superintended  their  manufacture  in  the  Amoskeag 
works,  about  six  hundred  being  made  under  his 
direction.  He  died  at  Manchester,  N.  H.,  July 
20,  1896. 

BEARD,  Alanson  W.,  merchant,  was  born  in 
Ludlow,  Windsor  county,  Vt.,  Aug.  20,  1825. 
His  father,  who  was  a farmer,  removed  to  Stock 
bridge,  Vt.,  in  1835,  when  the  lad  was  ten  years 
of  age.  When  seventeen  years  old,  he  was 
teacher  of  a district  school,  continuing  to  teach 
for  five  winters.  He  then  engaged  as  a country 
storekeeper  in  Pittsfield,  Vt.,  where  from  1848  to 
1854  he  was  postmaster.  In  1853  he  became  a 
salesman  in  a clothing  house  in  Boston,  and  three 
years  later  he  engaged  in  the  same  business  on  his 
own  account.  He  was  for  many  years  a member 
of  the  Massachusetts  Republican  state  committee, 
[236 1 


BEARD. 


BEARD. 


being  the  chairman  in  1875  and  1876,  and  again 
in  1885.  In  1870  and  1871  lie  was  elected  to  the 
Massachusetts  house  of  representatives  from 
Brookline,  and  in  1884  and  1885  from  Boston. 
His  practical  knowledge  having  led  him  to  believe 
that  the  taxation  of  real-estate  mortgage  notes 
was  unjust,  he  began  an  agitation  against  it  in 
1871,  and  for  ten  years  followed  up  the  discussion 
until  in  1881  he  secured  the  passage  of  an  act 
which  removed  the  objectionable  feature  from  the 
laws  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  a member  of  the 
national  Republican  conventions  of  1868  and  1888. 

In  1878  he  was  appointed  collector  of  the  port  of 
Boston,  and  in  1889  he  was  re-appointed  to  the 
same  office. 

BEARD,  Daniel  Carter,  illustrator,  was  born 
in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  June  21,  1850;  son  of  James 
H.  and  Mary  C.  (Carter)  Beard.  His  paternal 
grandmother  was  the  first  white  woman  to  set 
foot  on  the  land  now  occupied  by  the  city  of 
Chicago.  His  education  was  acquired  in  his 
native  city  and  in  an  academy  at  Covington,  Ky. , 
and  his  first  employment  was  as  a surveyor  for 
a New  York  map  publishing  house.  His  outdoor 
life  developed  in  him  an  interest  in  animals,  of 
which  he  submitted  several  drawings  to  a pub- 
lisher. These  at  once  attracted  attention  and 
praise,  and  his  illustrations  were  accepted  by  St. 
Nicholas.  Harper's  Weekly  , and  Young  People , the 
Youth's  Companion,  the  Scientific  American  and 
other  publications.  He  also  contributed  to  these 
magazines  articles  on  boys’  sports  and  natural  his- 
tory. He  studied  for  four  years  at  the  art  students’ 
league  in  New  York  city,  and  soon  became  well 
known  to  the  public  and  to  publishers  through 
his  literary  and  artistic  work.  Some  of  his  best 
work  is  to  be  seen  in  the  illustrations  of  Mark 
Twain's  “ A Connecticut  Yankee  in  King 
Arthur’s  Court."  He  was  especially  fond  of  alle- 
gorical and  symbolical  drawing  and  delicate 
caricaturing.  Among  his  many  admirable 
pictures  are:  “Ghosts  of  the  Camp  Fire,”  “A 
Light  for  his  Pipe,”  and  “The  Moonshiners.” 
Mr . Beard  was  made  a member  of  several  promi- 
nent art  clubs  and  of  the  American  natural  his- 
tory society.  A list  of  his  bpoks  includes: 

“ What  to  Do  and  How  to  Do  It  — The  Ameri- 
can Boys’  Handy  Book  ” (1882) ; “ Six  Feet  of 
Romance  ” and  “ Moonblight,”  and  “ American 
Boys’  Book  of  Sport”  (1896).  He  is  also  the 
author  of  the  “Tom,  Dick  and  Harry  Stories,” 
published  in  St.  Nicholas. 

BEARD,  George  Miller,  physician,  was  born 
at  Montville,  Conn.,  May  8,  1839.  After  attend- 
ing the  Phillips  Andover  academy  he  entered 
Yale  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1862. 

In  1866,  having  taken  the  course  at  the  College  of 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  New  York,  lie  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.D.  He  served  during  a 

[237 


part  of  the  civil  war  as  an  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  navy,  and  after  the  close  of  the  war  returned 
to  New  York  city,  where  he  established  a large 
practice,  especially  giving  his  attention  to  ner- 
vous diseases.  He  also  devoted  much  time  to  the 
investigation  of  clairvoyance,  spiritualism,  ani- 
mal magnetism,  etc.,  discovering  many  imposi- 
tions commonly  practised  under  these  names. 
The  now  common  treatment  of  electricity  as  a 
stimulant  was  first  practised  by  Dr.  Beard. 
Among  his  publications  are : “ General  Electriza- 
tion ” (with  Dr.  Rockwell,  1867)  ; “ The  Longev- 
ity of  Brain  Workers”  (1867);  “Our  Home 
Physician  ” (1869) ; “ Stimulants  and  Narcotics  " 
(1871) ; “ Eating  and  Drinking  ” (1871) ; “ Clinical 
Researches  in  Electro -Surgery  ” (with  Dr.  Rock- 
well, 1873) ; “ Legal  Responsibility  in  Old  Age  ” 
(1874);  “Hay  Fever”  (1876);  “The  Scientific 
Basis  of  Delusions,”  “ Mental  Therapeutics,”  and 
“ Physiology  of  Mind  Reading  ” (1877) ; Two 
monographs,  “ The  Scientific  Study  of  Human 
Testimony  and  Experiments  with  Living  Human 
Beings,”  and  “The  Psychology  of  Spiritism” 
(1878-’79) ; “ Writer’s  Cramp  ” (1879) ; “ Problems 
of  Insanity  ” (1880) ; “ Nervous  Exhaustion  ” 
(1880);  ‘‘Sea  Sickness,  its  Nature  and  Treat- 
ment” (1880),  and  many  papers,  treatises  and 
lectures.  He  died  in  New  York,  Jan.  23,  1883. 

BEARD,  James  Henry,  artist,  was  born  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  June  14,  1812;  son  of  Capt.  J.  H. 
Beard,  the  pioneer  master  of  a brig  on  Lake  Erie. 
When  he  was  a child  his  parents  removed  to 
Painesville,  Ohio,  where  he  had  the  ordinary 
backwoods  facilities  for  an  education.  His  artis- 
tic genius  was  fired  by  the  sight  of  a rudely 
carved  figurehead  on  a small  Lake  Erie  craft. 
He  made  for  himself  a paint  stone  and  muller  to 
grind  his  colors;  he  also  made  his  stretchers, 
prepared  his  canvas,  made  his  brushes,  his  easel 
and  palette,  and  indeed  all  the  materials  he  used, 
and  at  fourteen  years  of  age  began  to  paint  por- 
traits, in  which  he  became  very  adept,  having 
for  sitters,  before  he  was  twenty -five,  Presidents 
Harrison  and  Tyler,  Henry  Clay,  Salmon  P. 
Chase  and  John  Quincy  Adams,  and  other  dis- 
tinguished men  of  that  day.  He  was  married  to 
Mary  Carolina,  daughter  of  Colonel  Carter,  a gol- 
dier  in  the  war  of  1812.  His  first  original  com- 
position, “The  North  Carolina  Immigrants,” 
which  was  exhibited  at  the  National  academy  of 
design  in  1846,  gave  him  an  extended  reputation, 
and  won  for  him  an  honorary  membership  to  the 
academy.  He  enlisted  in  the  Union  army  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  and  saw  service  in  the 
corps  of  Gen.  Lew  Wallace,  attaining  the  rank 
of  captain.  In  1870  he  settled  in  New  York,  and 
was  elected  to  a fellowship  in  the  National 
academy  of  design.  His  most  popular  pictures 
are  those  of  animals,  most  of  which  have  been 
] 


BEARD. 


BEARDSLEE. 


engraved  by  Knoedler.  “ Out  All  Night,"  “ Our 
Mutual  Friend,”  “Streets  of  New  York,”  were 
dog  pictures,  which  sold  for  from  §3.500  to  §7,000. 
“ A Peep  at  Growing  Danger,”  "The  Widow,” 
“The  Parson’s  Pets,”  “Attorney  and  Clients,” 
“ There’s  Many  a Slip,”  “ Consultation,”  “ Blood 
will  Tell,”  “Don  Quixote  and  Sancho  Panza,” 
“Don't  You  Know  Me?”  “Heirs  at  Law,” 
“ Which  lias  Pre-emption?”  “ You  Can't  Have 
this  Pup,”  “My  Easter's  all  Spoilt,"  “I  don’t 
Believe  One  Word  of  It,”  “The  Detected 
Poacher,”  “ Don't  You  Come  Here,”  “The  Mis- 
sissippi Flood,”  “A  Barnyard,”  "'Ll  Ter  Gim- 
me Some?  Say!”  are  the  titles  of  some  of  his 
prominent  pictures.  In  his  eightieth  year  Mr. 
Beard  painted  “ The  Last  Victim  of  the  Deluge,” 
which  was  exhibited  with  his  portrait  of 
General  Sherman  at  the  fall  exhibition  of 
the  National  academy  of  1891,  and  attracted 
a great  deal  of  attention  and  comment.  His 
four  sons,  James  Carter,  Henry,  Frank,  and 
Daniel,  adopted  art  as  their  profession  and  be- 
came noted  artists.  He  died  in  New  York  city 
April  4,  1898. 

BEARD,  Richard,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Sumner  county,  Tenn.,  Nov.  27,  1799,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Cumberland  university,  Tenn.,  in  1832, 
and  was  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  there  until 
1838,  when  he  was  elected  professor  of  languages 
in  Sharon  college,  Miss.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
president  of  Cumberland  college,  remaining  in 
that  office  until  1854,  when  he  resigned  to  accept 
the  professorship  of  systematic  theology  in  the 
same  institution.  For  several  terms  he  was  mod- 
erator of  the  general  assembly.  His  principal 
published  works  were:  “ Lectures  on  Theology  ” 
(3  vols.,  1870),  and  “Why  I am  a Cumberland 
Presbyterian  ” (1874).  He  was  the  leading  theo- 
logical scholar  of  his  organization.  He  died  in 
Lebanon,  Tenn.,  Dec.  2,  1880. 

BEARD,  William  Holbrook,  painter,  was  born 
at  Painesville,  Ohio,  April  13,  1825;  son  of  J.  IT. 
Beard,  a pioneer  captain  on  Lake  Erie,  and 
brother  of  James  H.  Beard,  the  well-known  artist. 
From  his  earliest  childhood  he  showed  a strong 
love  for  drawing  and  painting,  but  received  little 
encouragement  from  his  family.  He  began  by 
drawing  animals,  and  by  persistent  and  intelli- 
gent study  of  nature  he  mastered  many  techni- 
calities which  years  of  instruction  might  not  have 
given  him.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  began 
to  travel  from  place  to  place  as  a portrait-painter, 
and  after  spending  a few  years  thus  he  went  to 
New  York  city  and  took  a short  course  of  instruc- 
tion from  his  brother.  He  opened  a studio  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1850.  and  became  very  success- 
ful, making  a specialty  of  animal  pictures.  He 
remained  in  that  city'  for  ten  years,  meanwhile 
making  a journey  to  Europe  and  studying  in 

f2 


Rome,  Switzerland  and  Dusseldorf.  In  1860  he 
removed  to  New  York  city',  and  two  years  later 
, was  made  a National  academician.  He  opened  his 
studio  in  the  Tenth  street  studio  building.  Though 
a painter  of  great  versatility,  Mr.  Beard's  hap- 
piest work  is  shown  in  his  pictures  of  allegory' 
and  animals,  many  of  the  latter  being  of  a 
humorous  and  satirical  nature.  Among  the 
better  known  of  his  pictures  are:  “ Kittens  and 
Guinea  Pig  ” (1859) ; “ The  Astronomers,”  “ Su- 
sanna and  the  Elders  ” (1860) ; “ Bears  on  a 
Bender  ” (1862) ; “ Bear  Dance  ” (1865) ; “ March 
of  Silenus  ” (1866);  “Raining  Cats  and  Dogs” 
(1867) ; “ Fallen  Land-Mark  ” (1867) ; “ Death  of 
Chivalry,”  and  “The  Good  Shepherd”;  “He 
Leadeth  Me  Beside  the  Still  Waters”  (1869); 
“Pets  on  a Spree,”  and  “Dickens  and  his 
Characters”  (1871);  “The  Wreckers”  (1874); 
“ Runaway  Match  ” (1876) ; “ Worn  Out  ” 

(1876);  “Divorce  Court”  (1877);  “ Bulls  and 
Bears  in  Wall  Street”  (1879);  “Voices  of  the 
Night”  (1881);  “In  the  Glen”  (1882);  “Cattle 
Upon  a Thousand  Hills”  (1883);  “Overboard!” 

’ A Witches’  Night,”  “ Spirit  of  the  Storm  ” 
(1893) ; and  “ Undine,”  “ The  Coming  of  Day  ” 
(1894);  “The  Sky  was  Full  of  Forms,”  “ Birth 
of  the  Elf”  (1895);  “Banished”  (1895);  the 
seasons — “ Spring,”  “Summer,”  “ Fall,”  “ Win 
ter”  (1895);  the  elements — "Air,”  “Earth,” 
“ Fire,”  “ Water  ” (1895). 

BEARDSLEE,  Leslie  A.,  naval  officer,  was 
born  at  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  1,  1836.  He  was 
appointed  midshipman,  March  5,  1850,  and  served 
in  the  East  Indies  until  January,  1855,  participated 
in  one  battle  and  several  skirmishes  with  the 
Chinese  at  Shanghai,  and  from  October,  1855,  to 
June,  1856,  was  stationed  at  the  naval  academy 
at  Annapolis.  He  was  promoted  passed  midship- 
man June  20.  1856;  master.  Jan.  22,  1858,  and 
lieutenant.  July  23,  1859.  From  1860  to  1863  he 
was  on  the  sloop  Germantown  on  the  coast  of 
Africa.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-commander 
July  16,  1862,  serving  until  1863  with  the  North 
Atlantic  squadron.  He  participated  in  the  attack 
on  the  defences  of  Charleston  harbor,  April  7. 
1863,  and  in  October.  1864.  assisted  in  capturing 
the  Confederate  steamer  Florida,  of  which  vessel 
he  was  made  commander,  taking  her  to  Hampton 
Roads,  Va.  From  1865  to  1869  he  served  in  the 
West  Indies,  in  the  East  India  squadron,  and  in 
the  Pacific  squadron.  On  June  12.  1869,  he  was 
commissioned  commander.  He  served  in  the 
hydrographic  office  in  the  navy  department  at 
Washington,  1869-’70;  on  the  steam-tug  Palos. 
April.  1870,  to  January,  1871;  in  the  hydrographic 
office.  1871-72 ; in  the  navy  yard  at  Washington. 
1872-75:  on  the  United  States  board  for  testing 
iron,  steel  and  other  metals,  1875-79 ; commanding 
the  sloop  Jamestown , 1879-  80.  He  was  promoted 


BEARDSLEY. 


BEARDSLEY. 


captain  Nov.  26,  1880.  and  commanded  the  receiv- 
ing-ship Franklin,  the  steam  frigate  Powhattan, 
and  the  receiving-ship  Vermont  at  various  periods 
until  November,  1891,  when  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  naval  station  at  Port  Royal, 
S.  C.  He  was  made  rear-admiral  on  the  retiredlist 
Feb.  24,  1897,  on  which  date  an  international 
water  carnival  was  given  in  his  honor  in  the  bay 
of  San  Diego,  Cal.,  in  which  three  British  and 
six  United  States  naval  vessels  took  part,  and  a 
land  parade  which  included  upwards  of  sixty 
thousand  soldiers  and  sailors. 

BEARDSLEY,  Arthur,  educator,  was  born  in 
Esopus,  Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  1,  1843;  son 
of  Jonathan  and  Laura  (Coutant)  Beardsley. 
His  first  American  ancestor,  William  Beardsley, 
sailed  from  London  in  the  ship  Planter,  in  April, 
1635.  and  became  one  of  the  original  proprietors 
and  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Stratford,  Conn. 
His  mother  was  descended  from  Jean  Coutant,  a 
Huguenot  refugee,  who  settled  at  New  Rochelle, 
N.  Y.,  about  1690.  He  attended  the  Dutchess 
county  academy,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  entered 
Bowdoin  college,  Brunswick,  Me.,  in  1862,  but 
through  a change  in  his  plans  he  left  there  in 
1864  and  went  to  the  Rensselaer  polytechnic 
institute,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1867  with  the  degree  of  C.E.  He  was  appointed 
assistant  civil  engineer  of  the  Hoosac  tunnel,  then 
one  of  the  great  practical  schools  of  engineering. 
He  resigned  in  June,  1868,  and  spent  the  following 
year  in  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. , as  a civil  engineer 
and  architect.  In  June,  1869,  he  was  appointed 
instructor  of  civil  enigneering,  physics  and  in- 
dustrial mechanics  in  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota, and  in  June,  1870,  was  made  professor  of 
civil  engineering  and  industrial  mechanics  in  the 
same  university.  In  June,  1872,  he  accepted  the 
chair  of  applied  mathematics  and  physics  in 
Swarthmore  college,  Pennsylvania.  In  1888  his 
professorship  was  endowed  as  the  “ I.  V.  William- 
son Professorship  of  Engineering. ' ’ He  organized 
and  took  entire  charge  of  the  manual  training 
work  and  the  department  of  mechanical  arts  in 
Swarthmore  college,  and  designed  and  built  sev- 
eral college  and  other  buildings  and  residences  at 
Swarthmore  and  elsewhere.  He  was  made  a 
member  of  the  American  society  of  civil  en- 
gineers. American  society  of  mechanical  en- 
gineers. Franklin  institute  (chairman  for  1892  and 
1894  of  its  committee  on  science  and  the  arts; 
member  of  the  board  of  managers,  and  of  the 
committee  on  publications,  editing  the  journal  of 
the  Franklin  institute) ; Rensselaer  society  of  en- 
gineers, Societe  des  ingenieurs  civils  de  France, 
Society  of  naval  architects  and  marine  engineers, 
historical  society  of  Pennyslvania,  American 
association  for  the  advancement  of  science  (fel- 
low), etc.  He  was  librarian  of  Swarthmore  col- 


lege from  1877  until  1888,  and  vice-president  of 
the  same  from  1881  until  1886.  He  visited  Europe 
in  1886  to  study  foreign  technical  schools  and 
systems;  received,  in  1889,  the  honorary  degree 
of  Ph.D.  from  Swarthmore;  was  special  agent  of 
the  lltli  U.  S.  census  (building- stones,  etc.),  in 
1890),  and  was  appointed  postmaster  at  Swarth- 
more in  1895. 

BEARDSLEY,  Eben  Edwards,  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Stepney,  Conn. , in  1808  ; the  son  of  a 
prosperous  farmer  and  landholder.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Trinity  college,  Hartford,  in  1832,  as 
honor  man  of  his  class.  After  serving  for  three 
years  as  master  of  a classical  school  in  Hartford, 
and  as  tutor  in  Trinity  college,  he  was  ordained 
to  the  priesthood  of  the  Episcopal  church,  his  first 
incumbency  being  that  of  St.  Peter's  church, 
Cheshire,  Conn.  He  continued  in  charge  of  this 
parish  until  he  was  elected  principal  of  the 
Episcopal  academy  in  that  place,  an  office  which 
lie  held  for  several  years.  In  1848  he  accepted 
the  rectorship  of  St.  Thomas's  church,  New 
Haven,  and  continued  there  until  the  time  of  his 
death,  a period  of  forty-three  years.  Trinity 
college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  in 
1854,  and  Columbia  college  that  of  LL.D.  in  1874, 
in  recognition  of  his  valuable  contributions  to 
the  history  of  the  college  in  his  “ Life  and  Cor- 
respondence of  Samuel  Johnson,  D.D.,  Missionary 
of  the  Church  of  England  in  Connecticut  and 
First  President  of  King’s  College,  New  York  ” 
(1874),  and  “ Life  and  Times  of  William  Samuel 
Johnson,  president  of  Columbia  college,  New 
York  ” (1876).  In  historical  research  of  the  church 
in  Connecticut  he  became  a recognized  authority. 
He  published  the  “History  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  Connecticut,  from  the  Settlement  of 
the  Colony  to  the  Death  of  Bishop  Brownell,  in 
1865”  (2  vols.,  1865),  and  the  “Life  and  Cor- 
respondence of  the  Rt.  Rev.  Samuel  Seabury, 
D.D.,  First  Bishop  of  Connecticut,  and  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  of 
America”  (1881).  Besides  his  parochial  and 
literary  labors , Dr.  Beardsley  took  the  deepest 
interest  in  diocesan  and  general  ecclesiastical 
affairs.  For  thirty-four  years  he  was  a member 
of  the  standing  committee,  and  for  twenty-three 
years  a delegate  to  the  general  convention  of  the 
church  from  Connecticut,  and  in  1880  to  1883  he 
was  president  of  the  House  of  deputies.  He  died 
Dec.  21,  1891. 

BEARDSLEY,  Levi,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Hoosic,  Rensselaer  county,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  13,  1785; 
son  of  Obadiah  and  Eunice  (Moore)  Beardsley. 
When  he  was  about  four  years  old  he  removed 
with  his  father  to  Otsego  county,  and  after  at- 
tending the  district  school  and  working  for  a time 
on  his  father's  farm,  he  enlisted  at  the  age  of 
eighteen  in  the  militia.  In  1810  he  removed  to 


BEARDSLEY. 


BEATTY. 


Cherry  Valley,  where  he  read  law,  and  in  1812 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  soon  establishing  a good  practice.  In  1825 
he  was  elected  to  the  state  assembly,  serving 
through  the  session  of  1826,  and  in  1829  was 
elected  to  the  state  senate  for  four  years,  acting 
during  the  last  year  as  president  of  that  body. 
In  1834  he  was  again  elected  to  the  senate,  in 
1839  removed  to  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1842  went 
to  Columbus,  Ohio,  returning  in  1846  to 
New  York  city,  where  he  opened  a law  office. 
In  1852  he  published  a volume  of  “ Reminis- 
cences.” He  died  March  19,  1857. 

BEARDSLEY,  Samuel,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Hoosic,  N.  Y. , Feb.  9,  1790;  brother  of  Levi 
Beardsley,  jurist.  After  acquiring  an  academic 
education  he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1815,  and  practised  for  a time  at 
Rome,  Oneida  county,  of  which  he  was  appointed 
district-attorney.  In  1822  he  was  elected  to  the 
state  senate,  resigning  his  seat  in  that  body  to 
accept  the  office  of  first  judge  of  Oneida  county. 
From  1828  to  1830  he  was  U.  S.  attorney  for  north- 
ern New  York,  receiving  his  appointment  from 
President  Jackson.  In  1830  he  was  elected  as  a 
Democratic  representative  to  the  22d  Congress, 
and  re-elected  to  the  23d  and  24th  congresses, 
Serving  from  December,  1831,  to  July,  1836,  when 
he  was  appointed  attorney -general  to  the  state  of 
New  York.  He  was  elected  a representative 
to  the  28tli  Congress  in  1842,  but  served  less 
than  a year,  resigning  his  seat  February,  1844,  to 
become  associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  state  of  New  York.  From  this  position  he 
rose  to  that  of  chief  justice  in  1847,  succeeding 
Judge  Bronson.  He  was  an  able  jurist  and 
statesman,  and  while  in  Congress  made  several 
strong  and  eloquent  speeches.  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  Hamilton  college  in  1849. 
The  remainder  of  his  life  was  passed  in  Utica, 
where,  though  declining  public  offices,  he  made 
himself  conspicuous  in  all  public  movements, 
social  or  political.  He  was  a delegate  to  the 
national  Democratic  convention  which  met  in 
Cincinnati  in  1856,  and  was  the  controlling  factor 
in  the  nomination  of  James  Buchanan.  He  died 
in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  May  6,  1860. 

BEASLEY,  Frederick,  educator,  was  born 
near  Edenton,  N.  C.,  in  1777.  He  was  educated 
at  Nassau  hall.  Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  was  gradu- 
ated in  1797,  serving  as  tutor  in  the  college  until 
1800,  while  pursuing  his  theological  course.  He 
received  ordination  as  a priest  of  the  Episcopal 
church  in  1801,  and  was  rector  successively  of  St. 
John’s,  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.  (1803) ; St.  Peter’s, 
Albany,  N.  Y.  (1804),  and  St.  Paul’s,  Baltimore, 
Md.  (1809).  He  was  provost  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  from  1813  till  1828,  and  also  held 
the  chair  of  mental  and  moral  philosophy. 


During  this  time  he  acquired  distinction  as  the 
author  of  a metaphysical  work  in  defence  of  the 
philosophy  of  Locke.  The  degree  of  S.T.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania and  by  Columbia  college  in  1815.  In  1829 
he  resigned  his  collegiate  offices  and  accepted 
a cure  in  Trenton,  but  in  1836  the  impairment  of 
his  health  caused  his  retirement  to  Elizabeth- 
town, where  he  pursued  in  privacy  his  theological 
and  literary  studies.  Some  of  his  published  works 
are:  “ An  Examination  of  the  Oxford  Divinity,” 
“ A Search  of  Truth  in  the  Science  of  the  Human 
Mind,”  “American  Dialogues  of  the  Dead” 
(1815) ; “ A Vindication  of  the  Argument  in 
Proof  of  the  Being  and  Attributes  of  God  ” 
(1825) ; “ Review  of  Brown’s  Philosophy  of  the 
Human  Mind”  (1825);  “A  Vindication  of  the 
Fundamental  Principles  of  Truth  and  Order  in 
the  Church  of  Christ,”  a reply  to  certain  views 
of  Dr.  Manning  (1830).  His  writings  are  vol- 
uminous, and  largely  relate  to  metaphysics  and 
moral  science.  He  died  Nov.  2,  1845. 

BEATTY,  Charles,  missionary,  was  born  in 
the  north  of  Ireland  about  1715.  He  received  an 
excellent  classical  education  in  his  native  coun- 
try, and  when  quite  a youth  emigrated  to  Amer- 
ica. Being  penniless,  he  was  obliged  to  peddle 
from  door  to  door  to  earn  his  bread,  and  while  fol- 
lowing this  business  called  at  the  Log  college, 
which  was  situated  in  Bucks  county,  Pa,,  about 
twenty  miles  north  of  Philadelphia.  Beatty  saw 
Mr.  Tennant,  the  founder  and  principal,  and 
astonished  him  by  addressing  him  in  good  Latin. 
Further  conversation  showing  that  the  youth  was 
bright  and  well  educated  in  spite  of  his  ignoble 
calling,  Mr.  Tennant  advised  him  to  sell  the  con- 
tents of  his  pack  and  return  to  the  Log  college  to 
finish  his  education.  The  kind  offer  was  ac- 
cepted, and  at  the  age  of  twenty -seven  Mr.  Beatty 
was  ordained  to  the  ministry.  He  was  a popular 
evangelical  preacher,  settling  first  at  the  church 
at  Neshaminy,  the  pulpit  having  been  left  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Mr.  Tennant.  Later  he  left  his 
church  to  go  among  the  Indians  as  a missionary. 
He  believed,  and  tried  to  prove,  that  the  Ameri- 
can Indians  were  descendants  of  the  lost  tribes  of 
Israel.  In  1761  he  was  appointed  by  the  synod 
an  agent  for  the  widows’  fund,  established  for 
the  benefit  of  the  families  of  poor  Presbyterian 
ministers.  In  1763  he  was  appointed  a trustee  of 
the  College  of  New  Jersey.  On  Aug.  12,  1766.  he 
started  on  a two  months'  missionary  tour  with 
George  Duffield.  an  account  of  which  was  pub- 
lished in  the  “ Journal  of  Two  Months’  Tour 
among  the  Frontier  Inhabitants  of  Pennsylvania  ” 
(1878).  He  was  afterwards  appointed  to  collect 
funds  for  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  and  in 
pursuance  of  this  object  he  went  to  the  island  of 
Barbadoes,  where  he  died  Aug.  13,  1772. 

[240J 


BEATTY. 


BEAUREGARD. 


BEATTY,  John,  soldier,  was  born  near  San- 
dusky city,  Ohio,  Sept.  16.  1828.  After  attending 
the  common  schools  and  acquiring  a fair  education 
he  entered  a hanking  house  at  Cardington. 
Though  always  more  or  less  identified  with  local 
politics,  he  did  not  hold  office  until  1860,  when  he 
was  made  a presidential  elector.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  Union  army 
as  private  in  the  3d  Ohio  infantry  and  won  speedy 
promotion  from  private  to  the  ranks  of  captain, 
lieutenant-colonel,  colonel,  and,  in  1863,  brigadier- 
general.  He  saw  active  service  in  the  West 
Virginia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  Alabama 
campaigns,  and  had  two  horses  shot  under  him 
while  commanding  his  brigade  at  Murfreesboro. 
He  also  opened  the  fighting  at  Chickamauga. 
In  1864  he  retired  from  the  army.  He  was 
elected  to  a vacant  seat  as  a representative  from 
Ohio  in  the  40th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  41st  and  42d,  serving  from  Feb.  5,  1868,  to 
March  13,  1871.  He  acted  as  presidential  elector 
at  large  for  the  Republican  party  in  1884.  He  is 
the  author  of  an  autobiographical  book  entitled 
“The  Citizen-Soldier;  or,  Memoirs  of  a Volun- 
teer ” (1879),  and  “ The  Belle  o'  Becket’s  Lane  ” 
(1882). 

BEATTY,  Ormond,  educator,  was  born  in 
Mason  county,  Kentucky,  Aug.  13,  1815;  son  of 
Adam  and  Sarah  (Green)  Beatty.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Centre  college  in  1835,  and  after 
spending  a year  at  Yale  he  returned  to  take  the 
chair  of  natural  and  physical  science  in  the  col- 
lege. In  1847  Centre  college  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  A.M.,  and  in  1868  he  received  that 
of  LL.D.  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  From 
1847  to  1852  he  was  professor  of  mathematics.  In 
1870  he  was  elected  president  of  the  college  and 
professor  of  metaphysics,  and  held  that  office  until 
June  19,  1888.  Ho  died  June  24,  1890. 

BEATTY,  Samuel,  soldier,  was  born  in  Mifflin 
county,  Pa.,  Dec.  16,  1820,  and  received  a com- 
mon school  education  in  Jackson,  Ohio.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  war,  was  sheriff  of  his 
county  in  1857  and  1859.  He  was  made  colonel  of 
the  19th  Ohio  volunteers  in  1861,  brigadier- 
general  in  1862,  commanding  a division  at  Stone 
River,  Tenn.,  and  attained  the  rank  of  brevet 
major-general  in  1865.  In  1866  he  was  retired, 
and  died  in  Jackson,  Ohio,  May  26,  1885. 

BEAUCHAMP,  William,  circuit  preacher,  was 
born  in  Kent  county,  Del.,  April  26,  1772,  son  of 
a Methodist  preacher  who  removed  to  Virginia 
and  settled  on  the  Monongahela  river  in  1788. 
The  son  acquired  a good  education,  and  in  1790 
taught  school  in  Monongahela.  The  following 
year  he  began  to  preach,  and  in  1793  left  his 
father's  house  and  travelled  the  circuit  with  the 
presiding  elder.  In  1794  he  joined  the  itinerancy, 
and  travelled  two  years  on  the  Alleghany  circuit, 


being  ordained  as  deacon  in  1796.  He  was  after- 
wards in  Pittsburg.  New  York.  Boston.  Province- 
town.  Mass.,  and  in  Nantucket.  In  1807  he  re 
turned  to  Virginia  and  remained  there  until  1815, 
when  he  removed  to  Chillicothe.  Ohio,  to  become 
editor  of  the  Western  Christian  Monitor,  at  that 
time  the  only  existing  Methodist  periodical.  In 
1817  he  removed  to  Illinois,  where  he  founded  a 
settlement,  and  built  up  the  town  of  Mt.  Carmel, 
and,  says  a biographer,  “Showed  himself  the 
truly  great  man  in  all  the  details  of  this  new 
business,  planning  public  measures  and  economi- 
cal arrangements,  devising  mechanical  improve- 
ments, for  which  he  had  rare  genius,  directing 
the  instruction  of  the  youth  and  simplifying  its 
modes,  ministering  as  pastor  to  the  congregation, 
and  meanwhile  advancing  in  his  own  personal 
studies  and  improvement.”  In  1822  he  was  at 
St.  Louis,  in  the  itinerant  ministry,  and  in  1823 
was  made  presiding  elder  of  the  Indiana  district, 
which  included  eleven  large  circuits.  As  a 
preacher  he  was  gifted  with  overpowering  elo- 
quence, though  his  style  was  quite  free  from  any 
element  of  the  sensational,  and  he  was  designated 
the  “ Demosthenes  of  the  West.”  He  was  the 
author  of  “Essays  on  the  Truth  of  Christian 
Religion”  (1811).  He  died  Oct.  7,  1824. 

BEAUMONT,  John  G.,  naval  officer,  was  born 
in  Pennsylvania,  Aug.  27,  1821.  At  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  became  a midshipman  in  the  U.  S. 
navy,  and  after  thirteen  years  of  service  was  pro- 
moted master.  His  next  promotion  occurred 
Aug.  29, 1855,  when  he  was  made  lieutenant.  He 
was  promoted  commander  in  1862,  and  as  such 
served  on  the  Aroostook  of  the  North  Atlantic 
blockading  squadron.  He  commanded  a moni- 
tor in  the  attacks  on  the  forts  in  Charleston 
harbor,  S.  C.,  and  in  the  reduction  of  Fort  Wag- 
ner, and  was  connected  with  the  North  Atlantic 
squadron  as  commander  of  the  Mackinaw  in  the 
two  assaults  on  Fort  Fisher.  He  was  promoted 
captain  in  1872,  and  died  Aug.  2,  1882. 

BEAUREGARD,  Pierre  Gustave  Toutant,  sol- 
dier, was  born  near  New  Orleans,  La..  May  28, 
1818.  He  was  graduated  from  West  Point,  July 
1,  1838,  was  promoted  2d  lieutenant  1st  artillery, 
and  transferred  to  the  engineer  corps,  July  7, 1838. 
He  was  employed  in  construction  service  at  Fort 
Adams,  Barataria  Bay  and  Fort  McHenry  until 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Mexican  war  in  1845,  when 
he  was  sent  to  superintend  the  construction  of 
fortifications  at  Tampico,  and  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  Cerro  Gordo,  Contreras, 
Chapultepec,  and  at  the  capture  of  the  city  of 
Mexico,  where  he  was  wounded  while  storming  the 
“Causeway  Battery,”  Sept.  13,  1847.  For  his 
gallantry  in  these  actions  he  was  brevetted  major. 
He  was  promoted  to  a captaincy  of  engineers, 
March  3,  1853.  At  the  close  of  the  Mexican  war 
r 24 1 j 


BEAUREGARD. 


BEATEN. 


he  was  placed  in  charge  of  t lie  " Mississippi  and 
Lake  Defences”  in  Louisiana.  In  November, 
1800,  he  became  the  superintendent  of  the  mili- 
tary academy  at  West  Point,  a position  which  he 
held  but  a few  days, 
owing  to  the  crisis  in 
the  affairs  of  the 
country,  and  to  the 
state  of  his  own  con- 
victions. Two  months 
later  he  resigned  his 
commission  in  the 
United  States  army, 
and  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Confeder- 
acy with  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general.  He 
was  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  South 
Carolina  troops  at 
Charleston,  S.C.,andin  April.  1861,  opened  fire  on 
Fort  Sumter,  which  surrendered  after  a bombard- 
ment of  thirty-six  hours.  At  Manassas,  July  21, 
1861,  where  he  had  command,  in  conjunction 
with  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  he  was  victorious,  and 
in  the  spring  of  1862  he  stepped  into  the  breach, 
when  Gen.  A.  S.  Johnston  was  killed  at  Shiloh, 
and  conducted  an  orderly  retreat  , halting  his  army 
at  Corinth,  which  position  he  was  obliged  to  evacu- 
ate after  holding  it  stubbornly  for  six  or  seven 
weeks.  After  a short  leave  of  absence,  made 
necessary  by  illness,  be  was  again  given  command 
of  the  defences  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  with  the 
full  rank  of  general.  With  scant  and  utterly  in- 
adequate resources,  he  held  over  three  hundred 
miles  of  assailable  coast  line  against  the  formid- 
able attacks  of  land  forces  under  Generals  Gill- 
more  and  Hunter  and  the  combined  naval  forces 
of  Admirals  Dupont  and  Dahlgren,  from  Sep- 
tember, 1862,  to  April,  1864.  In  1864,  when  Grant 
was  investing  Richmond,  General  Beauregard 
was  summoned  to  the  assistance  of  Lee.  He 
defeated  General  Butler  at  Drury's  Bluff,  and 
made  a brilliant  defence  at  Petersburg.  In  Octo- 
ber, 1864,  as  commander  of  the  military  division 
of  the  west,  he  made  a futile  attempt  to  check 
the  march  of  the  Federal  army  through  Georgia, 
and  joined  forces  with  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston  in 
North  Carolina,  where  both  officers  surrendered 
to  Sherman  in  April,  1865.  After  peace  was 
restored  he  became  president  of  the  New  Orleans, 
Jackson  and  Mississippi  railroad.  In  18T0  he  was 
appointed  adjutant-general  of  the  state  of 
Louisiana  and  later  became  the  manager  of  the 
Louisiana  state  lottery.  (See  “ Military  Opera- 
tions of  General  Beauregard  in  the  War  between 
States,  1861-65,”  by  Col.  Alfred  Roman.)  Gen- 
eral Beauregard  wrote  and  published:  “The 

Principles  and  Maxims  of  the  Art  of  War  ” 


(Charleston,  1863) ; a “Report  of  the  Defence  of 
Charleston”  (Richmond,  1864);  and  “A  Com- 
mentary on  the  Campaign  and  Battle  of  Ma- 
nassas” (New  York,  1891).  His  death  occurred 
in  New  Orleans,  Feb.  20,  1893. 

BEAVEN,  Daniel  Thomas,  R.  C.  bishop,  was 
born  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  in  1849.  He  received 
his  primary  education  in  the  common  schools  of 
his  native  town,  and  subsequently  pursued  his 
classical  course  in  the  college  of  the  Holy  Cross, 
Worcester,  Mass.,  being  graduated  from  this  in- 
stitution in  1870  with  high  honors.  He  was 
professor  at  Loyola  college,  Baltimore,  for  the 
following  two  years,  and  in  1872  entered  the 
Montreal  college  for  his  ecclesiastical  course. 
On  Dec.  25,  1872,  Mr.  Beaven  was  ordained  a 
priest  and  placed  himself  at  the  disposal  of  Bishop 
O’Reilly.  He  was  first  appointed  assistant  to 
Rev.  J.  Carson  at  Spencer,  Mass.,  filling  this  po- 
sition until  July,  1879,  when  he  succeeded  to  the 
pastorate.  Soon  after  he  became  pastor,  he 
decided  to  erect  a magnificent  new  church,  but 
active  operations  were  not  begun  until  May  10, 
1882,  when  he  was  enabled  to  lay  the  corner- 
stone. In  1887  the  handsome  edifice,  St.  Mary’s 
of  Spencer,  was  dedicated,  Bishop  O’Reilly  offi- 
ciating. Father  Beaven  remained  at  Spencer  for 
thirteen  years,  and  the  good  effects  of  his 
ministry  have  left  an  indelible  stamp  upon  the 
place  and  people.  In  October,  1889,  he  was 
appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  church  of  the 
Holy  Rosary  at  Holyoke,  Mass.,  and  served  there 
until  he  received  his  appointment  to  the  bishopric 
of  Springfield.  He  was  consecrated  with  impos- 
ing ceremonies  on  Oct.  18,  1892,  at  St.  Michael’s 
cathedral,  Springfield,  Mass.  Bishop  Beaven 
became  noted  for  his  scholarly  attainments  and 
executive  ability.  As  a lover  of  free  institutions 
he  publicly  proclaimed  his  devotion  to  the  Ameri- 
can republic  on  all  suitable  occasions.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Georgetown 
college. 

BEAVER  James,  Addams,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Millerstown,  Pa.,  Oct.  21,  1837.  When  fifteen 
years  old  he  became  a pupil  in  the  Pine  Grove 
academy,  and  before  he  was  seventeen  he  entered 
the  junior  class  of  Jefferson  college,  where  lie 
was  graduated  with  honor  in  1856.  He  studied 
law  with  Hon.  H.  N.  McAllister  in  Bellefonte, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1S58,  and  became  a 
partner  with  his  preceptor.  While  pursuing  his 
legal  studies  he  joined  the  Bellefonte  Fencibles, 
Capt.  Andrew  G.  Curtin.  He  gave  close  attention 
to  tactics,  and  was  made  2d  lieutenant  of  the  com 
pany.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  the 
Bellefonte  Fencibles  reported  at  Camp  Curtin, 
Harrisburg.  April  18,  186!.  At  the  close  of  their 
three  months’  term  of  enlistment  Lieutenant 
Beaver  aided  in  recruiting  the  45th  Pennsylvania 


[242] 


BEAVER. 


BECK. 


regiment,  and  was  made  its  lieutenant-colonel. 
As  colonel  of  the  148th  regiment  Pennsylvania 
volunteers  he  reported  to  General  Hancock  at 
Falmouth,  Va.,  Dec.  18,  1862,  and  was  assigned  to 
the  1st  brigade,  1st  division,  2d  army  corps.  He 

was  severely  wound- 
ed at  Chancellors - 
ville,  May,  1863.  He 
then  served  as  an 
emergency  man  on 
the  staff  of  General 
Couch,  and  was 
assigned  to  duty  as 
c o m in  andant  of 
Camp  Curtin.  On 
July  15  he  rejoined 
his  regiment.  He 
was  in  action  at 
Auburn  Mills,  Oct. 

14,  and  at  Mine 
Run,  Nov.  26,  1863. 

In  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  May  7,  1864, 
Colonel  Beaver  guarded  the  rear  of  the  army 
as  it  advanced  on  Spottsylvania,  and  he  received 
the  thanks  of  General  Hancock  for  bringing  in 
every  man.  Before  reaching  Spottsylvania  his 
regiment  was  cut  off,  the  woods  on  fire  threaten- 
ing the  rear  and  the  Confederate  line  converging 
upon  it  in  front.  Colonel  Beaver  swung  the  line 
of  the  regiment  so  that  the  right  rested  on  the 
river,  and  after  pouring  volley  after  volley  upon 
the  enemy,  he,  under  a withering  fire,  forded 
the  river.  Two  days  later,  in  the  battle  of 
Spottsylvania,  his  regiment  lost,  by  wounds  or 
death,  one  man  in  every  five,  and  for  his  heroism 
Colonel  Beaver  was  assigned  to  the  command  of 
the  3d  brigade,  hut  declined,  preferring  to  remain 
with  his  regiment.  On  June  1,  1864,  Colonel 
Beaver,  with  his  regiment,  was  at  Cold  Harbor, 
stationed  on  the  left  of  the  line,  and  after  a des- 
perate charge  the  works  were  carried,  and  three 
hundred  prisoners,  three  guns  and  a flag  were 
captured,  and  Colonel  Beaver  took  command  of 
the  brigade,  General  Brooke  being  wounded.  On 
June  16,  1864,  in  charging  the  Confederate  re- 
doubts, Colonel  Beaver  was  dangerously  wounded. 

At  Ream's  station,  Aug.  25,  1864,  he  went  to 
the  field  in  an  ambulance,  was  assigned  to  com- 
mand his  old  brigade,  and  was  scanning  the 
skirmish  line,  when  a shot  crushed  his  right  thigh. 

His  leg  was  amputated  at  the  hip.  On  Nov.  10, 
1864,  he  was  promoted  brevet  brigadier-general 
“for  Highly  meritorious  and  distinguished  conduct 
throughout  the  campaign,  particularly  for  valu- 
able service  at  Cold  Harbor,  while  commanding  a 
brigade.”  On  Dec.  22,  1864,  he  was  mustered  out 
of  service  “ on  account  of  wounds  received  in 
battle.”  General  Beaver  resumed  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  In  1865  he  was  the  Republican  can- 

L -43  J 


didate  for  the  state  legislature.  He  gained  759 
votes  from  Democrats,  but  was  defeated  by  141 
votes.  General  Beaver  was  married,  Dec.  26,  1865, 
to  Mary,  daughter  of  H.  N.  McAllister.  He  was 
president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Pennsylvania 
state  college ; trustee  of  Washington  and  Jeffer- 
son college,  and  one  of  the  commission  that  built 
the  insane  asylum  at  Warren,  Pa.  He  was  chosen 
delegate  to  the  national  Republican  convention 
that  met  in  Chicago  in  1880,  and  was  chairman 
of  the  Pennsylvania  delegation.  His  first  choice  as 
candidate  was  General  Grant,  but  when  General 
Garfield  was  nominated  he  seconded  the  nom- 
ination. General  Beaver  was  nominated  for 
governor  by  acclamation  at  the  Republican 
convention  that  met  in  Harrisburg,  June  10,  1882, 
but  because  of  internal  dissensions  in  regard  to 
party  management  and  the  nomination  of  an  in- 
dependent Republican  ticket,  the  entire  Demo- 
cratic ticket  was  elected.  He  was  again  the 
unanimous  choice  of  his  party  for  governor  in 
1886,  and  was  elected  by  a plurality  of  over  forty 
thousand.  He  was  inaugurated  Jan.  18, 1887,  and 
served  until  January,  1891.  Upon  his  retirement 
he  returned  to  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and 
to  the  development  of  large  business  interests 
requiring  his  personal  attention.  The  legislature 
in  1895,  in  view  of  the  burdens  resting  upon  the 
supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania,  which  is  the  court 
of  last  resort  in  that  state,  provided  for  the 
organization  of  another  appellate  court.  In 
November,  1895,  General  Beaver  was  elected  a 
judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Pennsylvania  as 
organized  July  1,  1895,  to  serve  for  ten  years  from 
the  first  Monday  of  January,  1896. 

BECK,  James  Burnie,  senator,  was  born  in 
Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  Feb.  13,  1822.  He  came 
to  the  United  States  with  his  father,  a hard- 
working Scotch  farmer,  some  twenty-two  years 
later,  and  settled  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  in  1845, 
where  he  obtained  employment  as  overseer  of  a 
farm.  He  had  received  an  academical  education 
in  Scotland  and  entered  the  Transylvania  uni- 
versity law  school,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1846.  He  formed  a partnership  with  John  C. 
Breckinridge  and  practised  law  at  Lexington,  Ky. 
In  1866  he  was  elected  as  a representative  to  the 
40th,  and  re-elected  to  the  41st,  42d,  43d  and  44th 
congresses  on  the  Democratic  ticket.  In  1876  he 
was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  and  was 
appointed  member  of  the  commission  to  define 
the  Mary  land- Virginia  boundary.  He  took  his 
seat  in  the  senate  on  March  4,  1877,  and  retained 
it  until  his  death.  During  his  congressional  life 
Senator  Beck  served  on  many  important  com- 
mittees, and  took  a prominent  part  in  many 
notable  debates.  He  was  specially  interested  in 
economical  questions  pertaining  to  the  tariff  and 
the  currency.  He  died  May  3,  1890. 


BECK. 


BECKER. 


BECK,  John  Broadhead,  physician,  was  born 
at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  18,  1794;  son  of 
Caleb  Beck  and  brother  of  Tlieodoric  Romeyn 
Beck.  He  was  educated  by  his  uncle,  John  B. 
Romeyn,  a Dutch  Reformed  clergyman,  and  was 
graduated  at  Columbia  college  in  1813.  He 
studied  medicine  and  established  himself  in  prac- 
tice in  New  York  city,  taking  high  rank  in  his 
profession.  He  was  for  seven  years  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  New  York  Medical  and  Physical  Jour- 
nal, and  occupied,  at  different  times  from  1826  to 
1851,  the  chairs  of  materia  medica,  botany  and 
medical  jurisprudence  in  the  N.  Y.  college  of 
physicians  and  surgeons.  He  was  for  ten  years 
physician  of  the  N.  Y.  hospital.  His  most  im- 
portant writings  are:  “ Medical  Essays  ” (1845); 
“Infant  Therapeutics”  (1849),  and  “Historical 
Sketch  of  the  State  of  Medicine  in  the  Colonies  ” 
(1850).  He  assisted  his  brother  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  " Medical  Jurisprudence  ” (1823),  a work 
that  became  a standard  authority.  He  died  at 
Rhinebeck.  N.  Y.,  April  9,  1851. 

BECK,  Theodoric  Romeyn,  physician,  was 
born  in  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  April  11,  1791;  son 
of  Caleb  Beck,  of  English  descent.  He  obtained 
his  education  at  Union  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1807.  He  then  studied  medicine  at 
the  College  of  physicians  and  surgeons  in  New 
York  city.  After  taking  his  degree,  in  1811,  he 
began  his  practice  in  Albany.  He  accepted  the 
chair  of  medicine  and  was  lecturer  on  medical  jur- 
isprudence in  the  College  of  physicians  and  sur- 
geons of  western  New  York,  at  Fairfield.  The 
trustees  of  Albany  academy  made  him  principal 
in  1817,  which  position  he  held  for  thirty-one 
years.  He  was  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence 
at  the  college  at  Fairfield  from  1826  to  1836,  and 
professor  of  materia  medica  for  the  following  four 
years.  In  1840  he  was  appointed  to  fill  a similar 
chair  in  the  Albany  medical  college,  where  he 
remained  for  fourteen  years.  Meanwhile  he  held 
positions  as  president  of  the  New  York  state 
medical  society,  manager  of  the  State  lunatic 
asylum  and  president  of  its  board  of  managers, 
and  editor  of  the  American  Journal  of  Insanity. 
He  wrote  numerous  scientific  articles  which  were 
published  in  periodicals.  He  was,  the  author  of 
“ An  Inaugural  Dissertation  on  Insanity  ” (1811), 
and,  in  connection  with  his  brother  John,  “ Ele- 
ments of  Medical  Jurisprudence  ” (2  vols.,  1823), 
which  reached  its  twelfth  edition  in  1863.  He 
died  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  19,  1855. 

BECKER,  George  Ferdinand,  geologist,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  5,  1847.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard,  with  the  class  of  1868, 
pursued  his  scientific  studies  at  Heidelberg,  where 
lie  was  made  doctor  of  philosophy  in  1869.  passing 
the  final  examinations  of  the  Royal  school  of 
mines  at  Berlin  in  1871.  He  was  connected  for 


some  time  with  the  U.  S.  geological  survey,  being 
stationed  in  the  California  division,  and  later  was 
appointed  special  agent  in  connection  with  the 
precious  metal  department  of  the  census  bureau. 
He  made  many  valuable  contributions  to  the 
literature  of  science,  including:  “ Atomic  Weight 
Determinations:  a Digest  of  the  Investigations 
Published  since  1814”  (1880);  “Geology  of  the 
Comstock  Lode  and  the  Washoe  District  " (1882) ; 
“ Statistics  and  Technology  of  the  Precious 
Metals  ” (with  S.  F.  Emmons,  1885) ; “ Geomet 
rical  Form  of  Volcanic  Cones”  (1885);  “Notes 
on  the  Stratigraphy  of  California"  (1885); 
“ Cretaceous  Metamorphic  Rocks  of  California  " 
(1886) ; “ A Theorem  of  Maximum  Dissipativity  " 
and  “ A New  Law  of  Thermo-Chemistry  ” (1886) : 
“ Geology  of  the  Quicksilver  Deposits  of  the 
Pacific  Slopes”  (1886);  “Finite  Homogeneous 
Strain,  Flow  and  Rupture  of  Rocks  ” (1893),  and 
“ Gold  Fields  of  the  Southern  Appalachians  " 
(1895). 

BECKER,  Thomas  A.,  R.  C.  bishop,  was  born 
in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in  1832,  of  German  and  Protes- 
tant parents.  He  received  his  early  education  in 
his  native  city,  where  his  thoughts  were  first 
turned  to  Roman  Catholicism.  As  his  mind  be- 
came more  mature  he  read  books  on  the  subject, 
and,  finally  being  convinced,  he  was  baptized,  re 
ceived  into  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  and  de 
cided  to  devote  his  life  to  the  priesthood.  With 
this  end  in  view  he  went  to  the  Propaganda  at 
Rome,  where  he  received  the  title  of  D.D.  In  1859 
Mr.  Becker  was  ordained  a priest,  and  shortly 
afterwards  returned  to  the  United  States.  After 
reaching  America  he  was  assigned  to  the  diocese 
of  Richmond,  attending  Martinsburg  and  Berkeley 
Springs.  It  was  during  this  service  that  the  civil 
war  devastated  the  territory  around  Richmond. 
Father  Becker  was  untiring  in  his  ministrations 
to  the  wounded  soldiers,  and  made  no  distinction 
between  those  of  the  North  and  South,  for  politics 
played  no  part  in  his  creed.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  was  removed  to  Baltimore,  where  he  was 
for  a time  on  duty  at  St.  Peter's  church.  Father 
Becker  was  subsequently  made  professor  of  theol- 
ogy, ecclesiastical  history,  and  sacred  scriptures 
in  Mt.  St.  Mary’s  college,  Emmittsburg,  Md.  He 
was  one  of  the  chief  secretaries  of  the  plenary 
council  that  assembled  in  Baltimore  in  1866,  the 
largest  of  the  kind  that  had  been  held  since  the 
general  council  of  Trent.  Father  Becker's  next 
appointment  was  at  the  cathedral  in  Riclunond. 
where  he  remained  until  he  was  created  bishop  of 
the  new  diocese  of  Wilmington.  Del.,  Aug.  23, 
1868.  Bishop  Becker  had  the  distinction  of  being 
the  man  who  originated  the  idea  of  a Catholic  uni- 
versity for  the  United  States;  he  began  the 
agitation  soon  after  he  became  a member  of  the 
hierarchy,  and  never  ceased  until  the  idea  became 


f244] 


BECKWITH. 


BECKWOURTH. 


an  assured  fact.  He  was  a prolific  contributor 
to  tlie  reviews  and  periodicals,  his  most  striking 
contributions  being  a series  of  articles,  published 
in  the  American  Catholic  Quarterly  Review,  on  the 
idea  of  a true  university.  On  March  26,  1886, 
Bishop  Becker  was  transferred  by  pontifical 
letters  to  the  diocese  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  to  suc- 
ceed Bishop  Gross. 

BECKWITH,  Amos,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Vermont,  Oct.  4,  1825.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point,  July  1,  1850,  and  began  his  career 
as  brevet  2d  lieutenant  of  artillery.  From  1850 
to  1853  he  served  in  the  Seminole  war,  and  from 
1853  to  1861  he  was  engaged  in  garrison  duty 
at  Forts  Monroe,  McHenry,  Key  West,  Barrancas 
and  Leavenworth.  In  1864-'65  he  was  in  active 
field  service  under  General  Sherman,  and  after 
the  close  of  the  war  was  engaged  in  commissary 
duty  in  the  western  and  southern  states.  For 
active  and  efficient  services  in  the  commissary 
department  during  the  civil  war  he  was  regularly 
promoted  until  on  March  13,  1865,  he  was  given 
the  brevet  ranks  of  major-general  and  of  briga- 
dier-general. He  died  Oct.  26,  1894. 

BECKWITH,  Edward  Griffin,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Cazenovia,  N.  Y.,  June  25,  1818.  After 
graduating  from  West  Point,  in  1842,  he  served 
in  garrison  at  Savannah,  as  2d  lieutenant  of  3d 
artillery,  until  1846,  when  he  was  appointed  for 
recruiting  service.  He  was  promoted  1st  lieu- 
tenant June  18,  1846,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  Mexican  war ; was  present  at  Tampico  and 
Vera  Cruz,  and  was  engaged  in  the  Pacific  rail- 
road survey  from  1853  to  1857,  and  in  constructing 
military  roads  in  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  1857-’59. 
He  was  promoted  captain  May  12,  1855,  and  during 
the  civil  war  served  in  the  commissary  depart- 
ment from  1861  to  1865,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  weeks  (Sept.  16  to  Nov.  16,  1863),  when  he 
acted  as  provost-marshal-general  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Gulf,  and  again  when  placed  for  a 
short  time  (from  August,  1863,  to  January,  1864) 
in  command  of  the  defences  of  New  Orleans.  On 
Feb.  8,  1864,  he  was  promoted  major,  and  on 
March  13,  1865,  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel, 
colonel,  and  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He 
was  continued  in  the  service  of  the  commissary 
department  after  the  close  of  the  war,  and  was 
mustered  out  May  31,  1866. 

BECKWITH,  James  Carroll,  artist,  was  born 
at  Hannibal,  Mo.,  Sept.  23,  1852;  son  of  N.  M. 
Beckwith,  U.  S.  commissioner-general  at  the  Paris 
exposition  of  1867.  He  studied  at  the  Academy  of 
design  in  Chicago,  and  in  1871  began  to  study  at 
the  National  academy,  New  York.  In  1873  he  went 
to  Paris,  where  he  studied  for  five  years  under  Car- 
olus Duran,  and  in  the  Paris  school  of  arts  under 
Yvon.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1878, 
organized  a class  for  the  Art  students’  league. 


New  York,  for  drawing  from  the  antique,  and 
opened  a studio.  In  1879  he  exhibited  at  the 
National  academy  of  design,  and  at  the  exhibi- 
tions of  the  American  society  of  artists.  In  1877 
“ Head  of  an  Old  Man  ” appeared  at  the  Salon  in 
Paris,  and  he  exhibited  at  the  same  place  “ Girl 
Reading,”  and  in  1890,  “Mr.  Isaacson.”  “The 
Falconer  ” was  shown  at  the  Paris  exposition  in 
1878,  and  three  portraits  appeared  at  the  exposi- 
tion of  1889,  for  which  he  received  a bronze 
medal ; he  also  exhibited  at  the  Royal  academy 
in  1892.  Mr.  Beckwith  was  a member  of  most 
of  the  American  art  clubs,  and  president  of  the 
National  free  art  league. 

BECKWITH,  John  Watrus,  2d  P.  E.  bishop 
of  Georgia,  and  86th  in  succession  in  the  Ameri- 
can episcopate,  was  born  in  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  Feb. 
9,  1831.  He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  college, 
Hartford,  in  1852,  was  ordained  a deacon  in  1854, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  priesthood  May  20,  1855. 
His  first  charge  was  at  Calvary  church,  Wades- 
boro,  N.  C. , but  he  soon  removed  to  Maryland  and 
became  rector  of  All  Hallows  parish,  Washington 
county.  At  the  opening  of  the  civil  war  he  went 
to  Alabama  as  rector  of  Trinity  church,  Demop- 
olis,  and  in  1865  accepted  the  rectorship  of  Trinity 
church,  New  Orleans,  where  he  remained  until  he 
was  elevated  to  the  episcopacy.  He  received  the 
degree  of  S.T.D.  from  Trinity  college,  Hartford, 
in  1867,  and  from  the  University  of  Georgia  in 
1868.  He  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Georgia  in 
St.  John’s  church,  Savannah,  April  2,  1868. 
Bishop  Beckwith  was  untiring  in  his  labors  for 
the  spiritual  and  material  development  and  pros- 
perity  of  his  see,  and  wielded  no  small  influence 
in  the  councils  of  the  church,  as  well  as  in  its 
jurisdiction.  Besides  his  addresses,  Lenten 
charges,  and  controversial  discourses,  Bishop 
Beckwith  contributed  an  interesting  monograph 
on  Bethesda  college  to  the  “ History  of  the  Ameri- 
can Episcopal  Church,  ” by  Bishop  Perry  of  Iowa. 
He  died  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Nov.  23,  1890. 

BECKWOURTH,  James  P.,  pioneer,  was  born 
at  Fredericksburg,  Va. , April  26,  1798.  His  father 
was  a major  in  the  revolutionary  army,  and  his 
mother  a negro  slave.  About  the  year  1805  lie 
removed  to  f^t.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  settled  on  the 
spot  afterwards  known  as  “ Beckwourth’s  Settle- 
ment.” When  young  Beckwourth  was  about  ten 
years  old  he  was  sent  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  at- 
tended school  for  four  years,  and  was  then 
apprenticed  to  a blacksmith  in  that  city.  At  the 
age  of  nineteen  he  joined  an  expedition  of  about 
one  hundred  men  to  go  up  the  Fever  river  and 
negotiate  a treaty  with  the  Sac  Indians ; and  that 
being  done,  he  remained  in  the  vicinity  for  more 
than  a year.  He  next  became  connected  with 
General  Asldey’s  Rocky  Mountain  fur  company. 
In  1823  he  carried  important  despatches  to  the 


BEDEL. 


BEDFORD. 


mountains  for  General  Ashley.  After  terrible 
sufferings  and  many  years  spent  among  the  In- 
dians, during  which  time  he  was  made  a chief  of 
the  Crows,  he  returned  to  his  family  at  St.  Louis, 
and  later  went  to  Florida,  where  he  carried  de- 
spatches for  the  United  States,  and  was  engaged 
in  fighting  the  Indians.  He  went  to  Mexico,  and 
in  1844  accompanied  a trading  expedition  to  Cali- 
fornia. At  the  breaking  out  of  the  California 
revolution  against  Governor  Micheltorena,  in 
1845,  lie  took  an  active  part.  He  was  engaged  by 
the  United  States  government  to  convey  de- 
spatches to  Chihuahua,  and  afterwards  from  Fort 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  to  California.  Some  time 
after  1849  he  discovered  a pass  through  the  Sierra 
Nevada  mountains,  which  was  named  “ Beck 
wourth’s  Pass,”  and  in  1852  became  a trader  in 
Beckwourth’s  Valley.  He  died  in  1867. 

BEDEL,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  the  Indian 
Stream  district,  in  northern  New  Hampshire,  July 
8,  1822;  son  of  Moody  Bedel,  general  in  the  U.  S. 
army.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Mexican  war 
he  enlisted  as  a volunteer  soldier,  and  in  1849  was 
promoted  to  a captaincy.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  and 
began  practice  at  Bath,  N.  H.,  in  1850,  and  from 
1853  to  1861  held  a position  in  the  treasury  de- 
partment at  Washington.  During  the  civil  war 
he  was  actively  engaged  as  colonel  of  the  3d  New 
Hampshire  volunteers.  He  was  captured  at  Foi't 
Wagner,  July  18,  1863,  and  held  for  one  year  and 
five  months  as  a prisoner  of  war.  After  beiixg 
paroled  he  was  made  brevet  brigadier-genxfral, 
and  in  July,  1865,  was  mustered  out  of  service. 
He  represented  Bath  in  the  state  legislature  and 
was  several  times  the  Democxatic  candidate  for 
the  governorship  of  the  state.  He  died  in  Bath. 
N.  H.,  Feb.  26,  1875. 

BEDELL,  Gregory  Thurston,  3d  P.  E.  bishop 
of  Ohio  and  67th  in  succession  in  the  Amei’ican 
episcopate,  was  born  at  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  17, 
1817;  son  of  the  Rev. Gregory  Townsend  Bedell. 
He  received  his  preparatory  education  at  the 
school  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  Flushing,  L.  I., 
was  graduated  from  Bristol  college,  Pa.,  in  1836, 
and  entered  the  Theological  seminary  of  Virginia 
in  1837,  having  spent  the  interim  in /teaching.  He 
recei ved  his  diaconate  at  the  hands  of  his  uncle, 
Bishop  Channing  Moore,  July  19.  1840.  and  the 
same  prelate  advanced  him  to  the  priesthood,  Aug. 
29.  1840.  His  first  charge  was  Holy  Trinity, 
West  Chester,  Pa.,  and  in  1843  he  assumed  the 
rectorship  of  the  Church  of  the  Ascension,  in 
New  York  city.  Norwich  university  confeiTed 
upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  in  1856. 
On  Oct.  13,  1859,  he  was  consecrated  assistant 
bishop  of  Ohio,  and  on  March  13,  1873,  oix  the 
death  of  Bishop  Mcllvaine,  he  succeeded  him 
as  bishop  of  Ohio.  After  serving  sixteen  years, 


Bishop  Bedell,  byi-easonof  increasing  infirmities, 
tendered  his  l-esignation,  and  it  was  accepted  by 
the  house  of  bishops,  Oct.  18,  1889.  Bishop  Bedell, 
by  inheritance  axxd  choice,  affiliated  with  the 
evangelical  branch  of  the  church.  His  episcopate 
was  laborious  and  abundantly  successfxxl.  Many 
of  his  sermons  were  published,  as  well  as  a pas- 
toral oix  “Ritual  Uniformity,”  “ Notes  of  the 
Oriental  Churches,”  “A  Manual  of  Pastoral 
Theology,”  “A  Centenaxy  of  the  American 
Episcopate,”  and  other  works  too  numerous  to 
mention,  with  which  he  enriched  the  literature 
of  the  church.  He  was  the  delegate  from  tlxe 
American  house  of  bishops  to  the  meeting  of  the 
Venerable  society  for  the  propagation  of  the 
gospel  in  London,  England,  upon  the  occasion  of 
the  centenary  commemoration  of  the  consecx-ation 
of  the  first  prelate  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  in  America,  and  preached  the  sermon  at 
St.  Paul's  cathedral.  He  died  March  11,  1892. 

BEDELL,  Gregory  Townsend,  clergyman, 
was  born  on  Staten  Island,  Oct.  28,  1793.  He  at- 
tended the  Episcopal  academy,  Cheshire,  Conn., 
and  in  1811  was  graduated  fi'oni  Columbia  college, 
and  ordained  to  the  priesthood  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  church  in  1814.  His  first  parish  was  at 
Hudson,  N.  Y. ; his  next,  at  Fayetteville,  N.  C. 
The  southern  climate  proving  unfavox-able  to  his 
health,  he  removed,  in  1822,  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  became  celebrated  as  a preacher,  and 
was  mainly  instrumental  in  building  up  the  parish 
of  St.  Andi’ew.  He  is  the  author  of  several  sacred 
poems  and  musical  compositions.  Among  lxis 
published  works  are:  “Bible  Studies,”  “Is  it 
Well:”  “It  is  Well,”  “ Ezekiel’s  Vision,  ” “Way 
Marks,  ”“  On  wax'd ; or,  Christian  Piogression.” 
He  died  at  Baltimore,  Md..  Aug.  30,  1834. 

BEDFORD,  Gunning,  patriot,  was  born  fix 
Philadelphia  about  1730.  He  served  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war  of  1755,  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant, and  became  a major  in  the  Continental 
army  in  March,  1775.  The  following  year  he  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Wlxite  Plains,  having  at 
that  time  the  rank  of  lieutenant -colonel,  and  on 
June  18th  of  tlxe  same  year  was  made  xnuster- 
master-general.  In  1783  he  was  elected  a delegate 
to  the  Continental  Congress,  serving  two  years. 
He  became  governor  of  Delaware  in  1796,  and  died 
while  in  office  at  New  Castle.  Del.,  Sept.  30.  1797. 

BEDFORD,  Gunning,  Jr.,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1747.  He  was  a cousin  of 
Gunning  Bedford,  patriot.  After  graduating 
from  the  College  of  New  Jei’sey,  in  1771,  as  vale- 
dictorian, lie  studied  law.  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  began  practice  at  Dover.  Del. , removing 
later  to  Wilmington.  He  served  during  the  revo- 
lutionaiy  war  as  a soldier,  and  was  for  a time 
aide-de-camp  to  General  Washington.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Delaware  house  of  representatives. 


BEDFORD. 


BEE. 


a member  of  the  Continental  Congress  (1783-  86), 
and  of  the  convention  that  framed  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  also  elected 
attorney -general  of  Delaware.  In  1789,  and  again 
in  1793,  he  was  a presidential  elector.  In  1789  he 
was  appointed  U.  S.  district  judge  by  President 
Washington,  and  this  position  he  held  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  March  30,  1812. 

BEDFORD,  Gunning  S.,  physician,  was  horn 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  1806;  a grand-nephew  of  Gun- 
ning Bedford,  Jr. , jurist.  He  was  graduated  from 
Mount  St.  Mary's  college,  Emmittsburg,  Md.,  in 
1825,  as  honor  man,  and  from  Rutgers  medical 
college  in  1829.  During  1831  and  1832  he  studied 
in  the  hospitals  of  Europe,  and  upon  his  return 
spent  some  three  years  teaching  in  the  medical 
colleges  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  and  Albany,  N.  Y. 
He  made  a specialty  of  obstetrics,  and  after  his 
removal  to  New  York,  in  1836,  he  established  a 
considerable  practice.  The  custom  of  holding 
obstetrical  clinics  where  indigent  women  may 
obtain  free  medical  advice  and  treatment  was 
initiated  in  the  United  States  by  Dr.  Bedford. 
He  was  also  instrumental,  in  connection  with  Dr. 
Valentine  Mott,  in  establishing  the  University 
medical  college,  New  York,  in  1840,  and  he  was 
professor  of  obstetrics  in  that  institution  until 
1862.  His  “ Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  ” 
and  his  “ Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics  ” 
passed  through  several  English  and  American 
editions,  were  translated  into  French  and  Ger- 
man, and  became  standard  authorities.  He 
translated  and  edited  Cliailly’s  “Midwifery,” 
Magrier's  “ Anatomy,  ” Bandelocque  on  “ Puer- 
peral Fever,”  Boisseau  on  “ Cholera,”  and  several 
other  French  works  of  great  importance.  His 
death  occurred  in  New  York  city,  Sept.  5,  1870. 

BED1NGER,  George  Michael,  representative, 
was  born  in  Virginia  about  1750.  He  emigrated 
to  Kentucky,  when  that  state  was  a wilderness, 
and  settled  near  what  became  known  as  Blue 
Licks.  In  the  engagement  against  Chillicothe, 
in  1779,  he  served  as  adjutant,  and  three  years 
later  was  major  at  the  battle  of  Blue  Licks.  He 
also  fought  in  Drake’s  regiment  in  1791,  later 
in  the  same  year  was  commander  of  the  Win- 
chester battalion  of  sharpshooters  in  the  St.  Clair 
expedition,  and  from  April  11,  1792,  to  Feb.  28, 
1793,  commanded  the  third  sub-legion  of  United 
States  infantry.  In  1792  he  was  a member  of  the 
state  house  of  representatives,  and  was  elected  a 
representative  in  the  8th  and  9th  U.  S.  congresses. 
He  died  at  Lower  Blue  Licks,  Kv.,  in  1880. 

BEDINGER,  Henry,  diplomatist,  was  born 
near  Shepherdstown,  Va.,  in  1810;  son  of  George 
Michael  Bedinger.  representative.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1832,  and  established  himself  in 
his  profession  at  Shepherdstown,  removing  later 
to  Charlestown.  Va.  He  represented  his  district 


in  the  29th  and  30th  U.  S.  congresses  from 
184- 5_'49.  He  served  during  1853  as  U.  S.  charge 
d'affa  ires  at  Denmark,  and  was  then  appointed  res- 
ident minister  at  Denmark,  where  he  was  instru- 
mental in  bringing  about  the  treaty  abolishing 
Sound  Dues.  He  returned  to  America,  Aug.  10, 
1858,  and  died  in  his  native  town,  Nov.  26,  1858. 

BEDLE,  Joseph  Dorsett,  governor  of  New 
Jersey,  was  born  at  Middletown  Point,  N.  J.,  Jan. 
5,  1831.  After  acquiring  an  academical  edu- 
cation he  spent  some  time  in  the  study  of  the  law 
with  William  L.  Dayton,  Trenton,  N.  J..  and  at 
the  Ballston  Spa  (N.  Y. ) law  school ; was  admitted 
to  practise  in  the  supreme  court  of  New  Jersey  in 
1853.  He  practised  for  a short  time  in  Middle- 
town  Point,  and  opened  a law  office  at  Freehold, 
N.  J.,  in  1855,  where  he  remained  ten  years.  In 
1865  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Parker  a 
justice  of  the  New  Jersey  supreme  court.  His  cir- 
cuit being  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  he 
made  his  home  in  Jersey  City.  He  was  reap- 
pointed as  justice  in  1872,  and  was  elected  by  the 
Democratic  party  governor  of  the  state  in  1874. 
The  College  of  New  Jersey  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1875.  After  his  term  of 
office  as  governor  had  expired,  in  1878,  he  retired 
from  public  life  and  practised  his  profession  until 
his  death,  which  occurred  Oct.  21,  1894. 

BEE,  Bernard  E.,  soldier,  was  born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  about  1823.  In  1845  he  was  graduated 
from  the  military  academy  at  West  Point  and 
was  brevetted  2d  lieutenant  of  infantry.  He 
served  in  the  military  occupation  of  Texas  in 
1845-’46,  and  in  the  Mexican  war  from  1846-'48, 
being  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto,  Resaca 
de  la  Palma,  Cerro  Gordo,  Contreras,  Churubusco 
and  Chapultepec,  receiving  for  his  service  in  the 
last-named  engagement  the  brevet  rank  of  cap- 
tain. He  afterwards  served  in  garrison  and  on 
frontier  duty  in  Utah,  Dakota  and  Minnesota, 
until  March  3,  1861,  when  he  resigned  to  join  the 
Confederate  army.  He  was  given  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general,  and  commanded  the  South 
Carolina  troops  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Va., 
July  21,  1861.  During  this  battle  his  brigade 
became  demoralized  and  began  to  fall  back  in 
confusion.  He  rode  up  to  Gen.  T.  J.  Jackson, 
who  commanded  a Virginia  brigade,  and  said: 
“They  are  beating  us  back.”  “Then,”  said 
Jackson,  “we  will  give  them  the  bayonet. ” 
General  Bee  rode  back  to  his  command,  and  with 
the  words:  “ Look  at  Jackson!  There  he  stands 
like  a stone  wall!  Rally  behind  the  Virginians,” 
he  led  his  men  to  another  charge.  The  sight  of 
Jackson’s  troops  gave  them  courage,  and  the  in- 
cident gave  Jackson  the  immortal  sobriquet, 
“Stonewall.”  Bee  was  killed  at  the  head  of 
liis  brigade  while  cheering  on  his  men.  The  date 
of  his  death  is  July  21,  1861. 

17] 


BEEBE. 


BEECHER. 


BEEBE,  Bezaleel,  soldier,  was  born  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  April  28,  1741.  He  joined  Rogers's 
Rangers  in  1758,  was  with  them  in  the  sharp 
skirmish  near  Wood  Creek  when  Putnam  was 
captured,  and  afterwards  served  at  Montreal  in 
17(50.  After  the  war  he  returned  to  his  home,  but 
again  took  the  field  in  1775,  immediately  after  the 
battle  of  Lexington,  and  marched  to  Lake  Cham- 
plain with  a force  to  protect  the  lake.  He  par- 
ticipated in  the  movements  of  1776  in  New  York 
and  New  Jersey  as  a captain  in  Colonel  Hinman's 
regiment,  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  capture  of 
Fort  Washington,  N.  Y.,  and  was  no  sooner  ex- 
changed than  he  was  again  captured,  spending 
more  than  a year  as  a prisoner  of  war  in  New 
York  city.  He  was  promoted  major  in  1777,  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  1780,  colonel  in  the  Continental 
army  in  1781,  and  afterwards  commanded  the 
Connecticut  troops  raised  for  the  defence  of  the 
sea  coast.  After  the  war  he  occupied  a seat  in 
the  Connecticut  legislature  for  a number  of  terms. 
He  died  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  May  29,  1824. 

BEECHER,  Catherine  Esther,  educator,  was 
born  at  East  Hampton,  L.  I.,  Sept.  6,  1800; 
daughter  of  Lyman  and  Roxana  (Foote)  Beecher. 
She  was  the  eldest  of  thirteen  children,  and  by 
lier  mother's  death  the  care  of  her  father’s  house- 
hold devolved  upon  her  when  she  was  sixteen 
years  of  age.  She  was  educated  at  the  Litchfield 
(Conn.)  seminary,  and  in  1822  opened  a school  for 
young  women  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  which  was 
very  successful,  and  was  the  first  school  attended 
by  her  brother,  Henry  Ward  Beecher.  This  work 
she  continued  for  ten  years.  Becoming  dissatis- 
fied with  existing  text-books,  she  set  about 
preparing  others  on  subjects  which  pressed  im- 
mediately upon  her  attention.  One  book,  a 
treatise  on  mental  and  moral  philosophy,  was 
never  published.  An  edition,  however,  was 
printed,  and  held  to  be  of  such  value  as  to  be 
used  as  a college  text-book.  When  her  father 
assumed  the  presidency  of  Lane  theological  sem- 
inary in  1832,  she  went  to  Cincinnati  with  him, 
and  there  established  a young  ladies’  school;  but 
her  health  failed,  and  after  two  years  the  enter- 
prise was  abandoned.  She  continued  actively 
engaged  in  the  cause  of  education ; travelled  long 
distances  to  interest  and  instruct  educators  in 
their  work ; organized  societies  in  which  teachers 
could  learn  not  only  the  details  of  instruction, 
but  broaden  their  views  so  as  to  embrace  more 
varied  study  for  their  own  advancement,  and  a 
better  knowledge  of  the  capabilities  of  children 
and  youth.  She  was  especially  eager  “ to  unite 
American  women  in  an  effort  to  provide  a Chris- 
tian education  for  two  million  children  in  our  own 
country.”  Her  gradually  increasing  physical 
weakness  unfitted  her  for  active  labors,  but  her 
keen  thought  and  subtile  power  of  analysis  con- 


tinued, and  by  speech  or  pen  incited  others  to  do 
what  she  had  strength  only  to  conceive.  In 
later  life  she  connected  herself  with  the  Episcopal 
church.  She  was  the  author  of  many  books  relat- 
ing, for  the  most  part,  to  the  training  of  women, 
among  them:  ‘"Letters  on  the  Difficulties  of 
Religion”  (1836);  “The  Moral  Instructor” 
(1838) ; “ Treatise  on  Domestic  Economy  ” (1842) ; 
“ A Memoir  of  George  Beecher  ” (1844) ; “ Duty 
of  American  Women  to  their  Country  ” (1845) ; 
“Truth  Stranger  than  Fiction”  (1850);  “True 
Remedy  for  the  Wrongs  of  Women,  with  a History 
of  an  Enterprise  having  that  for  its  Object” 
(1851);  “Common  Sense  Applied  to  Religion” 
(1857) ; “ An  Appeal  to  the  People,  as  the  Author- 
ized Interpreters  of  the  Bible  ” (1860) ; “ Religious 
Training  of  Children  in  the  School,  the  Family 
and  the  Church  ” (1864) ; “ The  American 

Woman's  Home”  (1869);  “ Woman's  Profession 
as  Mother  and  Educator,  with  Views  in  Opposi- 
tion to  Woman's  Suffrage  ” (1871) ; “ Housekeeper 
and  Health-keeper”  (1873),  and  a “Domestic 
Receipt  Book,”  which  had  a large  sale.  She  died 
in  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  May  12,  1878. 

BEECHER,  Charles,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Litchfield.  Conn.,  Oct.  7,  1815;  son  of  Lyman  and 
Roxana  (Foote)  Beecher.  When  he  was  a little 
more  than  eleven  years  old  his  father  moved  to 
Boston.  There  he  had  the  advantage  of  the  Latin 
school,  afterwards  studying  at  Lawrence  acad- 
emy, Groton.  Mass.,  and  from  that  institution 
went  to  Bowdoin  college,  graduating  in  1834. 
His  theological  course  followed  in  Lane  seminary, 
Ohio,  of  which  his  father  was  president.  For 
seven  years  he  followed  mercantile  pursuits  in 
New  Orleans  and  Indianapolis,  and  in  1844  he  was 
installed  pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  church 
in  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  where  he  remained  nearly 
seven  years,  and  which  he  left  to  take  the  pastor- 
ate of  the  First  Congregational  church  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  in  1851.  He  resigned  his  charge  in  Newark, 
and  removed  to  Georgetown,  Mass.,  in  1857, 
where  he  became  pastor  of  the  First  Congrega- 
tional church.  From  1870  to  1877  he  resided  in 
Florida,  acting  as  superintendent  of  state  educa- 
tion for  two  years.  In  1885  he  was  acting  pastor 
in  Wysox,  Pa.  Among  Mr.  Beecher's  published 
works  were : “ The  Incarnation : or.  Pictures  of 
the  Virgin  and  her  Son  ” (1849) ; “ David  and  his 
Throne”  (1855);  “Pen  Pictures  of  the  Bible” 
(1855);  “Autobiography  and  Correspondence  of 
Lyman  Beecher  ” (1863) ; “ Redeemer  and  Re- 
deemed ” (1864);  “Spiritual  Manifestations” 
(1879) ; “ Eden  Tableau  ” (1880),  and  “ Patmos  ” 
(1896).  He  also  selected  hymns  and  music  for 
the  “ Plymouth  Collection.”  He  was  a thor- 
oughly competent  musician,  and  was  employed 
as  organist  in  prominent  churches  during  his 
mercantile  life,  lS37-’43. 

[248] 


BEECHER. 


BEECHER. 


BEECHER,  Edward,  educator,  was  born  at 
East  Hampton,  L.  I.,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  27,  1803;  the 
second  son  of  Lyman  and  Roxana  (Foote) 
Beecher.  He  was  prepared  for  college  under  his 
father's  care,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1822,  after  which  he  pursued  his  theological 
studies  at  Andover,  Mass.,  and  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.  In  1825  he  was  tutor  in  the  Hartford  high 
school  and  at  Yale  college.  All  through  his  life 
he  was  a practical  advocate  of  physical  culture, 
and  he,  while  at  college,  wrote  an  article  on  “ The 
Duty  of  an  Equitable  Culture  of  All  the  Powers,” 
a strong  plea  for  healthy  college  sports,  published 
in  the  Christian  Spectator.  He  began  his  career 
as  minister  at  the  Park  street  Congregational 
church  in  Boston  in  1826,  and  continued  in  that 
pastorate  until  1830,  when  he  became  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Illinois  college  at  Jacksonville.  After 
fourteen  years’  service  in  that  capacity  he  re- 
turned to  Boston  in  1844,  assumed  the  charge  of 
the  Salem  street  church,  which  he  retained  until 
1855,  when  he  accepted  a call  from  the  Congrega- 
tional church  at  Galesburg,  111. , where  he  remained 
until  1870.  He  was  a professor  of  Biblical  exegesis 
for  several  years  in  the  Chicago  theological  sem- 
inary. In  1872  he  went  to  Brooklyn  to  assist  his 
brother,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  in  the  editorial 
management  of  the  Christian  Union , and  pur- 
posed to  retire  permanently  from  the  ministry. 
He  had  been  a contributor  to  periodicals  for  many 
years,  and  editor-in-charge  of  the  Congregation- 
alist  for  half  a dozen  years.  Throughout  the 
Tilton  scandal  he  stood  by  his  brother,  watching 
the  case  with  the  utmost  vigilance,  and  by  his 
very  presence  sustaining  the  courage  of  the  de- 
fendant. In  1885  he  assumed  charge  of  the  Con- 
gregational church  at  Parkville,  near  Brooklyn, 
continuing  his  residence  in  the  city.  He  made 
daily  visits  to  his  parish.  He  was  run  over  by  a 
railroad  train  while  returning  from  a week-day 
service,  and  one  leg  was  so  crushed  that  it  had  to 
be  amputated.  He  entirely  recovered  from  the 
shock  and  operation,  despite  his  advanced  age, 
he  being  at  the  time  eighty-five.  The  degree  of 
D.D.  was  conferred  upon  Mr.  Beecher  by  Marietta 
college  in  1841.  His  best  known  works  are: 
‘‘The  Conflict  of  Ages  ” and  ‘‘The  Concord  of 
Ages,”  in  which  he  announces  the  view  that 
man  is  in  a progressive  state— the  present  life 
being  the  outcome  of  a former  one,  and  the 
preparation  of  another  life  after  death.  Evil, 
however,  will  continue  in  the  future  life,  and  the 
struggle  between  it  and  goodwill  still  go  on  until 
some  far-off  future,  when  evil  will  be  finally 
subdued,  and  universal  harmony  be  forever 
established.  The  utterance  of  such  radical  views 
in  regard  to  the  future  life  necessarily  made  a 
profound  impression  upon  the  thought  of  the  day 
and  aroused  much  comment.  His  publications 


include:  “Address  on  the  Kingdom  of  God” 
(1827) ; “ Six  Sermons  on  the  Nature,  Importance 
and  Means  of  Eminent  Holiness  throughout  the 
Church”  (1835);  “Statement  of  Anti-slavery 
Principles  ” (1837) ; “ History  of  the  Alton  Riots  ” 
(1838) ; “ Baptism:  its  Import  and  Modes  ” (1850) ; 
“ The  Conflict  of  Ages  ” (1853) ; “ The  Concord 
of  Ages”  (1860);  “History  of  Opinions  on  the 
Scriptural  Doctrines  of  Future  Retribution  ” 
(1878),  and  “ The  Papal  Conspiracy  ” (1885).  He 
died  at  his  home  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July  28,  1895. 

BEECHER,  Eunice  White  (Bullard),  author, 
was  born  at  West  Sutton,  Mass.,  Aug.  26,  1812; 
daughter  of  Dr.  Artemus  Bullard.  She  acquired 
her  education  at  Hadley,  Mass.,  and  taught 
school  for  a time.  She  was  married  Aug.  3,  1837, 
to  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  and  went  with  him  to  a 
small  parish  at  Lawrenceburg,  Ind.  Two  years 
later  they  removed  to  Indianapolis,  where  they 
remained  until  Mr.  Beecher’s  call  to  Plymouth 
church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  She  wrote:  “From 
Dawn  to  Daylight : a Simple  Story  of  a Western 
Home”  (1859);  “Motherly  Talks  with  Young 
Housekeepers”  (1875);  “Letters  from  Florida” 
(1878);  “All  Around  the  House”  (1878); 
“Home”  (1883),  and,  with  William  C.  Beecher 
and  Rev.  Samuel  Scoville,  an  “ Authentic  Biog- 
raphy ” of  her  husband.  She  died  March  8,  1897. 

BEECHER,  Frederick  Henry,  soldier,  was 
born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  June  22,  1841;  son  of 
Charles  Beecher  and  grandson  of  Lyman  Beecher. 
After  his  graduation  from  Bowdoin  college,  in 
1862,  he  enlisted  in  the  16th  Maine  volunteers,  and 
was  made  sergeant  of  his  company.  He  was 
promoted  to  be  2d  and  1st  lieutenant,  and 
served  in  the  army  of  the  Potomac.  His  first 
battle  was  Fredericksburg.  At  Gettysburg  he 
sustained  severe  wounds,  and  was  transferred  to 
the  veteran  reserve  corps.  When  a lieutenant 
and  acting  adjutant-general,  he  was  on  duty 
in  the  Freedmen’s  bureau  in  Washington.  At 
the  end  of  the  war  he  was  given  a lieutenant’s 
commission  in  the  regular  army,  was  assigned  to 
frontier  duty  in  Kansas,  and  saw  active  service 
in  Indian  campaigns.  In  July,  1866,  lie  was 
promoted  1st  lieutenant,  U.  S.  A.,  and  was  killed 
in  an  encounter  with  the  Indians  near  Fort  Wal- 
lace, Kansas,  Sept.  17,  1868. 

BEECHER,  Henry  Ward,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  June  24,  1813;  fourth 
son  and  ninth  child  of  Lyman  and  Roxana 
(Foote)  Beecher,  grandson  of  David,  and  sixtli  in 
descent  from  John,  the  first  American  ancestor, 
who  came  with  his  mother,  the  widow  Hannah 
Beecher,  to  Connecticut  from  Kent,  England,  in 
1638.  His  paternal  ancestors  were  of  sturdy  yeo- 
man stock,  noted  for  their  physical  strength  — 
honest,  God-fearing  men;  his  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  Eli  and  Roxana  Ward  Foote,  Episco- 


BEECHER. 


BEECHER. 


palians  and  loyalists,  Eli  being  descended  through 
Nathaniel  Foote,  who  came  to  Connecticut  with 
Hooker’s  company,  in  1636,  from  James  Foote,  who 
was  knighted  for  his  loyalty  to  King  Charles.  His 
mother  died  when  Henry7  was  three  years  old, 

and  he  found  an  ex- 
cellent and  careful 
parent  in  his  father’s 
second  wife,  Hannah 
Porter.  His  early 
env ironment  was 
such  as  to  foster  inde- 
pendence and  sturdi- 
ness of  character. 
There  were  no  in- 
dulgences in  the 
large,  simple  house- 
hold ; plenty  of  work, 
much  wholesome 
fun,  strict  discipline 
— the  whole  steeped 
in  an  atmosphere  of 
theology.  The  little  boy  at  four  years  of  age  at- 
tended the  district  school,  and  at  ten  was  sent  to 
the  school  kept  by  his  sister  Catherine,  where  he 
was  the  only  boy7  among  thirty  or  forty7  girls. 
There  was  nothing  precocious  in  his  development ; 
he  was  not  particularly  apt  as  a scholar ; but  was 
a healthy  boy,  full  of  fun  and  spirit,  having  a 
faculty  of  repartee  which  delighted  his  school- 
mates. In  1826  his  family  removed  to  Boston,  his 
father  being  appointed  pastor  of  the  Hanover 
street  church  in  that  city.  Henry7  attended  the 
Mount  Pleasant  institute,  where  he  made  a 
special  study  of  mathematics,  incited  thereto  by 
his  desire  to  enter  the  navy.  His  religious  con- 
victions at  this  time  were  deepened  while  attend- 
ing some  revival  meetings,  and  he  resolved  to 
become  a preacher  of  the  gospel.  He  entered 
Amherst  college  in  1830,  where  he  made  his  mark 
chiefly  outside  the  class-room,  drawing  and  lead- 
ing his  fellow  students  by7  that  personal  magnet- 
ism which  was  afterwards  so  large  a part  of  his 
power  as  a preacher.  In  logic  and  in  class  de- 
bates he  outshone  his  class-mates,  being  especially 
noted  for  the  quality  of  his  extemporaneous 
speeches.  He  took  a course  of  elocutionary  train- 
ing, specially  needed  because  of  some  slight  defect 
in  his  utterance,  and  also  became  interested  in 
the  science  of  phrenology7,  which  he  always  re- 
garded as  useful  to  the  preacher  in  enabling  him 
to  understand  just  how  to  impress  certain  people. 
His  college  life  was  a time  of  religious  ferment; 
opinions  which  had  long  been  growing  reached 
their  culmination,  and  resulted  in  the  division  of 
both  Congregational  and  Presbyterian  churches 
into  two  parties.  “My  whole  life,”  wrote  Mr. 
Beecher.  “ has  more  or  less  taken  its  color  from 
the  controversy  which  led  to  the  division  of  the 


old-school  and  the  new-school  Presbyterians.” 
He  was  graduated  from  Amherst  in  1834,  and 
pursued  his  theological  course  at  Lane  seminary, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  his  father  was  professor 
of  systematic  theology.  While  a student  here, 
bis  first  editorial  work  was  done  on  the  Cincinnati 
Journal,  in  the  columns  of  which  he  advanced 
his  anti  slavery7  views.  Here  he  first  witnessed 
the  fierce  partisan  feeling  between  the  Abolition- 
ists and  the  upholders  of  the  “ divine  institution  ” 
of  slavery.  He  saw  the  freedom  of  the  press  im- 
perilled and  the  city7  in  danger  of  mob  law,  and 
he  patrolled  the  streets  himself  for  some  days 
armed  as  a special  policeman.  He  also  taught  a 
large  Bible  class,  and  began  to  formulate  his  plans 
for  pastoral  work.  He  completed  his  course  in 
1837,  and  was  given  the  pastorate  of  a church  at 
Lawrenceburgli,  Ind.,  where  he  had  a congrega- 
tion of  nineteen  women  and  one  man.  He  was 
here  subjected  to  a rigorous  examination  on 
“ doctrines  ” by  the  elders  of  the  church,  and  was 
pronounced  orthodox,  but  was  rejected  because 
he  would  not  subscribe  himself  as  belonging  to 
the  old-school  Presby7terians.  The  matter  was 
adjusted  by  the  congregation  affiliating  with  the 
new-school  Presbyterians,  and  the  yToung  pastor 
maintained  his  relations  with  it  for  two  years. 
In  1839  he  accepted  the  pastorate  of  a church  at 
Indianapolis,  Ind.  Here  he  conducted  several  re- 
vivals, preaching  daily7  sometimes  for  eighteen 
consecutive  days.  He  found  his  recreation  in 
horticulture,  and  was  editor  of  the  agricultural 
department  of  the  Indianapolis  Journal.  He 
established  a depot  of  the  underground  railway 
at  his  house,  where  he  succored  and  comforted 
runaway7  slaves,  and  at  night  drove  them  on  to 
the  next  place  of  refuge.  In  1847  he  assumed 
pastoral  charge  of  the  Plymouth  Congregational 
church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  His  first  sermon 
preached  there,  June,  1847,  was  an  exposition  of 
his  views  in  regard  to  slavery,  which  he  considered 
a thing  altogether  accursed ; abolitionism  was  a 
principle  not  yet  popular  at  the  north,  and  be- 
cause of  his  vigorous  and  caustic  utterances  against 
slavery,  Mr.  Beecher  found  his  life  endangered, 
and  was  obliged  to  walk  in  the  middle  of  the 
street  after  dusk,  through  fear  of  ambushed  assail- 
ants, and  at  one  time  a mob  was  organized  to  tear 
down  his  church,  but  was  diverted  from  its  pur- 
pose by  some  trifling  circumstance.  His  genius 
as  an  orator  increased  the  church,  and  rapidly 
brought  him  into  prominence.  He  was  an  omniv- 
orous reader,  and  his  mind  was  stored  with 
mines  of  information  and  apt  illustrations.  He 
was  unconventional  in  the  pulpit,  and  moved 
men  to  laughter  as  well  as  tears.  “ All  the 
bells  in  my  belfry  shall  ring  to  call  men  to  God. 
he  said.  He  minimized  law,  and  magnified  love 
as  the  chief  factor  in  the  religious  belief.  He 
r-250] 


BEECHER. 


BEECHER. 


taught  God  as  the  Father  of  the  whole  human 
race — a pitying,  loving  Father.  Frequently  he 
brought  to  the  platform  on  which  he  preached 
some  poor  victim  of  the  cruel  laws  of  slavery,  and 
held  an  auction  to  procure  the  price  of  ransom. 
In  1848  the  Plymouth  church  adopted  a strictly 
evangelical  creed.  In  1849  the  original  edifice  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  and  a new  one  was  erected  with 
a seating  capacity  of  three  thousand,  the  regular 
members  at  the  time  of  Mr.  Beecher  s death  num- 
bering 2,400.  Mr.  Beecher  early  became  distin- 
guished as  a lecturer  and  public  speaker,  and  so 
numerous  were  the  calls  made  upon  him  that  he 
was  frequently  obliged  to  decline  engagements  at 
five  hundred  dollars  a night.  On  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Republican  party  he  affiliated  himself 
with  it.  He  delivered  many  political  sermons, 
and  was  particularly  active  in  1856  in  addressing 
political  meetings  throughout  the  northern  states. 
He  paid  his  first  visit  to  England  in  1850,  to  re- 
cuperate his  health.  In  1861  Mr.  Beecher  became 
the  editor  of  the  New  York  Independent.  He 
was  the  pioneer  in  catholicity  of  thought  in  re- 
ligious journalism,  his  editorial  writing  being 
extremely  characteristic;  he  chose,  as  subjects, 
matters  interesting  to  the  people,  believing  in 
God's  action  in  the  common  affairs  of  life,  and 
wrote  so  as  to  awaken  inspiration,  treating  of 
his  subjects  from  the  Christly  standpoint  of  re- 
sponsibility for  and  helpfulness  to  others.  He 
wrote  at  this  time  his  famous  article,  “ Shall  we 
Compromise?-’  being  absolutely  against  any 
measure  of  compromise  himself ; and  lie  bitterly 
denounced  Webster  for  his  retrogression.  In  1863 
he  visited  Europe  and  did  inestimable  service 
to  the  northern  cause  by  his  speeches  before  large 
audiences  in  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  the  presidential  cam- 
paign of  1864,  when  Mr.  Lincoln  was  the  candidate 
for  a second  term.  In  April.  1865,  he  delivered 
an  anniversary  address  at  Fort  Sumter,  at  the 
request  of  the  government.  In  1870  The  Chris- 
tian Union  was  established  in  New  York,  and  Mr. 
Beecher  became  its  editor.  During  the  years 
1872,  1873  and  1874  he  delivered  three  courses  of 
lectures  on  preaching  in  the  Yale  divinity  school. 
In  1874  his  sometime  friend,  Theodore  Tilton,  the 
editor  of  the  Independent,  brought  gross  charges 
of  immorality  against  him,  from  which  he  was 
exonerated  by  the  church,  and  on  the  civil  trial 
the  jury  failed  to  agree.  In  1878  Mr.  Beecher 
openly  stated  that  the  doctrine  of  eternal  punish- 
ment was  opposed  to  his  belief,  and  in  1882  he 
withdrew  from  the  Congregational  association  of 
churches,  followed  by  the  entire  congregation  of 
Plymouth  church.  He  gave  his  hearty  support  to 
Mr.  Cleveland  in  the  presidential  campaign  of 
1884,  by  which  action  he  antagonized  many  of  his 
political  friends.  In  1886  he  again  visited  Eng- 


land, where  he  was  overwhelmed  with  kind  atten- 
tions, and  where  he  delivered  numerous  addresses. 
Many  of  the  papers  contributed  by  him  to  the 
New  York  Independent,  the  New  York  Ledger, 
etc. , were  afterwards  collated  and  issued  in  book 
form.  The  following  is  a list  of  his  more 
important  works:  “Lectures  to  Young  Men 
(1844,  2d  ed.,  1850);  “Star  Papers;  or,  Experi- 
ences of  Art  and  Nature”  (1855);  “New  Star 
Papers”  (1858.  These  were  republished  in  Eng- 
land under  the  title  “Summer  in  the  Soul”); 
“ Freedom  and  War : Discourses  Suggested  by  the 
Times”  (1863);  “ Eyes  and  Ears  ” (1864);  “Aids 
to  Prayer  ” (1864) ; “ Norwood ; or.  Village  Life  in 
New  England”  (1867):  “ Overture  of  Angels” 
(1869) ; “ Lecture-Room  Talks  " (1870) ; “ Jesus  the 
Christ;  Earlier  Scenes  ” (1871) ;“  Yale  Lectures 
on  Preaching”  (1872-’74) ; “A  Summer  Parish” 
(1874);  “Evolution  and  Religion”  (1885).  The 
second  volume  of  ‘ 'Jesus  the  Christ  ” was  published 
after  his  death.  He  edited  the  Plymouth  “ Collec- 
tion of  Hymns  and  Tunes”  (N.  Y.,  1855),  and  “ Re- 
vival Hymns  ” (Boston,  1858).  Twenty  volumes 
of  his  sermons  were  published,  as  well  as  many 
separate  addresses  and  sermons:  “Army  of  t lie 
Republic,”  “ The  Strike  and  its  Lessons,”  “ Doc- 
trinal Beliefs  and  Unbeliefs”  (1882);  “Com- 
memorative Discourse  on  Wendell  Phillips,”  “ A 
Circuit  of  the  Continent  ” (1884);  “ Letters  to  the 
Soldiers  and  Sailors  ” ( 1866— *84) . Many  compila- 
tions from  his  writings  and  sermons  and  various 
biographies  of  him  have  appeared,  the  most  com- 
plete being  the  “ Authentic  Biography,”  by  Wil- 
liam C.  Beecher  and  the  Rev.  Samuel  Scoville,  in 
collaboration  with  Mrs.  Beecher.  A mural  tablet 
was  erected  in  his  honor  in  Plymouth  church, 
Brooklyn,  Jan.  13,  1893.  He  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  March  8,  1887. 

BEECHER,  James  Chaplin,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  8,  1828;  son  of  Lyman 
and  Harriet  (Porter)  Beecher.  He  was  educated 
under  his  father  at  Lane  seminary,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  and  after  graduating  at  Dartmouth,  in  1848, 
pursued  his  studies  in  theology  at  Andover,  and 
was  ordained  a Congregational  minister,  May  10, 
1856.  He  went  as  missionary  to  Canton,  China, 
and  was  chaplain  of  the  Seamen’s  Bethel  in  that 
place  and  in  Hong  Kong  until  1861.  He  then 
returned  to  the  United  States  to  take  part  in  the 
civil  war,  and  was  commissioned  as  chaplain  of  the 
1st  New  York  infantry,  serving  in  1861— ’62.  He 
was  then  commissioned  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
141st  N.  Y.  regiment,  serving  about  a year,  when 
he  was  transferred  to  the  35th  U.  S.  colored  troops, 
promoted  as  colonel  and  served  from  1863  to  1866, 
when  he  was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  ser- 
vice as  brevet  brigadier -general.  He  returned  to 
the  ministry,  and  was  settled  in  Oswego,  N.  Y., 
from  1867  to  1870;  in  Poughkeepsie  from  1870  to 

51] 


BEECHER. 


BEECHER. 


1873,  and  then  in  Brooklyn  in  1881-'82.  During 
these  years  his  health  had  gradually  given  way 
to  mental  disorder.  It  was  hoped  a course  of  the 
water-cure  treatment  would  be  of  benefit,  but  it 
failed,  his  sufferings  increased,  and  he  ended  his 
own  life  at  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  25,  1886. 

BEECHER,  Lyman,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  Oct.  12,  1775;  son  of  David 
Beecher.  The  Beecher  family  came  to  Connecti- 
cut in  1638,  and  settled  at  Quinnipiac,  naming  it 
New  Haven.  The  first  American-born  ancestor 
was  Joseph  Beecher.  His  son  Nathaniel  was  a 
blacksmith,  and  his  anvil  stood  on  the  stump  of 
the  old  oak  from  which  Master  John  Davenport 
gave  the  first  Connecticut  sermon.  Then  came 
David,  also  a blacksmith  and  farmer,  who  was 
connected  with  the  patriot  army  near  the  close  of 
the  revolutionary  war.  His  third  wife  was  the 
mother  of  Lyman.  She  dying  soon  after  his  birth, 
the  motherless  child  was  adopted  by,  and  passed 
the  first  sixteen  years  of  his  life  with  his  uncle, 
Lot  Benton,  of  Guilford,  Conn.  Lyman  entered 
Yale  college  in  1793,  a healthy,  stout,  farmer’s  boy, 
eighteen  years  old.  On  entering  college,  Beecher 
was  undecided  whether  to  study  law  or  theology. 
In  his  second  college  year  he  became  interested 
in  personal  religion,  but  was  so  depressed  in 
spirits  as  to  be  hypochondriacal,  and  was  a long 
time  deciding  whether  he  would  ever  preach  or 
not.  Dr.  Timothy  Dwight  was  president,  and  had 
great  influence  on  young  Beecher,  which  he 
acknowledged  twenty -five  years  later,  to  the  joy 
of  the  good  old  doctor.  He  gained  no  honors  as  a 
student;  had  little  taste  for  mathematics,  but 
could  talk,  and  was  chosen  by  his  class  to  deliver 
the  valedictory  address  on  presentation  day,  six 
weeks  before  commencement,  in  1797,  when  he 
was  graduated.  During  his  college  course  he  had 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Roxana  Foote,  who 
became  his  wife  shortly  after  his  ordination. 
Beecher,  after  being  examined  and  licensed,  was 
called  to  the  Presbyterian  church,  East  Hampton, 
N.  Y.,  at  a salary  of  three  hundred  dollars,  with  a 
kind  of  parsonage-right,  after  five  years  increased 
to  four  hundred  dollars.  His  first  sermon  that 
attracted  public  attention  was  on  “Duelling,” 
delivered  after  the  death  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 
It  was  reprinted  as  a campaign  document  during 
the  candidacy  of  Henry  Clay  for  the  presidency. 
He  remained  in  East  Hampton  over  eleven  years, 
eking  out  his  income  by  conducting  a boarding- 
school  for  young  ladies,  in  which  enterprise  he 
was  assisted  by  his  wife.  His  increasing  family 
necessitated  a change  of  locality,  and  he  removed 
to  Litchfield,  Conn.,  in  1810,  and  became  pastor 
of  the  Congregational  church.  His  salary  was 
eight  hundred  dollars  per  year.  Soon  after  he 
was  established  he  took  up  the  cause  of  temper- 
ance, being  especially  moved  to  do  so  by  what  he 


deemed  the  disgraceful  scenes  lie  witnessed  at  the 
meetings  of  ministerial  associations,  where  the 
reverend  gentlemen  were  in  the  habit  of  freely 
using  intoxicating  liquors.  Out  of  his  efforts  in 
behalf  of  temperance  came  the  Massachusetts 
temperance  society,  formed  in  1813.  Then  came 
his  volume,  “Six  Sermons  on  Intemperance,” 
which  was  very  effective  and  popular.  Six  years 
after  he  had  taken  up  his  residence  in  Litchfield 
his  wife  Roxana  died.  At  the  close  of  the  year 
1817  he  took  for  his  second  wife  Harriet  Porter  of 
Portland,  Maine,  the  union  lasting  almost  twenty 
years.  After  her  death,  in  Cincinnati,  in  1835,  he 
married  as  a third  wife  Mrs.  Lydia  Jackson  of 
Boston,  Mass. , who  survived  him.  At  the  end  of 
sixteen  years’  labor  in  Litchfield,  Mr.  Beecher 
found  himself  in  sore  distress  on  account  of 
pecuniary  difficulties,  and  resigned.  He  received 
a call  from  the  Hanover  street  church,  Boston, 
Mass.,  where  for  six  years  he  labored,  preaching, 
lecturing  and  advising  in  the  care  of  the 
churches.  At  this  time  the  contest  between  the 
Puritan  theology  and  Unitarianism  was  at  its 
height.  He  threw  himself  into  it  with  charac- 
teristic zeal ; his  own  church  sustaining  him,  and 
his  clerical  brethren  approving  and  assisting.  He 
claimed  that  Unitarianism  had  seized  Harvard 
college ; that  funds  donated  for  the  promulgation 
of  a Puritan  faith  were  devoted  to  a system  of 
faith  that  antagonized  Puritanism ; that  a fund 
for  maintaining  an  annual  sermon  on  the  Trinity 
was  paid  for  lectures  controverting  the  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity;  that  the  Hollis  professorship  of 
divinity  at  Cambridge  was  employed  for  the 
furnishing  of  a class  of  ministers  whose  sole  dis- 
tinctive idea  was  declared  warfare  with  the  ideas 
and  intentions  of  the  donor.  This  theological 
controversy  was  at  times  most  bitter.  Some  in- 
dication of  the  trend  of  popular  feeling  is  given 
in  an  incident  connected  with  the  burning  of 
Hanover  street  church,  four  years  after  his  set- 
tlement over  it.  It  is  said  the  firemen  would 
make  no  effort  to  extinguish  the  flames,  refused 
to  work  the  engines,  and,  parodying  Watts's 
hymns,  sang; — 

“ While  Beecher’s  church  holds  out  to  burn, 

The  vilest  sinner  may  return.” 

Events,  however,  proved  the  fruitfulness  of  the 
vine  he  had  so  carefully  and  patiently  nurtured ; 
for  from  this  church  sprang  four  others:  mem 
hers  from  it  founded  Salem  street  church  at 
the  North  End,  and  Pine  street  church  at  the 
South  End — the  latter  became  afterwards  the 
Berkeley  street  church ; other  members  helped  to 
organize  a church  in  Cambridgeport,  and  after 
the  burning  of  the  church  edifice  on  Hanover 
street,  another  of  stone  was  built  on  Bowdoin 
street,  which  building  was  afterwards  purchased 
by  the  P.  E.  church,  and  became  the  Church 


1S52J 


BEECHER. 


BEECHER. 


of  the  Advent,  being  now  known  as  the  Church 
of  St.  John  the  Evangelist.  Mr.  Beecher’s 
labors  here  were  brief.  At  the  close  of  sis 
years’  happy  and  successful  work  in  Boston 
he  went  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  to  become  pastor  of 
the  2d  Presbyterian  church  in  that  city,  and 
president  of  the  Lane  theological  seminary  at 
Walnut  Hill,  near  the- city.  He  had  previously 
received  and  declined  a call  from  the  5th  Presby- 
terian church  in  Philadelphia.  Public  interest  in 
the  establishment  of  Lane  seminary  as  a strategic 
point  from  which  to  promulgate  a devout  theology 
throughout  the  opening  west,  and  the  confidence 
in  Dr.  Beecher’s  ability  to  make  it  a noble  and 
beneficent  success  were  so  great  that  contribu- 
tions were  made  for  it,  and  Arthur  Tappan  of 
New  York  promised  the  interest  of  twenty  thou- 
sand dollars  if  Dr.  Beecher  would  undertake  the 
work.  He  was  active  president  for  twenty  years, 
and  nominally  president  to  the  close  of  his  life. 

At  the  time  he  left  Boston  Dr.  Beecher’s  appear- 
ance and  habits  were  peculiar.  He  was  eccentric 
in  many  ways,  was  careless  in  dress,  short-sighted, 
toothless  and  of  astonishing  absence  of  mind.  If 
his  watch  was  wound  up  it  was  rarely  right ; if 
he  had  spectacles  on  his  nose,  another  pair  would 
be  on  his  head,  and  he  would  be  “ fumbling  in 
his  pockets  for  a third.”  If  he  borrowed  a pencil 
he  would  use  it  and  pocket  it,  then  another  and 
another,  until  some  one  would  inquire  how  many 
he  had.  His  home  life,  too,  was  eccentric.  He 
practised  gymnastic  exercises  with  pole  or  lad- 
der ; he  sawed  wood ; he  shovelled  sand  from  one 
side  of  the  cellar  to  the  other ; he  swung  dumb- 
bells ; then  an  hour  or  so  before  evening  service 
he  would  return  to  his  study  to  make  sundry 
notes ; never  ready  till  the  church  bell  tolled  and 
the  messenger  came  for  him,  at  last  hurrying  off 
with  cravat  awry  and  coat  collar  turned  up,  yet 
master  of  the  situation,  a preacher  stirring  the 
minds  of  men,  moving  their  hearts,  pleading, 
warning,  entreating,  till  the  whole  audience  as 
one  man  responded.  Afterwards  on  his  return 
home  he  would  be  full  of  fire,  sparkling  with  fun, 
and  perhaps  get  down  the  old  violin  and  play 
“ Auld  Lang  Syne,”  or  ‘‘Bonny  Doon,”  or  a 
“College  Hornpipe,”  with  sometimes  a double- 
shuffle  as  accompaniment,  and  finally  go  to  bed. 

“ I must,”  he  said,  “ let  off  steam  gradually,  and 
then  I can  sleep  like  a child.”  During  his  life  in 
Ohio  there  came  about  the  conflict  between  two 
parties  in  the  Presbyterian  church,  known  as 
“ Old  School  ” and  “ New  School.”  Dr.  Beecher 
was  a representative  “ New  School  ” man.  His 
views  were  so  pronounced  that  in  1835  he  was 
brought  before  the  presbytery  for  trial.  Rev. 

Dr.  J.  L.  Wilson,  his  prosecutor,  formulated 
charges  against  him,  which  were,  in  substance,  for 
heresy,  slander  and  hypocrisy.  The  specifications 

L253J 


under  the  several  charges  were  explicit.  Dr. 
Beecher  gave  a general  denial,  and  ably  defended 
himself  on  each  point,  declaring  he  had  taught  in 
accordance  with  the  Word  of  God  and  the  Con- 
fession of  Faith,  and  that  if  his  teachings  should 
differ  in  any  particular  from  the  Confession  of 
Faith,  they  included  nothing  at  variance  with 
the  principles  underlying  such  confession.  In 
fact,  he  defended  himself  with  the  astuteness  of 
a skilled  lawyer,  and  this  under  depressing  circum- 
stances; in  his  home  his  wife  was  dying,  in  the 
seminary  many  cares  burdened  him,  and  in  ti  e 
church  he  had  to  meet  and  parry  attacks  which 
those  whose  prejudices  had  been  excited  made 
against  him.  After  a session  lasting  many  days, 
after  meeting  the  close  examination  of  the  pres- 
bytery, and  the  arguments  of  Dr.  Wilson,  his 
prosecutor,  he  finally  won  his  case,  and  an  opinion 
was  given  by  the  presbytery  that  the  charges  were 
not  sustained.  In  1850  Dr.  Beecher  returned  to 
Boston,  hoping  to  revise,  at  his  leisure,  his  writ- 
ings; but  the  weight  of  seventy-five  years  was  too 
heavy;  he  had  lost  his  intellectual  vigor,  though 
his  physical  strength  endured.  Only  now  and 
again  did  the  old  fire  flash  up  and  then  die  away. 
Prof.  Calvin  E.  Stowe,  his  son-in-law,  writes: 
“ The  day  he  was  eighty-one  he  was  with  me 
in  Andover,  and  wished  to  attend  my  lec- 
ture in  the  seminary.  He  was  not  quite  ready 
when  the  bell  rang,  and  I walked  on  in  the  usual 
path  without  him.  Presently  he  came  skipping 
across  lots,  laid  his  hand  on  the  five-barred  fence, 
which  he  cleared  at  a bound,  and  was  in  the 
lecture  room  before  me.”  Dr.  Beecher  finally 
took  up  his  residence  in  Brooklyn,  near  his  son, 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  and  there  spent  the  rem- 
nant of  his  days,  losing  slowly  the  use  of  his  fac- 
ulties, but  his  face  never  lost  its  expression  of 
strength  and  sweetness.  His  published  writings 
are:  “Remedy  for  Duelling”  (1809);  “Six 

Sermons  on  Temperance”  (1842);  “Sermons  on 
Various  Occasions,”  “Views  in  Theology,” 
“ Skepticism,”  “ Lectures  on  Various  Occasions,” 
“ Political  Atheism,”  etc.  He  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  10,  1863. 

BEECHER,  Thomas  Kennicutt,  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  Feb.  10,  1824;  the 
eldest  son  of  Lyman  and  Harriet  (Porter) 
Beecher.  He  was  graduated  from  Illinois  college, 
Jacksonville,  in  1843,  his  half  brother,  Edward, 
being  at  the  time  president  of  the  institution.  He 
was  master  of  a grammar  school  in  Philadelphia 
for  two  years,  and  then  principal  of  the  High 
school  at  Hartford,  Conn.  In  1852  he  formed  and 
assumed  the  charge  of  the  New  England  Congre- 
gational church  at  Williamsburg,  Brooklyn.  L.  I. 
In  1854  he  accepted  a call  from  the  Independent 
Congregational  church  of  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  after- 
wards known  as  the  Park  church.  Here  his 


BEECHER. 


BEEKMAN. 


success  throughout  a long  pastorate  was  very 
marked.  At  first  he  had  a small  congregation, 
with  many  financial  and  other  burdens,  and  no 
suitable  church  building;  and  afterwards  a 
church  of  nearly  one  thousand  members,  a 
Sunday-school  with  as  many  children  in  attend- 
ance, and  a church  building  well  fitted  for  wor- 
ship, instruction,  and  social  home-church  life, 
where  he  introduced  novel  and  successful  methods 
of  church  work.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
for  a time  chaplain  of  the  141st  New  York 
volunteers.  Mr.  Beecher  was  always  broad- 
minded, generous-hearted,  genial  and  unpreten- 
tious, an  all-round  man  in  religion,  politics  and 
social  intercourse ; not  the  slave  of  any  past 
opinions,  but  suiting  his  methods  and  views  to 
the  present.  His  writings  consisted  principally 
of  editorials  and  articles  furnished  the  Elmira 
Advertiser  & Gazette  under  the  head  of  •‘Mis- 
cellany.” In  1870  he  published  a volume  of 
lectures  entitled  “Our  Seven  Churches,  ” one  of 
them  on  the  Episcopal  church  having  an  especially 
large  and  separate  circulation.  In  1853  he  visited 
France  and  England ; in  1864-’65,  South  America ; 
in  1873,  England ; and  in  1884,  California.  His 
life  work  was  largely  confined  to  Elmira,  where 
he  was  several  times  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  political  office. 

BEECHER,  William  Henry,. clergyman,  was 
born  at  East  Hampton,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15,  1802; 
the  eldest  son  of  Lyman  and  Roxana  (Foote) 
Beecher.  His  father  directed  his  studies  until  he 
entered  Andover  theological  seminary.  He  was 
ordained  a clergyman  in  the  Congregational 
church  in  1830,  and  took  his  first  pastorate  at 
Newport,  R.  I.  In  1833  Yale  college  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  He  went 
to  Ohio  in  1837  and  located  in  Putnam,  Muskingum 
county.  He  remained  in  the  Western  Reserve 
some  yeai's,  engaged  in  missionary  work,  and  re- 
turned to  New  York  to  fill  a pastorate  at  Batavia. 
He  returned  to  Ohio  and  preached  at  Toledo, 
where  he  established  a church,  of  which  he  was 
pastor  for  several  years,  and  was  made  president 
of  Illinois  college,  Jacksonville,  in  1843.  The 
climate  undermined  his  health,  and  he  returned 
east  and  labored  in  Reading  and  North  Brookfield, 
Mass.,  at  which  latter  place  he  also  served  as  post- 
master. Upon  the  death  of  his  wife  he  took  up 
his  residence  with  his  daughters,  Mary  and  Rox- 
ana, in  Chicago,  where  he  died  June  23,  1889. 

BEECHER,  Willis  Judson,  educator,  was  born 
at  Hampden,  Ohio,  April  29,  1838.  He  was 
prepared  for  college  in  the  academy  at  Vernon 
Centre,  and  was  graduated  from  Hamilton  college 
in  1858.  From  1858  to  1861  he  was  a teacher  in 
the  Whitestown  seminary,  when  he  took  the 
course  in  the  Auburn  theological  seminary,  grad- 
uating in  1864.  He  served  as  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
to 


byterian  church  in  Ovid,  N.  Y.,  1864-‘65;  was 
professor  of  moral  science  and  belles  lettres,  Knox 
college,  Galesburg,  111.,  1865-’69;  was  pastor  of 
the  First  Church  of  Christ,  Galesburg,  from  1869 
to  1871,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  chosen  profes- 
sor of  the  Hebrew  language  and  literature  in  the 
Auburn  theological  seminary,  Auburn,  N.  Y.  He 
is  the  author  of  “ Farmer  Tompkins  and  his 
Bibles,”  issued  by  the  Presbyterian  board  in  1874, 
and  of  various  biographical  and  mortuary  papers, 
catalogues  and  statistics,  sociological  essays, 
papers  on  temperance  and  on  education,  religious 
and  theological  miscellany,  book  reviews  and  dis- 
cussions of  Old  Testament  topics.  In  1883-'89  he 
edited  the  Old  Testament  department  of  the 
“ American  Supplement  to  the  Encyclopaedia 
Brittannica,  writing  the  articles  on  the  Bible. 
Canon  of  Scripture,  and  various  books  of  the  Old 
Testament.  He  edited  the  Presbyterian  depart- 
ment of  the  revised  edition  (1895)  of  “ Johnson’s 
Cyclopaedia.”  In  1889-'90  he  published  a series 
of  twelve  articles  on  the  “ Postexilian  History  of 
Israel,”  in  the  “ Old  and  New  Testament  Stu- 
dent,” and  in  1893-'94  he  prepared  the  Critical 
Notes  on  the  Old  Testament  lessons  for  the 
Sunday  School  Times. 

BEEKMAN,  Gerardus,  colonial  governor,  was 
born  in  New  York,  Aug.  17, 1653,  son  of  Wilhelmus 
and  Catalina  (DeBoog)  Beekman.  He  was  a 
physician  of  wealth  and  good  standing,  and  at 
the  time  of  Leisler’s  administration  was  a justice 
of  the  peace.  He  was  a firm  friend  of  Leisler,  of 
whose  council  he  was  made  a member  in  Decern 
her,  1689,  and  during  the  troubles  in  the  following 
year  caused  by  Leisler’s  rash  and  obstinate  acts, 
Dr.  Beekman  became  anxious  and  feared  that  the 
result  would  be  bloodshed.  Accordingly  he  took 
things  into  his  own  hands,  called  together  the 
people  of  King’s  and  Queen’s  counties,  who  drew 
up  a peace  address,  and  Beekman  then  personally 
carried  it  to  Leisler,  hoping  to  bring  him  to  a 
rational  view  of  affairs.  He  failed  utterly,  and 
soon  after  Governor  Sloughter’s  arrival,  March  30, 
1691,  Governor  Leisler  and  members  of  his  council 
— among  them  Dr.  Beekman — were,  through  the 
instigation  of  Sloughter.  condemned  to  death,  be- 
ing charged  with  treason  and  murder  ‘ • for  holding 
by  force  the  king’s  fort  against  the  king’s  gov- 
ernor after  the  publication  of  his  commission, 
and  after  demand  had  been  made  in  the  king's 
name,  and  in  the  reducing  of  which  lives  have 
been  lost.”  Beekman  petitioned  for  pardon, 
pleading  that  his  presence  at  the  fort  was  solely 
to  dissuade  Leisler  from  firing  upon  the  king’s 
soldiers,  and  begging  leave  to  attend  to  certain 
patients  who  were  very  ill.  In  1693  the  prisoners 
appealed  to  Governor  Fletcher,  who  finally  liber- 
ated them,  obliging  them  to  give  bonds  that  they 
would  not  leave  the  province.  In  May,  1702,  Dr. 

54J 


BEERS. 


REHRENDS. 


Beekman  was  made  a member  of  Lord  Corn- 
burys  council.  In  1709  Lord  Lovelace,  then 
governor,  died  suddenly,  and  Ingoldsby,  the 
lieutenant-governor,  became  acting  governor.  As 
soon  as  possible  Ingoldsbv’s  commission  was 
revoked,  and  Dr.  Beekman  was  appointed  to  till 
the  office  until  the  new  governor,  Robert  Hunter, 
arrived  in  New  York,  June,  1710,  when  Dr.  Beek 
man  became  president  of  his  council,  retaining 
the  office  until  his  death.  Oct.  10,  1723. 

BEEKMAN,  James  William,  author,  was 
born  in  New  York,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  22,  1815.  He  be- 
longed to  the  historic  family  of  Beekman,  his  first 
American  ancestor,  Wilhelmus  Beekman,  being 
among  the  first  settlers  of  the  New  Netherlands. 
After  graduating  from  Columbia  college  in  1834 
he  studied  law  but  never  practised,  his  indepen- 
dent fortune  permitting  him  to  enjoy  perfect 
leisure  and  to  indulge  his  taste  for  travel.  While 
abroad  he  studied  the  various  European  systems 
of  government,  and  after  his  return  served  two 
terms  as  state  senator,  being  elected  for  his  first 
term  in  1850.  Early  in  1861,  at  the  great  Union 
meeting  held  in  New  York,  he  was  commissioned, 
with  Tliurlow  Weed  and  Erastus  Corning,  to  visit 
the  President  and  insist  upon  the  relief  of  Gen- 
eral Anderson  and  his  garrison  at  Fort  Sumter. 
He  occupied  various  positions  of  trust,  was  one 
of  the  early  members  of  the  New  York  historical 
society,  before  which  he  read  a number  of 
valuable  papers,  and  also  delivered  an  address 
before  the  St.  Nicholas  society  on  “The  Founders 
of  New  York,”  which  was  afterwards  published 
in  1870.  See  “Memoir  of  James  William  Beek- 
man,” by  Edward  F.  Delancey  (1877).  He  died 
in  New  York,  June  15,  1877. 

BEERS,  Ethelinda  Eliot,  author,  was  born 
at  Goshen,  Orange  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  13,  1827,  a 
direct  descendant  from  John  Eliot.  She  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  magazines  and  news- 
papers when  quite  young,  and  she  adopted  the 
pen  name  “ Ethel  Lynn.”  She  was  married  to  Wil- 
liam H.  Beers  and  thereafter  wrote  her  name  Ethel 
Lynn  Beers.  The  best  known  of  her  poems  is 
“All  Quiet  Along  the  Potomac.”  which  was  first 
published  in  Harper's  Weekly  under  date  of  Nov. 
30,  1861,  and  which  experienced  the  not  usual 
honor  of  a disputed  authorship — several  poetical 
aspirants  claiming  the  poem  as  their  own.  As 
none  of  the  claimants  had  equally  meritorious 
verses  to  show,  by  which  to  substantiate  their 
claims,  Mrs.  Beers  was  readily  accorded  its 
authorship.  Among  her  other  published  poems 
were.  “Which  Shall  it  Be?”  “Weighing  the 
Baby,”  and  other  children’s  verses,  which  were 
widely  read  and  copied.  A complete  collection 
of  her  poems,  entitled  “ All  Quiet  Along  the 
Potomac  and  Other  Poems,”  was  published  in 
1879.  She  died  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  Oct.  10,  1879. 


BEERS,  Henry  Augustin,  educator,  was  born 
in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  July  2,  1847.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Hartford,  Conn.,  high  school,  and  at 
Yale  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1869.  He 
then  spent  two  years  in  the  study  of  law  in  New 
York  city,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1870. 
In  1871  he  was  appointed  a tutor  at  Yale;  in  1875, 
assistant  professor  of  English,  and  full  professor 
in  1880;  also  professor  of  English  literature  in  the 
Sheffield  scientific  school.  Yale  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1887.  He  was  a frequent 
contributor  to  the  magazines,  and  published:  “A 
Century  of  American  Literature  ” (1878) ; “ Odds 
and  Ends,”  a volume  of  verse  (1878);  “Life  of 
N.  P.  Willis”  (1885);  “Selections  from  Willis’s 
Prose  Writings ” (1885);  “The  Thankless  Muse” 
(verse,  1885) ; “ An  Outline  Sketch  of  English 
Literature”  (1886);  “From  Chaucer  to  Tenny- 
son ” and  “A  Suburban  Pastoral”  (1894) ; and 
“ The  Ways  of  Yale  in  the  Consulship  of  Plaucus” 
(1895.) 

BEGOLE,  Josiah  W.,  governor  of  Michigan, 
was  born  in  Livingston  county,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  20, 
1815.  His  ancestors  were  French  refugees  to 
Maryland,  and  both  his  maternal  and  paternal 
grandfathers  migrated  to  New  York  state  be- 
cause of  their  aversion  to  slavery.  He  received 
an  academic  education,  and  in  1835  went  to  Michi- 
gan, then  an  unsettled  territory,  took  up  land 
where  Flint  city  was  afterwards  built,  married,  and 
soon  transformed  his  tract  into  a well-cultivated 
and  valuable  homestead.  Having  been  instructed 
in  anti-slavery  principles,  he  became  identified 
with  the  Republican  party,  and  acted  prominently 
in  the  public  life  of  the  state  from  the  time  of  its 
admission  to  the  Union.  He  held  various  local 
offices,  was  treasurer  of  his  county  from  1856  to 
1862,  and  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1870, 
holding  prominent  positions  on  committees  He 
was  a member  of  the  National  republican  conven- 
tion held  at  Philadelphia  in  1872,  and  in  that  year 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  43d  Congress. 
He  was  elected  governor  of  the  state  in  1882, 
served  his  full  term  with  universal  acceptance, 
and  refused  re-nomination  in  1885.  In  1884  he 
became  first  vice-president  of  the  Michigan  equal 
suffrage  association,  established  in  that  year. 
He  died  June  6,  1895. 

BEHRENDS,  Adolphus  Frederick,  clergy- 
man, was  born  at  Nymwegen,  Holland,  Dec.  18, 
1839.  His  family  removed  to  America  while  he 
was  very  young.  He  was  graduated  at  Denison 
university,  Ohio,  in  1862,  and  at  the  Rochester 
(Baptist)  theological  seminary,  N.  Y.,  in  1865.  In 
the  latter  year  he  took  charge  of  a Baptist  church 
at  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1873  was  made  pastor 
of  the  First  Baptist  church  at  Cleveland,  Ohio.  In 
1876  lie  became  pastor  of  the  Union  Congrega- 
tional chur3fh  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  in  1883  he 


12i5J 


BELASCO. 


BELKNAP. 


succeeded  the  Rev.  Dr.  H.  M.  Scudder  in  the 
charge  of  the  Central  Congregational  church  at 
Brooklyn,  one  of  the  largest  churches  in  the  coun- 
try. Dr.  Behrends  is  the  author  of  “Socialism 
and  Christianity”  (1886),  and  “The  Philosophy 
of  Preaching ” (1890). 

BELASCO,  David,  playwright,  was  born  in 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  in  1858,  of  English  parents. 
His  boyhood  was  passed  in  Vancouver,  British 
Columbia,  under  the  care  of  a Catholic  priest.  He 
was  graduated  from  Lincoln  college,  California, 
and  accepted  an  offer  from  a theatrical  company 
that  was  to  play  in  western  towns.  He  travelled 
with  them  in  the  capacity  of  general  utility  man, 
and  returning  to  San  Francisco  in  1878  he  was 
appointed  stage  director  of  the  Baldwin  theatre, 
the  Bush  Street  theatre,  and  the  Grand  Opera 
House,  respectively.  As  a playwright  he  was 
uniformly  successful,  as  attested  by  the  popularity 
of  his  “ Hearts  of  Oak.”  “ La  Belle  Russe,”  “May 
Blossom,”  “Lord  Chumley,”  “Valerie,”  “The 
Wife,”  “The  Charity  Ball”  (written in  collabora- 
tion with  Henry  de  Mille) ; “Men  and  Women,” 
“The  Girl  I Left  Behind  Me,”  and  “The  Heart 
of  Maryland.” 

BELCHER,  Jonathan,  colonial  governor,  was 
born  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan.  8,  1681,  son  of 
Andrew  Belcher,  a member  of  the  Provincial 
council.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1699,  and 
afterwards  visited  England,  where  he  remained 
six  years.  Upon  his  return  to  his  native  land  he 
settled  in  Boston  as  a merchant,  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  Provincial  council,  and,  in  1729,  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  general  assembly  agent  of  the  prov- 
ince in  England,  and  while  there,  in  1730,  wascom- 


GOVERNOK  BELCHER’S  HOUSE. 


missioned  governor  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
Hampshire.  His  administration  was  unpopular  by 
reason  of  his  extravagant  style  of  living  and  de- 
mands for  a large  salary.  In  1741  his  enemies 
succeeded  in  having  him  removed,  whereupon  he 
repaired  to  the  British  court,  and  had  little 
trouble  in  regaining  the  favor  of  the  king,  who 
had  been  his  warm  personal  friend.  In  1747  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  New  Jersey,  a position 


which  he  held  until  his  death.  He  enlarged  the 
charter  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  was  its 
chief  friend  and  benefactor  in  its  early  days,  and 
bequeathed  to  it  his  valuable  library.  He  died  at 
Elizabethtown,  N.  J..  Aug.  31,  1757. 

BELDEN,  James  Jerome,  representative,  was 
born  in  Fabius.  N.  Y.,  Sept.  30,  1825,  son  of  Royal 
Denison  Belden,  direct  descendant  of  Richard 
Bayldon.  of  Yorkshire,  England,  who  came  to 
Wethersfield,  Conn.,  in  1635.  In  1850  he  went  to 
California,  where  he  engaged  in  commercial 
affairs.  In  1853  he 
returned  to  Syracuse, 

N.  Y.,  where  he  mar- 
ried Anna,  daughter 
of  Robert  Gere.  Mr 
Belden,  in  connec- 
tion with  his  brother 
(A.  Caldwell  Belden) , 

Robert  Gere,  and  Dr. 

Henry  D.  Denison, 
had  large  contracts 
in  the  construction  of 
public  works  in  the 
United  States  and 
Canada.  His  firm 
built  the  first  street 
railways  of  Detroit, 
the  Syracuse  North- 
ern railroad,  and  part 
of  the  West  Shore  railroad,  the  Groton  reservoir, 
improved  Hell  Gate  and  the  canals  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  and  enlarged  the  Welland  canal. 
He  was  elected  Mayor  of  Syracuse  in  1877,  serv- 
ing two  terms.  In  1886  he  was  elected  as  a rep- 
resentative to  the  50th  Congress,  was  re-elected 
to  the  51st,  52d  and  53d,  declined  a nomination 
to  the  54th,  and  in  1896  was  elected  to  the  55th 
Congress.  In  1880  he,  with  his  brother,  founded 
the  Robert  Gere  Bank  in  Syracuse.  In  New  York 
city  and  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  where  he  had  large 
real-estate  interests,  he  was  well  known  for  his 
quiet  benevolence.  He  was  trustee  of  the  Syra- 
cuse university,  charter  member  and  officer 
of  the  order  of  the  Founders  and  Patriots  of 
America,  and  member  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
revolution. 

BELKNAP,  Charles  Eugene,  representative, 
was  born  at  Massena,  St.  Lawrence  count}',  N.Y.. 
Oct.  17,  1846.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to 
Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  in  1855;  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools  of  Grand  Rapids;  left  school 
Aug.  14,  1862,  and  enlisted  in  the  21st  regiment, 
Michigan  infantry,  as  a private;  was  promoted 
for  meritorious  conduct  in  battle,  and  received  a 
captain’s  commission  Jan.  22,  1864.  when  only 
seventeen  years  old.  He  served  until  June.  186.>. 
with  the  army  of  the  Cumberland,  and  was 
wounded  seven  times.  He  returned  to  Grand 


BELKNAP. 


BELKNAP. 


Rapids,  on  being  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer 
service,  and  was  for  seven  years  a member  of  the 
board  of  education,  one  year  mayor,  and  a mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  control  of  state  school  institu- 
tion for  the  deaf  for  four  years.  He  was  elected  in 
1888  to  represent  his  district  in  the  51st  Congress 
on  the  Republican  ticket,  declining  a renomina- 
tion in  1890,  but  accepting  a nomination  to  fill  a 
vacancy  in  the  52d  Congress  on  Oct.  12,  1891, 
when  he  was  elected  by  sixteen  hundred  majority 
in  a strongly  Democratic  district.  In  November, 
1892,  he  was  elected  to  the  53d  Congress.  He 
was  author  of  the  “ Legends  and  Myths  of  the 
Chippewa  Indians,”  “Flower  and  Plant  Myths,’ 
and  “War  Memories.” 

BELKNAP,  George  Eugene,  naval  officer, 
was  born  at  Newport,  N.  H.,  Jan.  22,  1832.  In 
October,  1847,  he  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman 
from  New  Hampshire,  and  was  attached  to  the 
brig  Porpoise,  in  the  African  coast  squadron.  In 
1850  he  was  transferred  to  the  frigate  Raritan  of 
the  Pacific  squadron,  and  in  1856  to  the  East 
India  squadron.  He  was  promoted  past-midship- 
man,  1853;  master,  1855;  lieutenant,  Sept.  16, 
1855;  lieutenant-commander,  1862,  and  com- 
mander, 1866.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
capture  and  destruction  of  the  barrier  forts  in  the 
Canton  river,  China,  in  1856.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  conspicuous  in  the  re-enforce- 
ment of  Fort  Pickens,  April,  1861,  and  com- 
manded the  New  Ironsides  in  the  investment  of 
the  Confederate  forts  in  Charleston  harbor, 
1862-’64.  He  commanded  the  Seneca  in  the  North 
Atlantic  squadron  in  1864,  and  the  ironclad  Ca- 
nonicus  in  the  attack  on  Howlett  House  battery, 
Va.,  and  in  the  first  and  second  attacks  on  Fort 
Fisher,  firing  the  last  shot  at  the  evacuation  of 
Charleston,  in  1865.  He  then,  with  the  Canon- 
icus,  proceeded  to  Havana,  Cuba,  in  search  of  the 
Confederate  Stoneiuall.  He  commanded  the  Hart- 
ford (flagship)  in  the  Asiatic  squadron  in  1867-’68. 
He  was  ordered  in  1873  to  the  steamer  Tuscarora 
to  make  deep-sea  soundings  in  the  North  Pacific 
between  the  United  States  and  Japan,  to  de- 
termine the  feasibility  of  laying  a submarine 
cable  between  the  two  countries.  The  methods 
he  employed  in  obtaining  soundings  at  great 
depths  were  original  and  highly  successful,  and 
for  his  valuable  discoveries  concerning  the  topog- 
raphy of  the  ocean-bed  he  received  public  recog- 
nition from  eminent  scientists  in  all  parts  of  the 
world.  At  the  time  of  the  disturbance  connected 
with  the  election  of  King  Kalakaua  in  Honolulu, 
Commander  Belknap  was  senior  naval  officer  of 
the  station  and  landed  forces  from  the  Tuscarora 
and  the  Portsmouth  for  the  purpose  of  restoring 
and  maintaining  order.  He  was  in  command  of 
the  Pensacola  navy  yard  until  1881,  when  he  went 
to  South  American  waters  in  the  Alaska  to  pro- 


tect the  interests  of  the  United  States  in  the  diffi- 
culty between  Chili  and  Peru.  He  was  comman- 
dant at  various  times  of  the  navy  yards  at  Norfolk, 
Pensacola  and  Mare  Island,  superintendent  of  the 
naval  observatory,  Washington,  and  president 
of  the  torpedo  board.  He  was  promoted  com- 
modore in  1885,  and  in  1889  was  made  rear-ad- 
miral in  command  of  the  Asiatic  station  with 
headquarters  at  Yokohama,  Japan.  He  returned 
to  the  United  States  in  1892,  and  was  placed  on 
the  retired  list  Jan.  22,  1894.  He  published 
“ Deep  Sea  Soundings  ” and  various  magazine 
articles,  and  was  honored  by  the  Royal  scientific 
societies  of  Europe  and  the  principal  geographical 
and  scientific  societies  of  America,  for  his  investi- 
gations and  discoveries. 

BELKNAP,  Jeremy,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  June  4,  1744.  He  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  in  1762,  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  theology,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  a Congre- 
gational church  at  Dover,  N.  H.,  in  1767.  Here 
he  remained  for  twenty  years,  during  which  time 
he  published  one  of  the  three  volumes  of  his 
“History  of  New  Hampshire,”  the  other  two 
volumes  appearing  in  1791  and  1792.  In  1786  he 
received  and  accepted  a call  to  the  Federal  street 
church  of  Boston,  a charge  which  he  held  until 
his  decease.  He  was  the  originator  and  founder 
of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  S.T.D.  from  Harvard  in  1792, 
and  became  one  of  its  overseers  in  that  year.  Dr. 
Belknap  enjoyed  a high  reputation  as  a writer, 
and  his  books,  as  well  as  his  published  sermons 
and  magazine  articles,  were  very  populai . His 
works  include:  “ A Life  of  Watts  ” (1793);  two 
volumes  of  “ American  Biographies  ” (1794-'98) ; 
a collection  of  psalms  and  hymns  (1795),  which 
passed  through  several  editions,  and  “ The  For- 
esters; or,  a Description  of  the  Manners  of  the 
People  of  the  Several  States”  (1796).  He  pub- 
lished a number  of  essays  on  the  African  trade, 
upon  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  upon  the  state 
and  settlement  of  the  country.  A “ Life  of  Dr. 
Belknap,”  with  selected  letters,  was  published  by 
his  grand  daughter  in  1847.  He  died  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  June  20,  1798. 

RELKNAP,  William  Worth,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  22,  1829;  son  of  William 
Goldsmith  Belknap,  an  army  officer  who  won  dis- 
tinction under  General  Taylor  in  the  war  with 
Mexico.  After  his  graduation  at  Princeton  col- 
lege in  1848  he  studied  law  in  Georgetown.  D.  C., 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  removed  to  Keokuk, 
Iowa,  where  he  practised,  and  in  1857  was  elected 
to  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legislature.  Upon 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  vol- 
unteer army  as  major  of  the  15th  Iowa  infantry. 
He  fought  bravely  at  Corinth,  where  he  was  seri- 
ously wounded;  at  Shiloh.  Vicksburg,  and  in  the 
[257] 


BELL. 


BELL. 


Atlanta  campaign,  winning  promotion  on  the 
battlefield.  He  received  the  commission  of  brig- 
adier-general in  July,  1864,  and  succeeded  to  the 
command  of  an  Iowa  brigade.  His  brevet  rank 
of  major-general  of  volunteers  was  accorded  him 
on  March  13,  1865.  On  his  being  mustered  out  at 
the  close  of  the  war  he  refused  a commission  in 
the  regular  army,  and  was  appointed  collector  of 
internal  revenue  in  the  district  of  Iowa.  On  Oct. 
13,  1869,  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war  in  the 
cabinet  of  President  Grant,  and  retained  that 
position  in  Grant’s  second  administration  until 
March  7,  1876,  when,  upon  being  charged  with 
corruption  in  office,  he  resigned,  after  earnest 
protestations  to  the  President  that  he  was  guilt- 
less of  any  complicity  in  the  matters  charged. 
Afterwards  the  house  of  representatives  presented 
him  to  the  senate  for  impeachment,  but  the  pro- 
ceedings were  quashed  for  Aant  of  jurisdiction, 
and  the  vote  taken  upon  his  guilt  resulted  in 
thirty-seven  ayes  and  twenty -three  nays.  Sen- 
ator Carpenter,  who  defended  Secretary  Belknap, 
declared  the  entire  innocence  of  his  client, 
and  purposed,  should  he  outlive  the  ex-secretary, 
to  clear  his  memory  and  place  the  blame  where 
it  belonged.  Carpenter’s  death  in  1881  prevented 
this  act  of  justice  Mr.  Belknap,  after  leaving  the 
cabinet,  made  his  home  in  Philadelphia,  but  in 
1876  returned  to  Washington,  where  he  took  up 
the  practice  of  law.  On  Oct.  13,  1890,  he  was 
found  dead  in  his  room,  and  the  attending  phys- 
icians gave  the  date  of  his  death  as  Oct.  12,  1890. 

BELL,  Agrippa  Nelson,  physician,  was  born 
in  Northampton  county,  Va.,  Aug.  3,  1820.  He 
received  an  academical  education,  and  pursued 
his  medical  course  at  the  Tremont  street  medical 
school,  Boston,  in  the  medical  school  at  Harvard 
college,  and  at  the  Jefferson  medical  college  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  received  his  degree 
March,  1842.  He  practised  as  a physician  at 
Franktown,  Ya.  In  1847  he  was  commissioned 
as  surgeon  in  the  navy,  served  in  tire  Gulf 
squadron  during  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  for  a 
time  attached  to  the  yellow  fever  hospital  on 
Salmadina  Island,  near  Vera  Cruz.  He  served 
on  the  Spanish  Main,  in  the  West  Indies,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Africa  and  at  the  New  York  navy 
yard,  and  resigned  from  the  navy  in  1855.  He 
resumed  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Brooklyn 
and  attained  distinction  for  his  services  in  1856, 
when  yellow  fever  prevailed  at  Bay  Ridge  and 
Fort  Hamilton.  He  early  advocated  the  use  of 
steam  for  disinfecting  purposes.  In  1861  the  New 
York  commissioners  of  quarantine  employed  Dr. 
Bell  as  medical  superintendent  of  the  floating 
hospital  for  the  special  care  of  yellow  fever  in  the 
lower  bay.  From  1870  to  1873  he  was,  by  appoint- 
ment of  Governor  Hoffman,  supervising  commis- 
sioner of  quarantine.  In  1873  he  established  the 


Sanitarian,  a monthly  magazine  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  public  health.  On  the  national  board 
of  health,  June,  1879,  Dr.  Bell  was  chosen  as  one 
of  the  inspectors  of  quarantine,  and  assigned  to 
duty  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  but  in  August  of  the 
same  year  he  was  transferred  to  New  Orleans  on 
the  outbreak  of  yellow  fever  in  that  city.  From 
New  Orleans  Dr.  Bell  proceeded,  to  Vicksburg, 
and  thence  to  Memphis,  where  he  organized  and 
instituted  the  house-to-house  inspection  service 
which  resulted  in  the  purification  of  that  city. 
The  honorary  degree  of  A. M.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  Trinity  college,  in  1859.  The  New  York 
state  medical  society,  American  medical  associa- 
tion, American  public  health  association,  Ameri- 
can climatological  association.  Kings  county  med- 
ical society,  Kings  county  medical  association  and 
New  York  medico-legal  society  made  him  a regu- 
lar member,  and  he  was  made  honorary  member 
of  the  Connecticut  state  medical  society,  and  of 
the  Societe  Francaise  d'bygiene,  and  correspond- 
ing member  of  the  Epidemiological  society, 
London.  Dr.  Bell’s  publications  include : “Quar- 
antine” (1856);  “ Knowledge  of  Living  Things  ” 
(1860) ; “ Malignant  Pustule  ” (1862) ; “ Disinfec- 
tion of  Vessels”  (1863);  “How  Complete  is  the 
Protection  of  Vaccination ‘ ” (1864);  “Medical 
Progress  ” (1870). 

BELL,  Alexander  Graham,  inventor,  was 
born  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  March  3,  1847 ; son 
of  Alexander  Melville  and  Eliza  Grace  Bell.  His 
education  was  conducted  with  a special  view  to 
his  continuance  of  the  life-work  of  his  father  and 
grandfather,  both  of  whom  had  achieved  notable 
success  in  the  invention  and  improvement  of 
methods  for  instructing  persons  born  deaf  and 
dumb,  or  with  some  impediment  of  speech.  He 
attended  the  Edinburgh  high  school  and  the  Ed- 
inburgh university,  after  which  he  entered  the 
London  university,  where  he  remained  some  three 
years,  when  ill-health  compelled  him  to  resign  his 
studies.  In  1870  he  accompanied  his  father  to 
Canada,  where  he  again  took  up  his  studies,  and 
two  years  later  removed  to  Boston,  Mass.,  where 
he  was  employed  as  a teacher  of  deaf-mutes,  and 
later  became  professor  of  vocal  physiology  in  Bos- 
ton university.  As  early  as  1867  he  began  the 
study  of  the  problem  of  conveying  articulate 
sounds  by  electricity,  and  devised  a number  of 
more  or  less  perfect  contrivances,  before  evolving 
the  telephone,  which  he  exhibited  for  the  first 
time  at  the  Centennial  exhibition  at  Philadelphia, 
in  1876.  He  filed  an  application  for  a patent  for 
a speaking  telephone,  Feb.  14,  1876.  Companies 
were  organized,  exchanges  established,  and  by 
1879  the  Bell  telephone  had  become  a com 
mercial  and  social  necessity,  not  only  in  America, 
but  in  Europe.  Mr.  Bell  and  his  backers  reaped 
large  fortunes,  despite  the  fact  that  hundreds 
[25S| 


BELL. 


BELL. 


of  thousands  of  dollars  were  spent  in  defend- 
ing the  validity  of  the  patent  and  in  prose- 
cuting infringers.  Mr.  Bell  invented  in  1887  his 
photophone,  an  instrument  by  means  of  which 
a vibratory  beam  of  light  is  substituted  for  a wire 
in  conveying  speech,  and  he  subsequently  devoted 
much  time  and  study  to  the  subject  of  multiplex 
telegraphy,  and  to  that  of  recording  speech  by 
means  of  photographing  the  vibrations  of  a jet  of 
water,  by  imparting  its  vibrations  to  a beam 
of  light.  In  conjunction  with  C.  Stunner  Tainter 
and  Dr.  Chichester  Bell,  he  made  improvements 
in  the  recording  and  reproduction  of  speech,  as 
embodied  in  the  graphophone.  Mr.  Bell  was 
elected  a member  of  various  scientific  associations 
and  contributed  many  valuable  papers  on  var- 
ious scientific  subjects.  As  a member  of  the 
National  academy  of  sciences  he  contributed  an 
elaborate  memoir  on  the  threatened  “ Formation 
of  a Deaf  Variety  of  the  Human  Race.”  In  1890 
he  founded  an  association  of  articulation  teachers 
of  the  deaf,  the  first  convention  of  which  was  held 
at  Lake  George,  N.  Y.,  in  June,  1891.  He  estab- 
lished the  Volta  bureau  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  as 
a permanent  centre  of  information  on  all  subjects 
relating  to  the  deaf  and  dumb.  He  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Hubbard,  a deaf-mute  of  whose 
education  he  had  charge.  In  1896  Harvard  uni- 
versity conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL*D. 

BELL,  Alexander  Melville,  educator,  was 
born  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  March  1,  1819;  son 
of  Alexander  Bell  (born  1790,  died  1866),  who  was 
a teacher  of  speech  and  vocal  physiology  in  Lon- 
don, and  author  of  a treatise  for  the  cure  of  stam- 
mering, and  brother  of  David  Charles  Bell,  who 
followed  the  family  profession  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 
while  he  occupied  the  field  in  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
land. He  lectured  in  Edinburgh,  in  connection 
with  the  university,  and  also  with  New  college, 
from  1843  to  1866 ; he  then  removed  to  London, 
where  he  lectured  in  University  college.  In  1870 
he  became  lecturer  in  the  Queen's  university, 
Kingston,  Canada,  and  in  1881  removed  to  the 
United  States.  In  1849  he  published  “ A New 
Elucidation  of  the  Principles  of  Speech  and 
Elocution,”  and  subsequently  “ Stenophono- 
graphy,”  and  other  works  of  shorthand;  “Vis- 
ible Speech  and  Universal  Alphabetics,  ” “ Line 
Writing  on  the  Basis  of  Visible  Speech,  ” “ Sounds 
and  their  Relations, ” “ Faults  of  Speech,”  “ Prin- 
ciples of  Elocution,”  “Standard  Elocutionist,” 
“Essays  and  Postscripts  on  Elocution,”  “World 
“English  and  Speech-Reading  and  Articulation 
Teaching.” 

BELL,  Charles  H.,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  Aug.  16,  1798.  In  1812  lie  became 
a midshipman  in  the  U.  S.  navy,  serving  in  1812 
and  1813  under  Commodore  Decatur;  in  1814 


under  Commodore  Chauncey  on  Lake  Ontario, 
and  in  1815  was  again  with  Commodore  Decatur 
on  board  the  Macedonian  in  the  operations  against 
Algiei’s.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant  March 
28,  1820,  and  in  1824  was  in  command  of  the  Fer- 
ret, capsized  in  mid-ocean.  He  was  saved  after 
twenty-three  hours’  struggle  with  the  elements. 
In  1829  he  was  with  the  squadron  in  the  West 
Indies,  operating  against  the  pirates.  With  a 
boat’s  crew  he  cut  out  the  Federal  from  under  the 
guns  of  Fort  Guadeloupe.  On  Sept.  10,  1840,  lie 
was  promoted  commander,  and  while  cruising  on 
the  African  coast  in  the  Yorktown , in  1844-’46,  he 
succeeded  in  taking  three  slave  ships,  on  one  of 
which  were  nearly  a thousand  captive  Africans. 
He  received  the  rank  of  captain,  Aug.  12,  1854, 
and  five  years  later  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
Norfolk  navy  yard.  In  1860  he  joined  the  Med- 
iterranean squadron,  and  the  next  year  was 
ordered  home.  He  served  from  1861  to  1864 
in  command  of  the  Pacific  squadron.  On  July  16, 
1862,  he  was  promoted  commodore,  and  in  May, 
1865,  was  detailed  on  special  duty  on  the  James 
river,  remaining  there  until  the  surrender  of  the 
Confederate  forces  at  Appomatox.  He  was  made 
commandant  at  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard,  serving 
in  that  post  for  three  years,  when  he  was  retired 
from  active  service.  He  received  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral  on  July  25,  1866,  and  died  in  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Feb.  19,  1875. 

BELL,  Charles  Henry,  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, was  born  in  Chester,  N.  H.,  on  Nov.  18,  1823; 
son  of  John  Bell,  governor  in  1829-'30.  He  was 
graduated  from  Dartmouth  college  in  1844,  prac- 
tised law  in  Chester,  Great  Falls,  and  Exeter; 
and  was  for  ten  years  county  solicitor.  He  was 
a representative  in  the  state  legislatures  of  1858, 
1859,  ajid  1860,  the  last  year  being  speaker; 
was  state  senator  in  1863  and  1864,  the  last  year 
being  president  of  the  senate;  was  representa- 
tive to  the  43d  Congress  and  president  of  the  state 
Republican  convention  in  1878.  In  March,  1879, 
lie  was  appointed  by  Governor  Prescott.  United 
States  senator  to  fill  the  vacancy  made  by  the 
expiration  of  Senator  Wadleigh’s  term  before  the 
convening  of  the  legislature,  in  June,  1879.  He 
was  governor  of  New  Hampshire  from  June,  1881, 
until  June,  1883,  being  elected  as  a Republican. 
He  was  president  of  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention in  1889.  As  a historian  and  author  Gov- 
ernor Bell  gained  wide  reputation,  and  was 
president  of  the  State  historical  society  for  many 
years.  Among  his  more  prominent  publications 
were:  “Men  and  Things  of  Exeter,  N.  H.”; 
“Exeter in  1776”;  “Phillips  Exeter  Academy”; 

‘ ‘ Memorial  of  John  T.  Gilman,  M.  D.  ” ; “ Memoirs 
of  John  Wheelwright,”  and  “The  Bench  and 
Bar  of  New  Hampshire.”  He  died  at  Exeter, 
N.  H.,  Nov.  12,  1893. 


f 2591 


BELL. 


BELL. 


BELL,  Charles  Keith,  representative,  was 
born  at  Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  April  18,  1853.  He 
received  a common-school  education  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1874.  The  same  year  he 
removed  to  Texas,  locating  at  Hamilton.  In  1880 
he  was  elected  district  attorney ; in  1884,  state 
senator;  in  1888,  district  judge;  in  1892  he  was 
elected  as  a Democratic  representative  to  the  53d 
Congress,  and  in  1894  was  re-elected  to  the  54th 
Congress. 

BELL,  Clark,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Rodman, 
N.  Y.,  March  12,  1832.  He  was  educated  at 
Franklin  academy,  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853, 
practised  in  Hammondsport  and  Bath,  N.  Y.,  and 
in  1864  removed  to  New  York  city,  where  he  was 
engaged  as  a corporation  lawyer,  notably  for  the 
Union  Pacific  railway.  After  1870  he  devoted 
his  special  attention  to  medical  jurisprudence, 
and  published  a number  of  pamphlets  on  that 
subject:  “The  Coroner  System  and  its  Needed 
Reforms”  (1881);  “Suicide  and  Legislation” 
(1882);  “The  Rights  of  the  Insane”  (1883); 
“ Madness  and  Crime  ” (1884) ; “ Shall  we  Hang 
the  Insane  who  Commit  Homicide?”  (1885),  and 
“ Classification  of  Mental  Diseases  as  a Basis  of 
Insanity”  (1886).  He  founded  the  Medico-Legal 
Journal  in  1883. 

BELL,  Henry  Haywood,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  North  Carolina  about  1808.  In  1823  he 
was  appointed  a midshipman  in  the  U.  S.  navy. 
He  was  attached  to  the  Grampus  when  that 
vessel  was  detailed  to  protect  American  commerce 
against  the  pirates  in  Cuban  waters.  He  served 
in  the  East  India  squadron,  and  in  1856,  while 
commanding  the  San  Jacinto  of  that  fleet,  he 
participated  in  the  capture  and  destruction  of  the 
four  barrier  forts  on  the  Canton  river,  China.  He 
held  the  rank  of  captain  at  the  opening  of  the 
civil  war,  and  was  appointed  fleet  captain  of  the 
Western  Gulf  squadron.  He  commanded  a 
division  of  the  fleet  at  the  capture  of  New 
Orleans,  and  took  formal  possession  of  that  city 
by  raising  the  stars  and  stripes  over  the  custom 
house.  He  was  present  at  the  taking  of  Port 
Hudson,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  com- 
modore July  16,  1862,  commanding  the  Western 
Gulf  blockading  squadron  until  1864.  He  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  Asiatic  squadron  in  1865, 
and  July  25,  1865,  was  made  rear-admiral.  He 
was  retired  at  his  own  request  April  12,  1867. 
While  awaiting  his  successor,  Rear  -Admiral 
Rowan,  he  put  out  in  a boat  from  the  Hartford 
with  Lieutenant  Reed  and  thirteen  men,  to  pro- 
ceed up  the  Osaka  river,  Japan,  in  pursuit  of  a 
piratical  craft.  Owing  to  the  existence  of  a dan- 
gerous sand-bar,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  the 
boat  was  overturned,  and  the  admiral,  with 
Lieutenant  Reed  and  ten  of  the  men,  was 
drowned,  Jan.  11,  1868, 


BELL,  Hiram  Parks,  representative,  was  born 
in  Jackson  county,  Ga.,  Jan.  27,  1827.  After 
receiving  an  academic  education  he  taught  school 
for  two  years,  studied  law.  and  in  1849,  after  his 
admission  to  the  bar,  established  himself  as  a law- 
yer  at  Cumming,  Ga.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Georgia  state  convention  of  1861,  and  opposed  the 
secession  ordinance.  He  entered  the  Confederate 
army,  resigning  his  seat  in  the  state  senate  to  do 
so,  and  rendered  gallant  and  meritorious  services, 
for  which  he  was  promoted  colonel.  He  was 
dangerously  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Chickasaw 
Bayou,  Miss.,  Dec.,  1862,  and  resigned  from  the 
army  soon  afterward.  In  1864  he  was  elected  a 
representative  to  the  2d  Confederate  States  con- 
gress, and  in  1872  he  was  elected  to  the  43d  U.  S. 
Congress,  and  in  1876  to  the  45th  Congress.  H«-“ 
served  as  delegate  to  a number  of  Democratic  con- 
ventions, and  took  a prominent  part  in  both  na- 
tional and  state  politics. 

BELL,  James,  senator,  was  born  at  Frances- 
town,  Hillsborough  comity,  N.  H.,  Nov.  13,  1804. 
son  of  Samuel  Bell,  governor  of  New  Hampshire. 
He  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1822. 
studied  law  with  his  brother,  Samuel  Dana,  and 
at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1825,  and  practised  his  profession  at  Gihnanton, 
Exeter,  and  Gilford,  N.  H.  He  served  a term  in 
the  state  house  of  representatives  in  1846.  was 
a member  of  the  state  constitutional  convention 
1850,  and  received  the  Whig  nomination  for  gov- 
ernor of  the  state  in  1854,  and  again  in  1855,  but 
failed  of  an  election;  was  elected  U.  S.  senator 
in  1855,  holding  his  seat  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  Laconia,  N.  H.,  May  26,  1857. 

BELL,  John,  statesman,  was  born  near  Nash 
ville,  Tenn.,  Feb.  15,  1797.  He  was  graduated 
from  Cumberland  college  in  1814.  studied  law. 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Williamson 
county  when  nineteen  years  old.  He  settled  in 
the  practice  of  law  at  Franklin,  interested  himself 
in  local  and  state  politics,  and  evinced  such 
marked  ability  that  in  1817  he  was  elected  to  the 
state  legislature,  although  he  had  not  yet  reached 
his  majority.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  term  of 
service  he  refused  a renomination,  removed  to 
Nashville,  where  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
Judge  Crabb,  and  established  a considerable  busi- 
ness. His  ability  both  as  speaker  and  writer 
brought  him  prominently  before  the  people  in 
1826  as  a candidate  for  representative  to  the  20th 
Congress.  His  political  opponent  was  Felix 
Grundy,  a man  of  popular  gifts,  of  great  aptness 
in -public  speech,  and  a particular  favorite  of  An- 
drew Jackson.  Mr.  Bell,  after  a twelve  months 
canvass,  was  elected,  and  was  successively  re- 
elected  to  the  six  following  congresses.  He  was 
a conservative,  and  opposed  the  radical  propo- 
sitions of  both  Andrew  Jackson  and  John  C. 


BELL. 


BELL. 


Calhoun,  while  on  general  politics  agreeing  with 
them.  During  the  exciting  events  of  Jackson’s 
administration,  Representative  Bell  came  to  the 
front  as  chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee  and 
of  the  committee  on  Indian  affairs.  In  1832  he 
opposed  protection,  but  afterwards  adopted  the 
policy.  His  defection  from  the  Democratic  party 
was  from  the  time  he  opposed  the  removal  of 
deposits  from  the  United  States  banks.  He  had 
southern  proclivities,  if  not  prejudices;  but  he 
was  a man  of  generous  sympathies,  broad  views 
of  the  inter  dependent  relations  of  state  and 
nation,  and  of  a judicial  type  of  mind.  He  held 
to  the  constitution  and  recognized  what  he 
esteemed  as  the  duty  of  compromise.  Mr.  Bell, 
as  a slaveholder,  opposed  the  Wilmot  proviso  and 
Senator  Douglas  in  his  doctrine  of  squatter  sov- 
ereignty. He  defended  the  territorial  rights  of 
the  south,  and  was  outspoken  on  the  divine  right 
to  hold  slaves  as  property,  but  voted  for  the 
acceptance  of  the  petition  asking  for  the  abolition 
of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  He  spoke 
and  wrote  against  the  Lecompton  constitution, 
and  in  the  great  debate  in  the  senate,  March,  1858, 
made  the  emphatic  statement : ‘ ' On  the  question 
whether  Kansas  shall  be  a free  or  a slave  state, 
as  a representative  of  southern  interests,  my  pref- 
erence of  course  is  for  a slave  state.”  With 
all  this  he  was  consistent  in  advocating  above  all 
and  before  all,  that  the  integrity  of  the  Union 
should  be  maintained.  Mr.  Bell  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  June  2, 
1834,  in  a close  contest  with  James  K.  Polk,  de- 
feating him  by  one  vote,  and  serving  throughout 
the  second  session  of  the  23d  Congress.  Upon 
the  accession  of  William  H.  Harrison  to  the  presi- 
dency, in  1841,  lie  was  made  his  secretary  of 
war.  He  resigned,  and  was  succeeded,  Oct. 
12,  1841,  by  John  C.  Spencer,  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Tyler.  He  was  elected  by  the  legislature  of 
Tennessee  to  a seat  in  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  served 
two  terms,  from  1847  to  1859.  In  the  momentous 
crisis  of  1860  he  headed  the  Bell  and  Everett 
presidential  ticket,  representing  the  Whig  party, 
of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders,  and  the  new 
constitutional  union  party,  opposing  both  the 
Democratic  parties  headed  by  Douglas  and  John- 
son, and  Breckinridge  and  Lane,  and  the  Republi- 
can or  Lincoln  and  Hamlin  party.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  civil  war  Mr.  Bell  made  an  effort 
with  other  prominent  public  men  of  his  state  to 
hold  Tenness'ee  in  a condition  of  neutrality, 
denouncing  both  secession  by  the  south  and 
coercion  by  the  north,  but  events  succeeded  each 
other  rapidly,  and,  as  he  had  long  foreseen,  the 
north  took  a stand  in  which  the  south  could  not 
acquiesce.  Although  he  deplored  what  he 
considered  the  necessity  of  secession,  he  advo- 
cated it  as  a right,  and  declared  himself  in  favor 


of  the  independence  of  the  southern  states, 
though  scarcely  a week  before  he  had  published 
an  address  to  the  state  advocating  peace  meas- 
ures. Both  during  the  war  and  afterwards  Mr. 
Bell  remained  in  retirement.  He  died  at  Cum- 
berland Iron  Works,  Tennessee,  Sept.  10,  1869. 

BELL,  John  C.,  representative,  was  born  in 
Grundy  county,  Tenn. , Dec.  1 1 , 1851 . He  attended 
the  public  schools,  and  further  pursued  his  studies 
for  two  years  at  Alto,  and  two  years  at  Boiling 
Fork,  Tenn. ; read  law  in  Winchester,  Tenn. ; was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1874,  and  the  same  year 
removed  to  Colorado  and  commenced  the  practice 
of  law  at  Saguache.  He  was  appointed  county 
attorney  of  Saguache  county,  and  served  until 
May,  1876,  when  he  resigned  and  removed  to 
Lake  City,  Col. , then  the  most  thriving  city  in 
the  great  San  Juan  mining  region;  was  elected 
county  clerk  of  Hinsdale  county  in  1878;  was 
twice  elected  mayor  of  Lake  City,  and  in  August, 
1885,  resigned  that  position  and  removed  to 
Montrose.  In  November,  1888,  he  was  elected 
judge  of  the  seventh  judicial  district  of  Colorado 
for  a period  of  six  years;  in  the  fall  of  1892  was 
nominated  for  Congress  from  the  second  district 
of  Colorado,  first  by  the  Populist  and  afterwards 
by  the  Democratic  convention,  and  was  elected 
to  the  53d  Congress.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
favor  of  free  silver  in  the  debate  on  the  repeal 
of  the  Sherman  act.  He  was  re-elected  to  the 
54th  and  55tli  congresses. 

BELL,  Louis,  soldier,  was  born  at  Chester, 
N.  H.,  March  8,  1837;  son  of  Samuel  and  Lucy 
(Smith)  Bell.  He  was  educated  at  the  academies 
of  Derry  and  Gilford.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  in  1857  opened  an  office  in  Farmington, 
N.  H.  In  1859  lie  was  appointed  justice  of  the 
police  court  of  the  town,  and  in  1861  solicitor  for 
the  county  of  Strafford ; meanwhile  holding  the 
office  of  brigade  judge-advocate,  with  the  rank 
of  major.  In  April,  1861,  he  was  appointed  cap- 
tain in  the  1st  N.  H.  regiment.  He  was  promoted 
lieutenant-colonel  in  August,  1861,  His  abilities 
as  an  executive  officer  winning  the  recognition 
of  Gen.  Thomas  W.  Sherman,  who  appointed  him 
inspector-general  and  chief  of  staff.  On  March 
11,  1862,  lie  was  commissioned  colonel.  He  was 
stationed  at  St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  for  a time,  and 
later,  as  commander  of  a brigade,  he  took  a con- 
spicuous part  in  the  heavy  operations  on  Folly 
and  Morris  islands,  including  the  siege  of  Fort 
Wagner  and  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter 
and  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  was  active  in  several 
minor  engagements,  and  in  January,  1865,  led  a 
brigade  in  the  successful  assault  on  Fort  Fisher, 
where,  on  Jan.  15,  he  received  a mortal  wound. 
The  secretary  of  war  conferred  upon  him  the 
brevet  of  brigadier-general  to  date  from  Jan.  15. 
He  died  near  Fort  Fisher,  N.  C.,  Jan.  16,  1865. 


BELL. 


BELLEW. 


BELL,  Luther  Vose,  physician,  was  born  at 
Chester,  N.  H.,  Dec.  20,  1806;  son  of  Samuel  Bell, 
who  was  governor  of  New  Hampshire  from  1819 
to  1823.  Luther  was  graduated  from  Bowdoin 
college  in  1823,  studied  medicine  with  a brother, 
who  was  practising  in  New  York,  and  received 
the  degree  of  M.D.  from  Dartmouth  college  in 
1826.  He  began  to  practise  in  New  York,  but 
removed  to  New  Hampshire  in  1830.  He  acquired 
reputation  as  a medical  writer,  and  for  two  of  his 
theses  obtained  Cambridge  Boylston  prizes.  He 
was  interested  in  mental  diseases,  to  which 
specialty  he  gave  most  of  his  attention.  In  1837 
he  accepted  the  superintendency  of  the  McLean 
insane  asylum  at  Somerville,  Mass.  He  was  com- 
missioned to  visit  Europe  by  the  trustees  of 
the  Butler  hospital,  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1845, 
in  search  of  improved  methods  for  caring  for  the 
insane.  He  first  noted  the  disease  known  as  Bell’s 
disease,  and  was  considered  an  expert  in  insanity. 
He  was  a member  of  the  state  council  in  1850, 
and  a member  of  the  committee  which  revised 
the  state  constitution  in  1853.  He  was  nominated 
as  representative  in  Congress  in  1852,  but  not 
elected ; and  in  1856  was  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  gubernatorial  honors.  He  resigned  his 
position  at  the  McLean  asylum  in  1856.  At  the 
opening  of  the  civil  war  he  volunteered  and  was 
assigned  as  surgeon  to  the  lltli  Massachusetts 
volunteers,  being  attached  to  General  Hooker's 
command  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Among  his 
published  writings  were:  “An  Attempt  to  In- 
vestigate some  Obscure  Doctrines  in  Relation  to 
Small  Pox  ” (1830),  and  “External  Exploration 
of  Diseases  ” (1836).  He  died  near  Budd’s  Ferry, 
Md.,  Feb.  11,  1862. 

BELL,  Samuel,  governor  of  New  Hampshire, 
was  born  at  Londonderry,  N.  H.,  Feb.  9,  1770; 
grandson  of  John  Bell,  who  emigrated  from  Ire- 
land to  New  Hampshire  in  1722.  In  1793  he  was 
graduated  at  Dartmouth,  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1796.  He  was  actively 
interested  in  politics,  his  first  elective  office  being 
that  of  a member  of  the  state  house  of  represen- 
tatives in  1804.  He  served  three  terms,  and  was 
speaker  during  the  last  two.  In  1809  he  was 
elected  a member  of  the  executive  council,  and 
later  served  for  three  years  as  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  New  Hampshire  ( 1816— '19) . He 
was  elected  governor  of  the  state  in  1819,  remain- 
ing in  office  five  years,  and  in  1823  was  elected 
to  the  U.  S.  senate,  where  he  held  his  seat  till  1835. 
The  latter  part  of  liis.life  was  passed  on  his  farm 
in  Chester,  N.  H.,  where  he  died  Dec.  23,  1850. 

BELLAMY,  Edward,  reformer,  was  born  at 
Chicopee  Falls,  Mass.,  March  26.  1850.  After  a 
partial  course  at  Union  college  he  studied  in 
Germany,  and  returning  to  the  United  States  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Springfield,  Mass.  Pre- 


ferring journalism  to  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
he  attached  himself  to  the  New  York  Evening 
Post  as  an  editorial  writer,  and  later  filled  a like 
position  on  the  Springfield  Union.  To  recuperate 
liis  health  he  passed  the  year  1877  in  the  Sand- 
wich Islands.  In  1878  appeared  “ A Nantucket 
Idyll,”  his  first  novel;  and  just  ten  years  later 
“ Looking  Backward  ” was  given  to  the  world. 
This  book  was  enthusiastically  received,  four 
hundred  thousand  copies  being  sold  in  the  United 
States  alone,  during  the  first  three  years  of  its 
publication.  The  work  was  translated  into  the 
German,  French,  Danish,  Swedish,  Dutch,  Rus- 
sian, Polish,  Hungarian,  Italian  and  other  tongues, 
and  the  sales  in  Great  Britain  and  Germany  were 
nearly  as  large  as  in  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Bellamy  became  very  prominent  in  a political 
movement,  favoring  the  nationalization  of  com- 
merce and  of  all  industries  for  the  equal  benefit  of 
the  people.  The  movement  also  favored  an  en- 
largement of  the  functions  of  the  municipalities, 
to  include  compulsory  education,  the  lighting  and 
heating  of  houses,  and  the  control  of  all  systems 
of  public  transit.  He  also  favored  a plan  whereby 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicants  should 
be  made  a public  monopoly,  conducted  without 
profit  by  agents  having  fixed  salaries  independent 
of  sales.  In  1893  Mr.  Bellamy  published  a 
pamphlet  entitled,  “ How  to  Employ  the  Unem- 
ployed in  Mutual  Maintenance,”  and  in  1894 
another  entitled,  “ The  Progress  of  the  National- 
ists.” 

BELLAMY,  Joseph,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Cheshire,  Conn.,  in  1719.  In  1735  he  completed 
his  course  at  Yale  college,  and  after  studying 
theology  two  years  entered  the  Congregational 
ministry  in  1737.  During  his  whole  career  he 
held  the  same  pastorate,  at  Bethlehem,  Conn., 
where  he  founded  a theological  seminary  which 
was  very  successful.  The  University  of  Aberdeen 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1768. 
Among  his  publications  are:  “ True  Religion 
Delineated”  (1750);  “ Theron,  Paulinus  and 
Aspasia  ” (1759);  “A  Letter  to  Scripturista  ” 
(1760);  “The  Nature  and  Glory  of  the  Gosi>el  ” 
(1762) ; “ The  Law  our  Schoolmaster,  ” “ The  Half 
Way  Covenant  ” (1769),  and  “ Four  Dialogues 
between  a Minister  and  his  Parishioner  (1769). 
He  also  published  numerous  sennons  and  essays. 
He  died  March  6.  1790. 

BELLEW,  Frank  W.  P.,  “Chip,”  was  born 
in  1862;  son  of  Frank  Bellew,  caricaturist.  To 
avoid  confusion  between  the  two,  the  son  adopted 
the  pseudonym  “ Chip  " to  indicate  that  he  was 
a “ chip  of  the  old  block."  He  was  a regular  and 
popular  contributor  of  humorous  drawings  to 
Puck.  Judge.  Life  and  similar  periodicals.  Per- 
haps the  best  known  feature  of  his  work  was 
his  dog.  which,  under  his  clever  pen.  assumed 
[262  j 


BELLOWS. 


BELLOWS. 


expressions  of  mild  surprise,  disdain,  anger, 
contempt,  contentment  and  even  mirth.  Chip's 
humor  also  consisted  in  perverting  some  familiar 
quotation  or  phrase  with  ludicrous  effect.  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  Nov.  9,  1894. 

BELLINGHAM,  Richard,  colonial  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  England  about  1592. 
He  was  one  of  the  patentees  named  in  the  charter 
of  the  colony,  and  came  to  America  in  1634.  The 
following  year  he  was  elected  deputy  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  and  in  1641  a majority  of  six  votes 
over  John  Winthrop  made  him  governor.  The 
choice  was  not  agreeable  to  the  general  court,  and 
the  first  order  they  made  was  to  repeal  a standing 
law  for  allowing  one  hundred  pounds  annually  to 
the  governor.  In  1654  he  was  again  elected  gov- 
ernor; in  1664  he  was  made  assistant  major- 
general,  and  in  the  same  year  was  summoned  with 
several  others  to  England  for  an  examination 
of  the  management  of  their  affairs.  They  refused 
to  obey  the  summons,  and  the  government  gave 
them  no  further  trouble,  the  king  having  been 
appeased  by  a shipload  of  masts  sent  from  Massa- 
chusetts. In  1641  Governor  Bellingham  married 
for  his  second  wife  Penelope,  sister  of  Herbert 
Pelham  under  very  peculiar  circumstances.  The 
young  lady,  but  sixteen  years  old,  was  engaged  to 
be  married  to  a friend  of  the  governor’s,  with  his 
consent,  “ when  on  a sudden  the  governor 
treated  with  her  and  obtained  her  for  himself.” 
The  marriage  ceremony  he  performed  himself 
without  previously  publishing  the  banns.  He 
was  charged  with  a breach  of  the  order  of  court, 
but  refused  to  leave  the  bench  to  answer  to  the 
charge,  and  there  being  but  few  magistrates 
present  he  escaped  without  public  censure. 
Hubbard  says:  “He  was  a great  judiciary,  a 
notable  hater  of  bribes,  firm  and  fixed  in  any  reso- 
lution he  entertained.”  In  1656  his  sister,  Mrs. 
Ann  Hibbins,  was  burned  as  a witch.  In  1665  he 
was,  upon  the  death  of  Governor  Endicott,  elected 
governor,  and  held  the  office  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death.  Governor  Bellingham  lived  to  be  the  only 
surviving  patentee  named  in  the  charter.  By  his 
will  he  bequeathed  his  property  after  the  decease 
of  his  wife,  a son,  and  his  grand  daughter,  to  the 
use  “ of  godly  ministers  and  preachers  ” of  the 
Congregational  faith.  The  will  was  set  aside  by 
the  court  as  depriving  his  family  of  their  rights. 
His  death  occurred  Dec.  7,  1672. 

BELLOWS,  Albert  F.,  painter,  was-born  at 
Milford,  Mass.,  Nov.  29,  1829.  His  childhood  was 
passed  in  Salem,  Mass. , and  in  1845  he  obtained  a 
position  in  the  office  of  a Boston  architect.  His 
taste  and  aptitude  for  drawing  made  him  emi- 
nently fitted  for  this  business,  and  at  the  age  of 
nineteen  he  became  a partner  in  a firm  of  good 
standing.  After  remaining  in  business  a short 
time  he  adopted  painting  for  a profession,  and  was 


for  some  years  principal  of  the  New  England 
school  of  design.  He  soon  after  went  abroad  and 
divided  his  time  between  New  York  and  the  art 
centres  of  Europe.  He  was  elected  an  associate 
of  the  National  academy  in  1859,  academician 
in  1861.  He  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
American  society  of  painters  in  water  colors,  and 
in  1868  was  made  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Royal  Belgian  society  of  water  colorists,  which 
honor  cannot  be  given  without  a unanimous  vote 
of  the  members  of  the  institution.  Before  going 
abroad  he  confined  his  work  chiefly  to  oils,  in 
which  he  was  less  successful  than  in  his  later 
water  colors.  Among  the  best  of  these  are : 
“ Study  of  a Head”  (1876);  “Autumn  Woods” 
(1876);  “Sunday  Afternoon  in  New  England” 
(1876) ; “ New  England  Homestead  ” (1878) ; 

“ The  Willow  Wagon,”  “ Sunday  in  Devonshire,” 
and  “ The  Village  Elm.”  Several  of  his  pictures 
have  been  reproduced  in  steel  or  copper-plate 
engravings.  The  Art  Journal  for  March,  1877, 
says:  “Bellows’  soft  river  banks,  his  trees  trem- 
bling with  light,  and  the  quiet  skies  of  summer 
have  long  made  his  paintings  loved,  and  they  have 
also  served  to  develop  the  taste  for  water  colors 
among  us.”  He  died  at  Auburndale,  Mass.,  Nov. 
24,  1883. 

BELLOWS,  Benjamin,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Walpole,  N.  H.,  Oct.  6, 1740.  When  quite  a young 
man  he  became  prominent  in  local  politics,  and 
in  1759  he  was  elected  town  clerk,  holding  the 
office  for  seventeen  years.  He  served  in  the 
legislature  several  terms,  and  in  1781  refused  an 
election  to  the  Continental  Congress.  As  presi- 
dent of  the  state  electoral  college  in  1788  he  cast 
his  vote  for  George  Washington,  and  in  the  same 
year  sat  in  the  state  convention  which  ratified  the 
Federal  constitution.  As  presidential  elector  in 
1796  he  voted  for  John  Adams.  He  rendered 
brave  and  efficient  service  throughout  the  war  of 
the  revolution,  in  which  he  held  the  rank  of 
colonel,  and  in  the  state  militia  made  his  way 
from  corporal  to  brigadier-general.  He  died  in 
Walpole,  N.  H.,  in  June,  1802. 

BELLOWS,  Henry  Adams,  jurist,  was  born 
at  Walpole,  N.  H.,  Oct.  25,  1803;  son  of  Joseph 
and  Mary  (Adams)  Bellows.  He  was  educated 
at  the  academy  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1826.  He  practised  in 
his  native  town,  removing  to  Littleton,  N.  H., 
two  years  later,  where  he  practised  until  1850, 
when  he  removed  to  Concord,  N.  H.  He  gained 
a high  reputation  as  a lawyer.  On  Sept.  23,  1859, 
he  was  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
judicial  court,  to  succeed  Judge  Perley,  and  was 
appointed  chief  justice,  Oct.  1,  1869.  He  served 
two  terms  in  the  state  legislature,  but  did  not  hold 
other  political  office.  He  died  in  Concord,  N.  H., 
March  11,  1873. 


BELLOWS. 


BELLOMONT. 


BELLOWS,  Henry  Whitney,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  June  11,  1814.  After  a 
preparatory  course  at  Round  Hill  school  he  at- 
tended Harvard  college,  graduating  in  1832.  He 
pursued  a theological  course  at  the  Cambridge 
divinity  school,  and  became  pastor  of  the  First 

Unitarian  Congrega- 
tional church  in  New 
York  city  in  1839. 
This  church  w a s 
afterwards  known  as 
the  Church  of  the 
Unity,  and  later  as 
All  Souls  church.  He 
was  a gifted  orator 
and  attained  celeb- 
rity both  as  preacher 
and  lecturer.  His 
writings  are  dis- 
tinguished for  their 
clearness  and  purity 
of  style.  He  estab- 
lished in  1846  a weekly  Unitarian  publication  en- 
titled The  Christian  Inquirer,  and  was  also  con- 
nected with  the  Liberal  Christian  and  the 
Christian  Examiner.  He  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  Harvard  in  1854.  He  was  president  of 
the  U.  S.  sanitary  commission,  of  which  great 
charity  he  was  a prime  mover  and  to  which  he 
gave  much  of  his  time  during  the  continuance  of 
the  civil  war  and  thereafter  until  1866.  Dr.  Bel- 
lows was  a broad-minded  and  philanthropic  man, 
full  of  zeal  for  his  profession,  but  also  entering 
fully  into  the  public  life  of  his  day  with  large 
interest  and  sympathy.  His  lectures  were  mainly 
upon  social  topics,  some  of  them  being  delivered 
at  the  Lowell  institute,  Boston,  and  afterwards 
published.  He  issued  in  1860  a volume  of  twenty- 
five  sermons,  entitled  “ Restatements  of  Christian 
Doctrine,”  and  a book  of  travels,  “The  Old 
World  in  its  New  Face ; Impressions  of  Europe  in 
1867-1868  ” (2vols.,  1868-"69).  Among  his  other 
books  are:  “Historical  Sketch  of  the  Union 
League  Club  of  New  York  ” (1879),  and  “ Twenty  - 
four  Sermons  Preached  in  All  Souls  Church, 
N.Y.,  1865-1881  ” (1886).  He  was  pastor  of  All 
Souls  church,  New  York  city,  until  his  death, 
Jan.  30,  1882. 

BELLOMONT,  Richard  Coote,  earl,  col- 
onial governor,  was  born  in  1636;  son  of  Sir 
Charles  Coote,  raised  by  Charles  II.  to  the  peerage 
of  Ireland  under  the  title  of  the  Earl  of  Mont- 
rath,  in  1660,  to  which  title  Richard  succeeded. 
The  first  mention  of  Richard  Coote  is  as  a mem- 
ber of  parliament  for  Droitwich,  England. 
When  James  II.  acceded  to  the  English  throne 
Lord  Coote  left  England,  and  for  several  years 


a member  of  parliament.  He  was  a Whig,  a 
leader  in  the  movement  to  establish  Protestant 
succession,  and  a friend  to  the  Prince  of  Orange. 
Soon  after  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary, 
Coote  was  appointed  treasurer  and  receiver- 
general  to  the  queen  and,  on  Nov.  2,  1689, 
was  made  Earl  of  Bellomont.  In  1695  William 
III.,  having  learned  that  piracy  was  being  carried 
on  in  New  York,  unrestrained  and  even  secretly 
encouraged  by  the  governors,  summoned  Bello- 
mont and  appointed  him  governor  of  New  York 
and  New  England.  As  soon  as  his  appoint- 
ment was  made  public,  his  London  house  was 
besieged  by  men,  who  were  materially  inter- 
ested in  New  York,  and  among  these  was 
“ Colonel  Robert  Livingston,  a man  of  consider- 
able estate  and  fair  reputation,  who  has  several 
employments  in  that  province.”  By  his  advice 
the  earl,  wishing  to  find  a method  of  suppressing 
piracy  in  New  York,  engaged  Captain  William 
Kidd,  who,  Macaulay  says,  was  “ well  acquainted 
with  all  the  haunts  of  the  pirates,  who  prowled 
between  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  the  Straits 
of  Malacca.”  An  expedition  was  fitted  out  with 
Kidd  at  the  head,  and  the  money  necessary  for 
the  enterprise  was  raised  in  England.  On  Oct. 
10,  1695,  an  agreement  was  signed  to  the  effect 
that  all  prizes  taken  from  the  French  should  be 
disposed  of  according  to  law,  and  all  those  taken 
from  pirates  should  be  divided  between  the  owners 
and  the  crew.  Bellomont  arrived  in  New  York  on 
April  2,  1698.  Finding  that  Fletcher,  his  prede- 
cessor, had  left  affairs  in  a very  bad  condition,  he 
ordered  the  seizure  of  vessels  engaged  in  illegal 
traffic,  dissolved  Fletcher's  assembly  and  called  a 
new  one.  His  reforms  did  not  seem  popular,  and 
he  wrote  the  king:  "I  am  obliged  to  stand  entirely 
upon  my  own  legs ; my  assistants  hinder  me,  the 
people  oppose  me,  and  the  merchants  threaten 
me.  It  is  indeed  uphill  work.”  Matters  were 
finally  somewhat  quieted  in  New  York,  and  he 
started  for  Boston  in  May,  1699.  There  he  was 
received  with  marked  cordiality.  He  was  awarded 
a larger  salary  for  his  stay  in  New  England  than 
any  of  his  predecessors  had  received,  the  sum  be- 
ing £1,875  sterling.  Meanwhile,  the  fact  that  Cap- 
tain Kidd  had  turned  pirate  became  known  to 
Bellomont,  who  exerted  his  influence  to  effect  his 
capture.  At  last,  on  July  1,  1699,  Kidd  landed  in 
Boston,  was  arrested  and  confined  in  prison. 
Bellomont  then  visited  New  Hampshire,  where 
again  he  received  a royal  welcome.  He  made  a 
speech  to  the  assembly,  which  favorably  im- 
pressed the  people,  and  during  the  three  weeks  of 
his  stay  there  he  reorganized  the  courts  and 
adopted  measures  satisfactory  to  the  people.  In 
1700  he  left  Massachusetts  for  New  York,  and  in 


resided  on  the  continent.  He  was  ordered  to  re- 
turn in  1687,  and  the  following  year  became  again 


that  year  issued  a decree  ordering  all  “ Jesuits 
and  popish  priests,  and  other  spiritual  or  ecclesias- 


f->64j 


BELMONT. 


BELMONT. 


tical  persons  ” to  leave  tlie  province  before  Nov. 
1,  1700,  and  decreeing  that  any  such  person  found 
in  the  province  after  that  date  should  be  “ liable 
to  perpetual  imprisonment,  and  to  death,  if  taken 
after  having  escaped  from  prison.”  During  the 
remainder  of  his  rule  he  planned  improvements 
for  the  city,  negotiated  treaties  with  the  Indians, 
and  worked  earnestly  for  the  general  welfare  of 
the  provinces  under  his  control.  See  “ Life  of 
Bellomont,”  by  Frederic  De  Peyster  (1879).  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  March  5,  1701. 

BELMONT,  August,  banker,  was  born  in 
Alzey,  in  the  Palatinate,  Rhenish  Prussia,  Dec.  6, 
1816.  His  father  was  a wealthy  landed  proprietor, 
and  gave  his  son  an  excellent  education.  The 
boy,  when  he  was  fourteen  years  old,  went  into 
the  service  of  the  Rothschilds  at  Frankfort-on-tlie- 
Main.  He  began  with- 
out a salary,  and  his 
first  duties  were  to 
sweep  the  offices. 
Under  the  tutelage  of 
the  princely  bankers 
h e developed  a re- 
markable aptitude  for 
financial  affairs.  After 
three  years  he  was 
; transferred  to  the 
branch  house  at 
Naples.  There  he 
successfully  carried 
on  important  negotia- 
tions with  the  papal  government.  In  Italy  he 
developed  a taste  for  art,  and  gave  his  leisure  to 
a study  of  the  paintings  and  statues  of  the  great 
galleries  and  palaces  of  Naples.  He  remained  in 
Naples  three  years,  and  then  went  to  Havana 
to  look  after  the  Rothschilds’  interests  in  Cuba. 
From  Havana  he  went  on  to  New  York  city  to 
assume  charge  of  the  interests  of  the  Rothschilds 
in  America  and  establish  himself  in  business  as  a 
banker.  In  1837  he  rented  a small  office  in  Wall 
street  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  banking 
house  of  August  Belmont  & Co.  He  was  twenty- 
one  years  old,  with  six  years’  business  experience 
and  a boundless  ambition.  He  met  with  rivalry 
and  opposition,  but  as  his  bills  of  exchange  were 
on  the  Rothschilds  he  maintained  his  stand. 
He  became  a naturalized  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  joined  the  Democratic  party,  and  voted 
for  Polk  and  Dallas  in  1844.  In  the  same 
year  tire  Austrian  government  appointed  him 
consul-general  of  that  empire  for  the  United 
States.  He  held  this  post  until  1850,  when  lie  re- 
signed, owing  to  his  disapproval  of  the  manner  in 
which  Austria  treated  Kossuth  and  the  Hungari- 
ans. He  was  sent  to  Holland  in  1853  as  charge 
d'affaires,  and  the  next  year  was  appointed 
resident  minister  by  President  Pierce,  and  made 


for  himself  a reputation  as  a diplomat  by  securing 
to  the  United  States  the  privilege  of  sending  con- 
suls to  the  colonies  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies. 
At  the  close  of  President  Pierce's  administration 
Mr.  Belmont  returned  to  New  York  city.  During 
the  controversy  that  preceded  the  civil  war 
he  advocated  peace  and  compromise.  He  was 
a delegate  to  the  national  Democratic  con- 
vention at  Charleston  in  I860,  and  there  supported 
Senator  Douglas,  and  was  elected  chairman  of 
the  national  Democratic  committee  by  the  con- 
vention that  met  at  Baltimore  and  nominated 
Douglas  and  Johnson.  He  declared  that  the 
election  of  Lincoln  was  no  excuse  for  dissolv- 
ing the  Union,  and  he  used  all  his  influence  with 
the  moderate  statesmen  of  the  southern  states, 
begging  them  not  to  follow  the  example  of  South 
Carolina;  he  also  proposed  compromise  meas- 
ures to  the  Republican  leaders.  When  Fort 
Sumter  was  fired  upon,  Mr.  Belmont  became  as 
strongly  interested  in  prosecuting  the  war  as  he 
had  previously  been  in  preventing  it.  He  helped 
raise  the  first  German  regiment  in  New  York,  and 
on  May  15,  1861,  presented  it  with  a flag.  In 
opening  the  Democratic  national  convention  of 
1864  he  spoke  strongly  in  favor  of  a change 
in  the  administration,  but  even  more  strongly 
in  favor  of  prosecuting  the  war  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  Union.  Mr.  Belmont  continued 
as  chairman  of  the  Democratic  national  com- 
mittee after  the  campaign  of  1864,  and  opened 
the  convention  of  1868  which  nominated  Seymour 
and  Blair.  In  1872,  when  Horace  Greeley,  the 
nominee  of  the  Liberal  Republicans,  was  accepted 
by  the  Democrats  as  their  candidate,  Mr.  Bel- 
mont resigned  and  retired  from  active  political 
life.  Early  in  his  residence  in  New  YTork  Mr.  Bel- 
mont was  the  challenged  party  in  a duel  brought 
about  by  his  championing  a lady,  an  entire 
stranger,  for  whom  he  resented  a real  or  fancied 
insult.  Duelling  was  then  in  fashion,  and  Bel- 
mont accepted  the  challenge.  He  was  wounded 
in  the  left  leg  below  the  knee,  and  his  opponent 
was  shot  through  the  heart.  The  young  banker, 
in  1849,  was  married  to  the  innocent  cause  of  the 
duel,  Caroline  Slidell  Perry,  a daughter  of  Com- 
modore Matthew  C.  Perry,  and  niece  of  Commo- 
dore Oliver  H.  Perry,  the  hero  of  Lake  Erie. 
They  had  four  sons,  Perry,  August,  Oliver  Hazard 
Perry,  and  Raymond,  and  one  daughter,  who 
married  S.  S.  Howland.  In  1850  he  expended 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars  for  a collection  of 
forty  pictures  of  old  Dutch  and  Spanish  masters. 
He  died  in  New  York  city,  Nov.  24,  1890. 

BELMONT,  Perry,  diplomatist,  was  born  in 
New  York  city  Dec.  28,  1851 ; son  of  August  and 
Carolina  Slidell  (Perry)  Belmont.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Rectory  school,  Hamden  Conn.,  and 
at  Harvard  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in 


f26ol 


BELO. 


BEMAN. 


1872.  He  then  studied  civil  law  at  the  University 
of  Berlin,  meanwhile  extending  his  knowledge  of 
the  languages  and  literature  of  Europe.  Return- 
ing to  America,  he  entered  the  Columbia  law 
school,  and  received  his  degree  of  LL.B.  in  187G. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  his  profession  in  New  York  city,  and  in  1880 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  47th  Congress, 
was  returned  by  successive  re-elections  to  the 
48th  and  49th  congresses,  when,  in  1888,  he 
was  appointed  U.  S.  minister  to  Spain  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland.  During  his  congressional  career 
he  set  his  face  resolutely  against  the  government 
or  its  officials  taking  any  pecuniary  interest  in 
schemes  or  enterprises,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Peru 
guano  deposits,  the  Nicaragua  canal  bill,  the 
Hawaiian  sugar  question,  and  the  Congo  confer- 
ence. He  introduced  and  carried  through  the  bill 
indemnifying  the  Chinese  for  the  massacre  at 
Rock  Springs,  the  bill  summoning  the  maritime 
conference  and  the  bill  for  the  improvement  of 
the  consular  service,  and  he  constantly  advocated 
the  abolition  of  the  tariff  on  works  of  art  imported 
for  educational  purposes.  He  presented  the  bill 
which  placed  the  United  States  government  first 
among  the  nations  to  co-operate  with  the  French 
republic  in  making  the  universal  exposition  of 
1889  a success.  The  French  republic  recognized 
this  service  by  creating  Mr.  Belmont  a commander 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  In  1896  Mr.  Belmont  was 
a delegate  to  the  national  Democratic  conven- 
tion, but  with  the  other  delegates  from  New 
York  refused  to  support  the  ticket  and  platform 
adopted  by  the  convention. 

BELO,  Alfred  H.,  journalist,  was  born  at 
Salem,  N.  C.,  May  27,  1839.  His  boyhood  and 
youth  were  spent  in  North  Carolina,  and  when 
the  civil  war  broke  out  he  volunteered  for  active 
service  in  the  Confederate  army,  and  was  elected 
to  the  captaincy  of  the  first  company  from  his 
native  county  of  For- 
syth. He  served  dur- 
ing the  operations  in 
Virginia,  earning  a 
colonel’s  commission 
and  the  reputation  of 
a brave  officer.  Twice 
he  was  severely 
wounded,  at  Gettys- 
burg in  1863,  and  again 
the  following  June, 
when  Grant  made  his 
fierce  attack  on  the 
Confederate  lines  at 
Cold  Harbor.  He  was 
with  Lee  when  that 
general  surrendered  at 
^ Appomattox.  Leaving 

the  scene  of  the  disaster,  he  determined  to  seek 


a home  in  the  new  southwest,  and  he  rode  on 
horseback  from  Virginia  to  Texas,  reaching  the 
latter  state  in  June,  1865.  He  accepted  a position 
on  the  Galveston  News,  which  journal  he  pur- 
chased in  1875.  In  1881  Colonel  Belo  formed  a 
stock  company,  authorized  by  its  charter  to  pub- 
lish newspapers  at  Galveston  and  such  other 
points  in  the  state  of  Texas  as  they  might  select. 
He  duplicated  the  News  and  issued  it  simultane- 
ously at  Galveston  and  Dallas.  Each  paper  had 
its  own  local  department,  the  same  editorial  writ- 
ers, the  same  branch  offices  in  New  York,  Wash- 
ington, Chicago  and  elsewhere,  and  the  same 
press  service  throughout  Texas.  Matter  was 
consolidated  at  either  Galveston  or  Dallas,  accord- 
ing to  convenience,  and  transmitted  from  one 
office  to  the  other,  three  hundred  and  fifteen 
miles  distant,  by  telegraph.  The  two  journals 
were  thus  enabled  to  command  a complete  equip- 
ment. 

BEMAN,  Nathan  Sidney  Smith,  clergyman, 
wras  born  in  New  Lebanon,  Columbia  county. 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  26,  1785;  son  of  Samuel  and  Silence 
(Douglass)  Beman.  When  he  was  a child  his 
parents  removed  to  Hampton,  Washington 
county,  N.  Y.;  where  his  elementary  education 
was  acquired.  In  1803  he  entered  Williams  col- 
lege, remaining  there  one  year,  and  continuing 
his  course  at  Middlebury  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1807.  He  then  became  preceptor  of 
Lincoln  academy,  New  Castle,  Maine,  meanwhile 
studying  theology.  He  was  licensed  to  preach. 
June  14,  1809,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
Third  Congregational  church  in  Portland.  Maine, 
March  14,  1810.  Two  years  later  he  went  south 
to  recover  his  health,  and  settled  at  Mt.  Zion, 
Ga. , where  he  organized  a Presbyterian  church 
and  established  an  academy.  He  was  elected  to 
the  presidency  of  Franklin  college,  Athens.  Ga.. 
in  1818,  holding  the  office  one  year.  Returning 
north  in  1822,  he  began  to  preach  in  the  First 
Presbyterian  church  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  held  the 
pastorate  for  a period  of  forty  years.  He  was 
elected  a trustee  of  Middlebury  college  in  1824. 
and  in  1846  he  declined  an  election  to  the  presi- 
dency. Williams  college  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1824,  and  Middlebury  college 
gave  him  that  of  LL.D.  in  1852.  In  1863  he  was 
dismissed  from  his  pastorate  at  his  own  request, 
and  by  vote  of  his  people  was  given  a life  annuity 
of  one  thousand  dollars.  His  published  writings 
include  numerous  sermons,  addresses  and  dis- 
courses, and  the  following  volumes:  "The  Old 
Ministry”  (1839);  "The  Influence  of  Freedom 
on  Popular  and  National  Education,"  “Letter.' 
to  John  Hughes”  (1851);  “Episcopacy  Exclu- 
sive: a Review  of  Dr.  Coit's  Sermon  and 

Pamphlet"  (1856),  and  “Four  Sermons  on  the 
Atonement.”  He  died  Aug.  8.  1871. 


[266] 


BEMAN. 


BENEDICT. 


BEAIAN.  Wooster  Woodruff,  educator,  was 
born  at  Southington,  Conn.,  May  28,  1850.  He 
was  prepared  for  college,  entered  the  University 
of  Michigan  in  1800,  and  was  graduated  in  1870, 
receiving  his  A.M.  degree  in  1870.  During  the 
year  1870— '71  lie  was  instructor  in  Greek  and 
mathematics  in  Kalamazoo  college,  Mich.  He 
was  instructor  of  mathematics  in  the  University 
of  Michigan  from  1871  to  1874;  assistant  professor 
from  1874  to  1882;  associate  professor  from  1882 
to  1887,  and  was  made  professor  in  charge  of  the 
department  in  1887.  He  became  a fellow  of  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science,  and  was  the  secretary  of  Section  A in 
1890.  He  was  a member  of  both  the  London  and 
New  York  mathematical  societies.  He  assisted 
Professor  Olney  in  the  preparation  of  his  series 
of  text-books,  and  is  the  author  of  “ Keys  to 
Olney's  Introduction  to  Algebra,  Geometry, 
Trigonometry  and  University  Algebra.”  He  made 
numerous  contributions  to  the  “ Academy,” 
“Analyst,”  “Educational  Notes  and  Queries,” 
“Annals  of  Mathematics,”  and  “Bibliotheca 
Mathematica.” 

BEMIS,  Edward  Webster,  educator,  was 
born  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  April  17,  1860.  He 
was  graduated  from  Amherst  college  in  1880,  re- 
ceiving the  class  honors  in  history  and  political 
economy.  After  spending  three  years  in  resi- 
dent study  at  the  Johns-Hopkins  university,  and 
two  years  in  Minnesota  as  an  editorial  writer  in 
the  St.  Paul  Pioneer  Press  he  received  the  degree 
of  Ph.D.  in  1885  from  the  Johns-Hopkins  uni- 
versity. During  the  winters  of  1887-'88  and 
1888-'89  he  conducted  university  extension 
courses  in  Buffalo,  St.  Louis  and  other  cities,  they 
being  the  first  lectures  of  the  kind  ever  delivered 
in  America,  their  decided  success  initiating  the 
university  extension  movement  which  afterwards 
became  so  prominent  a feature  in  popular  educa- 
tion. After  giving  short  lecture  courses  at  Ohio 
university,  Mt.  Holyoke  seminary  and  at  Am- 
herst, Vassar  and  Carleton  colleges,  during  1886, 
1887  and  1888,  and  having  charge  of  economics 
and  history  at  Vanderbilt  university  during  the 
spring  sessions  of  1888  and  1889,  Mr.  Bemis 
was  elected  adjunct  professor  in  charge  of 
these  departments  at  the  Vanderbilt  university, 
in  June,  1889.  This  post  he  resigned  in  June, 
1892,  to  accept  the  ]>osition  of  university  extension 
associate  professor  of  political  economy  in  the 
University  of  Chicago,  which  he  held  until 
1895.  In  1896  Professor  Bemis  entered  upon  his 
duties  as  associate  editor  of  the  “ Bibliotheca 
Sacra.”  He  is  the  author  of  “Co-operation  in  New 
England”  (1886);  “Co-operation  in  the  Middle 
States"  (1888);  “ History  of  Co-operation  in  the 
United  States”  (1888);  “Municipal  Ownership 
of  Gas  in  the  United  States”  (1891);  “Local 


Government  in  Michigan  and  the  Northwest” 
(1893);  “Local  Government  for  South  and 
Southwest”  (1893);  "Popular  Election  of 
United  States  Senators”  (1898);  “Relation  of 
Labor  Organizations  to  the  American  Boy,  etc.” 
(1894),  and  of  numerous  papers  on  social  and 
economic  subjects. 

BENDIX,  John  E.,  soldier,  was  born  on  a 
steamboat  on  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  Aug.  28, 
1818.  When  a young  man  he  was  employed  in  a 
machine  shop  in  New  York  city,  and  in  1847 
joined  the  9th  regiment,  N.  Y.  S.  M.  When  the 
regiment  volunteered  for  three  months’  service, 
in  1861,  he  went  with  it  to  the  defence  of  Wash- 
ington. When  mustered  out  lie  organized  the 
7th  regiment,  N.  Y.  volunteers,  and  was  elected 
its  colonel.  He  served  throughout  the  civil  war, 
taking  part  in  the  battles  of  Antietam,  Fredericks- 
burg and  the  Wilderness,  and  in  all  the  operations 
of  the  army  of  the  Potomac  up  to  the  time  of 
the  surrender  of  General  Lee.  He  received  pro- 
motion to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  in  1865. 
He  died  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  8,  1877. 

BENEDICT,  Abner  Raleigh,  soldier,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  Nov.  13,  1839,  son  of 
Abner  and  Harriet  (Kohler)  Benedict.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  and  in  the  Uni 
versity  of  Vermont.  In  1801  he  volunteered  as 
a private  in  the  12th  New  York  regiment.  In 
August  he  received  a lieutenant’s  commission, 
and  won  his  first  brevet  at  Gaines’s  Mill.  He 
served  gallantly  at  second  Bull  Run,  at  Antietam, 
and  at  Fredericksburg,  where  lie  was  shot 
through  the  lungs,  Dec.  14, 1862,  gaining  a brevet 
as  major  for  liis  action.  His  wound  was  thought 
to  be  mortal,  but  lie  reported  at  Washington  in 
less  than  three  months.  He  rejoined  his  regiment 
at  Chancellorsville.  At  Gettysburg  the  com- 
mand of  the  regiment  devolved  upon  him.  He 
was  for  a time  commander  of  the  4th  infantry 
as  the  body-guard  at  General  Grant's  headquar- 
ters, during  the  Petersburg  campaign.  Later 
lie  was  stationed  at  Plattsburg,  N.  Y.  He  died 
of  the  wound  received  at  Fredericksburg,  June 
15,  1867. 

BENEDICT,  David,  historian,  was  born  at 
Norwalk,  Conn.,  Oct.  10,  1779;  son  of  Thomas 
and  Martha  (Scudder)  Benedict.  At  the  age  of 
fourteen  he  was  apprenticed  to  a shoemaker  in 
New  Canaan,  Conn.,  and  was  then  employed  for 
a short  time  as  a journeyman.  In  1802  he  en- 
tered the  academy  at  Mt.  Pleasant,  Sing  Sing, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  was  prepared  for  college.  In 
1806  he  was  graduated  from  Brown  university, 
and  in  a short  time  was  ordained  to  the  Baptist 
ministry.  His  first  pastorate  was  in  Pawtucket, 
It.  I.,  where  he  remained  until  about  1831,  mean- 
while devoting  much  time  to  historical  research 
relative  to  the  Baptist  denomination.  From 


BENEDICT. 


BENEDICT. 


1818  to  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  a trustee  of 
Brown  university,  and  in  1851  Shurtleff  college 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  He  was  a 
writer  of  force  and  originality,  and  his  books 
had  a wide  circulation.  Among  these  are: 
“ General  History  of  the  Baptist  Denominations 
in  America  and  all  Parts  of  the  World  ” (2 
vols.,  1813) ; “ Abridgment  of  Robinson's  History 
of  Baptism  ” (1817) ; “ Abridgment  of  History  of 
the  Baptists  ” (1820) ; “ History  of  All  Religions  ” 
(1824);  “Address  before  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Rhode  Island  ’’  (1830) ; “ Fifty  Years  among  the 
Baptists  ” (1860) ; “ Compendium  of  Ecclesiastical 
History,”  “ History  of  the  Donatists  ” (1874), 
and  “ Conference  Hymn  Book.”  He  was  also  the 
author  of  several  poems.  He  died  at  Pawtucket, 
R.  I.,  Dec.  5,  1874. 

BENEDICT,  Erastus  Cornelius,  educator, 
was  born  at  Branford,  Conn.,  March  19,  1800; 
son  of  Joel  Tyler  and  Currance  (Wheeler)  Bene- 
dict. In  1803  his  parents  removed  to  New  York, 
where  he  acquired  a good  English  education  at 
an  early  age,  and  taught  school  for  a short  time. 
In  1821  he  was  graduated  from  Williams  college 
with  the  degree  of  A.M.,  and  shortly  after  his 
graduation  accepted  a position  in  Jamestown, 
N.  Y.,  as  principal  of  an  academy.  From  there 
he  went  to  fill  a similar  position  at  Newburg, 
N.  Y.,  and  returned  in  1824  to  Williams  college, 
where  for  a few  months  he  acted  as  tutor.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1824,  began  the  prac- 
tice of  the  law,  and  was  soon  made  deputy  clerk 
of  southern  New  York.  He  was  for  fifty  years  a 
leading  authority  on  admiralty  law,  and  though 
his  practice  was  large,  he  was  actively  interested 
in  local  and  state  politics.  He  held  several 
municipal  offices  in  New  York  city,  being  assist- 
ant alderman  and  president  of  the  board  of  edu- 
cation, and  a member  of  the  state  assembly  in 
1848  and  1864.  In  1855  he  became  a trustee  of 
Williams  college  and  a regent  of  the  University 
of  the  state  of  New  York,  which  office  he  held 
until  his  death.  In  1865  Rutgers  college  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  In  1872  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  senate,  and  in  1878  was 
made  chancellor  of  the  University  of  the  state  of 
New  York.  He  was  active  in  philanthropical 
work,  was  attached  to  numerous  benevolent  soci- 
eties,and  for  many  years  acted  as  governor  of  the 
New  York  state  woman's  hospital.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  prominent  historical  societies,  and  was 
corresponding  secretary  and  first  vice-president 
of  the  American  geographical  society.  Among 
his  published' writings  are:  “American  Ad- 
miralty ” (1850) ; “ A Run  Through  Europe  ” 
(1860);  “The  Hymn  of  Hildebert  and  other 
Mediaeval  Hymns”  (1861),  and  numerous 
speeches  and  addresses  in  pamphlet  form.  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  22,  1880. 


BENEDICT,  George  Grenville,  soldier,  was 

born  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  Dec.  10,  1827;  son  of 
George  Wyllys  and  Eliza  (Dewey)  Benedict.  In 
1847  he  was  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Vermont,  and  in  1853  became  editor  and  joint 
proprietor  of  the  Burlington  Free  Press.  In  1862 
he  enlisted  in  the  12th  Vermont  volunteers,  serv- 
ing in  the  war  until  July  14,  1863.  In  January 
of  that  year  he  became  2d  lieutenant  and  aide-de- 
camp  on  the  staff  of  the  2d  Vermont  brigade.  In 
1863  Congress  bestowed  upon  him  a medal  of 
honor  “ for  distinguished  conduct  in  the  battle 
of  Gettysburg,”  and  in  1866-'67  he  served  on  the 
staff  of  Governor  Dillingham.  In  1869  he  was 
elected  state  senator,  holding  the  office  for  two 
years,  and  acting  for  the  following  three  years  as 
postmaster  of  Burlington.  He  accepted  the  ap- 
pointment of  state  military  historian  of -Vermont 
in  1880,  which  position  he  retained  until  1887.  He 
was  made  secretary  of  the  University  of  Vermont 
and  of  the  State  agricultural  college  in  1865. 
He  served  as  president  of  the  Vermont  press 
association  in  1886.  He  wrote  “The  Battle  of 
Gettysburg,  and  the  Part  Taken  therein  by  Ver- 
mont Troops”  (1867),  and  “ Vermont  in  the  Civil 
War  ” (1886-’88). 

BENEDICT,  George  Wyllys,  educator,  was 
born  at  North  Stamford,  Conn.,  Jan.  11,  1796;  son 
of  Joel  Tyler  and  Currance  (Wheeler)  Benedict. 
After  his  graduation  from  Williams  college,  in 
1818,  he  went  to  Westfield,  Mass.,  where  he  re- 
mained for  a short  time  as  principal  of  the  acad- 
emy. He  then  returned  to  Williams  college,  and 
until  1821  held  the  position  of  instructor,  going 
then  to  New  York  state  to  become  principal  of 
the  Newburg  academy.  After  three  years'  work 
there  he  accepted  the  chair  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Vermont. 
After  more  than  twenty  years  of  pedagogic  labor 
the  condition  of  his  health  induced  him  to  engage 
with  Ezra  Cornell,  the  founder  of  Cornell  uni- 
versity, in  the  construction  of  the  telegraph  line 
between  Troy  and  Canada  Junction.  He  after- 
wards raised  the  capital  of  the  Vermont  and 
Boston  telegraph  company,  and  was  contractor 
for  the  construction  of  the  first  line  from  Boston 
to  Burlington.  In  1853,  with  his  second  son,  he 
purchased  the  Burlington  (Vt.)  Free  Press,  and 
he  edited  and  managed  that  journal  until  1866, 
when  his  youngest  son  purchased  his  interest. 
He  served  in  the  Vermont  state  senate  in  18  54 
and  1855.  The  University  of  Vermont  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1857.  He  was 
president  of  the  first  editors’  and  publishers' 
association  in  Vermont,  and  a vice-president  of 
the  Vermont  historical  society.  He  was  married 
June  5,  1823.  to  Eliza,  daughter  of  Stephen  and 
Elizabeth  (Owen)  Dewey,  of  Sheffield.  Mass.  He 
died  in  Burlington.  Vt.,  Sept.  24,  1871. 


[2CSJ 


BENEDICT. 


BENHAM. 


BENEDICT,  Lewis,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  2,  1817;  son  of  Lewis  and 
Susan  (Stafford)  Benedict.  He  was  prepared  for 
college  at  Aurora,  N.  Y.,  and  at  the  Albany 
academy,  and  was  graduated  from  Williams 
college  in  1837,  with  the  degree  of  A.M.  He  then 
studied  law  in  Canandaigua  for  three  years,  and 
was  licensed  attorney-at-law  in  January,  1841, 
being  subsequently  admitted  as  counsellor  in  the 
state  and  federal  courts.  He  began  to  practise 
in  Albany,  and  in  1845  was  made  city  attorney, 
serving  another  term  by  re-election.  He  received 
the  appointment  of  judge-advocate-general  on  the 
staff  of  Gov.  John  Young  in  1847,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  was  elected  surrogate  of  Albany  county. 
In  1849  Governor  Hamilton  Fish  appointed  him 
judge-advocate-general  on  his  staff,  and  in  1860 
he  served  as  a member  of  the  state  assembly.  In 
1861  he  volunteered  in  the  army,  and  received 
the  commission  of  lieutenant-colonel.  He  en- 
dured many  hardships,  being  confined  in  Libby 
and  Salisbury  prisons.  In  August,  1862,  he  was 
exchanged,  and  was  commissioned  colonel  of 
volunteers.  In  January,  1863,  he  was  made  act- 
ing brigadier-general,  and  served  with  bravery 
and  sagacity,  particularly  in  the  assault  on  Port 
Hudson,  and  in  the  Red  River  campaign.  For 
his  service  at  Port  Hudson  he  was  brevetted 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He  fell  in  the 
battle  of  Pleasant  Hill,  La.,  April  9,  1864. 

BENET,  Stephen  Vincent,  soldier,  was  born 
at  St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  Jan.  22,  1827.  After 
studying  at  the  University  of  Georgia  he  was 
graduated  at  West  Point,  in  1849,  with  the  rank 
of  brevet  2d  lieutenant.  He  served  as  assistant 
ordnance  officer  at  Watervliet  arsenal,  N.  Y., 
during  the  year  1849-'50,  and  for  the  three  years 
following  was  on  special  duty  in  the  ordnance 
bureau  at  Washington.  In  July,  1851,  he  was 
promoted  2d  lieutenant.  From  1854  to  1859  he 
was  assistant  ordnance  officer  at  the  St.  Louis 
arsenal,  Mo.,  and  from  1859  to  1861  was  principal 
assistant  professor  of  geography,  history  and 
ethics  at  W est  Point.  He  served  during  the  civil 
war,  and  from  1861  to  1864  was  instructor  of 
ordnance  and  the  science  of  gunnery.  Aug.  3, 
1861,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain. 
He  was  brevetted,  March  13,  1865,  major  and 
lieutenant-colonel  for  faithful  and  meritorious  ser- 
vices in  the  ordnance  department.  He  was  retix-ed 
by  operation  of  law,  Jan.  22,  1891.  In  1855  the 
University  of  Georgia  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  A.M.  He  is  the  author  of  a “ Treatise 
on  Military  Laws,  and  the  Practice  of  Courts- 
Martial'’  (1862);  “Electro-Ballistic  Machines 
and  the  Schultz  Chronoscope  ” (1866;  2d  ed., 
1871),  and  a translation  of  Jomini’s  “ Political 
and  Military  History  of  the  Campaign  of  Water- 
loo " (1853).  He  died  Jan.  22,  1895. 


BENEZET,  Anthony,  philanthropist,  was  born 
at  St.  Quentin,  France,  Jan.  31,  1713,  son  of  John 
Stephen  Benezet,  who  sought  refuge  in  Holland 
in  1685,  and  removed  to  London,  where  he  joined 
the  Society  of  Friends,  in  1731,  emigi-ated  to 
America,  and  made  his  home  in  Philadelphia. 
Anthony  spent  some  years  in  business,  and 
in  1742  became  an  instructor  in  the  Friends’ 
English  school.  In  1755  he  established  a school 
for  the  instruction  of  women,  and  in  1756 
was  chosen  one  of  the  overseers  of  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  elected  in 
1757  a manager  of  the  Pennsylvania  hospital. 
In  1780  he  was  largely  instrumental  in  procuring 
the  enaction  of  the  law  which  provided  for 
the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  founded  a school  for  the  benefit  of 
the  negroes,  and  expended  a lai-ge  amount  of 
money  for  their  good,  stipulating  in  his  will  that 
on  the  decease  of  his  wife  his  money  should  be 
used  as  a fund  for  the  school.  He  is  the  author 
of  “A  Short  Account  of  that  Part  of  Afi-ica 
Inhabited  by  the  Negroes”  (2d  edition,  1762); 
“ A Caution  and  Warning  to  Great  Bi-itain  and 
her  Colonies  in  a Short  Representation  of  the 
Calamitous  State  of  the  Enslaved  Negroes  in  the 
British  Dominions”  (1766)  ; “Some  Historical 
Account  of  Guinea”  (1771);  “ The  Care  of  our 
Fellow-Creatures,  the  Oppressed  Africans,  Recom- 
mended to  the  Serious  Consideration  of  the 
Legislature  of  Great  Britain,  by  the  People  Called 
Quakei’s  ” (1774),  and  “ Some  Observations  on  the 
Situation  and  Chai-acter  of  the  Indian  Natives 
of  this  Continent  ” (1784).  He  died  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  May  3,  1784. 

BENHAM,  Andrew  Ellicott  Kennedy,  naval 
officer,  was  born  in  New  York  in  1832.  He  entered 
the  navy  Nov.  24,  1847,  as  midshipman  from 
the  state  of  New  York.  His  earliest  service  was 
on  board  the  Plymouth  and  the  Dolphin  in  the 
East  Indies.  He  was  at  home  in  1852,  attached  to 
the  Saranac,  and  in  1853  attended  the  naval 
academy,  Annapolis.  He  was  promoted  past- 
midshipman  June  10,  1853;  lieutenant.  Sept.  16, 
1855,  and  serving  on  the  St.  Mary's  in  the 
Pacific  squadron  until  1857.  He  served  on  the 
coast  survey  and  Paraguay  expedition,  1858-’59, 
and  in  1860  was  attached  to  the  Crusader  of  the 
home  squadron.  He  took  part  in  tlie  battle  of 
Port  Royal,  November,  1861,  on  the  Bienville,  and 
in  1862  was  promoted  lieutenant-commander. 
July  16,  1862,  he  commanded  the  gunboat  Penob- 
scot in  the  Western  Gulf  blockading  squadron. 
After  duty  at  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard  he  was  de- 
tailed to  the  Susquehanna  in  1867,  was  pro- 
moted commander  June  9,  1867,  and  did  duty 
as  lighthouse  inspector,  as  commander  of  the 


monitor  Canonicus,  and  afterward  of  the  Saugus. 
In  1878  he  became  captain,  and  was  placed  in 


BENIIAM. 


BENJAMIN. 


command  of  the  Richmond , on  the  Asiatic  station, 
and  then  was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  Portsmouth 
navy  yard,  and  later  to  the  command  of  the  light- 
house district  of  New  York.  In  1885  he  was  made 
commodore  and  commanded  the  Mare  Island  navy 
yard,  California.  Upon  his  promotion  as  rear- 
admiral,  in  1890,  he  was  assigned  to  the  command 
of  the  East  India  squadron,  and  in  1894  of  the 
South  Atlantic  station,  but  the  special  duty  of 
towing  the  Columbus  caravels  from  Spain  to 
Havana  prevented  him  from  reaching  his  station, 
and  Admiral  Stanton  had  charge  in  Brazilian 
waters  until  he  made  the  mistake  of  saluting 
Admiral  Mello's  flag  in  the  harbor  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  Admiral  Benham,  then  in  command  of 
the  North  Atlantic  squadron,  was  sent  to  take 
command  at  that  port,  and  by  his  decisive  course 
in  giving  protection  to  American  interests  he 
won  the  decided  approval  of  the  government  and 
people  of  the  United  States.  He  was  retired 
April  10,  1894. 

BENHAM,  Henry  Washington,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Connecticut  in  1816.  He  was  graduated 
from  West  Point  with  the  highest  honors  in  1837, 
and  the  following  year  received  promotion  to  1st 
lieutenant  of  engineers  and  engaged  on  fortifica- 
tion works.  He  won  a brevet  for  his  bravery  at 
Buena  Vista,  and  in  1848  was  promoted  to  a cap- 
taincy. In  1853  he  was  placed  on  the  United 
States  coast  survey,  and  in  that  service  visited 
Europe.  In  1861  Captain  Benham  was  made  en- 
gineer of  the  department  of  the  Ohio,  and  fought 
in  the  battle  of  Garrick's  Ford,  Va. , July  13.  1861, 
winning  a brevet  as  colonel.  His  action  at  New 
Creek  and  Carnifex  Ferry  made  him  brigadier- 
general.  In  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  he  was 
with  the  storming  parties  that  captured  James 
Island  and  Fort  Pulaski  in  1862,  and  thereafter  was 
transferred  to  the  north,  where  he  superintended 
the  construction  of  defensive  works.  In  1864  he 
had  charge  of  the  pontoon  department  of  the 
army  of  the  Potomac.  In  1865  he  attained  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  of  engineers,  of 
brigadier-general,  of  major-general  by  brevet  in 
the  U.  S.  army,  and  of  full  major-general  of  volun- 
teers. After  the  war  he  was  engaged  on  en- 
gineering work,  and  invented  the  picket  shovel, 
and  the  rapid  construction  of  pontoon  bridges  by 
means  of  “ simultaneous  bays.”  In  1882  he  was 
retired  from  service,  and  died  June  1.  1884. 

BENJAMIN,  John  Forbes,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Cicero,  Onondaga  county,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1817. 
In  1845  he  removed  to  Texas,  where  he  remained 
until  1848,  going  then  to  Shelby  ville.  Mo.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  soon  after  beginning  his 
practice  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature, 
serving  in  1850,  and  again  in  1852.  He  was  prom- 
inent in  politics,  holding  several  local  offices,  and 
in  1856  was  chosen  a Democratic  presidential 


elector.  The  practice  of  his  profession  was  in- 
terrupted by  the  civil  war,  in  which  he  enlisted 
at  its  outbreak.  He  was  promoted  from  a private 
soldier  to  the  rank  of  captain,  and  later  to  that 
of  major.  In  the  same  year.  1862,  he  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant-colonel.  In  1863  and  1864  he  was 
provost-marshal  for  the  8tli  district  of  his  state, 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  elected  a representa- 
tive to  the  39th,  and  was  re-elected  and  served 
in  the  40th  and  41st  congresses.  He  then  settled 
in  Washington,  D.  C.,  where  he  resumed  his  law- 
practice,  and  conducted  a bank.  He  died  in 
Washington  March  8,  1877. 

BENJAMIN,  Judah  Philip,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  St.  Croix,  W.  I.,  Aug.  11,  1811.  He  was  of 
English -Jewish  parentage,  and  passed  his  early 
years  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  and  Wilmington, 
N.  C.  He  studied  at  Yale  for  three  years,  and 
read  law  in  New  Orleans,  where  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1834,  and 
became  a member  of 
the  law  firm  of  Sli- 
dell, Benjamin  & 

Conrad,  which  soon 
acquired  an  extensive 
practice.  In  1845  he 
was  a member  of  the 
convention  to  revise 
the  state  constitution, 
and  in  1853  was  elect- 
ed to  the  U.  S.  senate 
as  a Whig ; but  during 
the  anti-slavery  agita- 
tion he  became  a 
Democrat.  In  a con- 

troversy  on  the  floor  of  the  senate  he  antagonized 
Jefferson  Davis  and  would  have  been  involved  in 
a duel  with  that  senator,  had  not  Mr.  Davis  made 
an  apology  in  the  presence  of  the  assembled  sena- 
tors. He  was  re-elected  to  the  senate  in  1859,  but 
withdrew  with  John  Slidell  at  the  secession  of 
Louisiana  in  1861.  During  his  term  he  advocated 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  of  1854,  but  afterwards 
declared  that  the  decision  of  Judge  Taney  in  the 
Dred-Scott  case  had  set  aside  the  principle  of 
popular  sovereignty.  In  February,  1861.  he  was 
appointed  attorney-genei'al  of  the  provisional 
government  of  the  Confederate  states,  and  in 
August,  1861,  was  transferred  to  President 
Davis's  cabinet  as  secretary  of  war,  to  succeed 
L.  P.  Walker;  but  being  subsequently  accused 
of  incompetence  by  the  Confederate  congress,  lie 
resigned,  and  was  appointed  secretary  of  state, 
which  portfolio  he  held  until  the  Confederacy  was 
broken  up.  He  fled  from  Richmond  on  the  over- 
throw of  the  Confederate  government,  escaped  to 
the  Bahamas,  and  thence  to  England,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1865.  He  then  studied  English  law.  entering 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields  in  1866,  and  was  called  to  the 


BENJAMIN. 


BENJAMIN. 


bar  the  following  summer.  He  was  promoted 
Queen's  counsel  in  1872,  and  acquired  an  exten- 
sive practice.  His  best-known  argument  was 
delivered  before  the  court  for  crown  cases,  on 
behalf  of  the  captain  of  the  Franconia,  and  his 
last  great  case  was  a suit  against  the  London  and 
Northwestern  railway.  Later  he  appeared  only 
before  the  House  of  Lords  and  the  privy  council. 

He  retired  from  practice  in  1883,  and  after  a 
notable  farewell  banquet  at  the  Inner  Temple, 
London,  he  removed  to  Paris,  where  he  died  May 
8,  1884. 

BENJAMIN,  Nathan,  missionary,  was  born  at 
Catskill.  N.  Y.,  Dec.  14,  1811.  In  1831  he  received 
his  diploma  from  Williams  college,  and  then 
spent  three  years  in  the  study  of  theology  at  the 
Andover  seminary.  In  1835  he  went  to  Turkey 
and  Greece  as  missionary  of  the  American  board 
of  foreign  missions,  going  thence  to  Argos,  and 
spending  the  years  from  1838  to  1845  in  Athens. 
During  the  last  two  years  he  was  acting  United 
States  consul.  He  then  returned  to  his  native 
country,  where  he  remained  two  years,  resuming 
his  missionary  labors  in  1847.  In  December  of 
that  year  he  reached  Smyrna,  where  for  five 
years  he  worked  faithfully,  superintending  the 
publication  of  the  Bible  and  religious  literature 
in  the  Armenian  tongue.  In  1852  he  went  to 
Constantinople,  where  he  continued  the  same 
work  and  also  regularly  preached  until  his  death, 
three  years  later.  His  publications  consist  princi- 
pally of  translations  from  English  to  Armenian 
and  Greek;  and  The  Morning  Star,  the  first 
Armenian  newspaper,  was  founded  and  managed 
by  him.  He  was  married  to  Mary  Gladding 
Whalen  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  author  of  “The 
Missionary  Sisters  ” (1859).  His  death  occurred 
in  Constantinople,  Turkey,  Jan.  27,  1855. 

BENJAMIN,  Park,  poet,  was  born  at  Dem- 
erara,  British  Guiana,  Aug.  14,  1809.  His  father 
was  a native  of  Connecticut,  who  removed  to 
Demerara.  where  he  owned  a plantation  known 
as  La  Penitence.  He  was  also  an  extensive  ship- 
owner. controlling  a fleet  of  vessels  plying  be- 
tween that  port  and  New  York.  The  son  at  an 
early  age  lost  the  use  of  one  of  his  legs  in  conse- 
quence of  surgical  malpractice,  and  was  obliged 
to  use  crutches  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
was  sent  to  Connecticut  to  be  educated,  and 
when  sixteen  years  old  entered  Harvard  college, 
but  at  the  close  of  his  sophomore  year  removed 
to  Trinity  college,  Hartford,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1829.  He  then  studied  law  in  Boston,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Suffolk  bar  in  1832 ; but,  his 
tastes  inclining  him  to  literature,  he  became 
editor  of  the  New  England  Magazine,  then  in  its 
infancy.  In  1837  he  removed  to  New  York, 
and,  with  Charles  Fenno  Hoffman,  started  the 
American  Monthly  Magazine.  Subsequently  Mr. 

1271 J 


Benjamin  was  associated  with  Horace  Greeley 
on  the  New  Yorker,  the  literary  partnership 
ending  when  Mr.  Greeley  established  the  New 
York  Tribune.  About  this  time,  in  connection 
with  Jonas  Winchester  as  publisher,  he  estab- 
lished the  New  World,  a mammoth  weekly,  which 
had  a highly  successful  career  of  about  five  years, 
during  which,  at  different  times,  Mr.  Benjamin 
was  associated  with  Epes  Sargent  and  Rufus  W. 
Griswold  in  its  editorial  management.  In  1849 
he  entered  the  lecture  field  and  continued  in  it 
for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  is  better  known 
as  a poet  than  as  a journalist  or  a lecturer; 
there  is  scarcely  a good  collection  of  poetry  in 
the  language  in  which  some  of  his  poems  do  not 
appear,  those  best  known  being:  “The  De- 
parted,” "Old  Sexton,”  “The  Nautilus,”  and 
“ Consolation,”  and  some  of  his  sonnets  had  the 
rare  honor  of  being  included  in  Leigh  Hunt’s 
“Book  of  the  Sonnet.”  He  died  in  New  York 
city  from  the  effects  of  a surgical  operation, 
Sept.  12,  1864. 

BENJAMIN,  Park,  author,  was  born  in  New 
York  city,  May  11,  1849;  son  of  Park  Benjamin, 
journalist.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  school, 
New  York,  and  was  graduated  in  1867  at  the 
U S.  naval  academy,  Annapolis,  Md.  He  served 
two  years  in  the  Mediterranean  under  Admiral 
Farragut,  and  upon  attaining  the  grade  of  en- 
sign in  1869  he  resigned,  to  enter  the  Albany 
law  school,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1870. 
His  practical  experience  was  gained  in  the 
office  of  William  M.  Evarts  in  New  York  city. 
After  being  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar 
he  practised  until  1872,  when  he  accepted  an  as- 
sociate editorship  on  the  Scientific  American, 
in  order  to  qualify  himself  as  a patent  expert.  In 
1878  he  became  editor-in-chief  of  “ Appleton’s 
Cyclopedia  of  Applied  Mechanics  ” (published  in 
1880;  revised  edition,  1891).  In  1877  he  received 
the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Union  college.  He 
was  employed  as  counsel  in  very  many  important 
patent  cases,  and  was  frequently  called  before 
the  United  States  courts  as  an  expert  on  scientific 
subjects  in  important  cases  involving  the  applica- 
tion of  electrictiy,  to  which  he  gave  special 
attention.  During  1891  he  edited  and  prepared 
for  publication,  “ Modern  Mechanism,”  as  a sup- 
plement to  “ Appleton’s  Cyclopedia  of  Applied 
Mechanics.”  His  “Shakings  Etchings  for  the 
Naval  Academy  ” appeared  in  1867,  and  he  after- 
wards wrote  voluminously  on  electricity  and 
cognate  subjects.  His  articles  in  the  Forum  on 
the  “ Possibilities  of  Electricity,”  “ The  Dawn  of 
Electricity,”  “ Communication  at  Sea,”  and  “ The 
New  System  of  Naval  Warfare,”  attracted  earn- 
est public  attention.  He  was  the  first  to  suggest 
and  advocate  execution  by  electricity,  an  article 
by  him  on  that  subject  appearing  in  the  Scientific 


BENJAMIN. 


BENNER. 


American  as  early  as  1873.  Among  his  principal 
contributions  to  scientific  literature  are: 
“Wrinkles  and  Recipes  ” (1875) ; “The  Age  of 
Electricity”  (1886);  “The  Voltaic  Cell,  its  Con- 
struction and  its  Capacity”  (1893),  and  “The 
Intellectual  Rise  in  Electricity  ” (1895).  He  also 
wrote  several  books  and  short  stories,  which  show 
marked  literary  ability.  These  include.  ‘ ‘ The 
End  of  New  York”  and  “The  Story  of  the 
Telegust.  ” 

BENJAMIN,  Samuel  Qreene  Wheeler,  artist, 

was  born  at  Argos,  Greece,  Feb.  13,  1837,  son  of 
Nathan  and  Mary  Gladding  (Wheeler)  Benjamin. 
In  1845  his  parents  brought  him  to  America,  where 
he  attended  school,  re-crossing  the  Atlantic  two 
years  later  upon  the  return  of  his  parents  to  their 
mission.  He  lived  several  years  at  Smyrna,  and 
then  at  Constantinople,  where  his  father  estab- 
lished the  first  newspaper  published  in  the  Armen- 
ian language.  He  was  at  Constantinople  during 
the  Crimean  war,  and  sent  illustrations  of  naval 
scenes  of  the  conflict  to  the  Illustrated  London 
News.  After  the  death  of  his  father  he  returned  to 
America,  and  entered  Williams  college,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1859.  He  read  law  for  a time,  and 
was  then  appointed  assistant  librarian  in  the  New 
York  state  library  at  Albany,  where  he  remained 
until  1865.  During  the  civil  war  he  raised  a com- 
pany of  cavalry,  and  was  a member  of  the  re- 
serve corps,  but  was  never  called  into  active 
service.  After  leaving  the  state  library  he  took  up 
marine  painting  professionally.  He  opened  a 
studio  in  Boston,  and  met  with  success,  removing 
to  New  York  in  1878.  He  exhibited  in  the  National 
academy  and  in  various  other  art  exhibitions,  and 
sold  paintings  in  London,  New  York,  Boston, 
Philadelphia,  etc.,  also  making  numerous  book 
and  magazine  illustrations.  He  was  art  editor 
of  the  Magazine  of  Art,  of  the  Library  Table, 
and  of  the  Mail  and  Express,  and  contributed 
to  nearly  all  of  the  important  American  maga- 
zines, besides  writing  literary  reviews  for  a 
leading  weekly  paper.  In  January,  1883,  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Arthur  first  United 
States  minister  to  Persia.  Among  other  transac- 
tions at  that  post  he  prepared  a code  for  the  lega- 
tion, established  a precedent  regarding  the  tenure 
of  reality  by  foreigners  in  that  country,  obtained 
permission  for  the  building  of  the  first  Protestant 
church  in  Persia,  and  demanded  and  obtained  an 
apology  from  the  Persian  government  for  an 
affront  to  the  U.  S.  legation.  He  returned  in 
June,  1885,  after  the  inauguration  of  President 
Cleveland.  In  1863  he  married  Clara  Stowell  of 
Brookfield.  Mass.,  who  died  in  1880.  In  1§82  he 
married  Mrs.  Fannie  Nichols,  of  Alton,  111.,  the 
author  of  “ The  Sunny  Side  of  Shadows  ” and  vari- 
ous essays.  He  published  “Constantinople,  the 
Isle  of  Pearls,  and  Other  Poems”  (1860) ; “ Ode  on 


the  Death  of  Abraham  Lincoln  ” (1865) ; “ The  Turk 
and  the  Greek  ”(1867) ; “ Tom  Roper”  (1868) ; “ The 
Choice  of  Paris,  a Romance  of  the  Troad  ” (1870) ; 
metrical  translation  of  “Muretus’s  Advice  to  a 
Son”  (1870);  “What  is  Art:  or,  Art  Theories 
and  Methods  Concisely  Stated”  (1877);  “Con- 
temporary Art  in  Europe”  (1877) ; “The  Atlantic 
Islands”  ( 1878);  “The  Multitudinous  Seas” 
(1879;  “Art  in  America”  (1879);  “Our  Ameri- 
can Artists”  (1st  series  1879,  2d  series  1881); 
“The  World’s  Paradises”  (1880);  “Troy:  its 
Legend,  History,  and  Literature”  (1880);  “A 
Group  of  Etchers ” (1882);  “Cruise  of  the  Alice 
May  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Adjacent 
Waters”  ( 1885  );  “Persia  and  the  Persians  ’ 
(1886);  “The  Story  of  Persia”  (1887);  “Sea- 
Spray,  or.  Facts  and  Fancies  of  a Yachtsman” 
(1888),  and  a history  of  modern  painting  in  the 
“ Iconographic  Encyclopaedia.”  Among  his  well- 
known  paintings  are : “ Home  of  the  Sea  Birds” 
(1875);  “ Porta  da  Cruz,  Madeira”  (1876);  “The 
Corbidre,  or  Sailors’  Dread”  (1876);  “The  Wide, 
Wide  Sea”  (1877);  “ Yachts  struck  by  a Squall " 
(1879);  “Among  the  Breakers”  (1879),  and  “In 
the  Roaring  Forties”  (1882). 

BENJAMIN,  Samuel  Nicoll,  soldier,  wasbcrn 
in  New  York  city,  Jan.  13,  1839.  At  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  was  appointed  a military  cadet  at 
West  Point,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1860  with 
the  rank  of  2d  lieutenant.  A few  days  later  he 
was  promoted  1st  lieutenant  and  served  through 
out  the  civil  war.  He  was  seriously  wounded  at 
the  battle  of  Spottsylvania  in  May,  1864,  and 
until  September  was  in  the  hospital  and  on  sick 
leave  of  absence.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  captain  in  June,  and  was  brevetted  Aug.  1. 
1864,  “ for  distinguished  and  gallant  conduct  at 
the  battle  of  Spottsylvania,  Va.”  In  September 
he  became  assistant  professor  of  mathematics  at 
West  Point,  holding  the  position  for  about  a 
year.  In  March,  1865,  he  was  promoted  major, 
and  in  May  he  received  the  brevet  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. In  September,  1865.  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  a company  in  San  Francisco 
harbor.  Cal.  In  1866  he  was  made  recorder  of 
the  artillery  board  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  and 
then  returned  to  West  Point  as  assistant  professor 
of  mathematics,  In  1869  he  was  assigned  to  Fort 
Monroe.  Virginia,  in  the  artillery  school  for  prac- 
tice. On  March  1,  1875,  he  was  made  assistant 
in  the  adjutant-general’s  office,  and  in  1885  held 
the  same  post  in  the  division  of  the  Atlantic 
serving  on  Governor’s  Island,  New  York,  where 
he  died  May  15.  1886. 

BENNER,  Philip,  manufacturer,  was  born  in- 

Chester  county,  Pa.,  May  19,  1762.  After  tne 
war  of  the  revolution,  throughout  which  he 
served,  he  removed  to  Coventry,  Pa.,  where  he 
established  a successful  iron  business,  and  in  1/J2 


BENNET. 


BENNETT. 


began  his  iron  works  in  the  “ Rock  Forge  lands.” 
Two  years  later  he  built  a forge,  and  in  a few 
years  added  another  forge,  a grist-mill,  a nail 
mill  and  the  best  machinery  that  the  time  pro- 
duced. He  was  the  first  one  to  manufacture  the 
“ Juniata  iron.”  He  became  very  wealthy,  and 
was  noted  for  his  liberality  and  public  .spirit. 
He  was  a major-general  of  the  Pennsylvania  state 
militia  and  attained  prominence  in  politics,  and 
on  two  occasions  was  chosen  Democratic  presi- 
dential elector.  He  owned  and  conducted  a 
newspaper  in  the  interest  of  Andrew  Jackson’s 
candidacy  for  president.  He  died  in  Centre 
county.  Pa.,  July  27,  1832. 

BENNET,  Richard,  colonial  governor.  In 
October,  1650,  the  ‘‘Long  Parliament”  passed  an 
ordinance  prohibiting  trade  with  Virginia  and 
other  places,  and  Bennet  was  a Roundhead  who 
had  fled  from  Virginia  to  Maryland,  to  the  pro- 
tection of  Lord  Baltimore,  and  thence  to  London, 
was  appointed  one  of  three  commissioners  to 
reduce  Virginia  to  submission.  They  arrived  in 
March,  1652,  and  on  the  12th  the  capitulation  was 
ratified,  by  which  it  was  agreed  that  the  colony 
of  Virginia  should  be  subject  to  England.  Not 
long  after  this,  Bennet  and  William  Clayborne 
proceeded  to  reduce  Maryland,  and  on  April  30, 
1652.  they  organized  a provincial  government 
subject  to  the  control  of  England.  Bennet  was 
chosen  governor.  In  March,  1655,  he  was  super- 
seded by  Edward  Digges.  In  1666  Bennet,  as 
major-general,  commanded  the  militia  of  three 
of  the  four  military  districts  of  Virginia.  He 
was  a member  of  the  council  as  late  as  1674,  but 
there  is  no  record  of  the  date  of  liis  death. 

BENNETT,  Alice,  physician,  was  born  at 
V rentham,  Mass.,  Jan.  31,  1851,  daughter  of 
Francis  I.  and  Lydia  (Hayden)  Bennett.  After 
receiving  a common-school  education  she  began 
to  teach  in  country  schools,  following  this  occu- 
pation from  1868  to  1872,  entering  in  the  latter 
year  the  Woman’s  medical  college  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. whence  she  was  graduated  in  1876.  During 
the  spring  and  summer  of  that  year  Dr.  Bennett 
worked  in  a dispensary  in  the  poorest  quarters  of 
Philadelphia,  and  in  October  she  returned  to  the 
medical  college  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  at 
the  same  time  establishing  a practice  and  study- 
ing for  a Ph.  D.  degree,  which  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  conferred  upon  her  in  1880.  Shortly 
after  her  graduation  she  was  made  superintendent 
of  the  women’s  department  of  the  Pennsylvania 
state  insane  hospital,  which  position  she  held 
until  1896,  resigning  to  devote  herself  to  private 
practice.  Dr.  Bennett  was  a member  of  the 
American  medical  association,  the  Pennsylvania 
state  medical  society,  the  American  academy  of 
political  and  social  science,  the  Philadelphia  medi- 
cal jurisprudence  society,  the  Philadelphia  neu- 

[273 


rological  society,  and  the  Montgomery  county 
medical  society,  of  which  last  she  was  chosen 
president  in  1890.  She  was  one  of  the  first 
women  to  make  a special  study  of  insanity,  and 
was  the  very  first  to  occupy  a practical  chairman- 
ship of  a great  institution.  In  1893  she  became 
a member  of  a commission  appointed  by  the 
governor  to  erect  a new  hospital  for  the  insane  in 
Pennsylvania. 

BENNETT,  Edmund  Hatch,  educator,  was 
born  at  Manchester.  Vt.,  April  6,  1824.  son  of 
Milo  Lyman  Bennett,  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Vermont.  He  was  educated  at  the  Burr 
seminary,  and  was  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Vermont  in  1843.  He  entered  upon  the  study 
of  the  law  in  the  office  of  his  father,  and  in  1847 
was  admitted  to  the  Vermont  bar.  In  1848  he  re- 
moved to  Massachusetts,  was  admitted  to  the 
Suffolk  bar  and  began  practice  at  Taunton 
where  he  took  up  his  residence.  In  1858 
he  was  appointed  judge  of  probate  and  in- 
solvency, holding  the  office  until  his  resignation 
in  1883.  From  1865  to  1867  he  was  mayor  of 
Taunton,  and  in  1889  he  delivered  the  address  in 
honor  of  the  250th  anniversary  of  the  foundation 
of  that  city.  From  1865  to  1871  he  was  lecturer 
at  Harvard  law  school.  In  1872  he  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Vermont, 
and  was  afterwards  made  dean  and  professor  at 
the  Boston  university  law  school.  In  1896 
he  was  chairman  of  the  Massachusetts  commis- 
sion on  “Uniformity  of  Legislation”  through- 
out the  United  States,  and  also  chairman  of  the 
commission  to  revise  the  Massachusetts  statutes. 
He  was  married,  June  29.  1853,  to  Sally,  daughter 
of  Samuel  L.  Crocker,  and  their  son.  Samuel  C. 
Bennett,  was  professor  and  assistant  dean  of  the 
Boston  law  school.  He  edited  many  legal 
works,  including  all  those  of  Judge  Story: 
“English  Law  and  Equity  Reports ” (30  vols.); 
“ Cushing’s  Reports”  (vols.  IX.  to  XII.) ; “ Massa- 
chusetts Digest”;  “Bingham  on  Infancy”; 
“ Blackwell  on  Tax  Titles”;  “Leading  Criminal 
Cases  ” (2  vols. ) ; “ Greenleaf’s  Reports  ” (8  vols. ) ; 

‘ ‘ Goddard  on  Easements  ” ; “ Benjamin  on  Sales  ” ; 
“ Pomeroy’s  Constitutional  Law  ” ; “ Indermauer’s 
Principles  of  Common  Law  ” ; “ Fire  Insurance 
Cases”  (5  vols.,  etc.).  He  was  co-editor  of  the 
American  Law  Register,  and  contributor  to  other 
legal  periodicals. 

BENNETT,  Emerson,  author,  was  born  at 
Monson.  Hampden  county,  Mass..  March  16,  1822. 
His  early  life  was  spent  on  a farm,  where  his 
father  died  in  1835,  after  which,  by  his  own 
efforts,  he  acquired  an  education,  and  on  going 
to  New  York  in  1839  began  writing  for  periodicals. 
He  removed  to  Cincinnati  and  later  to  Philadel- 
phia, and  attracted  some  notice  by  his  poems 
and  stories.  Among  his  numerous  books  are: 


BENNETT. 


BENNETT. 


“Vicla”  (1852);  “Waldo  Warren”  (1852); 

“ Clara  Moreland ” (1853);  “The  Artist’s  Bride” 
(1857) ; “Prairie  Flower”;  “ Lena  Leoti”;  “ Ellen 
Norbury”;  “The  Outlaw’s  Daughter”  (1874); 
“Villeta  Linden”  (1874),  and  “The  Phantom 
of  the  Forest”  (1874.) 

BENNETT,  Henry  Stanley,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Brownsville,  Pa.,  April  16.  1838.  He  was 
graduated  from  Oberlin  college,  Ohio,  in  1860,  and 
finished  his  theological  course  at  the  same  college 
three  years  later.  He  was  called  to  the  Second 
Congregational  church  of  Wakeman,  Ohio,  and  or- 
dained. Nov.  17,  1863.  He  was  a member  of  the 
National  Guards  called  out  by  Governor  Brough. 
This  company  was  stationed  in  Fort  Stevens  at 
the  time  of  the  Confederate  attack  on  Washing- 
ton under  Gen.  Jubal  Early.  From  1867  to  1892 
he  was  secretary  of  the  faculty,  professor  of 
German,  and  university  pastor  at  Fisk  university. 
From  1868  to  1869  he  was  a member  of  the  board 
of  education  of  Nashville.  In  1869  he  began  the 
work  of  training  young  men  for  the  ministry. 
He  was  one  of  the  original  members  in  the  State 
teachers’  association  of  Tennessee,  and  for 
several  years  contributed  educational  papers  to 
the  local  press  of  the  state  capital.  In  1878  he 
made  the  tour  of  England  and  continental 
Europe,  visiting  Scotland,  England,  France, 
Italy,  Switzerland,  Holland  and  Belgium.  Pro- 
fessor Bennett’s  work  was  among  the  colored 
people,  especially  in  the  direction  of  their  higher 
culture.  He  died  Aug.  5,  1895. 

BENNETT,  James  Gordon,  editor,  was  born 
in  the  village  of  New  Mill,  in  Keith,  Scotland, 
Sept.  1,  1795,  of  French  extraction,  his  ancestors 
having  emigrated  to  Scotland  from  the  banks 
of  the  Seine.  After  receiving  his  preparatory 
education  at  a school  in  Keith,  he  was  sent  to  a 
Catholic  seminary  in  Aberdeen,  to  be  fitted  for 
the  priesthood.  He  pursued  the  usual  college 
course  for  three  years,  and  then  determined  to  go 
to  America.  Hearrivedat  Halifax,  N.  S.,  in  1819, 
where  he  taught  book-keeping.  Being  unsuccess- 
ful, he  went  to  Boston,  where  for  three  years  he 
was  employed  as  a proof-reader.  Then  followed 
a year’s  work  in  New  York,  writing  stray  bits  and 
paragraphs  for  various  newspapers,  after  which 
he  accepted  a position  on  the  Charleston  (S.  C. ) 
Courier,  his  principal  work  being  the  translating 
of  articles  from  Spanish  - American  journals. 
Drifting  back  to  New  York,  he  attempted-  to  es- 
tablish a commercial  school,  and  also  tried  to 
get  a footing  in  the  journalistic  world,  but  was  for 
a time  unsuccessful  in  all  his  efforts.  He  did 
reporting,  paragraphing,  and  editing,  and  then 
became,  in  1827,  the  Washington  correspondent 
of  the  New  York  Enquirer  ; there  he  made  quite 
a reputation  for  himself  and  the  Enquirer  by  his 
accurate  accounts  of  the  proceedings  of  Congress, 

127- 


and  by  his  spicily  interesting  descriptions  of 
Washington  life  and  people.  He  was  a careful 
and  interested  student  of  the  political  history  of 
the  country,  and  when  at  this  time  he  entered 
politics  as  a member  of  the  Tammany  society,  he 
was  a valuable  addition  to  the  Democratic  party. 
In  1829,  at  his  instance,  the  Courier  and  the  En- 
quirer were  consolidated,  and  Mr.  Bennett  became 
associate  editor,  and  a recognized  leader  in  poli- 
tics. A change  in  the  policy  of  the  Courier  and 
Enquirer  instituted  by  the  chief  editor,  James 
Watson  Webb,  compelled  him  to  withdraw  from 
its  editorial  staff  in  1832,  and  he  migrated  to  Phila 
delphia,  where  he  bought  an  interest  in  the 
Pennsylvanian,  of  which  he  became  the  editor. 
Editors  in  those  days  were  mostly  mere  secre- 
taries, writing  at  the  dictation  of  political  chief 
tains  who  had  their  own  ends  to  serve.  Mr. 
Bennett’s  nature  was  of  too  individual  and  inde- 
pendent a stamp  for  him  to  act  as  a tool  for  any 
man  or  body  of  men.  and  as  a result  he  made  a 
host  of  enemies  among  the  Philadelphia  politi- 
cians, who  now  assailed  him  with  such  vehemence, 
that  he  withdrew  from  the  Pennsylvanian  and 
returned  to  New  York,  where  he  invested  his 
fifteen  years’  experience,  together  with  five  hun- 
dred dollars,  his  savings,  in  establishing  a small 
four-page  journal,  which  he  sold  for  a cent  a 
copy,  and  called  it  the  Neiv  York  Herald.  Of 
this  paper  he  was  sole  editor,  reporter,  contribu- 
tor, book-keeper,  and  clerk.  His  office  was  in  a 
cellar  on  Wall  street,  and  he  shared  the  profits  of 
the  venture  with  two  young  printers.  The  prin- 
ciples on  which  the  Herald  was  founded  were  the 
outgrowth  of  Mr.  Bennett’s  observation  and  expe- 
rience in  the  field  of  journalism.  The  paper  was 
free  from  all  party  control ; the  acquisition  of  news 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  at  any  cost  was  its 
chief  aim;  it  gave  publicity  to  all  forms  of  fraud, 
and  especially  to  the  tricks  of  the  stock  jobbers; 
it  was  a disseminator  of  facts,  not  opinions,  and 
it  sustained  every  enterprise  calculated  to  elevate 
mankind,  and  unite  all  nations  in  commerce  and 
civilization.  On  June  13,  1835,  Mr.  Bennett 
printed  an  article  in  which  he  discussed  the  state 
of  the  money  market,  which  attracted  wide  atten- 
tion by  reason  of  its  novelty  and  candor,  and  the 
money  article  became,  after  partisan  opposition 
had  been  overcome,  a necessary  part  of  the  con- 
tents of  every  newspaper.  In  July,  1835,  the 
“ office  ” was  burned  out,  and  the  young  printers 
deserted  the  venture.  On  August  31,  Mr.  Bennett 
re-issued  the  Herald,  as  sole  proprietor.  He  orig- 
inated, through  the  incident  of  the  great  fire  in 
New  York,  Dec.  16,  1835,  the  reporting  in  detail 
of  public  occurrences,  and  he  engaged  special 
correspondents  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe  to 
report  the  news.  He  established  the  practice  of 
reporting  sermons  and  the  proceedings  of  public 


BENNETT. 


BENSON. 


meetings : introduced  the  custom  of  interviewing 
persons  who  had  taken  a prominent  part  in  any 
great  occurrence ; first  used  the  telegraph  for  re- 
porting, and  originated  the  system  of  distribution 
by  carriers.  It  was  by  constantly  adding  novel 
features  that  he  managed  to  keep  the  Herald  be- 
fore the  public  eye ; and  though  the  paper  offended 
all  parties  and  creeds,  the  circulation  increased 
rapidly,  and  at  the  end  of  a very  few  years,  the 
journal  had  become  the  most  valuable  newspaper 
property  in  the  country.  Mr.  Bennett  had  an 
iron  constitution,  which,  conserved  by  his  strictly 
temperate  habits,  enabled  him  to  accomplish  pro- 
digious work  without  experiencing  fatigue.  He 
had  the  journalistic  instinct  to  discriminate  as  to 
news  most  acceptable  to  his  readers,  and  im- 
pressed his  personality  on  his  paper  by  directing 
every  detail  of  management  and  item  of  news  as 
well  as  the  general  shaping  of  popular  thought 
and  opinion.  He  died  in  New  York  city,  leaving 
the  Herald  to  his  son,  James  Gordon  Bennett, 
whom  he  had  personally  trained  to  the  task  of  its 
continuance.  The  dateof  his  death  is  June  1, 1872. 

BENNETT,  James  Gordon,  publisher,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  May  10,  1841,  son  of  James 
Gordon  and  Henrietta  Agnes  (Crean)  Bennett. 
When  he  was  about  fourteen  years  of  age  he 
accompanied  his  mother  to  Europe  and  l’eceived 
the  principal  part  of  his  education  abroad.  He 
was  summoned  to 
New  York  by  his 
father  in  1866,  where 
he  gained  a practical 
knowledge  of  news- 
paper publishing.  His 
talents  and  tempera- 
ment were  suited  to 
the  business,  and  at 
his  father’s  death 
in  1872,  the  Herald 
passed  into  his  con- 
trol. The  journal  lost 
none  of  its  individ- 
uality by  this  change, 
and  Mr.  Bennett 
added  name,  f a m e, 
and  contributors  to  it, 
by  engaging  in  a series 
of  enterprises  which 
were  remarkable  for  boldness  of  conception,  bril- 
liancy of  execution,  and  vital  effectiveness  of 
result.  Among  his  achievements  the  Stanley  - 
Livingstone  and  the  Sir  Samuel  Baker  search- 
parties,  the  Jeanette  polar  expedition,  all  of  which 
he  fitted  out  at  his  own  expense ; the  remarkable 
feat  of  furnishing  the  English  government  and 
press  with  news  of  the  memorable  and  victorious 
march  of  the  Anglo-Abyssinian  expedition,  sev- 
eral days  in  advance  of  the  regular  despatches ; 

[275] 


the  publishing  in  England  of  storm  warnings 
cabled  from  the  United  States,  and  the  laying  of 
the  Bennett-Mackay  cable  to  compete  with  the 
French  and  English  lines,  are  indicative  of  his 
enterprise.  Mr.  Bennett  devoted  all  his  time, 
talents,  and  energies  to  the  interests  of  the  Her- 
ald, the  paramount  object  of  all  his  ambitions. 
Residing  in  Paris,  he  superintended  the  conduct 
not  only  of  the  main  establishment  in  New  York, 
but  also  of  the  London  and  Paris  branches,  being  in 
hourly  communication,  by  cable,  with  his  business 
agents  and  associate  editors  in  every  part  of  the 
world.  In  1892-’93  he  erected  a building  for  his 
journal  in  New  York  city,  the  complete  and 
elegant  equipment  of  which  is  a startling 
contrast  to  the  lowly  subterranean  cavern  in 
which  the  Herald  was  born,  May  6,  1835.  Mr. 
Bennett’s  interest  in  sports  of  all  kinds,  and  espe- 
cially in  yachting,  was  marked  by  successive  sur- 
prises and  personal  daring.  With  his  schooner, 
the  Henrietta , he  won,  in  1866,  a race  from  Sandy 
Hook  to  the  Needles,  Isle  of  Wight,  against  two 
competing  yachts,  making  the  trip  in  thirteen 
days,  twenty-one  hours,  and  fifty-five  minutes. 
In  1870  he  took  part  in  a memorable  race  from 
Queenstown  to  New  York,  and  this  time  his 
yacht,  the  Dauntless,  was  beaten  by  the  English 
yacht  Cambria  by  two  hours.  4s  an  expert 
polo  player  he  acquired  an  American  and  Eu- 
ropean reputation,  and  through  the  Herald  he  edu- 
cated the  public  to  an  appreciation  of  athletic 
sport  and  made  it  popular. 

BENNETT,  Milo  Lyman,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Sharon,  Conn.,  in  1790.  He  was  graduated  from 
Yale  college  with  the  class  of  1811,  studied  law, 
and  began  practice  at  Burlington,  Vt.  In  1839  lie 
was  elected  associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Vermont,  and  with  the  exception  of 
one  year  he  was  re-elected  to  that  office  annually 
till  his  death.  “ He  was,”  says  L.  E.  Chittenden 
in  “ Personal  Reminiscences,”  “a  judge  whom 
no  inducement  could  swerve  one  hair's-breadth 
from  his  judicial  duty.”  He  received  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  from  Dartmouth  college  in  1851.  His 
death  occurred  July  7,  1868, 

BENSON,  Egbert,  jurist,  was  born  in  New 
York  city,  June  21,  1746.  He  was  graduated  from 
King’s  college  in  1765,  studied  law,  and  practised 
in  his  native  city.  He  served  on  the  revolu- 
tionary committee  of  safety,  was  a member  of  the 
provisional  convention  of  1776,  and  from  1777  to 
1787  was  attorney-general  of  New  York.  In 
1777  he  was  elected  to  the  first  state  legislature, 
and  in  1784  was  sent  as  delegate  to  the  Conti- 
nental Congress,  where  he  remained  four  years. 
When  the  1st  U.  S.  Congress  assembled,  in  1789, 
he  represented  his  state,  and  was  re-elected  to  the 
2d  Congress,  serving  until  1793.  From  1792  to  1802 
he  was  regent  of  the  University  of  the  state  of 


BENSON. 


BENTON. 


New  York,  and  in  1794  was  appointed  judge  of 
the  supreme  court,  serving  until  1801.  In  1801  he 
was  appointed  chief  judge  of  the  United  States 
circuit  court,  serving  one  year.  In  1812  he  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  13th  U.  S.  Congress, 
but  resigned  in  1814.  He  was  a trustee  of 
Columbia  college  from  1804  to  1815,  and  first 
president  of  the  New  York  historical  society. 
Union  college  made  him  LL.I).  in  1779;  Harvard 
college  in  1808,  and  Dartmouth  in  1811.  He  is  the 
author  of  “ Vindication  of  the  Captors  of  Major 
Andre  ” (1817),  and  “ Memoir  on  Dutch  Names 
of  Places”  (1835).  He  died  in  Jamaica,  L.  I., 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  24,  1833. 

BENSON,  Eugene,  artist,  was  born  at  Hyde 
Park,  on  the  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  in  1837.  His  studies 
were  pursued  chiefly  at  New  York,  Paris  and 
Venice.  His  pictures  are  conscientiously  painted, 
and  have  much  real  merit.  Mr.  Benson  at  one 
time  gave  some  attention  to  journalism,  con- 
tributing to  the  Atlantic  Monthly  and  other 
prominent  Boston  and  New  York  periodicals. 
Among  his  pictures  are : “ The  Strayed  Maskers  ” 
(1873);  “Renunciation”  (1876);  “ Bazaar  at 

Cairo”  (1877);  “Hay  Boats,”  “Peasants  of 
Cadore  at  Religious  Worship  ” (1876) ; “ Thoughts 
in  Exile,”  “A  Reverie,”  “Marketplace,  Egypt,” 
“Study  of  a Girl  in  Blue,”  “The  Reverential 
Anatomist,”  “ Hashish  Smokers,  Jerusalem," 
“ Slave’s  Tower  ” (1878),  and  the  “ Last  Worship- 
per. ” He  published  “ Gaspara  Stain  pa;  the 
Story  of  her  Life  ” and  “ Art  and  Nature  in  Italy  ” 
(1881). 

BENTON,  James  Gilchrist,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Lebanon,  N.  H.,  Sept.  15,  1820;  son  of  Calvin 
Benton,  noted  for  having  first  introduced  merino 
sheep  into  New  England.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1842  as  brevet  2d  lieutenant 
of  ordnance,  and  assigned  to  duty  as  assistant 
ordnance  officer  at  Watervliet  arsenal,  Troy, 
N.  Y.  In  1847  he  was  promoted  2d  lieutenant 
of  ordnance,  and  in  1848  was  assigned  to  the 
ordnance  bureau  in  Washington,  to  aid  in  prepar- 
ing the  “ System  of  Artillery  for  the  Land  Ser- 
vice ” and  the  “ Ordnance  Manual.”  In  March, 
1848,  he  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant,  and  in 
1849  was  at  Harper's  Ferry  armory,  Va.  From 
1849  to  1852  he  was  in  charge  of  the  San  Antonio 
ordnance  depot,  Texas,  and  the  following  year 
was  made  assistant  inspector  of  arsenals  and 
armories.  In  1853  he  was  commanding  officer  of 
the  Charleston  (S.  C.)  arsenal,  and  the  next  four 
years  devoted  himself  to  experiments  for  a new 
rifled  musket.  He  was  a member  of  the  ordnance 
board,  and  in  July,  1856,  was  made  captain  of 
ordnance.  From  1861  to  1863  he  was  principal  as- 
sistant to  the  chief  of  ordnance  at  the  Washington 
arsenal,  of  which  he  was  given  command  in  1863. 
On  March  13.  1865.  he  was  promoted  lieutenant- 


colonel  and  colonel  by  brevet  for  faithful  and 
meritorious  services  in  the  ordnance  department. 
In  1866  he  was  transferred  to  the  command  of  the 
Springfield  (Mass.)  armory,  and  superintended 
the  construction  of  the  Springfield  rifle  models. 
In  1873  he  was  sent  to  Europe  to  investigate  the 
cannon  in  use  there.  He  invented  numerous  im- 
provements in  fire-arms,  and  wrote  valuable  re- 
ports on  ordnance.  He  is  the  author  of  “A 
Course  of  Instruction  in  Ordnance  and  Gunnery 
for  the  Use  of  the  Cadets  of  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  ” (1880).  He  died  in  Spring- 
field,  Mass.,  Aug.  23,  1881. 

RENTON,  Maecenas  E.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Obion  county,  Tenn.,  Jan.  29,  1849;  a grand- 
nephew of  Thomas  Hart  Benton,  senator.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  College  of  Christian  Broth- 
ers at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  at  the  Cumberland  uni- 
versity law  school  at  Lebanon,  Tenn.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1870  removed  to 
Neosho,  Mo.,  where  he  practised  his  profession 
and  took  an  active  part  in  political  affairs  as  a 
Democrat.  His  reputation  as  an  orator  and  as  a 
criminal  lawyer  extended  beyond  his  state. 
Under  President  Cleveland’s  first  administration 
he  was  appointed  United  States  district  attorney 
for  the  western  district  of  Missouri,  and  lie  be- 
came widely  known  throughout  the  country  by 
reason  of  his  being  the  first  Federal  office-holder 
who  was  removed  for  “ pernicious  activity  in 
politics.”  He  wrote  a letter  of  explanation  to 
Attorney-General  Garland,  in  which  he  said : “If 
the  making  of  political  speeches  is  a crime,  I offer 
no  defence ; but  if  it  is  alleged  that  in  so  doing  I 
neglected  my  official  duties,  I challenge  investi- 
gation.” This  language  was  at  once  converted 
into  a campaign  aphorism,  and  its  author  was 
reinstated  by  President  Cleveland,  who  wrote 
him  a complimentary  letter*  upon  the  subject 
He  forwarded  his  resignation  to  Washington  on 
the  inauguration  of  President  Harrison,  who 
refused  to  at  once  accept  it,  and  Mr.  Benton  con 
tinued  in  office  for  a considerable  period  under  a 
Republican  administration.  He  presided  over 
the  Democratic  state  convention  of  1890.  Among 
his  civil  clients  he  numbered  the  noted  old  Indian 
millionaire,  “ Splitlog.”  In  1896  he  was  elected  a 
representative  from  the  15th  Missouri  district  to 
the  55tli  U.  S.  Congress. 

BENTON,  Nathaniel  S.,  politician,  was  born  in 
Cheshire  county,  N.  H..  Feb.  19, 1792.  He  joined 
the  army  in  the  war  of  1812  and  attained  to  the 
rank  of  adjutant  and  judge-advocate-generai 
After  the  war  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
practised  in  Little  Falls.  N.  Y.  For  seven  years 
he  served  as  surrogate  of  Herkimer  county,  and. 
in  1828  he  was  elected  a state  senator.  In  1831  lie 
was  appointed  district  attorney  fog  the  northern 
district  of  New  York,  and  continued  in  the  office 
r-276] 


BENTON. 


BENTON. 


for  ten  years.  Meanwhile  he  was  elected  county 
judge  and  secretary  of  state.  In  1836  he  was 
made  auditor  of  the  canal  department,  holding 
the  position  until  1868,  and  while  in  the  office 
introduced  many  needed  reforms.  He  died  in 
Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  June  29,  1869. 

BENTON,  Thomas  Hart,  statesman,  was  born 
near  Hillsborough,  N.  C.,  March  14,  1782;  son  of 
Jesse  and  Anne  (Gooch)  Benton.  His  father  was 
a lawyer  and  private  secretary  of  Governor 
Trvon.  Thomas  obtained  a good  education,  and 
when  he  was  sixteen  years  of  age  his  mother,  a 

widow,  moved  to 

Tennessee  and  took 
possession  of  forty 
thousand  acres  of 
land  near  Nash- 
ville, which  was 
part  of  her  hus- 
band’s estate. 
With  his  three 
brothers  he  en- 
gaged in  cotton 
planting,  but  their 
first  crop  was 
ruined  by  a heavy 
frost,  and  Thomas 
abandoned  plant- 
ing to  take  up  the 
study  of  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Tennessee  bar.  He  sat  for 
one  term  in  the  state  legislature,  where  he 
secured  the  passage  of  a law  for  the  reform  of 
the  judicial  system  of  the  state  and  another  by 
which  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  was  given  to 
slaves.  During  the  war  of  1812  he  served  as  an 
aide-de-camp  to  Andrew  Jackson,  then  major- 
general  of  the  Tennessee  militia,  and  marched 
with  the  Tennessee  troops  to  the  defence  of  the 
Lower  Mississippi.  While  serving  under  General 
Jackson  the  friendly  relations  which  had  so  long 
existed  between  them  suffered  a severe  strain, 
which  lasted  for  a number  of  years.  William 
Carroll  and  Jesse  Benton,  a brother  of  Thomas, 
became  involved  in  a dispute,  and  a duel  was 
fought  in  which  Jackson  was  Carroll's  second. 
Jesse  sent  an  offensive  account  of  the  affair  to 
Thomas,  and  on  Sept.  4,  1813,  Jackson,  with  some 
friends,  chanced  to  meet  the  Bentons  in  the 
streets  of  Nashville.  Jackson  strucK  Thomas  Ben- 
ton with  a horsewhip;  knives  and  pistols  were 
then  freely  used,  and  Jackson  received  a ball  in 
his  left  shoulder,  while  Jesse  Benton  was  cut 
severely  with  a dirk  and  a sword  cane. 

Mr.  Benton  earned  his  colonelcy  in  Jackson’s 
army  by  raising  a regiment  of  volunteers,  and 
in  1813  President  Madison  appointed  him  lieu- 
tenant-colonel in  the  U.  8.  army  and  sent  him  to 
Canada  on  his  first  duty.  His  observation  while 


[ 277  J 


there  of  the  antagonistic  relations  between  the 
French  and  English  residents,  added  to  his  in- 
terest in  the  French  settlers,  who  by  the  “ Louisi- 
ana purchase  ” had  found  themselves  so  sum- 
marily transferred  to  the  dominion  of  their  tradi- 
tional enemies,  the  English.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  Colonel  Benton  resigned  his  commission  and 
removed  to  Missouri,  which  at  that  time  was  a 
frontier  territory  and  the  only  ground  held  by 
the  whites  west  of  the  Mississippi.  At  St.  Louis 
he  established  the  Missouri  Inquirer , a pro-slavery 
journal,  which  he  made  so  effective  an  agent  in 
the  bringing  about  the  famous  Missouri  compro- 
mise, that  when  the  state  was  admitted  to  the 
Union,  in  1821,  he  was  sent  to  Congress  as  her 
first  senator,  and  for  thirty  consecutive  years  he 
held  his  seat  in  that  body.  As  editor  of  the  In- 
quirer he  was  involved  in  several  duels,  in  one  of 
which  he  killed  his  opponent,  a Mr.  Lucas.  It  is 
said  that  he  “ looked  the  man  to  death  before  he 
killed  him,”  but  it  is  certain  that  he  regretted 
the  affair  very  deeply  afterwards,  as  he  destroyed 
all  letters  and  papers  referring  to  it.  As  a United 
States  senator  he  made  it  his  first  business  to 
study  the  Spanish  language,  so  as  to  deal  fairly 
with  the  matter  of  the  acquired  territory. 
Among  the  many  measures  advocated  by  him 
while  in  Congress  were  the  granting  of  pre 
emptive  rights  to  actual  settlers : a periodic  re- 
duction of  the  price  of  public  land  proportioned 
to  the  length  of  time  it  had  been  on  the  market ; 
a donation  of  homesteads  to  certain  persons ; the 
opening  to  occupancy  of  the  mineral  and  saline 
lands  of  Missouri ; the  repeal  of  the  salt  tax ; the 
establishment  of  post-roads  and  military  stations 
from  Missouri  through  the  Indian  territory  to 
New  Mexico ; the  opening  to  navigation  of  west- 
ern rivers  and  lakes,  and  the  cultivation  of  ami- 
cable, treaty-keeping  relations  with  the  Indians 
and  their  removal  to  reservations  as  civilization 
crowded  upon  them.  He  voted  for  Clay's  protec- 
tion tariff  during  Monroe's  second  administration 
and  opposed  internal  improvements  when  di- 
rected by  the  national  government  to  the  benefit 
of  favored  states,  and  was  ever  a zealous  advocate 
of  state  rights.  He  was  at  this  time  a Jacksonian 
Democrat,  his  political  opponents  being  known  as 
National  Republicans  and  afterwards  as  Whigs. 
He  was  the  friend  of  the  pioneer,  knowing 
his  needs,  sympathizing  with  his  hardships,  and 
working  valiantly  to  help  him.  He  was  promi- 
nent in  the  regulation  of  the  affairs  of  the  far 
west,  and  when  his  daughter  Jessie  married  John 
Charles  Fremont  he  had  in  him  a most  efficient 
ally.  Colonel  Benton  was  one  of  the  first  advo- 
cates of  a railroad  to  the  Pacific.  He  saw  that 
the  way  to  India  lay  not  across  the  Atlantic,  but 
across  the  Pacific,  and  when  pointing  westward 
he  made  his  famous  declaration,  ‘‘There  is  the 


BENTON. 


BERDAN. 


east,  and  there  is  India,”  men  thought  him 
crazy,  but  a bronze  statue  of  the  senator  was 
erected  on  an  eminence  in  Lafayette  Park.  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  on  whose  high  pedestal  is  inscribed 
those  prophetic  words.  Benton  became  during 
Jackson’s  administration  one  of  the  most  conspicu- 
ous public  men  in  the  country.  During  the  politi- 
cal agitation  caused  by  President  Jackson’s  de- 
termination to  overthrow  the  United  States  bank, 
Senator  Benton  was  one  of  the  strongest  and 
most  persistent  defenders  of  the  measure  for 
placing  the  currency  of  the  country  on  a metallic 
basis,  and  from  the  financial  policy  enunciated 
in  Ins  speeches  at  the  time  he  received  his 
sobriquet  of  “Old  Bullion.”  Speaking  on  the 
transfer  of  the  government  from  the  hands  of  the 
old  Federal  or  revolutionary  leaders  and  the  pla- 
cing it  in  the  hands  of  the  plain  people,  Benton 
characterized  it,  as  “ saving  the  country  from  the 
deplorable  conditions  in  which  the  enlightened 
classes  had  sunk  it.”  He  opposed  Senator 
Samuel  A.  Foote's  resolution  to  limit  the  sales  of 
public  lands  to  such  lands  as  were  in  the  market, 
which  he  claimed  brought  the  east  against  the 
west.  This  debate  gave  rise  to  the  nullification 
announcement  by  Senator  Hayne  of  South  Caro- 
lina and  the  reply  of  Daniel  Webster.  He  moved 
the  famous  “expunging  resolutions,”  by  which 
the  vote  of  censure  against  General  Jackson  was 
struck  from  the  journal  of  the  senate,  and  opposed 
the  spoils  system  born  of  the  Jackson  administra- 
tion. He  participated  in  the  discussion  over  the 
Oregon  boundary,  the  annexation  of  Texas,  and 
other  important  matters  which  came  before  the 
country.  Upon  the  bill  for  the  settlement  of  the 
Oregon  boundary  he  said:  “I  grant  that  she 
(England)  will  take  offence,  but  that  is  not  the 
question  with  me.  Has  she  a right  to  take 
offence?  That  is  my  question!  And  this  being 
decided  in  the  negative,  I neither  fear  nor  calcu- 
late consequences.  ” When  Calhoun  proposed  the 
division  of  the  treasury  surplus  between  the 
states,  Senator  Benton  opposed  the  measure  and 
defeated  it.  He  caused  the  removal  of  the 
Cherokee  Indians  from  Georgia  and  Alabama  to 
the  Indian  territory  in  1836,  and  supported  the 
petition  offered  by  the  Quakers  for  the  abolition 
of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Colonel 
Benton  was  responsible  for  President  Polk's 
acceptance  of  latitude  49°  north  as  the  Oregon 
line,  instead  of  latitude  54°  40',  and  thus  the 
United  States  relinquished  territory  which  would 
now  make  its  Pacific  coast  possessions  continuous 
to  Alaska.  He  prevailed  upon  President  Polk  to 
vigorously  prosecute  the  Mexican  war.  and  the 
president  proposed  to  make  him  lieutenant- 
general  of  the  army  to  carry  out  the  policy  he 
advocated,  but  subsequently  relinquished  the 
idea.  He  labored  for  the  maintaining  of  the 

[2TS] 


Union  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  his 
career.  Not  his  southern  birth,  nor  his  repre- 
sentation of  a southern  state,  nor  his  slave-holding 
interests  prevailed  to  carry  him  into  the  secession 
current.  He  opposed  the  state-rights  coterie 
from  nullification  days  down  to  the  compromise 
of  1850,  and  it  was  his  opposition  to  Calhoun's 
resolutions  that  cost  him  his  seat  in  the  senate. 
Benton  and  Calhoun  were  the  bitterest  of  enemies 
after  the  nullification  episode.  Calhoun,  on  one 
occasion  when  Benton  had  violently  opposed  him, 
remarked  that  he  had  expected  Benton's  support 
“ as  a representative  of  a slave-holding  state.” 
Benton  replied  that  he  “ had  no  right  to  expect 
any  such  thing.”  “ Then.”  said  Mr.  Calhoun, 
“ I shall  know  where  to  find  that  gentleman 
hereafter.”  To  which  Mr.  Benton  replied:  “I 
shall  be  found  in  the  right  place,  on  the  side  of 
my  country  and  the  Union.”  In  1852  he  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  33d  U.  S.  Congress, 
where  he  at  first  supported  the  administration  of 
President  Pierce ; but,  when  the  Calhoun  party 
obtained  the  ascendency  he  withdrew  his  support, 
and  made  a memorable  speech  in  opposition  to 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  In  1854  he  was  again 
a candidate  for  Congress,  but  failed  of  an  election, 
and  in  1856  he  was  defeated  in  the  race  for  the 
governorship  of  Missouri.  In  the  presidential 
election  of  1856  he  opposed  the  candidacy  of  his 
son-in-law,  John  C.  Fremont,  and  supported 
Buchanan,  fearing  the  election  of  Fremont  would 
be  fatal  to  the  permanence  of  the  Union.  In  1856 
he  retired  to  private  life,  and  devoted  himself  to 
literary  work.  He  completed  his  “ Thirty  Years' 
View ; or,  a History  of  the  Workings  of  the  Ameri- 
can Government  from  1820  to  1850,”  the  first  vol- 
ume of  which  had  been  published  in  1854.  Hav- 
ing finished  this  work,  he  commenced  abridging 
and  revising  the  debates  in  Congress  from  the 
foundation  of  the  government  up  to  the  year 
1856.  He  lived  long  enough  to  finish  the  work  as 
far  as  to  the  conclusion  of  the  great  compromise 
debate  of  1850,  in  which  he,  with  Clay.  Calhoun. 
Webster  and  Seward,  had  taken  a conspicuous 
part.  The  last  pages  were  dictated  in  whispers 
after  he  had  lost  the  power  of  speaking  aloud,  and 
the  work  was  published  in  fifteen  volumes.  He 
was  the  author  of  “ An  Examination  of  the  Dred 
Scott  Case."  He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
April  10,  1858. 

BERDAN,  Hiram,  inventor,  was  born  at  Ply- 
mouth, Mich.,  in  1823.  His  father  was  an  exten- 
sive landowner  and  stock  raiser  near  Rochester. 
N.  Y..  who  sent  him  to  Hobart  college,  where 
he  made  remarkable  progress  in  mathematics  and 
spent  his  leisure  time  in  the  construction  of  in- 
genious machinery.  He  entered  a machine  shop 
in  Rochester  as  an  apprentice.  His  creative 
power  here  displayed  itself,  and  before  he  was 


BERG. 


BERGH. 


twenty  years  old  lie  had  wrought  out  the  rough 
idea  which  led  to  the  invention  of  a reaping 
machine.  A few  years  later  he  invented  a 
“ mechanical  bakery,"  which  was  put  into  opera- 
tion in  five  cities,  but  the  bakers’  unions  would 
not  allow  the  machine  to  be  used.  When  the 
civil  war  broke  out  Mr.  Berdan  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  construction  of  fire-arms.  He  in- 
vented a cap  to  the  metal  cartridge,  which  was 
adopted  throughout  the  world.  He  also  invented 
the  Berdan  rifle,  which  was  used  by  the  United 
States  government.  In  April.  1861.  he  organized 
the  1st  U.  S.  sharpshooters,  and  was  commissioned 
its  colonel.  The  men  in  four  of  the  companies  of 
this  regiment  were  from  New  York  state,  and 
were  especially  chosen  by  Col.  Berdan,  being,  like 
himself,  expert  marksmen.  The  regiment  was 
armed  with  Berdan  repeating  rifles,  and  used  the 
cartridges  invented  by  him.  For  Chancellors- 
ville  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, and  for  Gettysburg  received  the  brevet  of 
major-general,  March  13,  1865.  He  retired  from 
the  service  in  January,  1864,  and  went  to  Russia 
to  superintend  the  manufacture  of  his  sharp- 
shooting rifles  for  the  use  of  the  Russian  army. 
In  1888  he  returned  to  America  to  prosecute  the 
government  for  infringement  on  his  patent  in 
their  Springfield  rifle,  placing  the  damage  at  five 
hundred  thousand  dollars.  In  1892  the  court  of 
claims  gave  him  a judgment  against  the  govern- 
ment for  such  infringements  for  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  He  invented  torpedoes  and  tox*- 
pedo  boats  designed  to  evade  nets,  and  a “ dis- 
tance fuse  " for  a sharpened  shell.  The  last  ten 
years  of  General  Berdan's  life  were  occupied  in 
modelling  and  perfecting  what  he  styled  his 
twin-screw  armored,  semi-submarine  gunboat.’’ 
He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C. , March  31,  1893. 

BERG,  Joseph  Frederick,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Antigua,  W.  I.,  in  1812;  son  of  a Moravian 
missionary  laboring  in  England,  where  the  boy's 
early  education  was  obtained.  When  a boy  of 
thirteen,  his  parents  brought  him  to  America  and 
settled  in  Nazareth,  Pa.,  when  he  resumed  his 
studies  in  the  Moravian  school  of  that  town, 
where  he  was  graduated,  and  remained  as  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  for  several  years.  In  1835  he 
was  ordained  by  the  synod  of  the  German  Re- 
formed church,  removed  to  Philadelphia  in  1837, 
and  was  there  licensed  to  preach  in  the  Race 
street  German  Reformed  church,  retaining  his 
pastorate  for  fifteen  years,  and  then  resigning  to 
accept  a call  from  the  Second  Reformed  Dutch 
church  of  Philadelphia.  For  nine  years  he  labored 
faithfully  and  successfully,  accepting,  in  1861, 
the  chair  of  didactic  and  polemic  theology  in  New 
Brunswick  theological  seminary.  He  was  a clear 
thinker,  a strong  writer  and  an  earnest  and  elo- 
quent speaker.  His  books  include : “ Lectures  on 

[2‘ 


Romanism”  (1840);  “Papal  Rome”  (1841); 
“ History  of  the  Holy  Robe  of  Treves  " (1843) ; 
“ Oral  Controversy  with  a Catholic  Priest  ” 
(1843);  “ Old  Paths  ” (1845);  “ Plea  for  the  Divine 
Law  against  Murder”  (1846);  “Reply  to  Arch- 
bishop Hughes  on  the  Doctrines  of  Protestant- 
ism ” (1850);  “Expose  of  the  Jesuits,”  “The 
Inquisition,  ” “ Farewell  Words  to  the  Ger- 
man Reformed  Church”  (1852);  “Prophecy 
and  the  Times”  (1856);  “The  Stone  and  the 
Image  ” (1856) ; “ Demons  and  Guardian  Angels  ” 
(1856),  and  “ The  Olive  Branch  ” (1857).  He  died 
in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  July  20,  1871. 

BERGH,  Henry,  philanthropist,  was  boim  in 
New  York  city,  May  8,  1820;  son  of  Clii'istian 
Bergh,  an  extensive  shipbuilder.  The  son  was 
educated  at  Columbia  college,  but  left  before  he 
completed  his  course,  residing  for  five  years 
in  Europe  with  his  young  wife.  In  1862, 
while  still  in  Europe,  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  legation  and  acting  vice-consul  at  St.  Peters- 
burg by  President  Lincoln,  and  in  1864  he  resigned 
the  position  on  account  of  ill-health.  While  in 
St.  Petersburg  he  had  witnessed  the  cruelty 
shown  to  dumb  creatures,  and  on  reaching  Eng- 
land made  himself  known  to  Lord  Harrowby, 
then  president  of  the  Society  for  the  prevention 
of  cruelty  to  animals.  In  1864  he  returned  to 
America,  and  resolved  to  devote  his  time  to  the 
protection  of  animals.  The  first  American  society 
of  this  class  was  incorporated,  with  Mr.  Bergh  as 
its  president,  on  April  10,  1866.  It  employs  every 
moral,  social,  personal  and  legislative  agency, 
and  looks  after  matter's  of  vital  concern  to 
health.  In  1871  Louis  Bonai'd,  a Frenchman, 
bequeathed  $150,000  to  the  society.  The  associa- 
tion has  a large  and  influential  membership,  and 
in  New  York  its  officers  are  special  policemen, 
with  authority  to  arrest  any  person  found  inflict- 
ing cruelty  upon  animals.  In  the  face  of  ridi- 
cule and  opposition  Mr.  Bergh  created  a reform 
recognized  as  one  of  the  beneficent  movements 
of  the  age.  He  delivered  lectures,  and  oi'ganized 
branch  societies  in  the  principal  cities,  and  ad- 
dressed the  Evangelical  alliance  and  Episcopal 
convention  on  the  subject.  His  efforts  resulted 
in  a new  canon  being  instituted  by  the  general 
convention,  requiring  Episcopal  clei'gymen  to 
preach  once  a year  on  mercy  to  animals.  In  1886 
thirty-nine  states  of  the  Union,  Brazil  and  the 
Argentine  Republic  had  adopted  the  original  laws 
enacted  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Bergh  by  the 
legislature  of  New  York.  In  1874  he  was  influen- 
tial in  founding  a society  for  the  prevention  of 
cruelty  to  childi'en.  Mr.  Bergh  wrote  several 
plays,  one  of  which,  “Love’s  Alternative,”  was 
acted  in  Philadelphia.  He  also  wrote  “ Streets  of 
New  York,”  “ The  Portentous  Telegram,”  and 
“ The  Ocean  Paragon.”  He  died  March  12,  1888. 

■9] 


BERKELEY. 


BERKELEY. 


BERKELEY,  George,  philosopher  and  divine, 
was  born  near  Thomastown,  Kilkenny,  Ireland, 
March  12,  1684.  He  was  a precocious  child,  and 
at  the  age  of  eleven  was  placed  in  the  second  form 
of  a school  which  has  been  called  the  Eton  of  Ire- 
land. He  was  further  educated  at  Trinity,  Dub- 
lin, and  in  1707  was  made  a fellow  of  that  college. 
He  took  holy  orders  in  the  established  church, 
and  in  1713  accompanied  the  Earl  of  Peterborough 
on  an  embassy  to  the  King  of  Sicily  and  the 
Italian  states.  In  1724  he  was  made  dean  of 
Derry.  He  now  began  to  concern  himself  in  a 
plan  to  provide  for  the  supplying  of  the  church 
in  America,  and  to  that  end  hoped  to  establish  a 
college  at  the  Bermudas,  for  the  advancement  of 
religion  and  learning  in  the  new  world.  Sir 
Robert  Walpole,  then  prime  minister  of  England, 
opposed  the  scheme  as  chimerical,  but  the  logic 
and  force  of  Dean  Berkeley  were  such  that  he 
persuaded  the  English  government  to  promise  a 
grant  of  twenty  thousand  pounds  for  the  purpose 
specified  in  his  pamphlet,  “ A Proposal  for  the 
Better  Supply  of  the  Churches  in  our  Foreign 
Plantations,  and  the  Conversion  of  the  Savage 
Americans  to  Christ,  by  a College  to  be  Erected 
in  the  Summer  Isles.”  In  1728  he  set  sail,  hoping 
at  once  to  begin  the  erection  of  “ St.  Paul's 
College,”  and  to  become  its  president  on  its  com- 
pletion. He  landed  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Jan. 
23,  1729,  thinking  to  arrange  for  the  deportation 
of  stores  to  his  settlement  in  Bermuda.  He  had 
brought  his  wife  with  him,  and  the  various  mem- 
bers of  his  household,  and  he  bought  a small 
farm,  giving  it  the  name  of  “ Whitehall,”  where 
he  settled  down  with  the  equanimity  of  a philos- 
opher and  waited  for  the  promised  endowment, 
occupying  himself  meanwhile  with  writing  and 
studying.  Here  he  produced  “Alciphron;  or, 
the  Minute  Philosopher,”  and  here  his  eldest  son 
was  born,  and  a daughter,  Lucia,  who  died  an  in- 
fant and  was  buried  in  Trinity  churchyard 
at  Newport.  Content  to  wait  quietly  in  this 
island  retreat  for  hopes  that  were  never  to  be 
realized,  he  was  visited  by  many  leaders  of 
thought  and  learning  who  had  recognized  his 
great  mental  powers  and  accepted  his  philosophy, 
and  these  men  gave  him  a full  idea  of  what  was 
taking  place  at  the  several  centres  of  America  in 
education  and  religion.  From  them,  more  notably 
from  Samuel  Johnson,  afterwards  president  of 
Columbia  college,  Dean  Berkeley  acquired  an 
interest  in  Yale  college,  which  remained  with 
him  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  wished  for  the 
transference  of  the  site  of  the  proposed  college 
from  the  Bermudas  to  the  mainland,  but  was 
warned  by  Walpole  that  the  mention  of  such  a 
change  would  frustrate  his  plans.  He  had  long 
wearied  of  waiting  for  the  promised  support,  and 
at  length,  becoming  convinced  that  he  should 


never  receive  it,  he  returned  to  England  in  Sep- 
tember, 1731.  He  divided  between  Yale  and 
Harvard  colleges  the  books  of  his  private  library, 
and  in  the  year  following  his  return  home  he 
transferred  his  title  in  his  Whitehall  farm  to 
Yale  college,  to  be  applied  to  the  maintenance  of 
three  scholarships  and  various  prizes  for  those 
who  should  excel  in  Latin  composition  The 
Berkeley  prizes  have  been  awarded  with  unfailing 
regularity  at  Yale  since  1733.  In  1762  the  White- 
hall farm  was  leased  by  the  foundation  for  a period 
of  999  years.  Dean  Berkeley  also  enriched  Yale, 
which  he  hoped  would  become  an  Episcopal 
college,  with  a collection  of  valuable  books,  con- 
sisting largely  of  the  writings  of  the  great  classi- 
cists in  the  original  tongues,  but  including  also 
modern  English  literature,  the  literature  of  the 
sciences,  and  great  historical  works.  He  also  sent 
some  valuable  books  to  Harvard  college,  and 
recommended  that  an  Episcopal  college  be 
founded  in  New  York.  Yale  preserves  two  of  his 
autograph  letters  in  her  archives,  and  several 
from  his  widow  and  son.  In  1734  he  was  con- 
secrated bishop  of  Cloyne,  and  some  years  later 
was  offered,  and  declined,  the  bishopric  of 
Clogher.  A chronicler  says  of  him  his  works 
should  be  particularly  interesting  to  Americans 
on  account  of  his  “ relation  to  America,  and  of 
the  adoption  of  two  distinctive  parts  of  bis 
philosophy  by  two  American  contemporaries — 
Samuel  Johnson  and  Jonathan  Edwards.”  His 
works  have  by  some  writers  been  divided  into 
three  groups:  1.  Pure  philosophy:  “A  New 

Theory  of  Vision”  (1709);  ‘‘The  Principles 
of  Human  Knowledge  ” (1710) ; “ The  Three 
Dialogues  ” (1713) ; “ Theory  of  Vision;  or.  Visual 
Language”  (1733);  2.  Applied  philosophy: 

“ Alciphron;  or,  the  Minute  Philosopher,”  “ Siris; 
a Chain  of  Philosophical  Reflections”  (1740); 
3.  Miscellaneous:  “ Arithmetica ” (1707,  written 
before  his  twentieth  year) ; “ Miscellanea  Math- 
ematica  ” (1707);  ” De  Motu  ” (1721);  “Passive 
Obedience  ” (1712) ; Essays  (contributed  to 

Guardian,  1713) ; “ Essays  towards  Preventing 
Ruin  of  Great  Britain”  (1720);  “A  Proposal 
for  the  Better  Supply,  etc.”  (1725);  "Verses  on 
Prospect  of  Arts  and  Learning  in  America 
“The  Analyst”  (1734);  “A  Defence  of  Free 
Thinking”  (1735);  "A  Discourse  to  Magistrates 
and  Men  in  Authority  ” (1736) ; “ A Letter  to 
Roman  Catholics  of  Cloyne-’  (1745);  " A Word 
to  the  Wise”  (1749).  In  the  Battell  chapel  at 
New  Haven  a memorial  window  has  been  placed 
to  his  memory;  the  Berkeley  divinity  school  at 
Middletown,  Conn.,  testifies  to  the  esteem  in 
which  he  was  held  by  its  founder,  Bishop  Wil- 
liams, and  the  site  of  the  State  university  of  Cali- 
fornia is  called  Berkeley  in  his  honor.  At  New- 
port he  was  instrumental  in  the  founding  of  the 


BERNARD. 


BERNAYS. 


Redwood  library,  and  also  gave  an  organ  to 
Trinity  church,  and  a beautiful  memorial  chapel 
has  there  been  erected  to  his  memory,  which 
was  dedicated  in  1886  by  Bishop  Clark.  Much 
that  is  interesting  in  regard  to  his  life  and  works 
will  be  found  in  “ Life  and  Works  of  Berkeley,” 
by  Professor  Fraser,  also  in  “ Beardsley’s  Ecclesi- 
astical History  of  Connecticut,”  and  Noah 
Porter’s  discourse  on  “ Bishop  George  Berkeley.” 
He  died  at  Oxford,  England,  Jan.  14,  1753. 

BERNARD,  Sir  Francis,  colonial  governor, 
was  born  at  Nettleliam,  Lincolnshire,  England, 
about  1714.  His  education  was  acquired  at  West- 
minster school  and  at  Oxford  university,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1736,  with  the  degree  of 
M.A.  He  became  a lawyer,  and  was  afterwards 
made  a bencher  of  the  Middle  Temple.  He  prac- 
tised on  the  midland  circuit  for  some  years,  and 
held  the  positions  of  steward  of  the  city  of 
Lincoln  and  recorder  of  Boston,  England.  In 
1758  he  was  appointed  governor  of  the  province 
of  New  Jersey,  and  in  1760  held  the  same  office 
over  Massachusetts  Bay.  For  some  time  his  ad- 
ministration was  successful,  but  when  the  de- 
fenders of  the  rights  of  the  people  questioned  the 
authority  of  the  king,  he.  being  loyal  to  the  Eng- 
lish crown,  gained  the  ill-will  of  the  colonists. 
His  lamentable  lack  of  tact  in  doing  what  he  con- 
sidered his  duty,  together  with  his  harsh  attitude 
towards  the  colonists,  probably  hastened  the  war 
of  the  revolution.  He  made  an  obnoxious  speech 
soon  after  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act,  and  later 
was  the  means  of  further  inciting  the  wrath  of 
the  people  by  requesting  that  British  troops  be 
sent  to  Boston.  The  general  assembly  in  1768 
invited  other  colonies  to  join  with  them  in  pro- 
testing against  the  duties  on  imports.  This  act 
Governor  Bernard  requested  them  to  revoke,  and 
upon  their  refusal  he  prorogued  the  assembly. 
Ten  months  later  a new  one  was  formed,  which 
petitioned  that  the  troops  be  withdrawn.  This 
was  refused,  and  the  assembly  at  once  ceased  to 
transact  business.  Meanwhile,  the  British  gov- 
ernment approved  Bernard’s  action  and  rewarded 
him  by  making  him  a baronet  in  1769.  The  gen- 
eral court  of  Massachusetts  Bay  at  length  ex- 
pressed to  the  king  their  dissatisfaction  with  his 
administration,  and  petitioned  for  his  removal, 
on  the  ground  that  he  had  treated  the  representa- 
tive body  with  contempt  by  his  speeches  and 
other  public  acts;  that  he  had  negatived  lawfully 
elected  counsellors  of  unblemished  character  for 
no  sufficient  reason  ; that  he  had  interfered  with 
and  unduly  influenced  elections;  that  he  had 
misrepresented  the  attitude  of  the  colonists  to 
the  crown;  that  he  had  dissolved  the  assembly, 
deprived  the  colonists  of  their  charter  rights,  and 
in  many  other  ways  acted  in  an  un  just,  unfriendly 
and  arbitrary  manner.  These  charges  Governor 


Bernard  either  denied  or  explained,  but  the  Eng- 
lish government  thought  best  to  recall  him, 
ostensibly  to  consult  on  the  condition  of  the  pro- 
vince, and  though  holding  the  title  of  governor 
he  remained  in  England,  and  two  years  later  was 
replaced  by  a new  official.  He  edited  in  1752 
“ Antonii  Alsopi  Aedis  ChristiOlim  Alumni  Oda- 
rum  libri  duo.”  He  assisted  Harvard  college  in 
replacing  the  six  thousand  volumes  destroyed 
when  the  college  library  was  burned  in  1764, 
bequeathing  to  it  his  private  library.  His 
“ Letter  Books  ” were  purchased  by  Jared  Sparks 
in  1848  for  six  hundred  dollars.  His  writings 
include:  “Letters  to  the  Ministry”  (1769); 

“Letters  to  the  Earl  of  Hillsborough”  (1769), 
and  “ Select  Letters  on  the  Trade  and  Govern- 
ment of  America,  and  the  Principles  of  Law  and 
Polity  Applied  to  the  American  Colonies  ” (2d 
ed.,  1774).  He  died  in  Aylesbury,  England,  June 
16,  1779. 

BERNAYS,  Augustus  Charles,  surgeon  was 
born  at  Highland,  111.,  Oct.  13,  1854.  He  wasedu- 
cated  at  McKendree  college,  Lebanon,  graduating 
in  1872.  He  studied  medicine  at  Heidelberg,  Ger- 
many, where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  with 
honors  in  1876.  The  following  year  he  studied 
surgery  in  England,  and  was  made  a member  of 
the  Royal  college  of  surgeons.  He  returned  to 
the  United  States  and  established  himself  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  In  1883  he  accepted  the  chair  of 
anatomy  and  clinical  surgery  in  the  college  of 
physicians.  Dr.  Bernays  became  a leader  in  sur- 
gical science,  being  fertile  in  the  discovery  of 
new  paths  and  courageous  in  exploring  and  fol- 
lowing them  out,  and  made  valuable  additions 
to  the  literature  of  the  profession.  He  served 
as  professor  of  anatomy,  surgical  pathology,  and 
clinical  surgery  in  the  Woman’s  medical  college  of 
St.  Louis,  and  the  Marion  Sims  college  of  medicine. 
He  was  elected  a member  of  various  medical 
societies,  and  life  member  of  the  Anatomische 
Gesellchaf,  the  American  association  of  the 
academy  of  sciences,  and  the  German  surgical 
society  of  Berlin.  His  first  monograph,  “ On  the 
Development  of  the  Auriculo-Ventricular  Valves 
of  the  Heart,”  appeared  in  1876,  and  was  followed 
by  that  on  “ the  Development  of  the  Knee  Joints, 
and  of  Joints  in  General.”  These  have  been  much 
quoted  and  were  followed  by  others  of  great 
value:  “ Kolpohystererectomy,  a New  Method  of 
Removing  the  Entire  Womb  for  Cancer  of  this  Or- 
gan,” appeared  in  1883;  “Ideal  Cholecystolomy,  a 
successful  Case  of  the  Removal  of  Gall-stones,”  in 
1886;  “ A New  Operation  for  Treatment  of  Can- 
cers of  the  Stomach,  with  report  of  three  cases  ” 
(1887);  “Taparatomy,  for  the  treatment  of  Gun- 
shot Wounds  of  the  Intestines,”  and  “ A new  oper- 
ation for  the  treatment  of  Retroflexion  of  the 
Uterus”  in  1891. 


BERRIAN. 


BERRY. 


BERRIAN,  William,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
New  York  city  in  1787.  He  was  graduated  at 
Columbia  college  in  1808,  and  ordained  to  the 
priesthood  of  the  Episcopal  church  in  1810.  He 
accepted  a curacy  in  Trinity  parish,  New  York, 
in  1811;  became  rector  of  the  church  in  1830, 
trustee  of  Columbia  college  in  1832,  and  of  Hobart 
college  in  1848,  holding  these  offices  up  to  the 
time  of  his  decease.  In  his  fifty-one  years  of 
service  as  rector  of  Trinity  church  he  had  also 
the  oversight  and  direction  of  the  several 
chapels  connected  with  the  parent  church.  He 
edited  the  works  of  Bishop  John  Henry  Hobart, 
with  a memoir  (three  volumes,  New  York,  1833), 
and  published  an  “Historical  Sketch  of  Trinity 
Church,”  New  York,  as  well  as  numerous  devo- 
tional works,  and  “ Travels  in  France  and 
Italy”  (1820).  Columbia  gave  him  the  degree 
S.T.D.  in  1828.  He  died  Nov.  7,  1862. 

BERRIEN,  John  Macpherson,  jurist,  was 
born  near  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Aug.  23,  1781,  son  of 
Maj.  John  Berrien,  an  officer  in  the  Contin- 
ental army.  His  mother  was  a sister  of  John 
MacPherson,  who  was  an  aide-de-camp  to  General 
Lafayette,  and  subsequently  served  on  the  staff 
of  General  Lachlan  McIntosh.  Major  Berrien 
settled  in  Georgia  in  1782,  but  his  son  John  passed 
his  school  days  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey, 
and  was  graduated  at  Nassau  hall,  Princeton,  in 
the  class  of  1796.  He  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Georgia  bar  in  1799,  practising  in 
Chatham  county.  In  1809  he  was  appointed  so- 
licitor-general of  the  eastern  district  of  the  state, 
and  two  years  later  was  elected  judge  of  his  cir- 
cuit, holding  the  judgeship  until  1821.  Soon 
after  the  beginning  of  the  war  of  1812  he  entered 
the  army  as  major  of  cavalry.  The  legislature 
of  Georgia  in  1812,  to  relieve  the  debtor  class 
among  the  citizens  of  that  state,  passed  laws 
which  practically  closed  the  doors  of  the  courts 
to  creditors.  At  a convention  of  the  judges  of 
the  state,  four  cases  were  presented  and  a unani- 
mous opinion,  prepared  by  Judge  Berrien,  was 
rendered  that  the  laws  impaired  the  obligation  of 
contracts,  and  were  therefore  unconstitutional. 
This  is  held  as  the  ablest  exposition  made  on  that 
question.  On  the  expiration  of  his  term  as  judge 
he  was  elected  a member  of  the  state  senate.  In 
1824  he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of  the  United 
States.  He  resigned  his  seat  as  senator  in  1829, 
and  was  appointed  attorney  general  in  the  cabinet 
of  President  Jackson.  In  June,  1831,  he  resigned 
with  the  other  members  of  the  cabinet,  receiving 
a letter  from  the  President  expressing  his  ap- 
proval of  his  zeal  and  efficiency,  and  tendering  him 
the  mission  to  Great  Britain,  which  he  declined. 
He  returned  to  his  home  at  Savannah  and  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law.  In  1841  he  was 
returned  to  the  United  States  senate,  taking  his 


seat  the  4th  of  March,  and  serving  for  a time  as 
chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee.  In  1845 
he  was  made  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Georgia,  and  in  1847  was  once  more  elected  to 
the  United  States  senate,  resigning  his  seat  in 
May.  1852,  when,  being  in  his  seventy-first  year 
he  retired  to  private  life.  In  1844  he  was  a dele- 
gate from  Georgia  to  the  national  Whig  conven- 
tion at  Baltimore  that  nominated  Henry  Clay 
for  President.  His  speech  in  the  senate  on  the 
constitutionality  of  the  bankrupt  law  won  gen- 
eral commendation,  and  drew  from  Mr.  Clay  a 
graceful  compliment  in  open  session  of  the 
senate.  His  argument  on  “the  right  of  instruc- 
tion ” was  complimented  by  Mr.  Justice  Story, 
who  proposed  to  insert  it  in  a new  edition  of  his 
work  on  the  Constitution.  He  was  one  of  the 
board  of  regents  of  the  Smithsonian  institution. 
Washington.  The  college  of  New  Jersey  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1829.  The 
county  of  Berrien,  in  the  state  of  Georgia,  is 
named  in  his  honor.  He  died  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
Jan.  1,  1856. 

BERRIEN,  John  Macpherson,  naval  officer, 
was  born  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  in  1802;  son  of  John 
Macpherson  Berrien,  attorney -general  in  the  cabi- 
net of  Andrew  Jackson,  and  grandson  of  Major 
John  Macpherson,  a Continental  soldier.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  navy  as  midshipman,  and  was 
on  the  Constellation  in  1827  in  the  West  Indies. 
After  serving  on  the  frigate  Gnerriere  in  the 
Pacific  squadron  and  on  the  sloop  Vincennes  he 
was  promoted  lieutenant  in  1837,  and  assigned  to 
the  Natchez  of  the  West  India  squadron.  He  was 
at  the  capture  of  Tabasco,  Mexico,  as  commander 
of  the  Bonito , and  in  1856  was  commissioned 
commander.  Subsequently  he  served  in  the 
Portsmouth,  N.  H..  navy  yard,  and  two  years 
later  commanded  the  Jo7m  Adams  in  Hong  Kong. 
China.  In  1862  he  was  promoted  captain  and 
made  assistant  inspector  of  ordnance  at  Pittsburg, 
Pa.  He  served  in  Boston  harbor  and  at  the 
Norfolk,  Va.,  navy  yard,  in  1865;  was  commis- 
sioned commodore,  Sept.  20,  1866 ; appointed 
inspector  of  light  houses,  1866-'69;  and  was 
retired  in  December  of  that  year.  He  died  in 
Philadelphia,  Nov.  20.  1883. 

BERRY,  Abraham  J.,  physician,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  in  1799.  and  became  prominent 
as  a physician.  In  1832,  when  Asiatic  cholera 
was  raging  in  New  York,  he  refused  to  follow  the 
advice  of  his  friends  and  the  examples  of  most  of 
his  brother  practitioners,  but  worked  with  in- 
domitable energy  to  conquer  the  plague,  and 
for  his  zeal  and  sacrifice  received  the  thanks  of 
the  municipality.  Dr.  Berry  was  elected  the 
first  mayor  of  Williamsburg,  N.  Y.,  when  that 
village  was  incorporated  as  a city,  his  family 
having  been  the  original  owners  of  at  least  half 


[2S2] 


BERRY. 


BESSEY. 


of  the  ground  on  which  the  city  was  built.  He 
promoted  the  interests  of  the  city  and  instituted 
the  ferry  system  with  New  York.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  army  as 
surgeon  of  the  38th  N.  Y.  infantry,  though  his 
age  excluded  him  from  any  obligation  to  do  so. 

An  incident  occurred  at  White  House,  Ya.,  which 
showed  the  character  and  courage  of  the  man. 

In  1862,  when  the  army  under  General  McClellan 
made  their  retreat  to  Harrison's  Landing,  the 
sick  and  wounded,  about  three  hundred  in  num- 
ber, with  Dr.  Berry  in  charge,  were  left  behind 
by  some  oversight ; he  undertook  the  work  of 
conveying  his  patients  by  train  to  the  new  head- 
quarters on  the  James  river,  and  on  the  way  he 
gathered  over  five  hundred  other  sick  and 
wounded  men  and  brought  the  eight  hundred 
into  hospital  camp.  He  died  at  his  home  in 
Brooklyn,  from  overwork  and  fever  contracted 
in  the  swamps  of  Virginia,  Oct.  22,  1865. 

BERRY,  Hiram  George,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Thomaston,  Maine,  Aug.  27,  1824.  He  was  prom- 
inent in  local  politics,  holding  office  as  representa- 
tive in  the  state  legislature  and  mayor  of  Rock- 
land. He  organized  a volunteer  militia  company 
in  the  city,  known  as  the  Rockland  guards  and 
celebrated  for  its  efficiency  in  drill  and  discipline. 

In  1861  he  was  made  colonel  of  the  4th  Maine  in- 
fantry, served  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run 
and  with  McClellan  in  the  peninsular  campaign, 
with  distinguished  gallantry,  and  was  promoted 
brigadier -general,  April  4,  1862.  He  was  given 
command  of  the  3d  brigade,  3d  division,  3d  army 
corps,  and  fought  at  Williamsburg,  Fair  Oaks, 
the  seven  days'  fight,  2d  Bull  Run  and  Chantilly. 

In  January,  1863,  he  was  made  major-general 
of  volunteers  and  commanded  the  2d  division, 

3d  army  corps.  At  Chancellorsville  he  displayed 
especial  bravery  in  carrying  out  the  following 
order  of  General  Hooker:  “Go  in,  general; 

throw  your  men  into  the  breach;  don't  fire  a 
shot — they  can't  see  you — but  charge  home  with 
the  bayonet.  ” The  division  for  three  hours  alone 
withstood  the  onslaught  of  the  Confederates,  and 
finally  drove  them  back,  regaining  for  the  Federal 
army  their  lost  ground.  The  fight  was  renewed 
the  next  morning,  and  Berry's  division  received 
the  first  assault.  Heading  one  of  his  brigades,  he 
led  a bayonet  charge  several  times  successfully, 
but  was  shot  and  mortally  wounded.  He  died 
on  the  battlefield  of  Chancellorsville,  May  2,  1863. 

BERRY,  James  Henderson,  senator,  was  born 
in  Jackson  county,  Ala.,  May  15,  1841.  In 
1848  the  family  removed  to  Carrollton,  Ark., 
where  the  son  attended  school  and  worked  on 
the  farm  and  clerked  in  a store.  In  1861  he 
entered  the  Confederate  army  as  lieutenant  in 
the  16th  Arkansas  infantry,  fought  at  Pea  Ridge 
and  Iuka,  and  lost  a leg  at  Corinth  in  October. 

f2S3j 


1862,  while  under  Van  Dorn  in  his  attack  on 
Rosecrans.  When  Port  Hudson  surrendered, 
in  1863,  he  was  sent  to  Texas  and  Arkansas, 
and  when  the  war  was  over  retired  to  his  home 
in  Carrollton.  He  was  elected  to  the  legisla- 
ture of  Arkansas  in  August,  1866,  and  admitted 
to  the  bar  the  same  year.  In  1869  be  removed 
to  Bentonville.  and  in  1872  was  elected  to  repre- 
sent Benton  county  in  the  state  legislature,  and 
was  speaker  of  the  house  during  the  extraordinary 
session  of  1874.  In  1876  he  was  chairman  of  the 
state  Democratic  convention,  and  was  judge  of 
the  circuit  court  in  1878.  He  was  elected 
governor  of  Arkansas  in  1882,  and  in  March,  1885, 
was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  to  fill  a 
vacancy,  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Senator 
Garland.  He  was  re-elected  in  1889,  and  again  in 
1895. 

BERRY,  Nathaniel  Springer,  governor  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  born  at  Bath.  Maine.  Sept.  1,  1796; 
son  of  Abner  and  Betsy  (Springer)  Berry.  His 
father  was  a shipbuilder ; his  grandfather,  John 
Berry,  was  a captain  in  the  Continental  army ; 
his  maternal  grandfather,  Nathaniel  Springer, 
was  an  artillery  captain  in  the  revolutionary 
war  and  was  killed  in  battle.  In  1812  he  began 
a five  years'  apprenticeship  to  a tanner,  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty-two  he  entered  upon  a leather 
manufacturing  business  at  Bristol,  N.  H.  He  was 
successful  in  business  and  prominent  in  local 
politics,  serving  many  terms  in  the  state  legisla- 
ture. For  nine  years  he  acted  as  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas,  and  in  1856  lie  was 
appointed  judge  of  probate,  remaining  in  this 
office  until  1861,  when  he  was  elected  by  the 
Republidan  party  governor  of  New  Hampshire. 
He  was  re-elected  the  following  year,  and  was  one 
of  the  war  governors  who  signed  the  letter  of 
June  28,  1862,  urging  President  Lincoln  to  call 
for  volunteers  to  put  down  the  rebellion.  He 
died  at  Bristol,  N.  H.,  April  27,  1894. 

BERRY,  William  James  Courtnald,  librarian, 
was  born  in  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  May  28.  1847. 
After  his  graduation  from  the  Englishtown 
(N.  J.)  academy,  he  devoted  some  time  to  the 
study  of  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  after 
being  graduated  from  Columbia  college  law 
school  in  1876.  He  then  entered  the  employ  of  a 
prominent  law-publishing  house  in  New  York 
city.  In  1870,  when  the  New  York  bar  associa- 
tion was  organized,  he  became  its  first  librarian, 
and  held  the  position  for  over  twenty-seven 
years. 

BESSEY,  Charles  Edwin,  botanist,  was  born 
at  Milton,  Wayne  county,  Ohio,  May  21,  1845. 
After  taking  an  academic  course  in  his  native 
town  he  entered  the  Michigan  agricultural  col 
lege,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1869,  and  later 
took  a special  course  at  Harvard.  He  then 


BETHUNE. 


BIBB. 


became  pi’ofessor  of  botany  in  Iowa  agricultural 
college,  serving  from  1870  to  1884,  when  he 
accepted  a position  as  professor  of  botany  and 
horticulture  in  the  University  of  Nebraska.  In 
addition  to  his  duties  as  professor  he  served  as 
acting  chancellor  of  the  university  from  1889  to 
1891.  He  acted  as  editor  of  the  botanical  depart- 
ment of  the  American  Naturalist  from  1880;  was 
president  of  Iowa  academy  of  sciences  from  1875 
to  1884 ; president  of  the  society  for  the  promotion 
of  agricultural  science,  1883  to  1885,  and  was 
made  a fellow  of  the  American  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science.  He  was  the  asso- 
ciate editor  of  the  botanical  department  of 
the  second  edition  of  Johnson’s  Cyclopedia  in 
1893.  His  principal  publications  are:  “Report 
on  Insects  ” (1873— ’74) ; “Geography  of  Iowa  ” 
(1876) ; " The  Erysiphei  of  North  America  " (1877) 
“ Botany  for  High  Schools  and  Colleges  ” (1880) ; 
“Essentials  of  Botany”  (1884);  “Reports  of 
the  State  Botanist  of  Nebraska  ” (1887  to  1892) ; 
“ Preliminary  Reports  on  the  Native  Trees  and 
Shrubs  of  Nebraska”  (1891).  He  received  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the  Iowa  university 
in  1879. 

BETHUNE,  George  Washington,  clergyman, 
was  born  in  New  York  city,  March  18,  1805.  His 
father  emigrated  from  Scotland,  and  became  a 
prominent  merchant  of  New  York,  and  his 
mother — also  of  Scotch  descent — was  a daughter 
of  Isabella  Graham,  the  philanthropist.  The  son 
was  graduated  at  Dickinson  college  in  1822, 
studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  was  ordained 
in  the  Presbyterian  ministry  in  1825.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  united  with  the  Dutch  Re- 
formed church,  in  which  he  held  pastorates  at 
Rhinebeck  and  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  and  New  York  city,  for  a period 
of  thirty-five  years,  during  which  time  he  wrote 
several  volumes  in  both  prose  and  verse,  which 
gave  him  a national  reputation.  He  was  a grace- 
ful poet,  an  eloquent  orator,  a keen  wit,  an  en- 
thusiastic disciple  of  Izaak  Walton,  and  a good 
man.  In  1859  he  visited  Italy,  where  he  regained 
his  failing  health,  and  at  Rome  preached  in  the 
American  chapel.  He  returned  to  New  York  in 
1860.  His  last  public  effort  in  this  country  was 
a patriotic  speech  delivered  at  the  great  union 
meeting  held  in  Union  Square,  New  York,  di- 
rectly after  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter,  in  which  he 
earnestly  advocated  the  preservation  of  the 
Union.  Among  his  published  works  are : “Lays 
of  Love  and  Faith,”  a collection  of  hymns, 
“ Orations  and  Discourses,”  “ Memoirs  of  Joanna 
Bethune,”  “ Fruits  of  the  Spirit,”  “ Early  Lost, 
Early  Saved,”  “ British  Female  Poets,  with  Bio- 
graphical and  Critical  Notices,  ” and  " The  His- 
tory of  a Penitent.”  He  died  suddenly  of 
apoplexy  in  Florence,  Italy,  April  27. 


BETTS,  Samuel  Rossiter,  jurist,  was  born  at 

Richmond,  Mass.,  in  1787.  He  was  graduated 
from  Williams  college  in  1806,  and  soon  after  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Hudson,  N.  Y.  His 
practice  was  interrupted  by  the  war  of  1812,  in 
which  he  served  as  an  officer,  and  was  made 
judge-advocate  on  the  staff  of  Governor  Tomp- 
kins of  New  York.  In  1814  he  was  elected  a rep- 
resentative to  the  14th  U.  S.  Congress.  He  de- 
clined a re-nomination  and  continued  the  practice 
of  law  in  Sullivan  county  and  at  the  state  capital 
From  1823  until  a few  years  before  his  deatli  he 
was  judge  of  the  United  States  district  court,  and 
during  his  service  on  the  bench  he  was  a model 
of  integrity  and  wisdom.  His  knowledge  of  the 
legal  technicalities,  and  the  breadth  of  mind  and 
keen  judgment  displayed  in  his  decisions,  won 
him  the  respect  of  the  greatest  men  in  the  pro 
fession.  He  codified  the  maritime  laws  of  the 
United  States  and  established  a well-ordered  sys- 
tem of  procedure.  In  1830  Williams  college  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  is  the 
author  of  a valuable  book  on  “ Admiralty  Prac- 
tice ” (1838).  He  died  in  New  Haven,  Conn.. 
Nov.  3,  1868. 

BEVERLEY,  Robert,  historian,  was  born  in 
Virginia  about  1675.  He  is  chief!}'  known  as  the 
author  of  a “ History  of  the  Present  State  of  Vir- 
ginia,” a comprehensive  work  of  four  volumes, 
which  was  published  in  London  in  1705.  It  ran 
through  three  English  editions,  and  was  trans- 
lated into  French,  illustrated  with  fourteen 
wood-cuts,  and  published  in  Amsterdam.  A 
revised  edition  was  issued  at  Richmond.  Va., 
in  1855.  In  1697  Mr.  Beverley  was  elected  clerk 
of  the  Virginia  council,  under  Governor  Andros. 
The  habeas  corpus  act  was  first  put  in  operation 
in  America  in  behalf  of  Mr.  Beverley.  He  died 
in  1716. 

BIBB,  George  M.,  jurist,  was  born  in  Prince 
Edward  county,  Va.,  Oct.  30,  1771.  He  was 
graduated  at  Nassau  hall,  Princeton.  N.  J..  in 
1792,  adopted  the  legal  profession,  and  in  1798 
removed  to  Lexington,  Ky.,  where  he  was  elected 
a member  of  the  state  legislature  and  afterwards 
served  for  three  terms  as  chief  justice  of  the 
state.  He  prepared  “ Reports  of  Cases  at  Com- 
mon Law  and  in  Chancery  in  the  Kentucky 
Court  of  Appeals”  (1808— ’ll) . In  1811  he  was 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  as  successor  to  Henry 
Clay,  and  resigned  his  seat  in  1814.  In  1829  he 
was  again  elected  to  the  senate,  succeeding 
Richard  M.  Johnson,  and  serving  as  a colleague 
of  Henry  Clay.  'From  1835  to  1844  he  was  chan- 
cellor of  the  court  of  chancery,  but  resigned  to 
become  U.  S.  secretary  of  the  treasury  under 
President  Tyler,  which  position  he  held  until 
1845.  From  that  time  till  his  death,  at  the  age 
of  eighty-three  years,  he  practised  law  in  the 


1862. 


[284] 


BICKNELL. 


BIDDLE. 


District  of  Columbia,  serving  for  a time  as  assist- 
ant in  the  U.  S.  attorney-general’s  office.  As 
one  of  the  last  representatives  of  the  gentlemen 
of  the  old  school,  he  refused  to  adopt  the  fashions 
of  the  day,  but  adhered  to  the  small  clothes  of 
an  earlier  generation.  He  died  in  Georgetown, 
D.  C.,  April  14,  1859. 

BIBB,  William  Wyatt,  governor  of  Alabama, 
was  born  in  Virginia,  Oct.  1,  1780.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  William  and  Mary  college,  and  from 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1801.  He  resided  for  some  years 
in  Georgia,  where  he  served  in  both  houses  of  the 
state  legislature.  He  was  elected  a representative 
to  the  9th  U.  S.  Congress  as  a Democrat,  in  place 
of  Thomas  Spalding,  resigned,  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  10th,  11th  and  12tli  congresses,  serving 
from  Jan.  26,  1807,  to  March  3,  1813.  In  1813  he 
was  elected  U.  S.  senator  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  W.  H.  Crawford, 
appointed  minister  to  France,  and  served  until 
1816.  He  then  removed  to  Alabama  territory,  of 
which  he  was  made  governor  in  1817.  On  the 
admission  of  Alabama  as  a state  in  1819  he  was 
elected  its  governor,  serving  until  his  death, 
at  Fort  Jackson,  Ala.,  July  9,  1820. 

BICE,  Hiram  H.,  educator,  was  born  in  Utica, 
N.  Y.,  in  1865,  and  was  educated  in  the  Free 
academy  of  that  city,  at  Hamilton  college,  Clin- 
ton, X.  Y.,  and  at  Johns  Hopkins  university. 
From  the  last-named  institution  he  received  the 
degree  of  A.  B.  in  1889.  After  his  graduation  he 
taught  in  New  York  state  and  in  Illinois,  and  was 
subsequently  made  professor  of  Greek  in  Black- 
burn university  at  Carlinville,  111.  He  was  made 
a member  of  the  American  philological  and 
historical  associations,  and  of  the  Oneida  county 
{X.  Y.)  historical  society,  and  one  of  the  local 
honorary  secretaries  of  the  Egypt  exploration 
fund.  He  contributed  to  The  Open  Court  of 
Chicago,  Biblia  of  Meriden,  Conn.,  and  the  New 
York  Evangelist , and  to  numerous  publications 
of  a similar  character. 

BICKNELL,  Evelyn  Montague,  artist,  was 
born  at  Riverdale,  X.  Y.,  July  14, 1857.  In  early  life 
he  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits,  but  art  being 
more  congenial,  he  abandoned  business  in  1881 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  painting, 
taking  lessons  first  at  the  Art  league  of  New 
York,  and  subsequently  from  well-known  mas- 
ters in  Europe.  He  made  many  sketches  while 
in  France  and  England,  and  returning  to  America 
in  1886,  he  opened  a studio  in  New  York  city  and 
achieved  success  in  marine  painting.  He  ex- 
hibited in  all  the  important  exhibitions  for  many 
years,  several  of  his  pictures  being  shown  at  the 
New  York  academy  of  design.  Air.  Bicknell  was 
made  a member  of  the  New  York  water  color  club 
and  other  art  associations. 


BICKNELL,  Thomas  W.,  educator,  was  born 
at  Barrington,  R.  I.,  Sept.  6,  1834;  son  of  Allin 
and  Harriet  Byron  (Kinnicut)  Bicknell.  He  was 
graduated  at  Tbetford  academy  in  1853,  and 
entered  Amherst  college,  remaining  there  one 
year.  He  was  then  employed  in  teaching  school, 
and  in  1857  entered  Brown  university,  where  he 
was  graduated  with  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1860. 
In  1859  he  was  elected  to  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives of  Rhode  Island,  serving  in  that  body 
during  his  last  year  at  college.  From  1860  to 
1860  he  was  occupied  in  teaching,  and  from  1869 
to  1875  was  commissioner  of  schools  of  Rhode 
Island.  He  was  instrumental,  during  his  term, 
in  securing  various  educational  reforms.  In  1873 
he  was  Rhode  Island  commissioner  to  the  Vienna 
exposition.  In  1875  the  New  England  Journal  of 
Education  was  founded,  Mr.  Bicknell  became  its 
editor,  and  in  the  following  year  its  owner  and 
publisher.  In  1876  he  established  The  Primary 
Teacher : in  1878,  Good  Times ; in  1880,  Educa- 
tion, a bi-monthly ; and  for  nearly  ten  years  he 
was  editor  of  the  Rhode  Island  Schoolmaster. 
The  New  England  bureau  of  education  was 
founded  by  him  in  1876.  He  was  also  editor-in- 
chief  of  The  American  Teacher , begun  in  1883. 
He  was  president  of  the  Rhode  Island  Institute 
of  instruction,  of  the  American  institute  of  in- 
struction, of  the  national  council  of  education, 
which  he  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  organizing 
in  1880,  of  the  National  teachers’  association  in 
1884,  of  the  interstate  commission  on  Federal 
aid,  and  a member  of  the  International  congress 
of  education  in  1886.  In  1883  he  represented 
Massachusetts  in  the  interstate  congress  at 
Louisville.  He  lectured  extensively  on  educa- 
tional subjects,  his  address  on  “ School  Super- 
vision ” and  “ Civil  Service  Reform  in  Educa- 
tion ” being  published  by  the  American  institute. 
He  was  twice  elected  (1888 and  1889)  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  Massachusetts  legislature.  He  is  the 
author  of  “ A Memoir  of  William  Lord  Noyes  ” 
(1868);  “ A History  of  Barrington”  (1870),  and 
“ John  Myles  and  Religious  Toleration  in  Massa- 
chusetts ” (1892).  In  1880  Amherst  college  gave 
him  the  degree  of  M.A. 

BIDDLE,  Charles  John,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1819;  son  of  Nicholas  Bid- 
dle. In  1837  he  was  graduated  from  Princeton 
college  and  devoted  the  following  three  years  to 
the  study  of  the  law,  gaining  admission  to  the  bar 
in  1840.  He  joined  the  army  as  captain  of 
voltigeurs  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Mexican  war, 
and  served  in  all  of  the  important  engagements, 
including  the  capture  and  occupation  of  the  city 
of  Mexico,  receiving  “ for  gallant  and  meritorious 
services  ” the  brevet  rank  of  major.  From  the 
close  of  the  Mexican  war  to  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  war  he  practised  law  in  Philadelphia,  enter- 


BIDDLE. 


BIDDLE. 


ing  the  Union  army  in  18G1  as  colonel  of  the  13th 
regiment  Pennsylvania  reserve  corps,  and  while  in 
the  field  he  was  elected  by  the  Democrats  a repre- 
sentative to  the  37th  Congress,  to  fill  a vacancy 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  E.  Joy  Morris,  serving 
from  Dec.  2,  1862,  to  March  3,  1863.  He  was  an 
unsuccessful  candidate  for  re-election  to  the  38th 
Congress.  He  afterwards  gave  much  of  his  atten- 
tion to  journalism,  editing  and  managing  the 
Philadelphia  Age.  He  is  the  author  of  “ The  Case 
of  Major  Andrd  ” (1868),  written  in  defence  of 
General  Washington,  which  attracted  favorable 
comment.  He  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept. 
28,  1873. 

BIDDLE,  Clement,  soldier,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia. Pa.,  May  10,  1740.  He  was  a member  of 
the  Society  of  Friends,  and  in  1764  was  leader  of 
a company  of  Quakers,  who  joined  the  militia  in 
order  to  assist  friendly  Indians  in  resisting  the 
famous  “ Paxton  Boys.”  Mr.  Biddle  was  a signer 
of  the  non  importation  agreement  in  1765,  and 
was  identified  with  all  the  patriotic  movements 
of  the  time,  helping  to  form  the  revolutionary 
state  constitution  of  1776.  Before  the  outbreak 
of  the  revolutionary  war  he  helped  to  organize, 
and  commanded,  a company  of  Quakers,  and  in 
June,  1776,  joined  the  “ flying  camp,”  an  organi- 
zation of  ten  thousand  men,  authorized  by  Con- 
gress, and  later  was  made  its  deputy  quarter- 
master. As  such  he  received  the  swords  of  the 
Hessian  prisoners  captured  at  the  battle  of  Tren- 
ton. He  took  part  in  the  engagements  at  Prince- 
ton. Germantown,  Brandywine  and  Monmouth, 
and  was  with  Washington’s  army  at  Valley 
Forge.  In  1780  he  resigned  from  the  army,  but 
was  still  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  the  infant 
republic,  aiding  in  the  formation  of  the  Federal 
constitution  of  1787.  The  same  year  General 
Washington  appointed  him  to  the  office  of  United 
States  marshal  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1781  he  was 
made  quartermaster-general  of  the  Pennsylvania 
troops,  and  was  active  in  suppressing  the  whiskey 
insurrection  of  1794.  He  died  in  his  native  city, 
July  14,  1814. 

BIDDLE,  Clement  Cornell,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia.  Oct.  24,  1784;  son  of  Clement 
Biddle,  the  Quaker  soldier.  In  his  youth  he 
served  for  a time  in  the  navy.  Later  he  studied 
law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  engaged  in  prac- 
tice. In  1807  he  was  commissioned  by  President 
Jefferson  captain  of  dragoons  in  the  army  then 
being  organized  in  anticipation  of  trouble  with 
Great  Britain  incident  to  the  Chesapeake  outrage 
of  that  year.  Great  Britain  disvowed  the  attack 
and  Captain  Biddle  returned  home.  In  1812,  as 
captain  of  the  “ State  Fencibles,  ” a company  of 
volunteers  which  he  had  organized,  he  took  part 
in  several  engagements,  and  was  later  appointed 
colonel  of  the  1st  Pennsylvania  infantry.  He 


was  a diligent  student  of  economics,  and  issued 
an  annotated  edition  of  J.  B.  Say's  “ Political 
Economy  " shortly  after  the  war  of  1812,  besides 
editing  Prinsep's  translation  of  the  same  work. 
He  was  present  at  the  free-trade  convention  held 
at  Philadelphia  in  1831,  and  was  at  that  time 
influential  in  shaping  the  financial  policy  of  the 
government.  He  died  Aug.  21,  1855. 

BIDDLE,  Craig,  jurist,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  10,  1823 ; the  youngest  son  of  Nicholas 
Biddle,  financier,  and  maternal  grandson  of  John 
Craig.  He  was  educated  at  Princeton  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1841,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Philadelphia  bar  Dec.  2,  1844.  Taking 
an  active  interest  in  politics  as  an  adherent  of 
the  Whig  party,  he  was  elected  to  the  Pennsyl- 
vania house  of  representatives  for  the  years  1849 
and  1850.  He  was  afterwards  clerk  of  the  com- 
mon council  of  Philadelphia.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  war  he  was  commissioned  major  on 
the  staff  of  General  Patterson,  served  through 
the  three  months'  campaign  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley,  and  was  then  transferred  to  the  staff  of 
Governor  Curtin.  Upon  the  election  of  Judge 
Paxon  to  the  supreme  bench  he  was  appointed,  in 
January,  1875,  to  fill  the  vacant  chair  in  the  com- 
mon pleas.  In  the  succeeding  June  he  was  nomi- 
nated as  the  Republican  candidate  for  the  full 
term,  and  received  the  highest  majority  on  the 
ticket.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  term  of  office  he 
was  renominated  by  both  parties,  and  unani- 
mously elected  in  November,  1885.  He  was  for 
ten  years  president  of  the  Philadelphia  agricul- 
tural society,  and  owned  the  fine  old  country  seat 
in  Andalusia,  that  had  been  in  the  family  for 
five  generations.  Judge  Biddle  made  his  opinions 
noted  for  brevity  and  clearness.  Not  a few  of 
his  decisions  have  defined  the  law  upon  questions 
of  much  intricacy  and  doubt,  notably  in  the  case 
of  Brinkley  vs.  Brinkley,  where  the  law  of  mar- 
riage in  Pennsylvania  was  laid  down  with  terse- 
ness and  force;  also  the  case  of  the  Common- 
wealth vs.  Fletcher,  where  the  popular  belief 
that  drunkenness  is  an  excuse  for  murder  was 
exploded  in  language  so  forcible  and  clear  as  to 
do  away  with  an  error  dangerous  alike  to  the 
peace  and  safety  of  every  citizen.  The  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Princeton  col- 
lege in  1891. 

BIDDLE,  Horace  P.,  jurist,  was  born  in  Fail- 
field  county,  Ohio,  March  24,  1811.  He  received 
an  elementary  English  education  and  acquired  a 
fair  knowledge  of  the  European  and  several  of 
the  Eastern  languages.  He  studied  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Ohio  and  United  States  courts. 
He  then  “ travelled  the  circuit  " in  Ohio  and  in 
1839  opened  an  office  in  Logansport,  Ind.  He 
served  as  presiding  judge  of  the  circuit  court  dur- 
ing nineteen  years,  as  supreme  judge  during  six 


BIDDLE. 


BIDDLE. 


years,  and  as  a member  of  the  constitutional  con 
vention  of  Indiana  in  1850.  He  at  the  same  time 
carried  on  a line  of  studies  in  philosophy,  science 
and  literature.  In  January,  1881,  he  retired  from 
all  active  participa- 
tion in  the  current 
affairs  of  life  to  his 
“Island  Home,”  in  the 
Wabash  river,  where, 
amidst  his  library, 
which  he  playfully 
called  his  “eight  thou- 
sand friends,”  he  de- 
voted himself  to  liter- 
ary pursuits.  During 
the  first  year  of  his 
retirement  he  pub- 
lished: “ Elements  of 
Knowledge,”  “ Bid- 
dle's  Poems,’’ 
“ American  Boyhood,”  “ Glances  at  the  World,” 
“ Last  Poems,"  and  “ Prose  Miscellany.  ” “ Musi- 
cal Scale  ” and  his  first  book  of  poems,  had  been 
published  in  1852  and  in  1858,  respectively.  Mr. 
Biddle  constantly  experimented  in  matters  of  sci- 
ence, particularly  in  reference  to  music.  He  had 
around  him  the  entire  viol  family,  from  the 
double  bass  to  the  kit.  He  invented  a new  in- 
strument of  the  viol  kind,  which  he  named 
" Tetrachord  ” — a method  of  stringing  and  tun- 
ing applicable  to  viols  of  all  kinds  and  sizes,  and 
to  any  pitch.  He  also  invented  the  double 
action  Eureka,  an  instrument  of  the  harp  kind, 
by  which  he  presents,  with  forty-three  strings,  a 
consecutive  chromatic  scale  of  six  octaves,  hav- 
ing seventy-three  notes,  without  any  pedals  or 


stops. 

BIDDLE,  James,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  18,  1783.  At  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  joined  the  United  States  navy,  and 
three  years  later  was  serving  as  midshipman  in 
the  frigate  Philadelphia  when  she  was  wrecked 
and  captured  near  Tripoli,  and  all  on  board  held 
as  prisoners,  during  the  war  with  the  Barbary 
states.  Upon  his  release  he  was  assigned  to 
ordinary  duty  until  1812,  when  he  entered  active 
service  on  board  the  sloop-of-war  Wasp,  and  when 
that  vessel  captured  the  Frolic  he  was  given  com- 
mand of  the  prize.  Both  ships  were  badly  dam- 
aged, and  before  they  were  able  to  get  under  sail 
they  were  captured  by  the  British  seventy-four 
pounder,  Poictiers.  After  his  exchange,  in  1813, 
he  was  promoted  master-commandant,  given  com- 
mand of  the  gunboat  flotilla  in  the  Delaware,  but 
'subsequently  transferred  to  the  Hornet , with 
which  he  ran  the  blockade  at  New  London,  Conn., 
and  sailed  to  Tristan  d’Acunha.  On  March  23, 
1815.  he  met  the  Penguin  and  succeeded  in  captur- 
ing and  destroying  the  British  brig,  being  him- 


self severely  wounded.  Upon  repairing  damages 
he  soon  encountered  an  English  line-of -battle 
ship,  and  only  escaped  by  throwing  overboard  all 
his  guns.  He  reached  New  York  after  peace  had 
been  declared,  and  found  a promotion  to  post  - 
captain,  a gold  medal  from  Congress,  and  a silver 
service  from  Philadelphia  awaiting  him.  A state 
dinner  was  also  given  in  his  honor  by  New  York. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  remained  in  active 
service,  being  commander  of  squadrons  in  several 
foreign  [torts,  and  negotiated  commercial  treaties 
with  Turkey  and  with  China.  In  1817  he  was 
sent  by  the  U.  S.  government  to  take  formal  pos- 
session of  Oregon.  From  1838  to  1842  he  was  gov- 
ernor of  the  Philadelphia  naval  asylum,  and  dur- 
ing his  term  of  office  there  he  introduced  a course 
of  instruction  to  unassigned  midshipmen,  and 
was  the  first  naval  officer  to  propose  a naval 
school.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Oct.  1,  1848. 

BIDDLE,  Nicholas,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  10,  1750;  the  sixth  son  of 
William  Biddle,  a reputable  merchant.  He  early 
imbibed  a passion  for  tire  sea,  and  at  the  age  of 
thirteen  he  entered  the  merchant  service  and 
made  a voyage  to  Quebec,  returning  from  which 
he  sailed  again  for  Jamaica  and  the  Bay  of  Hon- 
duras. Having  accomplished  its  business,  the 
vessel  set  sail  for  Antigua,  but  on  the  night  of 
Jan.  2,  1766,  it  struck  on  a rock  and  went  to 
pieces,  the  crew  escaping  by  a boat  to  a desolate 
island  some  ten  miles  distant.  They  were  desti- 
tute of  subsistence,  and  the  boat  was  unfit  to 
carry  them  all  to  a place  of  safety.  Four  must 
be  left  behind.  Lots  were  cast,  and  one  of  these 
lots  fell  upon  the  boy  Biddle.  There  for  sixty 
days  he,  with  his  three  companions,  underwent 
all  the  horrors  of  starvation  before  a passing  ves- 
sel took  them  off,  and  he  was  conveyed  to  his 
native  city.  He  again  reshipped  in  the  merchant 
service,  and  so  continued  till  1770,  when  he 
secured  a midshipman’s  warrant  in  the  royal 
navy,  where  in  two  years  he  had  gained  the  rank 
of  lieutenant,  when,  throwing  away  his  rank  and 
position,  he  shipped  as  a coxswain  on  the  Carcase, 
sent  out  by  the  Royal  society  for  exploration  to 
the  north  pole.  There  he  had  as  a messmate 
Horatio  Nelson,  afterwards  the  renowned  British 
admiral.  Returning  home  at  the  end  of  two 
years,  young  Biddle  found  the  colonies  at  war 
witli  Great  Britain,  and  he  at  once  offered  his 
services  to  the  Continental  Congress.  They  had 
no  navy — not  a single  frigate,  sloop-of-war,  or 
gunboat — and  a solitary  armed  galley  was  the 
sole  protection  for  the  commerce  of  Philadelphia. 
Captain  Biddle  was  made  fleet  captain  and  given 
command  of  the  Andrea  Doria,  a brig  of  fourteen 
guns,  with  a crew  of  a hundred  and  thirty  men. 
His  vessel  was  one  of  a fleet  fitted  out  for  an  ex- 
pedition against  New  Providence  under  Commo- 


[28-J 


BIDDLE. 


BIDDLE. 


dore  Hopkins,  commander-in-chief  of  the  navy. 
Captain  Biddle,  on  the  return  to  New  London, 
Conn.,  where  the  vessels  were  to  refit,  captured 
two  small  British  cruisers  and  engaged  the 
ship  of  the  line,  Glasgow,  which,  being  a superior 
sailer,  escaped.  Being  refitted,  the  Andrea  Doria 
set  sail  on  a cruise  against  British  commerce  along 
the  coast  of  Newfoundland.  When  but  a few 
days  out  he  captured  a transport  with  four  hun- 
dred troops,  intended  to  reinforce  General  Gage 
at  Boston.  He  also  made  prize  of  several  vessels 
laden  with  stores  and  other  supplies  for  the  Brit  - 
ish  troops,  and  sent  them  into  New  London,  put- 
ting on  board  prize  crews.  This  had  so  depleted 
his  own  force  that  when  he  returned  to  port  he 
had  only  five  of  the  original  crew  with  which  he 
had  left  New  London.  Stimulated  by  the  success 
of  Captain  Biddle’s  sea  forays  upon  the  enemy, 
Congress  rapidly  built  and  equipped  the  Ran- 
dolph, a frigate  of  thirty-two  guns,  and  gave  him 
command  of  it— the  first  frigate  built  by  the 
United  States.  He  set  sail  from  Philadelphia  in 
February,  1777,  with  a motley  crew  of  all  nations. 
He  had  been  at  sea  but  a few  days  when  he  dis- 
covered a mutiny  among  the  foreign  element  in 
the  crew,  which  greatly  outnumbered  the  native, 
its  object  being  to  overpower  the  officers  and 
hand  the  ship  over  to  the  enemy.  Captain  Biddle 
went  among  the  mutineers,  and  with  amazing 
intrepidity  quelled  the  mutiny,  the  men  going 
submissively  back  to  duty.  No  sooner  had  order 
been  restored  than  a violent  storm  struck  the 
ship,  carrying  away  every  one  of  her  masts.  He 
put  into  Charleston,  S.  C.,  to  refit,  and  the  patri- 
otic citizens  of  that  place,  who  had  heard  of  his 
exploits,  supplied  him  with  a fresh  crew,  and 
bent  all  their  energies  to  put  his  ship  again  in 
effective  condition.  He  had  been  but  three  days 
at  sea  when  he  fell  in  with  four  British  ships — 
three  of  them  richly  laden,  the  fourth,  the  True 
Briton,  a man-of-war  of  twenty  guns,  whose  com- 
mander had  expressed  an  earnest  desire  to  en- 
counter the  Randolph.  He  began  the  action  at 
long  range,  but  Captain  Biddle  reserved  his  fire 
until  the  vessels  almost  touched,  when  he  gave 
the  True  Briton  a tremendous  broadside,  at 
which  she  struck  her  flag  without  further  resist- 
ance. The  ships  under  convoy  being  cap- 
tured, he  returned  to  Charleston  with  his  four 
valuable  prizes,  after  an  absence  of  but  seven 
days.  The  city,  and  soon  the  entire  country, 
was  electrified  with  news  of  the  brilliant  achieve- 
ment, and  the  Charlestonians  at  once  fitted  out 
for  the  heroic  Biddle  a squadron  of  four  vessels— 
the  ship  General  Moultrie,  the  brigs  Fair  Ameri- 
can and  Poll y,  and  the  sloop  Notre  Dame,  and 
General  Pinckney,  then  in  command  of  the 
colonial  troops  at  Charleston,  gave  him  a body 
of  infantry  men  to  serve  as  marines.  The  little 


squadron  set  sail  from  Charleston  late  in  Febru- 
ary, 1778,  and  at  three  o’clock  in  the  afternoon  of 
March  7 they  descried  in  the  distance  a huge  ship 
which  proved  to  be  His  British  Majesty’s  ship  of 
the  line  Yarmouth,  Captain  Vincent,  mounting 
sixty -four  guns.  According  to  the  estimate  of 
Capt.  Charles  Stewart,  this  ship  was  a match 
for  three  vessels  like  the  Randolph,  but  Commo- 
dore Biddle  had  discovered  its  character  too  late 
to  avoid  so  unequal  an  encounter.  The  Yarmouth . 
in  approaching  her  antagonist,  had  manoeuvred 
so  as  to  get  the  Randolph  between  herself  and 
the  Moultrie,  and  the  latter  ship  poured  her 
answer  to  the  Yarmouth's  broadside  into  her 
sister  ship.  In  the  hottest  of  the  action  Commo- 
dore Biddle  was  dangerously  wounded,  but  he  re- 
fused to  leave  the  deck,  saying:  “Bring  me  a 
chair — carry  me  forward — there  the  surgeon  will 
dress  my  wound.  ” While  his  wound  was  being 
dressed  he  continued  to  animate  his  men,  who 
were  firing  three  broadsides  to  the  Yarmouth's 
one.  Then  a shot  entered  the  magazine  of  the 
Randolph — there  was  a sudden  flash,  a terrific 
explosion,  and  the  good  ship,  with  her  gallant 
crew,  went  down.  Out  of  a crew  of  about  three 
hundred  and  twenty  only  four  escaped  with  their 
lives,  and  they  were  tossed  about  upon  a fragment 
of  wreck  for  four  days,  half  starved  and  dying 
with  thirst,  when  they  were  rescued  by  Captain 
Vincent  of  the  Yarmouth,  he  having  suspended 
a chase  to  come  to  their  rescue.  Captain  Biddle 
was  but  twenty-eight  years  of  age  when  he  met 
his  heroic  end.  His  loss  was  accounted  a national 
calamity.  His  death  occurred  March  7,  1778. 

BIDDLE,  Nicholas,  financier,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Jan.  8,  1786 ; son  of  Charles  Biddle, 
a revolutionary  patriot,  and  nephew  of  Nicholas 
Biddle,  the  gallant 
naval  hero.  The  ances- 
tors of  the  Biddle  fam- 
ily came  over  with  Wil- 
liam Penn,  and  took 
an  active  and  promi- 
nent part  in  defend- 
ing  the  colonists 
against  the  hostile 
I n d i a n s and  other 
troubles  incident  to 
the  earljr  colonial  days. 

Young  Nicholas  was 
sent  to  an  academy  for 
his  preparatory  edu- 
cation, and  his  intel-  I/O  / [a 

lectual  p o w ers  ma-  //, / J iM/ClsCCs- 
tured  with  such  rapid- 
ity that  he  entered  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania at  an  abnormally  early  age.  and  would 
have  taken  his  degree  in  1709  had  it  not  been 
considered  well  to  keep  the  boy  of  thirteen 


BIDDLE 


BIDDLE. 


for  a few  years  longer  at  his  studies.  He 
was  sent  to  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1801,  at  the  age  of 
fifteen,  with  the  valedictory  honors.  He  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  the  law,  but  being 
too  young  for  admission  to  the  bar,  he,  in  1804, 
accepted  the  position  of  secretary  to  John  Arm- 
strong, the  United  States  minister  to  France. 
As  a member  of  the  United  States  legation  he 
witnessed  the  coronation  of  Napoleon,  and 
afterwards,  when  the  diplomatic  relations  be- 
tween France  and  the  United  States  became  in- 
volved, he  was  deputed  to  audit  and  pay  certain 
claims  preferred  against  the  United  States,  the 
Louisiana  purchase  money  furnishing  the  funds. 
After  four  years  of  Parisian  life  lie  made  a tour 
through  Italy  and  the  countries  of  the  Levant, 
where  he  studied  the  modern  Greek  tongue,  and 
to  refresh  his  classic  lore  abode  for  a time  at 
Delplios  and  Athens.  Then,  returning  by  way  of 
Paris,  he  joined  James  Monroe,  then  U.  S.  minis- 
ter to  England,  as  his  secretary.  The  friendship 
he  thus  formed  with  Monroe  lasted  to  the  end  of 
that  statesman's  life.  It  is  related  that  on  a visit 
with  Monroe  to  Cambridge,  when  conversing 
with  certain  of  the  professors  on  subjects  of  rela- 
tion between  the  Homeric  and  modern  Greek 
tongues,  young  Biddle  astonished  them  by  his 
familiarity  with  both  the  living  and  dead  idioms, 
and  his  knowledge  of  modern  Greek  being 
superior  to  that  of  the  Cambridge  professors,  he 
had  them  at  a disadvantage,  to  the  gratification 
of  Monroe's  national  pride.  He  returned  to 
Philadelphia  in  1807,  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
married,  and  began  the  practice  of  the  law;  but 
finding  it  irksomely  uncongenial  to  his  tastes,  he 
soon  abandoned  it  for  literature  and  politics,  and 
for  the  expensive  occupation  of  gentleman  farm- 
ing at  his  beautiful  estate,  “ Andalusia,”  on  the 
banks  of  the  Delaware.  He  became  the  associate 
editor  of  the  Portfolio , then  the  only  literary 
journal  of  repute  in  the  country,  and  after  the 
death  of  Dennie,  its  proprietor,  was  sole  editor  for 
a number  of  years.  He  was  elected  to  the  state 
legislature  in  1810,  where  his  talents  and  states- 
manship gave  him  influence  and  standing  in  that 
body.  His  first  speech  was  one  advocating  the 
re-chartering  of  the  United  States  bank,  and 
brought  him  great  repute  as  a financier,  securing 
the  commendation  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall. 
Then  came  the  war  of  1812,  during  which  he  was 
a consistent  advocate  of  all  reasonable  war  meas- 
ures. Unruffled  by  the  exacerbation  of  party 
feeling,  his  wise  and  moderate  understanding  of 
the  public  situation,  which  called  for  undivided 
and  unanimous  patriotism,  was  of  great  service 
to  the  government.  He  was  in  advance  of  his 
times  in  his  ideas  regarding  popular  education,  as 
is  evinced  by  a bill  embodying  the  present  com- 


mon-school system  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania, 
drawn  by  him  in  1814,  but  not  passed  and  adopted 
until  1836.  In  1819  President  Monroe  signed  the 
bill  of  incorporation  of  the  re-chartered  United 
States  bank,  and  appointed  Nicholas  Biddle  one 
of  the  twenty-five  government  directors;  and 
when  Langdon  Cheves  resigned  the  presidency 
of  the  bank,  in  1822,  Mr.  Biddle  succeeded  him. 
His  conduct  of  the  affairs  of  the  bank  met  the 
unqualified  approval  of  the  entire  country.  Dur- 
ing the  first  years  of  his  connection  with  the  bank. 
President  Monroe,  by  authority  of  Congress,  ap- 
pointed him  to  prepare  a ‘ 1 Digest  of  the  Commer- 
cial Laws  of  the  World,”  which  was  for  very 
many  years  a standard  authority.  Presidents 
Monroe  and  John  Quincy  Adams  placed  no 
obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  prosperity  of  the 
United  States  bank  ; but  in  1829  President  Jack- 
son  inaugurated  the  “ bank  war,”  which  eventu- 
ated in  the  decline  of  the  credit  of  the  bank. 
Jackson  objected  to  its  re-charter  on  the  grounds 
that  he  feared  “ political  corruption,”  and  vetoed, 
in  1832,  a bill  which  had  passed  both  houses  of 
Congress  for  anticipating  its  re-charter,  when  its 
existence  would  end,  in  1836,  and  in  the  following 
year  withdrew  the  government  deposit  of  ten 
million  dollars  on  his  own  responsibility,  causing 
a financial  depression  which  overwhelmed  the 
entire  nation.  Nothing  but  the  financial  ability 
of  such  a man  as  Nicholas  Biddle  could  at  this 
crisis  have  sustained  the  reputation  of  the  bank, 
and  the  assertion  of  Mr.  Biddle’s  friends  that  his 
refusal  to  use  the  influence  of  the  bank  to  the 
furtherance  of  partisan  ends  had  secured  the 
hostility  of  the  President  gained  credence.  The 
state  of  Pennsylvania  presented  to  Mr.  Biddle  a 
magnificent  memorial  service  of  plate  in  recogni- 
tion of  lus  ability.  In  1837  the  bank  suspended, 
a misfortune  which  had  been  induced  by  Jack- 
son's unfortunate  financial  policy,  and  Biddle’s 
spirit  was  so  wounded  by  the  censure  of  unthink- 
ing persons  who  charged  as  due  to  him  that  which 
he  had  for  many  years  averted  by  his  masterly 
skill,  that  in  1839  he  resigned  his  onerous  position, 
having  succeeded  in  placing  the  stock  at  par ; in 
1 841  the  bank  failed.  The  publications  concern- 
ing the  “ bank  war  ” are  numerous,  and  perhaps 
one  of  the  most  important  is  a collection  of  the 
letters  of  Mr.  Biddle,  in  which  he  explains  and 
vindicates  his  conduct  of  the  bank’s  affairs.  His 
public  services  were  not  confined  to  the  manage- 
ment of  the  United  States  bank.  During  suspen- 
sion of  interest  payment  on  Pennsylvania’s  debt, 
he  published  a series  of  “ Essays  with  Suggestions 
for  its  Payment,”  some  of  which  the  legislature 
adopted.  July  4,  1833,  he  laid  the  cornerstone  of 
Girard  college,  as  president  of  board  of  trus- 
tees; Sept.  30,  1835,  he  delivered  an  eloquent 
address  to  the  alumni  of  Princeton  college  on 


[289] 


BIDDLE. 


BIDWELL. 


“ Duties  of  the  American,”  and  his  eulogy  on 
Jefferson  before  the  Philosophical  society  was  a 
polished,  effective  production.  He  was  trustee 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  Girard 
college ; president  of  the  Agricultural  and  Horti- 
cultural societies ; and  the  buildings  of  the  United 
States  bank  and  Girard  college  evince  his  archi- 
tectural tastes.  The  College  of  New  Jersey  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1835.  He 
died  at  his  country  seat  near  Philadelphia,  Feb. 
27,  1844. 

BIDDLE,  Thomas,  soldier,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Nov.  21,  1790.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  of  1812  he  joined  the  army  with  the  rank 
of  captain  of  artillery,  and  was  conspicuous  at 
Fort  George,  Stony  Creek,  and  at  the  reduction  of 
Fort  Erie,  where  he  commanded  the  artillery  and 
received  a severe  wound.  After  bravely  fighting 
in  the  desperate  battle  of  Lundy’s  Lane,  July  25, 
1814,  and  receiving  a painful  wound,  he  brought 
from  the  field  as  a trophy  a field-piece  which  he 
captured  from  the  enemy.  In  1814  he  was  given 
the  brevet  rank  of  major  for  his  gallantry,  and 
later  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  to  the  staff 
of  General  Izard  as  aide.  He  met  his  death  in  a 
duel  fought  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  which  lie  killed 
Spencer  Pettis,  his  opponent,  Aug.  29,  1831. 

BIDWELL,  Daniel  D.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  1816,  and  was  connected  with  the 
city  government  and  the  state  militia.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  joined  the  Federal 
army  as  a private  in  the  65th  N.  Y.  volunteers, 
gaining  promotion  to  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
shortly  afterwards  formed  the  74th  N.  Y.  volun- 
teers, of  which  he  was  commissioned  colonel.  He 
served  meritoriously  in  the  more  important 
battles  of  the  war,  notably  in  the  peninsular  cam- 
paign, and  at  the  battles  of  Harrison’s  Landing, 
Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville  and 
Gettysburg.  He  twice  commanded  a brigade, 
and  was  promoted  brigadier -general  in  1864.  He 
distinguished  himself  for  gallantry  in  the  Shen- 
andoah campaigns  in  1864,  and  a few  months  later 
fought  at  the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek,  Va.,  where 
he  was  killed,  Oct.  19,  1864. 

BIDWELL,  John,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Chau- 
tauqua county,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  5,  1819.  When  lie 
was  ten  years  of  age  his  father  moved  to  Erie, 
Pa. ; two  years  later  to  Ashtabula  county,  Ohio, 
and  in  1834  to  Darke  county,  Ohio.  In  1836  the 
son  returned  to  Ashtabula  county,  where,  in  the 
Kingsville  Academy,  he  completed  his  scholastic 
education.  After  spending  nearly  two  years  in 
Missouri,  in  the  spring  of  1841,  lie  helped  to  form 
the  first  party  to  cross  the  Rocky  mountains 
direct  to  California.  After  a six  months’  journey 
full  of  romantic  adventures,  the  expedition 
reached  its  destination,  and  young  Bidwell  was 
employed  with  General  Sutter,  who  had  begun  a 


settlement  and  afterwards  erected  Fort  Russ  near 
the  Sacramento  river.  He  spent  more  than  a 
year  at  Bodega  in  charge  of  Sutter’s  interests, 
enlisted  in  defence  of  California  against  the  in- 
surrection of  the  native  chiefs,  Castro  and  Alva- 
rado, in  the  revolt  of 
1844  and  1845,  and 
acted  as  aide-de-camp 
to  General  Sutter  till 
the  war  ended  by  the 
expulsion  of  the  Mexi- 
can governor,  Micliel- 
torena.  In  1846  Gen- 
eral Fremont  began 
the  war  which  gave 
California  to  the 
United  States.  One 
of  Fremont’s  first  acts 
after  the  war  was 
thought  to  be  closed, 
was  to  appoint  young 
Bidwell.  then  only 
twenty-seven  years  of  age,  magistrate  of  San 
Luis  Rey  district,  with  principal  headquarters 
at  San  Diego.  In  1848  Mr.  Bidwell  was  the 
first  man  to  discover  gold  on  Feather  river,  and 
the  next  year  he  was  chosen  a member  of  the 
first  state  constitutional  convention  of  California. 
The  same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  first  state 
senate.  In  1850  he  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Burnett  one  of  the  commissioners  to  convey  to 
Washington  city  the  block  of  gold-bearing  quartz, 
California’s  contribution  to  the  Washington 
monument.  In  1855  he  was  again  a candidate 
for  the  state  senate.  He  was  a delegate  to  the 
national  Democratic  presidential  convention  at 
Charleston  in  1860  as  a Douglas  Democrat.  In 
1863  he  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Leland  Stanford 
to  command  the  fifth  brigade  California  militia, 
and  served  in  that  capacity  till  the  close  of  the 
civil  war.  In  1864  he  was  a delegate  to  the  Balti- 
more national  convention,  which  re -nominated 
President  Lincoln  for  the  presidency,  and  in  the 
same  year  was  nominated  and  elected  a represen- 
tative to  the  39th  United  States  Congress.  In 
1875  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  gover- 
nor of  California  on  the  Anti-monopoly  or  Non- 
partisan state  ticket.  He  was  a delegate  to  the 
Anti-Chinese  convention,  held  in  Sacramento  in 
March,  1886.  April  4,  1888,  he  was  chosen  to 
preside  at  the  state  prohibition  convention;  in 
1890  he  was  the  Prohibition  candidate  for  gover- 
nor, and  in  1892  he  was  nominated  for  the  presi- 
dency of  the  United  States  by  the  Prohibition 
party. 

BIDWELL,  Walter  Hilliard,  journalist,  was 
born  at  Farmington,  Conn.,  June  21.  1798,  son  of 
William  and  Mary  (Pelton)  Bidwell.  He  was 
graduated  first  from  Yale  college  and  later  from 


BIDWELL. 


BIERSTADT. 


Yale  divinity  school.  His  first  pastorate  was 
over  the  Congregational  church  in  Medfield, 
Mass.,  where  he  remained  from  1833  until  1838, 
when  he  was  forced  to  abandon  the  ministry  on 
account  of  the  loss  of  his  voice.  In  1841  he 
assumed  editorial  charge  of  the  American  Na- 
tional Preacher,  a Philadelphia  journal,  and 
while  engaged  in  this  work  also  became  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  New  York  Evangelist , the 
Eclectic  Magazine  and  the  American  Biblical 
Repository.  For  a short  time  he  had  charge  of 
the  American  Theological  Review.  In  1867  he 
received  from  Secretary  Seward  the  appointment 
of  special  United  States  commissioner  to  western 
Asia,  and  he  spent  several  months  in  travelling 
through  that  part  of  the  old  world.  He  died 
Sept.  11,  1881. 

BIENVILLE,  Jean  Baptiste  le  Moyne,  Sieur 

de.  (See  LeMoyne,  Jean  Baptiste,  Sieur  de  Bien- 
ville.) 

BIERMAN,  E.  Benjamin,  educator,  was  born 
near  Reading,  Pa.,  Dec.  1,  1839,  son  of  Benjamin 
and  Anna  (Bertram)  Bierman.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  county,  and  in 
the  Reading  classical  academy,  where  he  was 
prepared  for  the  junior  class  in  college.  During 
the  last  year  of  his 
connection  with  the 
academy,  he  was  an 
associate  instructor. 
In  1864  he  was  elected 
principal  of  the  pub- 
lic high  school  of 
Hamburg,  Pa.,  which 
position  he  held  for 
three  successive  years. 
In  1867  he  was  given 
the  degree  of  M.A.  by 
Lafayette  college,  and 
the  same  year  the 
trustees  o f Lebanon 
Valley  college,  Ann- 
ville,  Pa.,  unani- 
mously called  him  to  the  chair  of  English 
language  and  literature.  This  professorship  he 
held  for  five  years,  when,  on  the  re-organization 
of  the  faculty,  he  was  transferred  to  the  depart- 
ment of  mathematics  and  astronomy,  which  place 
he  filled  during  the  following  eight  years.  In  1880 
he  severed  his  connection  with  the  college,  and 
removed  to  Philadelphia  for  the  purpose  of  attend- 
ing lectures  in  its  professional  schools  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  during  a residence  of 
nearly  ten  years  he  attended  upwards  of  nearly 
twenty  different  courses  in  philosophy,  history,  lit- 
erature, medicine,  political  economy,  ethics,  etc. 
In  1890,  he  was  elected  president  of  Lebanon  Val- 
ley college.  In  1892,  Ursinus  college  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D. 


BIERSTADT,  Albert,  painter,  was  born  at 
Diisseldorf,  Germany,  Jan.  7,  1830.  When  he 
was  about  two  years  old  his  parents  removed  to 
the  United  States  and  settled  in  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  where  lie  received  his  early  education. 
While  yet  very  young  he  occasionally  amused 
himself  by  making  crayon  sketches,  and  showed 
not  a little  talent.  In  1851  he  began  to  paint 
in  oils,  and  two  years  later  returned  to  Diis- 
seldorf,  where  he  remained  four  years,  studying 
in  the  academy,  where  he  acquired  technical 
skill,  but  exhibited  no  striking  proof  of  talent. 
During  his  first  summer  he  made  a sketching 
tour,  and  painted  the  “Old  Mill,”  which  gave  a 
hint  of  his  ability.  On  his  next  sketching  trip  he 
painted  “Sunshine  and  Shadow,”  which  was 
several  times  exhibited  and  was  for  many  years 
ranked  as  his  best  work.  A winter  in  Rome 
followed  his  study  at  Diisseldorf;  then  came 
sketching  tours  through  the  Apennines,  and  in 
Switzerland.  In  1857  he  returned  to  New  York 
city,  and  in  1858  set  out  with  an  expedition  to 
sketch  in  the  Rocky  mountains.  That  his  trip 
was  successful  is  shown  by  the  quality  of  the 
paintings  he  produced  from  the  sketches  then 
made.  Of  these  “In  the  Rocky  Mountains,” 
“ Great  Trees  of  California,”  and  the  “ Valley  of 
the  Kern  River,”  are  in  the  Hermitage  of  St. 
Petersburg.  In  1860  he  was  elected  to  the  National 
academy ; in  1867  he  was  sent  to  Europe  upon  a 
government  commission  to  make  studies  for  a 
painting  of  the  “ Discovery  of  the  North  River  by 
Hendrick  Hudson,”  and  was  then  and  on  his  sub- 
sequent visits  given  high  honors.  He  was  made 
chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1867;  and 
was  given  the  crosses  of  St.  Stanislaus  in  1869  and 
1870.  The  following  year  he  was  elected  to  the 
academy  of  fine  arts  in  St.  Petersburg,  and  won 
medals  from  Bavaria,  Belgium,  Austria,  and 
Germany.  Among  his  principal  works  are: 
Lai’amie  Peak”  (1861);  “Rocky  Mountains, 
Lander’s  Peak  ” (1863),  a 6x10  canvas  sold  to  Mr. 
James  McHenry  for  §25,000 ; “North  Fork  of  the 
Platte”  (1864);  “Looking  Down  the  Yosemite” 
(1865);  “El  Capitan  on  Merced  River”  (1866); 
“ Storm  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Mount  Rosalie” 
(1866),  owned  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Kennard,  valued  at 
§35,000;  “Valley  of  the  Yosemite”  ( 1866); 
“Settlement  of  California”  and  “Discovery  of 
the  North  River  by  Hendrick  Hudson”  in  the 
Capitol  at  Washington,  D.  C. ; “Emerald  Pool  on 
Mt.  Whitney”  (1870);  “Mount  Hood”  (1870); 
“ Valley  of  Kern  River,  California”  (1875) ; “Estes 
Park,  Colorado,”  sold  to  the  Earl  of  Dunraven 
for  §15.000.  and  exhibited  at  the  Royal  academy 
in  1878;  “Mountain  Lake”  (1877);  “Geysers” 
(1883  );  “Storm  on  the  Matterhorn”  (1884); 


“Valley  of  Zermatt, 
“On  the  Saco,  New 
[291] 


Switzerland”  (1885),  and 
Hampshire”  (1886).  He 


BIGELOW. 


BIGELOW. 


exhibited  at  his  studio  in  New  York  city  in  1896, 
several  large  paintings:  “ The  Landing  of  Colum- 
bus ” from  a study  made  on  what  is  supposed 
to  be  the  exact  spot,  a San  Salvador  coast  view, 
with  delightfullyrealistic  surf,  and  a canvas  6x10, 
from  studies  taken  in  1895  of  Mt.  Engadine  in  the 
Alps. 

BIGELOW,  Erastus  Brigham,  inventor,  was 
born  at  West  Boylston,  Mass.,  April  2,  1814,  the 
son  of  a cotton  weaver.  From  his  childhood  he 
evinced  unusual  inventive  ability,  and  several 
ingenious  and  practical  devices  were  made  by 
him,  while  yet  a boy,  including  a hand-loom  for 
suspender-webbing.  In 
his  twenty-fourth  year 
he  invented  an  auto- 
matic loom  w li  i c li 
turned  out  finer  counter- 
panes than  had  hitherto 
been  produced  in  this 
country ; and  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  s u c- 
ceeded  in  bringing  out 
a highly  successful 
power  carpet  1 o o m , 
which  did  away  with 
the  slow  process  of  hand 
weaving.  In  1851  he  ex- 
hibited at  the  London  exhibition,  his  power- 
loom,  which  could  weave  as  fine  Brussels  tapestry 
and  velvet  tapestry  carpets  as  could  be  produced 
in  Europe.  His  factories  in  Clinton,  Mass.,  com- 
prising the  Bigelow  carpet  company,  the  Lancas- 
ter quilt  company,  and  the  Coach-lace  factory, 
employed  a large  number  of  skilled  workmen,  and 
produced  goods  of  high  quality.  He  was  much 
interested  in  the  subject  of  the  tariff,  and  advo- 
cated the  stamp  system  of  taxation.  He  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Boston  historical  society 
from  1864.  His  published  works  consist  of  “ Sten- 
ography” (1832);  “The  Tariff  Question  Con- 
sidered in  Regard  to  the  Policy  of  England  and 
the  Interests  of  the  United  States”  (1863),  and 
“Inventions  of  Erastus  Brigham  Bigelow,  pat- 
ented in  England  from  1837  to  1868”;  this  work 
was  in  six  large  volumes,  and  contained  printed 
specifications  of  eighteen  patents.  He  died  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  6,  1879. 

BIGELOW,  Frank  Barna,  librarian,  was  born 
at  Amherst,  Mass.,  Feb.  7,  1869;  son  of  Orvis 
F.  and  Mary  Helen  (Pingry)  Bigelow,  and  grand- 
son of  Judge  William  Morrill  Pingry  of  Vermont. 
He  was  educated  at  the  schools  of  Amherst,  and 
was  graduated  from  Amherst  college  in  1891.  In 
February,  1892,  he  was  appointed  assistant  libra- 
rian at  the  Columbia  college  library,  and  in  May 
1895,  transferred  his  services  to  the  New  York 
society  library,  to  succeed  Wentworth  S.  Butler, 
made  librarian  emeritus. 


BIGELOW,  Frank  Hagar,  scientist,  was  born 
at  Concord,  Mass.,  Aug.  28, 1851.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  university  in  1873,  and  during 
the  three  following  years  was  employed  as  assist- 
ant to  Dr.  B.  A.  Gould  in  the  astronomical 
observatory  at  Cordoba,  in  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic; and  in  1876  and  1877  was  under  Professor 
Newcomb  at  the  U.  S.  naval  observatory,  Wash- 
ington. Theological  studies  occupied  him  until 
1880,  when  he  was  ordained  to  the  priest- 
hood of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  and 
became  rector  at  Natick,  Mass.,  but  owing 
to  a pulmonary  difficulty  he  abandoned  parish 
work.  He  was  again  at  Cordoba  in  1881-'83, 
permanently  regaining  his  health  in  that  interval : 
and  for  the  following  six  years  he  was  professor 
of  mathematics  and  astronomy  in  Racine  college. 
Wisconsin.  In  1889,  he  entered  the  nautical 
almanac  office  in  Washington  under  his  former 
chief,  Professor  Newcomb,  and  was  connected 
with  the  eclipse  expedition  to  West  Africa  in  that 
year.  He  invented  an  important  process  for 
taking  star  transits  by  photography,  which  has 
proved  of  great  value  to  astronomers.  In  Octo- 
ber, 1891,  Mr.  Bigelow  was  appointed  to  the  newly 
created  professorship  of  meteorology  in  the  U.  S. 
weather  bureau.  His  most  important  paper  is  a 
“ Monograph  on  the  Solar  Corona,"  published  by 
the  Smithsonian  institution  in  1889. 

BIGELOW,  Hobart  B.,  governor,  was  born  in 
North  Haven,  Conn.,  May  16,  1834.  He  attended 
the  district  school  and  a local  academy  until  he 
was  seventeen  years  of  age,  when  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  the  machinist’s  trade,  became  foreman, 
and  finally  acquired  an  interest  in  the  business. 
The  Bigelow  company  of  New  Haven  was  after- 
wards established,  and  became  one  of  the  most 
important  foundry,  boiler  and  machine  works  in 
Connecticut.  He  filled  successively  various 
offices  in  the  city  government  of  New  Haven,  be- 
coming mayor  in  1879.  As  such  he  rendered 
important  service  in  creating  a system  of  parks 
and  the  planning  of  harbor  improvements.  In 
1881  be  was  elected  governor  of  Connecticut  by 
a large  vote,  based  solely"  on  his  well-earned  per- 
sonal popularity.  He  died  Oct.  12,  1891. 

BIGELOW’,  Jacob,  physician,  was  born  at 
Sudbury,  Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1787.  He  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  college  in  1806,  and  soon  after 
began  the  study  of  medicine.  He  received  his 
degree  in  1810,  and  in  a short  time  established  a 
large  practice  in  Boston.  He  also  devoted  much 
attention  to  the  study  of  botany,  regarding  which 
subject  he  wrote  quite  profusely.  He  was  the 
founder  and  designer  of  Mount  Auburn  cemetery, 
a physician  in  the  Massachusetts  general  hospital 
for  twenty  years,  and  for  forty  years  occupied 
the  chair  of  materia  medica  in  Harvard  college. 
He  also  held  the  office  of  president  of  the  Massa- 


1202] 


BIGELOW. 


BIGELOW. 


chusetts  medical  society,  and  of  the  American 
society  of  arts  and  sciences.  Dr.  Bigelow  is  the 
author  of  many  valuable  volumes  on  various  sub- 
jects, among  which  are:  “ Florula  Bostoniensis  ” 
(1814) ; " American  Medical  Botany  ” (3  vols., 
1817-'21) ; “ The  Useful  Arts  Considered  in  Con- 
nection with  the  Applications  of  Science"  (1849) ; 
“ Nature  and  Disease  ” (1854) ; “ A Brief  Exposi 
tion  of  Rational  Medicine  ” (1858) ; “ History  of 
Mount  Auburn”  (1860);  ‘‘Modern  Inquiries” 
and  “ Remarks  on  Classical  Studies  ” (1867).  He 
died  in  Boston,  Jan.  10,  1879. 

BIGELOW,  John,  author,  was  born  in  Malden, 
Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  25,  1817.  He  entered 
Union  college  at  an  early  age,  and  was  grad- 
uated in  1835.  On  leaving  college  he  entered 
the  office  of  Robert  and  Theodore  Sedgwick,  New 
York  city,  and  in  1839  began  the  practice  of  law. 
He  became  a frequent  contributor  to  leading 
journals,  and  editor  of  the  Plebeian  and  the  Demo- 
cratic Review.  His  articles  attracted  much  at- 
tention, especially  those  on  “ Constitutional 
Reform”;  “The  Reciprocal  Influences  of  Relig- 
ious Liberty  and  Physical  Sciences,”  and  “Ex- 
ecutive Patronage.”  In  1844  he  prepared  a work 
entitled  “ Commerce  of  the  Prairies,”  and  was 
otherwise  engaged  in  literary  pursuits.  He  was 
appointed  inspector  of  Sing  Sing  state  prison  by 
Governor  Wright  in  1845  and  held  the  office  three 
years.  During  his  term  of  service  he  made  three 
important  reports  to  the  state  legislature  con- 
cerning a more  discreet  and  economical  manage- 
ment of  the  institution.  He  gave  up  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  the  fall  of  1849,  and  became  joint 
editor  and  proprietor,  with  William  Cullen 
Bryant,  of  the  New  York  Evening  Post.  He  vis- 
ited the  island  of  Jamaica  in  1850  and  after- 
wards collected  his  letters  to  the  Evening  Post, 
and  published  them  in  book  form  under 
title,  “ Jamaica  in  1850;  or  the  Effect  of  Sixteen 
years  of  Freedom  on  a Slave  Colony.”  Pie  also 
visited  Hayti,  and  made  a careful  study  of  the 
resources  and  government  of  that  island,  which 
was  given  to  the  Evening  Post  in  a series  of  let- 
ters. In  1856  he  wrote  a biography  of  John  C. 
Fremont.  In  1859  and  1860  he  was  in  Europe,  and 
during  his  absence  continued  to  write  to  the 
Post  sketches  of  his  travels,  articles  on  the  politi- 
cal questions  of  the  day,  and  carefully  studied 
essays  on  conspicuous  Frenchmen,  such  as  Mon- 
tesquieu and  Buffon.  In  1861  he  was  appointed 
consul-general  to  Paris  by  President  Lincoln,  and 
while  there  he  published  his  “ Les  Etats-Unis 
d Amerique  en  1863.”  In  1865,  Mr.  Bigelow 
was  appointed  charge  d'affaires,  and  as  soon 
as  the  sentiments  of  the  French  government 
could  be  ascertained,  he  was  confirmed  envoy 
extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
France,  and  served  as  such  until  1867.  Return- 

15 


ing  home  he  was  elected  secretary  of  state  for 
New  York  and  served  during  1867  and  1868.  He 
re-visited  Europe  in  1870,  taking  up  his  residence 
in  Berlin,  and  during  the  period  of  the  Franco- 
Gemnan  war  remained  in  that  city.  He  then 
returned  home  and  was  in  1875  appointed  a com- 
missioner of  state  canals  by  Governor  Tilden.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  re-elected  secretary  of 
state.  In  1874  he  compiled  a “Life  of  Frank- 
lin ” based  upon  the  “Autobiography  of  Dr. 
Franklin,”  which,  after  much  diligent  search, 
he  had  found  in  France.  In  1886,  under  the 
authority  of  the  New  York  chamber  of  com- 
merce, he  made  an  important  report  concerning 
the  Panama  canal,  in  recognition  of  which  he 
was  elected  honorary  member  of  the  chamber. 
In  this  year  he  also  received  from  Racine  college, 
Wisconsin,  the  degree  of  LL.D.  By  the  will 
of  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  Mr.  Bigelow  was  appointed 
his  biographer  and  a trustee  of  the  bulk  of  his 
estate  set  apart  for  the  establishment  of  a public 
librai’y  in  New  York  city.  After  Mr.  Tilden's 
death,  Aug.  4,  1886,  the  will  was  broken  by  the 
heirs,  after  a memorable  litigation,  the  court  of 
appeals  making  the  final  decision,  Oct.  27,  1891. 
One  of  the  heirs,  Mrs.  William  B.  Hazard, 
a niece,  relinquished  to  the  trustees  over  two 
million  dollars  of  her  share  of  the  estate  to  aid  in 
carrying  out  her  uncle’s  wishes.  On  Feb.  22, 
1895,  a joint  committee,  representing  the  Tilden 
fund  and  the  Astor  and  Lenox  libraries,  agreed 
to  the  establishment  of  a great  public  library, 
to  be  known  as  the  New  York  public  library, 
Astor,  Lenox  and  Tilden  foundations,  incorpor- 
ated by  act  of  the  legislature,  and  on  May  27, 
1895,  Mr.  Bigelow  was  elected  president  of  the 
consolidated  board  of  trustees  and  was  after- 
wards appointed  chairman  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee and  of  the  committee  on  library  books. 
He  wrote  and  published:  “Les  Etats-Unis 

d'Amerique  en  1863  ” (1863) ; “ Some  Recollec- 
tions of  the  Late  Antoine  Pierre  Berryer  ” (1869)  ; 
“ The  Wit  and  Wisdom  of  the  Haytians  ” (1876)  ; 
“ Molinos  the  Quietist  ” (1882) ; “ The  Life  of 
William  Cullen  Bryant  ” (1886) ; “ Emanuel 

Swedenborg  ” (1888) ; “ France  and  the  Confed- 
erate Navy,  1862-1868  ” (1888) ; “ The  Life  of 
Samuel  J.  Tilden”  (2  vols.,  1895),  and  “The 
Mystery  of  Sleep  ” (1896). 

BIGELOW,  Melville  Madison,  author,  was 
born  near  Eaton  Rapids,  Mich.,  Aug.  2,  1846.  He 
descended  in  the  seventh  generation  from  John 
Bigelow,  or  Bageley,  who  came  from  Wrentham, 
England,  to  Watertown,  Mass. , as  early  as  1636. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Michigan 
in  1866,  and  was  lecturer  on  equity  and  insur- 
ance in  that  institution  1887-’88  and  ’89.  He 
continued  his  studies  at  Harvard  university,  and 
obtained  the  degrees  of  A.M.  and  Pli.D.  in  1879. 


BIGELOW. 


BIGELOW. 


He  was  for  many  years  a lecturer  in  the  law  school 
of  Boston  university,  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan and  of  the  Northwestern  university,  Chicago. 
The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  Northwestern  university  in  1896.  He 
devoted  himself  to  literature,  and  is  the  author 
of  several  works  on  law,  those  best  known  being 
“Estoppel”  (5th  ed.,  1891);  “Elements  of 
Torts  ” (6th  ed.,  1896),  and  “ Fraud  ” (1892). 
Two  of  his  works  on  the  history  of  English  law, 
“ Placita  Anglo  Normannica  ” and  “History  of 
Procedure  in  England,”  were  published  in  Eng- 
land and  received  there  with  marked  favor. 
Another  of  Mr.  Bigelow's  books,  “ Elements  of 
Torts,”  was  adopted  as  a text-book  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  England,  and  republished, 
with  proper  changes  for  the  English  student,  by 
the  Cambridge  university  press,  the  only  honor 
of  the  kind  as  yet  accorded  to  an  American  author. 
He  is  also  author  of  “ Rhymes  of  a Barrister,” 
published  in  1884;  and  he  edited  several  editions 
of  Story  on  “Equity  Jurisprudence;”  Story  on 
“ Conflict  of  Laws,  ” and  Story  on  the  “Consti- 
tution.” 

BIGELOW,  Poultney,  journalist,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  Sept.  10,  1855;  son  of  John  Bige- 
low, author.  He  was  graduated  from  Yale  col- 
lege in  1879,  and  after  taking  a course  graduated 
at  the  law  school  of  Columbia  college  and  in  the 
universities  of  Germany,  where  he  had  as  a class- 
mate William  II.,  afterwards  emperor.  He  was 
then  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar.  He  prac- 
tised but  a short  time,  entering  journalism  in 
1882,  as  a member  of  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
New  York  Herald.  He  afterwards  became  editor 
and  proprietor  of  Outing,  and  made  frequent 
contributions  to  the  principal  journals  and  maga- 
zines of  the  country.  He  travelled  extensively 
in  Europe,  made  a canoe  voyage  down  the 
Danube,  and  contributed  to  European  as  well  as 
to  American  publications.  In  1892  he  was  ex- 
pelled from  Russia  while  gathering  material  for 
a book  on  that  country.  In  December,  1895,  he 
was  sent  on  a mission  to  Germany  by  the  New 
York  state  insurance  department.  Among  his 
works  are:  “The  German  Emperor”  (1889); 
“ The  German  Emperor  and  his  Eastern  Neigh- 
bors ” (1892);  “ Paddles  and  Politics  down  the 
Danube”  (1892);  “The  Borderland  of  Czar  and 
Kaiser;  Notes  from  both  sides  of  the  Russian 
Frontier  ” (1895) ; “ History  of  the  German 

Struggle  for  Liberty”  (2  vols.,  1896),  and 
“ White  Man's  Africa  ” (1896). 

BIGELOW,  Timothy,  soldier,  was  born  at  Wor 
cester,  Mass.,  Aug.  2,  1739.  He  learned  the  trade 
of  a blacksmith,  and  afterwards  carried  on  the 
business.  Being  a strong  champion  of  the  rights 
of  the  colonists  lie  became  associated  with  the 
leading  patriots  of  the  day.  In  March,  1773.  he 


was  a member  of  the  local  committee  of  corre- 
spondence, and  in  December  of  the  same  year  he 
organized  the  “Political  Society.”  It  is  said 
that  in  these  bodies  measures  were  secretly  made 
which  broke  the  control  of  the  Tories  in  the  town. 
He  was  a prominent  member  of  the  Sons  of 
Liberty  and  of  the  Whig  club  in  Boston,  becom- 
ing intimately  associated  with  Warren,  Otis, 
and  other  leading  patriots.  During  the  first  two 
sessions  of  the  provincial  congress  he  acted  as  a 
delegate,  and  when  the  minute-men  of  Wor- 
cester were  organized  he  was  elected  their  leader. 
On  April  19,  1775,  he  marched  to  Cambridge,  and 
soon  afterwards  was  commissioned  major.  So 
well  did  he  drill  the  men  that  General  Washing- 
ton is  reported  to  have  remarked,  on  reviewing 
the  company  at  Cambridge,  “ This  is  discipline, 
indeed.”  In  September  he  volunteered  in  the 
expedition  to  Quebec,  under  Benedict  Arnold, 
and  during  the  expedition  was  ordered  to  ascend 
a mountain  to  make  observations,  and  the  moun- 
tain has  since  borne  the  name  of  Mount  Bigelow. 
On  December  31,  while  attacking  Quebec,  he 
was  captured  with  others,  and  after  eight 
months’  imprisonment  was  exchanged.  He 
was  afterwards  given  the  rank  of  lieutenant 
colonel,  and  on  Feb.  8,  1777,  became  colonel  of 
the  15th  Massachusetts  regiment.  He  was  with 
General  Gates  at  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne  at 
Saratoga;  in  the  Rhode  Island  Expedition;  at 
Verplanck's  Point;  Peekskill;  Valley  Forge,  and 
West  Point.  He  was  on  duty  for  some  time  at 
West  Point  after  the  close  of  the  war,  and  then 
commanded  the  national  arsenal  at  Springfield 
On  returning  to  his  home  lie  found  His  property 
gone,  and  his  family  involved  in  debt.  He  ob- 
tained a grant  of  land  in  Vermont,  where  the 
town  of  Montpelier  was  afterwards  built,  but 
his  creditors  became  impatient,  demanding  the 
money,  which  necessity  had  forced  him  to  owe 
them,  and  which  his  patriotic  services  to  them 
and  to  their  country  made  it  impossible  for  him 
to  pay,  and  he  was  thrown  into  jail,  where  he 
died  March  31,  1790. 

BIGELOW,  Timothy,  lawyer,  was  born  in 

Worcester,  Mass.,  April  30,  1767;  son  of  Timothy 
Bigelow,  soldier.  Early  in  life  he  was  employed 
in  a printing-office,  and  in  1779  was  with  his 
father  in  the  revolutionary  army  in  the  Rhode 
Island  campaign.  He  remained  with  him  until 
the  regiment  was  ordered  south,  when  he  re- 
turned home  to  studyr.  He  was  graduated  with 
high  honors  from  Harvard  college  in  1786  and 
three  years  later  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Until 
1806  he  practised  his  profession  at  Groton.  Mass., 
being  chosen  to  represent  the  town  in  the  gen- 
eral court  from  1792  to  1797.  and  acting  as  sena 
tor  from  1797  to  1801.  In  1802  he  was  a member 
of  the  council,  and  again  in  1804  was  sent  to  the 


BIGGS. 


BILLINGS. 


state  legislature.  In  this  body  he  served  for 
eighteen  successive  years,  having  changed  his 
residence  in  1806  to  Medford  and  his  law  office  to 
Boston.  He  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house 
in  1805,  in  1808,  in  1809,  and  from  1812  to  1819. 
In  his  thirty-two  years  at  the  bar  he  is  recorded 
as  having  argued  fifteen  thousand  cases.  In  1820 
he  was  made  a member  of  the  council,  holding 
that  office  until  his  death,  which  occurred  May 
18,  1821. 

BIGGS,  Benjamin  T.,  governor  of  Dela- 
ware, was  born  near  Summit  Bridge,  Del.,  Oct. 
1,  1821.  In  his  early  years  he  worked  on  a farm, 
and  at  the  same  time  went  to  school  at  Penning- 
ton seminary,  and  later  taught  school  and  entered 
Wesleyan  university,  but  his  health  did  not 
permit  of  his  graduation.  He  was  primarily  an 
“old  Whig,”  but  he  became  a Democrat  in 
1856.  He  was  nominated  as  a representative 
to  the  37th  Congress  in  1860,  but  was  not  elected. 
He  was  elected  in  1868  to  the  41st  Congress  and 
was  re-elected  in  1870  to  the  42d  Congress.  In 
1888  he  was  elected  governor  of  Delaware.  As 
governor  he  conducted  the  office  without  regard 
to  the  wishes  of  his  constituents  and  gave  offence 
to  his  political  opponents.  During  his  adminis- 
tration the  iron  bridge  at  Lewes  was  built  and 
the  post-office  at  Dover.  He  was  a zealous 
Methodist  and  his  hospitable  home  in  Middletown 
was  the  headquarters  for  the  clergy  of  his  church. 
He  died  at  Middletown,  Del.,  Dec.  25,  1893. 

BIGLER,  David,  Moravian  bishop,  was  born  at 
Hagerstown,  Md.,  Dec.  26,  1806.  From  1831  to 
1836  he  worked  as  a missionary  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  then  returned  to  America  and  became 
pastor  of  a Moravian  church  in  Philadelphia. 
Thence  he  went  to  New  York  city,  and  later  re- 
turned to  Pennsylvania  and  settled  at  Bethlehem, 
where,  in  1864,  he  was  made  a bishop.  His  last 
charge  was  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  where  lie  died 
July  2,  1875. 

BIGLER,  John,  governor  of  California,  was 
born  in  Cumberland  county,  Pa.,  Jan.  8,  1804. 
He  was  of  German  descent.  He  entered  the 
printing  business  at  an  early  age,  and  edited  for 
some  time  the  Centre  Democrat  at  Bellefonte,  Pa. 
He  devoted  his  spare  time  to  reading  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  From  1846  to  1849  he 
practised  as  a lawyer  in  Illinois,  removing  in  the 
latter  year  to  California.  In  1852  he  was  elected 
governor  of  that  state,  was  re-elected  in  1853  for 
a term  of  two  years,  and  was  nominated  in  1856 
for  a third  term,  but  was  defeated.  He  died  Nov. 
13,  1871. 

BIGLER,  William,  governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  born  at  Shermansburg,  Pa.,  in  December, 
1814.  He  was  a brother  of  John  Bigler,  governor 
of  California,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  entered 
his  brother’s  printing-office,  at  Bellefonte,  Pa. 


After  remaining  there  for  four  years  he  estab- 
lished a paper  of  his  own,  the  Clearfield  Demo- 
crat, which  he  began  in  the  smallest  possible 
way,  but  which  developed  into  an  influential  jour- 
nal, and  made  his  name  well  known.  He 
disposed  of  the  paper  in  1836,  and  five  years  later 
was  elected  state  senator,  holding  his  seat  until 
his  election  as  governor  of  Pennsylvania  in  1851. 
He  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1855,  and 
was  a member  of  the  Democratic  national  con- 
ventions of  1860,  1864  and  1868.  He  introduced 
a bill  in  the  37th  Congress;  and  advocated  it 
before  the  senate,  providing  that  the  Crittenden 
compromise  be  submitted  to  popular  vote  in  the 
several  states.  He  was  a member  of  the  state 
constitutional  convention  of  1873  and  a member 
of  the  board  of  finance  of  the  Centennial  expo- 
sition, 1876.  He  held  other  important  public 
offices,  and  died  at  Clearfield,  Pa.,  Aug.  9,  1880. 

BILLINGS,  Frederick,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Royalton,  Vt.,  Sept.  27,  1823;  son  of  Oel  and 
Sophia  (Wetherbe)  Billings.  When  he  was  quite 
young  his  parents  removed  to  Woodstock.  He 
attended  the  Kimball  union  academy  and  was 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Vermont  in 
the  class  of  1844.  From  1846  to  1848  he  served 
as  secretary  of  civil  and  military  affairs  to  Gov- 


billings  library. 


ernor  Eaton.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1848,  and  soon  after  accompanied  a brother-in-law 
to  San  Francisco.  While  they  were  in  New  York, 
waiting  for  a steamer  to  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
news  came  of  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California, 
and  young  Billings  was  the  first  lawyer  to  dis- 
play his  sign  in  the  embryo  city  of  San  Francisco. 
On  his  passage  out  Mr.  Billings  met  Archibald 
C.  Peachy,  a young  lawyer  from  Virginia,  and 
soon  after  their  arrival  in  San  Francisco  they 
formed  a partnership  as  Peachy  & Billings.  Later 
Lieut.  Henry  Wager  Halleck  was  taken  into  the 
partnership,  and  also  Trenor  W.  Park  of  Ver- 
mont, and  for  many  years  Halleck,  Peachy, 
Billings  & Park  were  the  leading  law  firm  of 
San  Francisco.  Mr.  Billings  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  did  signal  service  in  preventing  the 
secession  of  the  state,  and  the  legislature  of 
[295] 


BILLINGS. 


BILLINGS. 


California,  by  resolution,  requested  President 
Johnson  to  give  him  a cabinet  position.  He  was 
among  the  founders  of  the  College  of  California, 
and  in  1866  was  urged  to  take  its  presidency. 

He  returned  east  and  settled  at  Woodstock, 
where  he  made  bis  estate  the  most  beautiful  home 
in  Vermont.  Mr.  Billings  was  one  of  the  first  to 
encourage  the  building  of  an  overland  railroad  to 
California,  and  his  counsel  was  sought  by  con- 
gressional committees  investigating  the  subject. 

He  became  an  active  participant  in  building 
the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  and  rendered  val- 
uable service  in  re-organizing  the  road  after  the 
failure  of  Jay  Cooke  in  1873.  He  was  for  some 
years  president  of  the  company  and  organized 
the  land  department  of  the  road.  He  retired 
from  the  presidency  in  1881,  but  continued  in  the 
board  of  directors  for  some  years.  He  was  one 
of  the  original  promoters  of  the  enterprise  to 
build  a ship-canal  across  the  isthmus  by  the  way 
of  Lake  Nicaragua,  and  was  chairman  of  the  ex- 
ecutive committee  of  the  Maritime  canal  company 
of  Nicaragua,  and  a director  in  the  construction 
company.  He  was  also  a director  in  the  Farmers’ 
loan  and  trust  company,  the  American  exchange 
bank,  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  company, 
and  the  Manhattan  life  insurance  company  of 
New  York,  and  of  the  Rutland  (Vermont)  Valley, 
Connecticut  river  and  Passumpsic  railroads;  a 
trustee  of  the  Presbyterian  hospital,  trustee  of 
the  brick  church,  Fifth  avenue,  N.  Y.,  a member 
of  the  New  York  chamber  of  commerce  and  of 
various  clubs,  including  the  Union  league,  Cen- 
tury, Lawyers’  and  Down  Town  association.  Mr. 
Billings’  gifts  to  the  University  of  Vermont 
amounted  to  a quarter  of  a million  dollars,  and 
included  the  Billings  library  building,  with  an 
endowment  fund  of  850,000,  and  the  library  of  G. 

P.  Marsh,  consisting  of  about  12,000  volumes. 

He  also  gave  850,000  to  D.  L.  Moody’s  Mount 
Hermon  school  for  boys,  in  memory  of  his  son 
Ehrick,  and  850,000  to  Amherst  college  to  endow 
a professorship  in  memory  of  his  son  Parmly, 
who  was  graduated  there.  He  was  married  in 
1862  to  Julia,  daughter  of  Dr.  Eleazar  Parmly, 
of  New  York  city.  Mr.  Billings  died  at  Wood- 
stock,  Vt.,  Sept.  30,  1890. 

BILLINGS,  George  Herric,  metallurgist,  was 
born  at  Taunton,  Mass.,  Feb.  8,  1845.  In  1847 
his  parents  removed  to  Ohio,  and  thence  a few 
years  later  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  where  he  attended 
school.  In  1860  he  was  sent  by  his  father  to 
Calhoun,  Ky.,  where  he  took  charge  of  the 
machinery  and  acted  as  clerk  in  an  oil  property 
in  which  his  father  was  interested.  The  out- 
break of  the  civil  war  caused  a cessation 
in  the  business  and  lie  returned  to  Pittsburg, 
where  lie  volunteered  as  a private  in  the 
45th  Pennsylvania  regiment.  Being  under  the 

[296] 


acceptable  age  he  was  not  enrolled,  and  secured 
employment  in  an  iron  mill.  With  his  earnings 
he  purchased  books  on  natural  philosophy  and 
physics,  which  he  studied  with  interest,  testing 
his  knowledge  by  chemical  experiments.  In 
1863  he  went  to 
Boston,  where  he 
secured  a posi- 
tion in  one  of  the 
iron  foundries, 
devoting,  as  be- 
fore, his  spare 
time  to  study, 
and  attending  an 
evening  draught- 
ing school.  He 
then  attended 
the  free  course  in 
chemistry  given 
by  the  Lowell  in- 
stitute at  the 
Massach  u s e 1 1 s 
institute  of  tech- 
nology, and  with  the  facilities  offered  there  for 
practice  he  gained  a practical  knowledge  which 
secured  for  him  a position  as  metallurgical 
chemist  with  the  Norway  iron  and  steel  com- 
pany. While  occupying  this  position  he  devised 
a process  of  manufacturing  compressed  steel 
shafting,  and  also  devoted  much  time  and  study 
to  investigating  the  influence  of  the  various 
metals  alloyed  with  iron.  Mr.  Billings  was 
elected  a member  of  the  American  institute  of 
mining  engineers,  which  is  indebted  to  him  for 
many  valuable  papers  contributed  to  its  “ trans- 
actions.” 

BILLINGS,  John  Shaw,  librarian,  was  born 
in  Switzerland  county,  Ind. , April  12,  1838.  He 
was  graduated  from  Miami  university  in  1857, 
receiving  an  A.M.  in  1860.  He  took  the  degree 
of  M.D.  from  the  Ohio  medical  college  in  1860, 
and  in  November  of  the  following  year  entered 
the  U.  S.  army  as  acting  assistant  surgeon,  in 
charge  of  hospitals  at  the  national  capital.  In 
March,  1863,  he  joined  the  5th  army  corps  and 
was  on  duty  at  the  battles  of  Chancellorsville 
and  Gettysburg.  He  was  detailed  to  hospital 
duty  in  New  York  harbor  in  October,  1863,  and 
in  February,  1864,  became  medical  inspector  of 
the  army  of  the  Potomac.  He  was  on  duty  in 
the  surgeon-general’s  office  at  Washington  from 
December,  1864.  His  promotions  during  his  fieid 
service  were  assistant  surgeon  and  brevet  cap- 
tain. In  1865  he  was  brevetted  major  and  lieu- 
tenant-colonel,  and  in  1876  was  promoted  surgeon 
U.  S.  army.  He  was  on  special  duty  with  the 
treasury  department  in  1870,  in  connection  with 
the  re-organization  of  the  Marine  hospital  service. 
He  was  vice-president  of  the  national  board  of 


BILLINGS. 


BINGHAM. 


health  from  1879  to  1880,  and  in  charge  of  the  vital 
statistics  of  the  tenth  census,  and  of  vital  and 
social  statistics  for  the  eleventh  census.  He  de- 
livered the  American  address  at  the  international 
medical  congress  of  London  in  1881 ; the  address 
on  medicine  at  the  British  medical  association, 
1886;  the  presidential  address  of  the  first  congress 
of  American  physicians  and  surgeons,  1888;  the 
Lowell  lectures  on  the  history  of  medicine,  Bos- 
ton, 1887-'88,  and  the  Cartwright  lectures  on 
vital  and  medical  statistics,  N.  Y.,  1889.  He  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Edin- 
burgh in  1884,  and  from  Harvard  in  1886;  that 
of  M.D.  from  Munich  in  1889,  and  that  of  D.C.L. 
from  Oxford  in  1889.  He  was  made  a member 
and  treasurer  of  the  National  academy  of  sci- 
ences, member  and  vice-president  of  the  Ameri- 
can statistical  association,  member  and  president 
of  the  American  public  health  association,  of  the 
Philosophical  society  of  Washington,  and  of  the 
congress  of  American  physicians  and  surgeons; 
member  of  the  ^.cademy  of  natural  sciences, 
of  Philadelphia,  of  the  American  philosophical 
society  of  Philadelphia,  of  the  American  surgical 
association,  the  American  academy  of  medicine, 
the  American  medical  association,  and  other 
medical  and  scientific  bodies.  He  was  also 
chosen  the  American  member  of  the  permanent 
committee  of  the  international  congress  of 
hygiene,  and  honorary  member  of  the  Statistical 
society  of  London,  the  Royal  medical  society  of 
London,  the  Arztlich  Verein  in  Munchen,  the 
Medical  society  of  Sweden,  the  Socidtt}  Fran^aise 
d'Hygiene,  the  association  of  American  physi- 
cians, the  State  medical  societies  of  New  York, 
Connecticut,  New  Hampshire,  Maryland,  Cali- 
fornia, and  other  local  societies  at  home  and 
abroad.  For  a short  time  he  was  a professor 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  resigning  Jan. 
8,  1896,  to  accept  the  position  of  superintending 
librarian  of  the  New  York  public  library,  Astor, 
Lenox  and  Tilden  foundations,  consolidated. 
Dr.  Billings  was  special  guest  at  a banquet  given 
on  Feb.  14,  1896,  by  the  Metropolitan  club  of 
New  York  to  the  directors  of  the  library  in 
celebration  of  the  amalgamation  of  the  three 
libraries.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Reports  in  the 
Medical  and  Surgical  History  of  the  War,”  also 
of  a “ Report  on  Cryptogamic  Growths  in  Cattle 
Diseases,”  a “ Report  on  Barracks  and  Hospitals,” 
“Bibliography  of  Cholera”  (1875);  “ Report  on 
Hygiene  of  the  United  States  Army,”  “ Mortality 
and  Vital  Statistics  of  the  United  States,”  “ Index 
Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the  Surgeon-Gen- 
eral's Office,”  “Literature  and  Institutions” 
(1876);  “Index  Medicus,”  a monthly  classified 
record  of  the  current  medical  literature  of  the 
world,  (1879  et  seq. );“  Medical  Bibliography” 
(1883);  “ Principles  of  Ventilation  and  Heating, 


and  their  Practical  Application  ” (1884,  3d  ed., 
1893) ; “ The  National  Medical  Dictionary,”  writ- 
ten in  collaboration  with  W.  O.  Atwater,  M.D., 
Frank  Baker,  M.D.,  and  others  (2  vols.,  1890); 
“ Description  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital” 
(1890) ; “ Vital  Statistics  of  the  Eleventh  Census” 
(1894);  “The  History  and  Literature  of  Sur- 
gery ” (1895) ; “ Suggestions  to  Hospital  and  Asy- 
lum Visitors”  (1895);  “Bacteria  of  River 
Waters”  (1895);  “Report  on  Social  Statistics  of 
the  United  States  ” (1895),  and  numerous  papers 
in  scientific  periodicals. 

BILLINGS,  Josh.  (See  Shaw,  Henry  Wheeler). 
BILLINGS,  William,  musical  composer,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  7,  1746.  When  a 
young  man  he  amused  himself  in  his  leisure 
hours  by  writing  down  the  music  which  was 
ever  running  in  his  mind.  Before  that  time  all 
music  used  in  the  United  States  was  brought 
from  Europe.  The  airs  which  Billings  wrote 
were  of  a merry,  joyous  nature,  and  at  once 
sprang  into  popularity.  He  had  received  no  in- 
struction in  the  rules  of  harmony  and  composi- 
tion, and  his  songs  were  lacking  in  correctness 
and  finish,  but  they  were  harmonious,  and  more 
intricate  in  construction  than  those  then  in  use. 
In  1770  he  published  “ The  New  England  Psalm- 
Singer,”  and  in  1778  “The  Singing  Master’s 
Assistant.”  During  the  revolutionary  war  he 
wrote  many  popular  patriotic  songs  and  in  1779 
published  “ Music  in  Miniature.”  Then  followed 
“ The  Psalm-Singer’s  Amusement  ” (1781) ; 

“ The  Suffolk  Harmony”  (1786);  “The  Conti- 
nental Harmony  ” (1794),  and  numerous  songs, 
hymns  and  anthems.  He  died  Sept.  26,  1800. 

BINGHAM,  Harry,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Con- 
cord, Vt.,  March  30,  1821;  son  of  Warner  and 
Lucy  (Wheeler)  Bingham.  He  was  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  college  in  the  class  of  1843,  and 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  that  institu- 
tion in  1880.  He  studied  law  at  Bath,  N.  H. , 
was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1846,  and  in 
September  of  the 
same  year  estab- 
lished himself  in  the 
practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  Littleton, 

N.  H.,  where  he  ac- 
quired reputation  as 
an  able  and  painstak- 
ing lawyer.  He  was 
well  versed  in  all 
branches  of  the  law, 
and  was  frequently 
called  upon  to  furnish  rpLlxJi  hi, 
opinions  upon  mat-  ^ » 

ters  not  in  litigation.  From  1870  he  was  the  chief 
legal  adviser  of  the  Concord  railroad  system,  the 
[297] 


BINGHAM. 


BINGHAM. 


committee  on  resolu- 
of  the  national  com- 
Mr.  Bingham  was  an 


management  of  its  affairs  in  connection  with  all 
questions  of  litigation  and  legislation  forming 
his  most  important  professional  responsibilities ; 
the  success  of  the  road  in  these  matters  attests 
his  judicious  administration.  A Democrat  in 
principle  lie  early  became  interested  in  politics, 
and  for  many  years  was  one  of  the  recognized 
leaders  of  his  party  in  New  Hampshire.  He  rep- 
resented Littleton  in  the  state  legislature  almost 
continuously  for  twenty-two  years  and  served 
two  terms  as  state  senator  from  the  Grafton 
district.  He  was  a member  of  the  state  con- 
stitutional convention  of  1876,  and  chairman  of 
the  committee  on  legislative  department,  exer- 
cising a weighty  influence  in  the  deliberations 
of  the  convention.  He  was  twice  the  candidate 
of  the  Democratic  party  for  representative  in 
Congress,  and  was  seven  times  after  1866  a can- 
didate before  the  legislature  of  New  Hampshire 
for  United  States  senator.  He  was  a delegate  to 
five  national  Democratic  conventions,  serving 
in  every  instance  on  the 
tions,  and  was  a member 
mittee  from  1868  to  1872. 
able  speaker  and  debater,  many  of  his  arguments 
were  published  and  he  contributed  largely  to 
legal  literature. 

BINGHAM,  Henry  H.,  representative,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1841.  After  his 
graduation  from  Jefferson  college  in  1862  he  began 
to  study  law,  but  soon  joined  the  Federal  army 
as  lieutenant  in  the  140th  Pennsylvania  Volun- 
teers. He  served  until  the  close  of  the  war, 

being  wounded  at 
Gettysburg  in 
1863,  at  Spottsyl- 
vania  in  1864,  and 
at  Farmville,  Va.. 
in  1865.  In  July, 
1866,  he  was  mus- 
tered out  of  service 
with  the  brevet 
rank  of  brigadier- 
general  of  volun- 
teers. He  received 
the  appointment 
of  postmaster  of 
Philadelphia  in 
March,  1867,  from 
President  Johnson 
and  resigned  in 
he  having  been  elected  clerk  of  the  courts 
of  oyer  and  terminer  and  quarter  sessions  of  the 
peace  at  Philadelphia,  to  which  office  he  was  re- 
elected in  1875.  In  1872  he  was  delegate-at-large 
to  the  Republican  national  convention,  held  at 
Philadelphia,  and  was  a delegate  from  the  first 
congressional  district  in  the  national  Republican 
convention  at  Cincinnati  in  1876,  at  Chicago  in 

1 


18' 


1884  and  1888,  at  Minneapolis  in  1892,  and  at 
Chicago  in  1896.  He  was  elected  in  1878  a rep- 
resentative to  the  46th  United  States  Congress, 
and  re-elected  to  the  47th  and  following  con- 
gresses to  the  55th,  inclusive. 

BINGHAM,  Hiram,  Jr.,  missionary,  was  born 
in  Honolulu,  Sandwich  Islands,  Aug.  16,  1831, 
son  of  Hiram  Bingham,  a missionary  of  the  A. 

B.  C.  F.  M.  He  was  brought  to  America  by  his 
father  in  1841,  and  was  graduated  from  Yale 
college  in  1853.  He  was  ordained  to  the  Congre- 
gational ministry  in  1856,  chose  the  missionary 
field  and  was  assigned  to  Micronesia  by  the  A.  B. 

C.  F.  M.,  where  he  labored  for  nearly  eighteen 
years.  For  two  years  he  had  command  of  the 
missionary  ship  Morning  Star.  He  translated 
the  Bible  from  the  Hebrew  into  the  language  of 
the  Gilbert  Islands.  In  this  great  work,  which  he 
completed  in  1890.  he  was  materially  aided  by  his 
wife.  Afterwards  he  was  stationed  at  Honolulu 
as  missionary  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 

BINGHAM,  John  A.,  repres<*ntative,  was  born 
at  Mercer,  Pa.,  in  1815.  He  was  educated  at 
Franklin  college,  studied  law,  and  in  1840  began 
to  practise.  In  1846  he  was  district  attorney  for 
Tuscarawas  county,  Ohio,  holding  the  office  for 
three  years.  In  1854  he  was  elected  a representa- 
tive from  Ohio  to  the  34th  Congress  and  was  re 
elected  to  the  35th,  36th  and  37th  congresses.  In 
the  impeachment  trial  of  Judge  Humphreys  for 
high  treason  on  May  22,  1862,  Mr.  Bingham  acted 
as  chairman  of  the  managers  of  the  house.  He 
failed  of  election  to  the  38th  Congress,  declined 
an  appointment  by  President  Lincoln  as  United 
States  district  judge  for  the  southern  district  of 
Florida,  and,  in  1864,  accepted  the  appointment 
as  judge-advocate  in  the  Federal  army,  and  later 
in  the  same  year  that  of  solicitor  in  the  court  of 
claims.  When  the  conspirators  against  the  lives 
of  President  Lincoln  and  the  members  of  bis 
cabinet  were  tried,  he  was  special  judge-advocate. 
In  1864  he  was  elected  a representative  to  the  39th 
Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  40tli,  41st  and 
42d  congresses,  serving  until  March  3,  1873.  lie 
was  one  of  the  managers  in  the  impeachment 
trial  of  President  Johnson.  He  was  appointed 
minister  to  Japan  May  2, 1873,  by  President  Grant, 
where  he  remained  twelve  years. 

BINGHAM,  Judson  David,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Massena  Springs,  N.  Y.,  May  16.  1831.  Remov 
ing  to  Indiana  he  was  appointed  a military  cadet 
to  West  Point,  and  was  graduated  from  there  in 
July,  1854,  with  the  rank  of  2d  lieutenant  of 
artillery.  He  was  assigned  to  service  at  Fort 
Wood.  New  York,  and  in  1855  to  Barrancas  bar- 
racks, Florida.  From  March,  1856.  to  August. 
1863,  he  was  1st  lieutenant  of  artillery,  served 
on  the  Coast  Survey  in  the  garrison  at  Fort  Mon- 
roe. Virginia,  and  in  1859  was  a member  of  the 
298] 


BINGHAM. 


BINNEY. 


expedition  to  Harper’s  Ferry  to  suppress  John 
Brown's  raid.  In  1860  lie  served  on  frontier  duty 
at  Fort  Ridgely,  Minn.,  and  went  on  the  expedi- 
tion to  Yellow  Medicine.  He  was  promoted  to  be 
assistant  quartermaster  in  1861,  and  from  August 
of  that  year  to  February  of  the  next  he  had 
charge  of  the  train  and  supplies  of  General 
Banks’s  command  in  Maryland.  In  March,  1862, 
he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  quartermaster’s 
depot  at  Nashville,  Tenn.  From  January,  1863, 
to  April,  1863,  he  was  chief  quartermaster  of  the 
17th  Army  corps,  and  for  the  following  four 
months  of  the  army  of  the  Tennessee,  being 
present  at  Lake  Providence  and  Milliken’s  Bend. 
La.,  and  at  the  siege  of  Vicksburg.  He  also 
served  in  the  expedition  to  Meridian,  and  in 
Sherman’s  march  through  Georgia.  In  March, 
1865,  he  received  the  brevet  ranks  of  major, 
lieutenant- colonel  and  colonel,  and  in  April  that 
of  brigadier- general.  From  1864  to  1866  he  was 

inspector  of  the  quartermaster’s  department,  and 
in  1867  was  made  chief  quartermaster  of  the  de- 
partment of  the  lakes.  In  1875  he  was  made 
deputy  quartermaster-general,  and  in  1883  colonel 
and  assistant  quartermaster-general.  He  was 
retired  May  10,  1895. 

BINGHAM,  Kinsley  S.,  senator,  was  born  at 
Camillus,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  16,  1808.  He  received  an 
academic  education,  and  for  a few  years  was  en- 
gaged in  teaching  school.  He  was  employed  in  a 
lawyer's  office  in  New  York  state  when  a young 
man,  but  in  1833  removed  to  Michigan  and  de- 
voted himself  to  agricultural  pursuits  and  to  local 
politics.  For  eight  years  he  held  a seat  in  the 
state  house  of  representatives,  and  in  1846  was 
elected  as  a representative  to  the  30th  and  was 
re-elected  to  the  31st  and  32d  congresses.  In  1854 
he  was  chosen  governor  of  Michigan.  In  1859  he 
was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  and  died 
at  Oak  Grove,  Mich.,  Oct.  5,  1861. 

BINGHAM,  William,  senator,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1751.  In  1768  he  was  gradu- 
ated from  Philadelphia  college.  He  went  to  Mar- 
tinique as  agent  of  the  Continental  congress,  and 
was  subsequently  appointed  as  consul  at  St.  Pierre. 
In  1787  he  was  a delegate  to  the  Continental  con- 
gress, and  in  1795  was  elected  to  a seat  in  the 
United  States  senate,  serving  throughout  the  4th, 
5th  and  6th  congresses.  He  wrote  a “ Letter 
from  an  American,  now  Resident  in  London,  to  a 
Member  of  Parliament,  on  the  subject  of  the 
Restraining  Proclamation”  (1784);  and  “A  De- 
scription of  Certain  Tracts  of  Land  in  Maine” 
(1793).  He  died  in  England,  Feb.  7,  1804. 

BINNEY,  Amos,  naturalist,  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Oct.  18,  1803.  He  was  graduated 
from  Brown  university  with  the  degree  of  A.M. 
in  1821,  and  obtained  an  M.D.  from  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1826.  He  practised  in  Boston  for  a short 


time,  but  later  became  a merchant.  He  was  an 
interested  student  of  the  sciences,  particularly 
that  of  natural  history,  devoting  much  time  to 
investigation  of  the  habits  of  American  land 
mollusks,  and  was  active  in  the  organization  of 
the  Boston  Society  of  natural  history,  of  which 
he  was  elected  president  in  1843.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  American  Association  of  geolo- 
gists and  naturalists.  He  served  for  some  time 
in  the  Massachusetts  legislature.  He  wrote  very 
extensively  on  the  subjects  in  which  he  was  inter- 
ested, being  a frequent  contributor  to  many  of 
the  leading  American  scientific  journals.  He  is 
the  author  of  “Terrestrial  and  Air-Breathing 
Mollusks  of  the  United  States  (1847-’51.)  He 
died  in  Rome,  Italy,  Feb.  18,  1847. 

BINNEY,  Horace,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Jan.  4,  1780,  son  of  Dr.  Barnabas 
and  Mary  (Woodrow)  Binney.  He  was  of  Scotch 
and  English  descent.  His  first  American  an- 
cestor, John  Binney,  emigrated  from  Hull,  Bos- 
ton Bay,  England,  to  America,  settling  in  Hull, 
Mass.  The  grandfather  of  Horace  was  Barnabas 
Binney,  a shipmaster  and  merchant  of  Boston, 
and  his  father  was  one  of  the  first  thirty  gradu- 
ates of  Brown  university,  and  later  was  a sur- 
geon in  the  revolutionary  army,  attached  to  the 
Massachusetts  line,  whence  he  was  transferred 
to  the  Pennsylvania  line,  and  settled  in  Phila- 
delphia. In  1786  Horace  was  sent  to  the  Friends’ 
almshouse  school  in  Philadelphia,  and  shortly 
afterwards  entered  the  grammar  school  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1797,  at  t lie  head  of  his  class.  His 
first  intention  was  to  follow  the  profession  of  his 
father  and  step-father,  but  he  finally  decided  to 
become  a lawyer,  and  in  the  fall  of  1797  was  re- 
ceived as  a student  into  the  office  of  Mr.  Jared 
Ingersoll.  in  Philadelphia.  On  March  31,  1800,  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  in  1802  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  state  legislature  in  1806.  His 
private  practice  soon  became  very  large,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  decline  all  political  honors.  Be- 
tween the  years  1807  and  1817  he  prepared  six 
volumes  of  reports,  condensing  the  decisions  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania  from  1799  to 
1814.  This  valuable  work  greatly  enhanced  and 
widened  his  reputation.  In  1808  he  was  chosen 
a director  of  the  first  United  States  bank,  and 
continued  to  act  as  a director  and  as  a trustee 
for  many  years,  arguing  in  its  interest  his  first 
case  in  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States. 
Before  he  was  fifty  years  old  lie  was  twice  offered 
a seat  on  the  bench  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
state,  and  was  tendered  a judgeship  in  the  U.  S. 
supreme  court.  These  honors  he  declined,  pre- 
ferring active  law  practice.  About  the  year  1832 


BINNEY. 


BIRCH. 


President  Jackson  removed  from  the  United 
States  bank  the  deposits  of  the  treasury,  and 
vetoed  the  bill  for  its  recharter.  This  aroused 
indignation  in  the  friends  and  officials  of  the 
bank,  and  led  Mr.  Binney  to  accept  a seat  as  rep- 
resentative in  the  23d  Congress,  where  he  vigor- 
ously opposed  the  acts  of  the  administration. 
His  last  appearance  in  the  courts  was  in  1844,  when 
he  was  appointed  by  the  city  council  to  argue 
the  Girard  will-case  in  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States.  In  this  case  an  attempt  was 
made  to  invalidate  the  will  of  Stephen  Girard, 
who  had  left  his  fortune  for  the  establishment 
and  maintenance  of  a college  for  orphans.  In 
the  argument  Mr.  Binney  was  matched  against 
Mr.  Webster,  and,  while  the  latter  brought  all 
his  eloquence  to  defend  the  Christian  religion, 
the  only  plea  advanced  against  the  validity  of 
the  will,  Mr.  Binney  confined  himself  to  a lucid 
exposition  of  the  law  of  charitable  bequests,  and 
its  application  to  the  case.  In  1850  he  withdrew 
entirely  from  professional  labor  and  devoted  his 
time  to  study,  keeping  in  touch  with  modern 
thought,  and  making  occasional  contributions 
to  current  literature.  During  the  civil  war  he 
sustained  all  the  acts  of  President  Lincoln,  and 
when  that  official  suspended  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus  by  proclamation,  without  the  consent  of 
Congress,  Mr.  Binney  published  three  pam- 
phlets supporting  the  president’s  action.  He 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.B.  from  Brown 
university  in  1797,  and  that  of  LL.D.  from  Har- 
vard in  1827.  He  was  a member  of  the  Ameri- 
can philosophical  society,  of  the  Massachusetts 
historical  society,  and  a fellow  of  the  American 
academy.  Among  his  publications  are:  “An 
Eulogium  upon  the  Hon.  William  Tilglnnan,  late 
chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania”  (1827);  "An 
Eulogy  on  the  Life  and  Character  of  John  Mar- 
shall ” (1835) ; “ Remarks  to  the  Bar  of  Philadel- 
phia on  the  Occasion  of  the  Deaths  of  Charles 
Chauncy  and  John  Sergeant  ” (1853) ; “ Inquiry 
into  the  Formation  of  Washington’s  Farewell 
Address”  (1859);  and  “The  Privilege  of  the 
Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus  under  the  Constitution  ” 
(1862-'65).  He  died  Aug.  12,  1875. 

BINNEY,  Horace,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Jan.  21.  1809;  son  of  Horace  and 
Elizabeth  (Cox)  Binney.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1828  with  the  highest  honors,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Philadelphia  bar  in  1831. 
He  became  interested  in  city  affairs  and  was 
president  of  the  sanitary  commission.  He 
founded  the  Union  league  of  Philadelphia  in  1861, 
of  which  he  was  president.  He  was  married  May 
14,  1839,  to  Eliza  Frances,  daughter  of  William 
and  Maria  (Templeton)  Johnson,  of  New  York. 
Yale  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
A.M.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  3,  1870. 


BINNEY,  John,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  23,  1844;  son  of  Horace 
and  Eliza  Francis  (Johnson)  Binney.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1864,  and  at 
Berkeley  divinity  school  at  Middletown,  Conn., 
in  1868.  He  was  ordained  a deacon  June  5,  1868, 
and  a priest  May  28,  1869.  From  June  5,  1868, 
to  Jan.  1,  1870,  he  was  assistant  in  St.  James 
Episcopal  church,  New  London,  Conn.,  and  until 
1874  was  rector  of  Christ  church,  Norwich, 
Conn.  On  Jan.  1,  1874,  he  accepted  the  Hebrew 
professorship  in  the  Berkeley  divinity  school. 
He  was  married  May  20,  1869,  to  Charlotte  Bick- 
well,  daughter  of  Samuel  L.  Bush  of  Brookline, 
Mass.  Hobart  college  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  D.D. 

BIRCH,  Thomas,  artist,  was  born  in  London, 
England,  about  1779.  When  a young  boy  he  came 
to  America  and  occupied  his  time  by  making  very 
clever  sketches.  He  executed  a number  of  good 
portraits  in  his  studio  in  Philadelphia,  and  also 
became  noted  for  his  beautiful  paintings  of  water 
scenes.  The  war  of  1812  offered  a good  field  for 
his  talents,  and  he  did  excellent  work  in  his 
paintings  of  several  naval  conflicts,  the  best  of 
which  represent  the  battle  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Macedonia,  and  that  of  the  Con- 
stitution and  the  Guerriere.  He  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, Jan.  14,  1851. 

BIRD,  Robert  Montgomery,  author,  was  born 
at  Newcastle,  Dec.  16,  1803.  He  was  educated  in 
Philadelphia  as  a physician,  but  soon  turned  his 
attention  to  literature,  producing  three  very  pop- 
ular tragedies — “The  Gladiator,”  “Oraloosa,” 
and  the  “ Broker  of  Bogota.”  During  the  years 
1834  to  1839  he  published  several  novels  which  at- 
tained a wide  popularity,  notably,  “ Calavar,” 
“ The  Infidel,”  “The  Hawks  of  Hawk  Hollow,” 
“Nick  of  the  Woods,”  “Sheppard  Lee,”  “Peter 
Pilgrim,”  and  “Robin  Day.”  Towards  the  close 
of  his  life  he  became  editor  of  the  North  American 
Gazette  at  Philadelphia.  He  died  Jan.  22, 1854. 

BIRGE,  Henry  Warner,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  about  1830.  He  was  serving  as 
aide  on  the  staff  of  Governor  Buckingham,  when 
the  civil  war  broke  out,  and  organized  the  first 
regiment  raised  in  Connecticut.  May  22,  1861,  he 
was  made  major  of  the  4th  Connecticut  volun- 
teers, the  first  three  years’  regiment  mustered, 
and  served  in  Maryland  and  Virginia.  He  was 
promoted  colonel  of  the  13th  Connecticut  regi- 
ment, Nov.  5,  1861,  and  on  March  17,  1862,  the 
regiment  left  for  ship  Island  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
to  join  General  Butler’s  expedition  against  New 
Orleans.  He  afterwards  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  defences  of  New  Orleans,  and  in  September 
commanded  a brigade  under  Major-General  Beck- 
with. In  October  he  took  an  active  part  in  the 
battle  of  Georgia  Landing,  and  later  commanded 
[S00J 


BIRNEY. 


BIRNEY. 


a brigade  in  the  La  Fourche  campaign,  and  pro- 
ceeded on  the  first  Red  river  campaign  under 
General  Banks,  and  was  present  at  the  siege  and 
surrender  of  Port  Hudson  on  July  8,  1863.  He 
volunteered  to  lead  the  “ forlorn  hope”  organized 
to  assault  that  stronghold.  Colonel  Birge  was 
promoted  brigadier-general  on  Oct.  6,  1863.  In 
1864  he  commanded  a brigade  under  General 
Banks  in  the  second  Red  river  campaign,  and 
after  serving  actively  in  several  engagements 
was  placed  in  command  of  Baton  Rouge,  La.  In 
August,  1864,  he  was  ordered  north  with  the  2d 
division  of  the  19th  corps,  and  commanded  the 
division  under  General  Sheridan  in  the  Shenan- 
doah Valley,  Va.,  and  served  in  the  engagements 
that  followed,  and  in  the  early  part  of  1865  was 
sent  to  command  the  fortifications  at  Savannah, 
Ga.  On  Feb.  25,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  major- 
general,  a promotion  recommended  by  General 
Sheridan  for  gallant  action  at  Cedar  Creek.  He 
resigned  his  commission  Oct.  18,  1865,  and  upon 
his  return  to  Connecticut  he  received  the  thanks 
of  the  state  legislature.  He  died  June  1,  1888. 

BIRNEY,  David  Bell,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  May  29,  1825,  son  of  James  Gill- 
espie Birney,  abolition  leader.  He  studied  law  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  his  father  was  publishing 
a newspaper,  and  removed  with  him  to  Bay  City, 
Mich.,  where  he  engaged  in  business.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  civil  war  he  was  practising  law  in 
Philadelphia,  but  abandoned  his  profession  to 
join  the  army,  He  recruited  largely  at  his  own 
expense  the  23d  Pennsylvania  volunteer  regiment, 
of  which  he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel,  and 
afterwards  colonel,  being  promoted  from  this  rank 
in  successive  steps  to  that  of  brigadier-general  and 
major-general  of  volunteers.  He  served  gallantly 
at  Yorktown,  Williamsburg,  Manassas,  Fredericks- 
burg. and  Chancellorsville,  and  upon  the  death  of 
General  Berry  he  succeeded  him  as  commander  of 
the  division.  His  commission  as  major-general  was 
received  May  23,  1863,  and  at  the  battle  of  Gettys- 
burg he  commanded  the  3d  corps  after  General 
Sickles  was  wounded,  and  on  July  23,  1864,  was 
made  commander  of  the  10th  corps.  He  returned 
home  with  greatly  impaired  health,  and  died 
Oct.  18,  1864. 

BIRNEY,  James,  diplomatist,  was  born  at 
Danville,  Ky.,  in  1817,  eldest  son  of  James  G. 
Birney,  abolitionist.  He  was  educated  at  Centre 
college,  Ky.,  and  at  Miami  university,  Ohio, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1836.  From  1837  to 
1838  he  was  professor  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
languages  at  Miami  university.  He  studied 
law  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  and  subsequently 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  that  profession  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  While  at  New  Haven,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Moulton,  step-daughter  of  Nathaniel 
Bacon  of  that  city.  In  1857  Mr.  Birney  removed 


[301] 


with  his  family  to  Lower  Saginaw  (now  Bay  City) 
Mich.,  and  interested  himself  in  the  development 
of  the  place.  He  was  a prominent  Republican, 
and  in  1858  was  elected  to  the  state  senate.  In 
1860  he  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
state  and  before  the  expiration  of  his  term  of 
office  was  appointed  by  the  governor  one  of  the 
circuit  judges.  This  position  he  held  for  four 
years.  After  leaving  the  bench  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law.  In  1871,  Mr.  Birney  established 
the  Bay  City  Chronicle  as  a weekly  newspaper, 
and  in  1873  it  was  issued  as  a daily.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1875,  President  Grant  appointed  him  min- 
ister resident  at  the  Hague,  which  post  he  held 
during  two  administrations.  Mr.  Birney  s eldest 
son,  James  Gillespie,  died  from  wounds  received 
at  Gettysburg,  after  serving  through  the  war 
with  gallantry.  James  Birney  died  in  May,  1888. 

BIRNEY,  James  Gillespie,  abolitionist,  was 
born  at  Danville,  Ky.,  Feb.  4,  1792.  His  father, 
an  Irish  Protestant,  emigrated  from  Ulster  when 
sixteen  years  old,  and  became  a manufacturer, 
farmer,  and  banker.  After  a careful  preliminary 
education  at  Transylvania  university,  the  son 
entered  Princeton  col 


lege,  where  he  was 
graduated  with  honor 
in  1810.  He  studied 
law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1813,  and 
began  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  his 
native  town.  In  1816 
he  was  elected  to  the 
state  legislature  and 
became  prominent  by 
his  opposition  to  and 
defeat  of  a proposed 
measure  to  demand  of  n 

the  states  of  Ohio  and 
Indiana  the  return  of  fugitive  slaves  escaping 
to  these  states.  He  favored  gradual  emancipa- 
tion as  the  wisest  solution  of  the  slavery  problem, 
and  the  efforts  of  his  whole  life  were  given  to  this 
object.  He  engaged  in  cotton  planting  near 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  from  1818  to  1823,  when  he  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  law  at  Huntsville,  and  was 
appointed  solicitor  of  the  northern  circuit.  As 
a member  of  the  legislature  of  Alabama  he  was 
instrumental  in  causing  the  incorporation  in  the 
constitution  framed  in  1819,  of  a clause  empower- 
ing the  general  assembly  to  free  slaves  by  pur- 
chase, forbidding  the  bringing  of  slaves  into  the 
state  for  sale,  and  securing  to  slaves  more  humane 
treatment.  In  1826  he  was  elected  solicitor- 
general  of  Alabama,  and  in  1828  was  presidential 
elector  on  the  Whig  (Adams)  ticket.  He  was 
deputed  by  the  trustees  of  the  state  university  to 
select  a president  and  faculty  for  the  university, 


BIRNEY. 


BIRNEYh 


and  for  this  purpose  visited  the  north,  extending 
Ins  visit  to  Massachusetts.  He  returned  to  Ken- 
tucky in  1833,  hoping  to  effect  a system  of  gradual 
emancipation  in  that  state,  and  so  possibly  influ- 
ence Virginia  and  Tennessee  as  to  maintain  the 
balance  of  power  in  the  free  states.  Public  senti- 
ment, influenced  by  Henry  Clay,  had  changed 
during  Mr.  Birney’s  absence  from  Kentucky,  and 
he  found  few  supporters.  He  freed  his  own  slaves 
in  1834,  and  in  the  following  year  established  the 
anti-slavery  society  of  Kentucky;  in  the  same 
year  he  took  an  active  part  at  the  meeting  of  the 
American  anti-slavery  society,  and  a year  later 
made  public  announcement  of  his  determination 
to  establish  an  anti-slavery  journal  to  be  issued 
weekly  at  Danville,  Ky.  He  could  not  find  a 
printer  or  publisher  courageous  enough  to  brave 
public  opinion,  and  he  established  himself  and 
family  at  Cincinnati,  and  there  issued  the  Phil- 
anthropist, which  soon  obtained  a respectable 
circulation  in  spite  of  the  opposition  it  en- 
countered, the  types  and  machines  being  several 
times  broken  and  scattered  by  mobs.  The  cour- 
age of  its  proprietor  and  editor,  his  temperate, 
candid,  and  logical  utterances,  carried  this  pilot- 
boat  of  abolition  through  the  perilous  waters  of 
that  stormy  time.  Mr.  Birney  gave  much  of  his 
personal  attention  to  the  work  of  propagating 
abolitionist  principles,  and  to  this  end  made  a 
tour  of  the  free  states,  everywhere  seeking  to 
awaken  the  people,  his  able  coadjutor,  Dr.  Gama- 
liel Bailey,  remaining  in  charge  of  [the  Philan- 
thropist. In  1837  the  American  anti-slavery 
society,  realizing  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  its  cause, 
elected  him  as  its  secretary,  which  necessitated 
his  removal  to  New  York.  His  influence  at  the 
anti-slavery  conventions  was  conservative  and 
temperate.  In  1839  he  freed  from  bondage  twenty- 
one  slaves  of  his  deceased  father’s  estate,  paying 
to  his  co-heir  twenty  thousand  dollars  in  requital 
for  her  interest  in  the  human  “property.”  In 
1840  he  visited  England  as  one  of  the  vice-presi- 
dents of  the  world’s  convention,  and  in  May  was 
nominated  as  the  abolition  candidate  for  the  presi- 
dency by  the  Liberty  party,  and  received  about 
seven  thousand  votes.  In  1843  lie  was  again 
nominated,  and  in  1844  received  62,300  votes. 
His  vote  in  1844  would  have  been  much  larger, 
had  it  not  been  for  the  circulation  of  the  "Gar- 
land forgery,”  which  gave  Ohio  to  his  opponent, 
Henry  Clay.  In  1844  he  removed  to  Lower  Sagi- 
naw, now  Bay  City,  Mich.  An  unfortunate  acci- 
dent in  1842,  resulting  in  paralysis,  caused  his 
withdrawal  from  public  life,  but  he  still  continued 
to  use  his  pen  for  the  cause  he  had  so  much  at 
heart.  His  writings  included:  “Ten  Letters  on 
Slavery  and  Colonization”  (1832-’33) ; "Six  Es- 
says on  Slavery  and  Colonization”  (1833).;  "Let- 
ter on  Colonization”  (1834);  “Letters  to  the 


Presbyterian  Church”  (1834);  “Addresses  and 
Speeches  ” (1835) ; “ Vindication  of  the  Abolition- 
ists ” (1835);  "Letter  to  Colonel  Stone”’ (1836) ; 
“Address  to  Slaveholders”  (1836);  “Argument 
on  Fugitive  Slave  Case”  (1837);  “Letter  to  F. 
H.  Elmore”  (1838);  “Report  on  the  duty  of 
Political  Action”  (1839);  "Political  Obligations 
of  Abolitionists”’  (1839);  “American  Churches 
the  Bulwarks  of  American  Slavery  ” (1840) ; 
“ Speeches  in  England  ”(1840) ; “ Examination  of 
the  Decision  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
in  the  Case  of  Strader  et  al  v.  Graham”  (1850), 
besides  magazine  and  newspaper  contributions. 
Four  of  his  sons  and  one  grandson  served  as 
soldiers  throughout  the  civil  war,  in  the  Federal 
army.  He  died  at  Eaglewood,  N.  J. , Nov.  25, 1857. 

BIRNEY,  William,  abolitionist,  was  born  near 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  May  28,  1819,  the  second  son  of 
James  G.  Birney.  He  was  educated  at  Centre 
and  Yale  colleges  and  was  admitted  to  the  Ohio 
bar,  practising  law  at  Cincinnati,  Philadelphia, 
New  YTork  city,  and  in  Florida.  At  the  age  of 
eighteen  he 
was  an  anti- 
si  a v e r y lec- 
turer.  He 
passed  five 
years  in  Eu- 
rope, begin- 
ning w i t h 
1847,  in  the 
pros  edition 
of  advanced 
studies  in  law, 
languages  and 
history,  sup- 
porting him- 
sel  f mean- 
while by  writing  for  the  New  York  and  Lortdon 
journals,  and  for  the  English  magazines.  In 
1848  he  was  a successful  candidate  at  a govern- 
ment competitive  examination,  for  one  of  the 
new  professorships  of  English  literature  in  the 
University  of  France  and  performed  its  duties  for 
one  year  in  the  Lycde  at  Bourges.  He  then 
resigned  and  went  to  Berlin  to  pursue  his  studies. 
In  the  French  revolution  of  February,  1848,  being 
in  Paris  and  a member  of  a students’  political 
society  there,  formed  to  promote  Republican  ideas, 
he  commanded  at  a barricade  in  the  Rue  St. 
Jacques,  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  enter  the  Tuil- 
leries  after  the  flight  of  Louis  Philippe.  Having 
returned  to  this  country  he  raised,  at  the  out- 
break of  the  civil  war.  a volunteer  company  in 
New  Jersey,  was  elected  its  captain,  and  rose 
through  all  the  grades  to  the  rank  of  brevet 
major-general.  For  the  last  two  years  of  the 
war  he  commanded  a division  which  was  grad- 
uallv  increased  to  sixteen  regiments.  In  1863. 


1302] 


BISBEE. 


BISHOP. 


having  been  detailed  by  the  war  department  to 
organize  colored  troops,  he  enlisted,  ecpiipped, 
drilled  and  sent  to  the  field  seven  regiments,  in 
doing  which  he  opened  three  slave  prisons  in 
Baltimore  and  freed  a large  number  of  slaves 
belonging  to  Confederate  officers.  His  numerous 
enlistments  left  few  able-bodied  slaves  in  Mary- 
land. and  hastened  the  abolition  of  slavery  in 
that  state.  After  the  defeat  of  the  Union  troops 
at  Olustee,  Fla.,  being  placecj  in  command  of 
that  district,  he  made  a secret  and  rapid  move- 
ment by  Black  Creek  to  the  rear  of  the  Confed- 
erate stronghold  at  the  Baldwin  railroad  crossings, 
forced  the  troops  holding  it  to  retire  by  night 
into  Georgia,  and  took  the  works  with  military 
stores  and  arms.  He  took  part  in  numerous 
skirmishes  and  in  the  principal  battles  in  Vir- 
ginia, including  the  first  and  second  Bull  Run, 
Petersburg,  Fredericksburg,  Chantilly  and  Chan- 
cellorsville.  In  the  army  he  was  known  as  a 
skilful  tactician,  a vigilant  and  trustworthy 
officer,  and  a disciplinarian,  effecting  the  best 
results  by  strictness  without  severity.  In  1853  he 
founded  and  for  two  years  edited  the  Register, 
a daily  paper  at  Philadelphia,  and  led  the  suc- 
cessful movement  for  the  consolidation  of  the 
numerous  separate  “ liberties”  of  that  city  into 
one  municipal  government.  He  appeared  about 
that  time  on  the  lecture  platform  in  the  best 
courses  in  several  of  the  large  cities.  He  was  for 
about  four  years  attorney  for  the  District  of 
Columbia,  Washington,  D.  C.  His  numerous 
anonymous  contributions  to  the  press  include  the 
fortnightly  letters  from  Washington,  signed 
“ Escott  Holt,”  published  for  several  years  in  the 
New  York  Examiner.  He  was  a collaborator  in 
“Waite’s  History  of  the  Church,  for  the  First 
Two  Centuries  of  the  Christian  Era.”  In  January, 
1890,  he  published  “James  G.  Birney’s  Life  and 
Times,  the  Genesis  of  the  Republican  Party,” 
a politico-biographical  work. 

BISBEE,  Marvin  Davis,  educator,  was  born 
at  Chester,  Vt.,  June  21,  1845.  He  received  an 
academic  education,  and  in  1871  was  graduated 
from  Dartmouth  college,  later  studying  theology 
at  the  Andover  theological  seminary.  From  1874 
to  1881  he  preached,  first  in  the  Congregational 
church  at  Pennacook,  N.  H.,  and  then  in  the 
Chapel  church  at  Cambridgeport,  Mass.  He  be- 
came editor  of  the  Congregationalist  in  1881,  anti 
remained  in  that  position  for  five  years,  resigning 
to  accept  the  chair  of  bibliography  at  Dartmouth 
college.  He  made  frequent  contributions  of 
prose  and  verse  to  reviews,  magazines,  and 
newspapers.  He  edited  a volume  of  verse 
entitled  “Songs  of  the  Pilgrims”;  and  also  a 
“ Bibliography  of  Dartmouth  College  and 
Hanover”  (1894). 

B1SCOE,  Ellen  B.,  (See  Hollis,  Ellen  L.) 


BISHOP,  Anne  (Madame  Anna  Bishop), 
vocalist,  was  born  in  London,  June  12,  1814.  Her 
father,  a drawling-master  named  Riviere,  gave 
her  a good  musical  education,  and  in  1824  she  was 
elected  a student  at  the  Royal  academy  of  music, 
where  she  remained  until,  in  1831,  she  became 
the  second  wife  of  Henry  Rowley  Bishop,  the 
celebrated  English  composer,  after  which  she  sang 
at  the  Philharmonic  concerts,  at  Vauxliall,  at 
oratorios,  and  at  country  festivals.  In  1839  she 
left  her  husband  and  her  three  little  children, 
eloping  with  Boclisa,  a harpist,  who  had  been  the 
leader  of  an  orchestra  in  London.  By  his  advice 
she  devoted  herself  to  Italian  music,  and  with 
him  she  visited  the  principal  towns  in  Europe, 
and  sang  at  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty 
concerts,  taking  St.  Petersbxxrg,  Novgorod  and 
Odessa  on  her  route.  From  1843  to  1846  she  sang 
in  Italy  with  great  success.  Madame  Bishop  next 
visited  America,  where  she  was  at  first  coldly  re- 
ceived on  account  of  her  connection  with  Boclisa, 
but  her  genius  won  her  recognition  and  she 
became  a great  favorite  with  the  music-loving 
public.  Her  next  trip  took  her  to  Australia, 
where  Boclisa  died  in  1855.  Her  husband,  Sir 
Henry  Bishop,  who  was  knighted  by  the  queen  in 
1842.  the  first  musician  so  honored,  also  died  in 
April  of  the  same  year.  In  1856  she  married 
a New  York  merchant,  Martin  Schultz,  with 
whom  she  visited  Lima,  Chili,  and  Peru,  crossing 
the  Andes  and  meeting  with  numerous  adven- 
tures. In  1866  she  was  shipwrecked  while  on  her 
way  from  Honolulu  to  China,  and  after  many 
hardships  was  rescued  by  a ship  bound  for 
Manilla,  where  she  sang,  as  she  did  later  in  China. 
Owing  to  the  loss  of  her  voice,  in  1868,  she  retired 
into  private  life.  Expatriated  by  her  irretrievable 
misstep,  she  visited  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
world  and  died  in  New  York  city,  March  18, 
1884. 

BISHOP,  Joseph  Bucklin,  journalist,  was 
born  on  a farm  in  Seekonk,  Mass,  (afterwards 
East  Providence,  R.  I.),  Sept.  5,  1847.  He  was 
graduated  from  Brown  university  in  1870,  paying 
his  expenses  through  college  by  teaching  school 
and  reporting  for  Providence  newspapers.  He 
entered  the  office  of  the  New  York  Tribune  as  a 
reporter  in  the  fall  of  1870,  and  in  six  months 
was  promoted  to  the  editorial  staff,  of  which  he 
continued  a member  for  thirteen  years,  resigning 
in  August,  1883,  to  accept  a position  as  editorial 
writer  on  the  New  York  Evening  Post.  He  was 
made  American  correspondent  of  the  London 
Daily  News  in  1881,  and  contributed  to  the  Cen- 
tury, Scribner’s,  Forum,  and  other  magazines  on 
topics  relating  to  political  science,  including  bal- 
lot reform,  and  corrupt  practice  legislation.  He  is 
the  author  of  “Money  in  City  Elections”  (1887), 
and  “Cheap  Money  ” (1892). 


BISHOP. 


BISHOP. 


BISHOP,  Levi,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Russell, 
Hampden  county,  Mass.,  Oct.  15,  1815,  son  of 
Levi  and  Roxana  (Phelps)  Bishop.  At  the  age  of 
fifteen  he  was  apprenticed  to  learn  the  trade  of 
tanning.  Two  years  later  he  went  to  Michigan, 
where  he  purchased  three  hundred  acres  of  land 
in  Calhoun  county,  clearing,  by  its  subsequent 
sale,  more  than  one  thousand  dollars,  with  which, 
in  1837,  he  established  himself  in  business  in 
Detroit.  He  joined  a volunteer  company,  and  on 
the  fourth  of  July,  1839,  a premature  explosion 
from  a cannon  shattered  his  right  hand,  necessi- 
tating its  amputation.  He  then  studied  law.  and 
in  December,  1842,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  prac- 
tising in  Detroit.  In  1846  he  was  made  a member 
of  the  board  of  education,  and  was  president  of 
the  board  from  1851  until  his  resignation  in  1858, 
when  he  was  elected  a regent  of  the  state  uni- 
versity at  Ann  Arbor,  holding  the  position  until 
1863.  Mr.  Bishop  was  the  originator  of  the  De- 
troit pioneer  society  and  its  president  until  his 
death.  In  1877  he  was  made  historiographer  of 
Detroit,  and  as  such  wrote  a large  number  of 
papers  published  under  the  title,  “ Historical 
Notes.”  He  translated  several  French  historical 
works,  treating  of  the  pioneer  settlements  of  the 
northwest,  and  was  the  author  of  “ The  Dignity 
of  Labor”  (1864);  and  of  “ Teuchsa  Grondie,”  a 
legendary  poem  (1870.)  He  was  a delegate  to 
the  International  congress  of  Americans  at 
Luxembourg,  France,  in  1876,  and  in  1880  became 
corresponding  member  of  the  Royal  historical 
society  of  Great  Britain.  He  died  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  Dec.  23.  1881. 

BISHOP,  Washington  Irving,  mind-reader, 
was  born  in  New  York  city  in  1847.  It  is  claimed 
that  he  was  born  with  a capacity  for  mind-read- 
ing. From  early  life  he  was  subject  to  cataleptic 
fits,  and  sometimes  remained  several  days  in  the 
trance  state.  While  a youth  he  was  a clerk  in  a 
drug  store  and  cultivated  his  gift  of  reading  the 
thoughts  of  others.  His  first  public  exhibition 
was  in  New  York,  when  about  twenty  years  of 
age,  and  was  highly  successful.  This  was  followed 
by  a trip  to  Europe  and  exhibitions  in  many  of 
the  large  cities.  He  then  visited  Mexico,  Havana, 
and  some  South  American  cities.  Among  his 
marvellous  feats  was  the  writing  down  of  the 
number  of  a bank  note  which  was  in  the  pocket 
of  another  person,  the  discovery  of  a hidden 
article,  and  the  telling  of  a word  or  number  of 
which  the  other  was  thinking  at  the  time.  In 
all  these  cases  the  party  operated  upon  concen- 
trated his  thoughts  on  a certain  point,  while 
Bishop  was  blindfolded  and  held  one  of  his 
hands.  He,  while  blindfolded,  drove  a team  of 
horses  through  various  streets,  to  a’  house  in 
which  some  article  of  which  his  companion  was 
thinking  was  concealed,  and  also  performed  many 


other  wonderful  feats.  He  was  not  a believer  in 
spiritualism,  and  made  no  pretence  of  receiving 
any  superhuman  help,  and  amused  himself  with 
exposures  of  what  he  declared  to  be  the  frauds 
of  some  professional  spiritual  mediums.  At  a 
meeting  of  the  Lambs’  club  in  New  York,  after 
performing  the  difficult  feat  of  writing  a name, 
which  had  been  selected  from  the  club-book  by 
two  members  who  alone  knew  the  name,  or 
the  book  from  which  it  was  chosen,  he  fell  in  a 
cataleptic  fit  which  resulted  in  his  death.  May 
13,  1889. 

BISHOP,  William  Darius,  was  born  at  Bloom- 
field, N.  J.,  Sept.  14,  1827.  After  graduating  at 
Yale  in  1849  he  studied  law  for  a time  and 
then  became  connected  with  a railroad  com- 
pany. He  acted  as  superintendent  of  the  Nauga- 
tuck railroad  from  1854  to  1855,  when  he  was 
made  president  of  the  road,  resigning  that  office 
in  1857,  when  he  took  his  seat  as  a represen- 
tative from  Connecticut  in  the  35th  Congress. 
In  1859  he  was  appointed  by  President  Buchanan 
U.  S.  commissioner  of  patents,  and  resigned  the 
office  in  January,  1860.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Connecticut  state  legislature  in  1866,  and  held 
other  important  state  offices  at  various  times. 
In  1867  he  became  president  of  the  New  York. 
New  Haven  and  Hartford  railroad,  which  position 
he  held  until  1880.  In  1883  he  was  again  made 
president  of  the  Naugatuck  road,  and  in  1884 
assumed  the  presidency  of  the  Eastern  railroad 
association. 

BISPHAM,  George  Tucker,  educator,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May  24,  1838;  son  of  Joseph 
and  Susan  Ridgway  (Tucker)  Bispham.  His 
early  education  was  received  in  the  public  schools 
of  Philadelphia  and  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  was  graduated  in  1858.  He 
then  studied  law  under  the  Hon.  John  Cadwala- 
der  and  William  Henry  Rawle,  Esq.,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Philadelphia  bar  in  June,  1861. 
He  soon  acquired  an  extensive  practice  and  in 
1875  formed  a legal  co-partnership  with  the  Hon. 
Wayne  MacVeagh,  afterwards  attorney-general 
in  the  cabinet  of  President  Garfield.  In  1884  lie 
was  elected  professor  in  the  law  department  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  equity  jurisprudence  in 
that  institution.  He  was  made  solicitor  for  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  and  from  1881  held  the  same 
position  in  the  Saving  fund  society.  In  1886  he 
was  appointed  counsel  for  the  Pennsylvania 
railroad  company,  and  also  for  the  Girard  life  and 
trust  company,  the  Westmoreland  coal  company, 
and  the  Pennsylvania  fire  insurance  company. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  standard  legal  works, 
among  them  “Bispham’s  Principles  of  Equity  ; 
he  edited  “ Hill  on  Trustees,”  “ Adams'  Equity, 
and  “ Kerr  on  Receivers.” 


[304j 


BISPHAM 


BISSELL. 


BISPHAM,  Henry  Collins,  artist,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  June  9,  1841;  son  of  John 
B.  and  Martha  (Collins)  Bisphatn.  At  the  age 
of  thirteen  he  began  to  study  art  under  Edmund 
B.  Lewis,  and  was  afterwards  placed  under  the 
instruction  of  William  T.  Richards.  In  1862  he, 
with  the  entire  sketching  class  of  Philadelphia, 
volunteered  in  the  Union  army  and  accompanied 
the  reserve  brigade  of  Philadelphia  through  the 
valley  of  Pennsylvania  and  into  Maryland.  Re- 
turning to  Philadelphia,  he  opened  a studio, 
painting  chiefly  pictures  of  war  and  battle  scenes. 
His  first  large  picture,  ‘‘A  Cavalry  Raid,”  was 
purchased  for  seven  hundred  and  fifty  dollars. 
He  also  gave  much  attention  to  wild  animals, 
and  among  other  pictures  he  painted  a life-size 
portrait  of  a lion  for  Edwin  Forrest,  the  trage- 
dian. In  the  spring  of  1865  he  went  abroad  and 
studied  a year  in  France  and  Italy.  On  his  re- 
turn he  settled  in  New  York  and  remained  there 
until  1878.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the 
Century  association,  to  which  he  presented  “ A 
Roman  Bull,”  painted  in  1867.  In  1878  he  went 
abroad  for  his  health,  and  the  following  year 
exhibited  in  the  Paris  salon  a large  picture  of 
the  lion  “ Sultan,”  painted  from  life,  sending  the 
same  picture  in  1880  to  the  Royal  academy  in 
London.  This  picture  was  afterwards  presented 
to  the  Pennsylvania  academy  of  fine  arts.  “ La 
Valine  du  Var  ” was  exhibited  in  the  Paris  salon 
in  1880.  In  the  winter  of  1880  he  opened  a 
studio  in  Rome.  Among  the  better  known  of  his 
pictures  are;  ‘‘Dead  in  the  Desert”  (1868); 
" Deer  Pursued  by  Wolves,”  “ A Roman  Wine- 
Cart  ” (1868)  ; “ In  the  Fields,”  “ To  the  Front  ” 
(1869) ; “Lion’s  Head,”  “ The  Stampede  ” (1873) ; 
“ Crouching  Lion  ” (1873) ; “ Tigress”  (1878),  and 
“ Landscape  and  Cattle  ” (1878).  He  died  in 
Rome,  Italy,  Dec.  22,  1882. 

BISSELL,  Edwin  Cone,  educator,  was  born  at 
Schoharie,  N.  Y.,  in  1832.  He  was  graduated 
from  Amherst  college  in  1855,  and  four  years 
later  from  the  Union  theological  seminary.  In 
1859  he  accepted  a call  to  the  Congregational 
church  at  Westham pton,  Mass.,  and  remained 
there  five  years,  going  thence  to  San  Francisco, 
where  for  another  five  years  he  presided  over  a 
church.  From  1870  to  1873  he  was  pastor  at 
Winchester,  Mass.,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
sent  as  a missionary  to  Austria,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1878.  He  accepted  the  chair  of 
Hebrew  language  and  literature  at  Hartford 
theological  seminary  in  May,  1882.  Among  the 
more  important  of  Iris  publications  are:  “Histori- 
cal Origin  of  the  Bible  ” (1873) ; “ The  Apocrypha 
of  the  Old  Testament  ” (1880) ; “ The  Pentateuch : 
its  Origin  and  Structure:  an  Examination  of 
Recent  Theories”  (1885),  and  “Biblical  An- 
tiquities” (1888). 


BISSELL,  Evelyn  L.,  surgeon,  was  born  at 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  Sept.  10,  1839.  Benjamin  Bis- 
sell,  Ids  great-grandfather,  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  French,  Indian  and  revolutionary 
wars,  and  died  in  1821.  His  father  was  a major 
in  the  U.  S.  army,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  and 
civil  wars.  He  was  educated  at  Russell's  mili- 
tary school  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  and  studied 
medicine  at  Yale  medical  school,  graduating  in 
1860.  He  served  as  surgeon  of  an  Atlantic  steamer 
until  the  opening  of  the  war,  when  he  joined  the 
Union  army  as  second  assistant  surgeon  of  the 
5th  Connecticut  volunteers.  He  was  with  Gen- 
eral Banks  in  the  Shenandoah  valley,  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Winchester,  Va.,  May  25,  1862,  and 
was  forced  by  the  Confederates  to  do  surgical 
duty,  they  doubting,  on  account  of  his  youth, 
that  he  was  a surgeon.  His  signature  to  the 
first  cartel  there,  also  signed  by  six  others, 
caused  medical  officers  to  be  recognized  as  non- 
combatants.  He  was  released  on  parole  July  6tli, 
and  returned  to  his  regiment  by  order  of  General 
Banks,  he  however  protesting  against  it  as  jeop- 
ardizing his  honor  and  his  life  in  case  he  should 
be  recaptured,  which  in  fact  occurred  on  Aug.  8, 
1862,  at  Cedar  Mountain.  He  was  placed  in  soli- 
tary  confinement  and  ultimately  sent  to  Libby 
prison.  His  case  was  brought  to  the  notice  of 
Secretary  Stanton  and  a requisition  made  for  him 
by  the  war  department,  Nov.  20,  1862,  resulted  in 
his  unconditional  release.  General  Dix  of 
Fortress  Monroe  next  assigned  Mr.  Bissell  to  the 
hospital  ship  Euterpe,  and  after  fulfilling  his 
duty  there  he  was  ordered  by  the  secretary  of 
war  to  return  to  his  regiment  at  Frederick  city, 
Md.,  with  which  he  took  part  in  the  battles  of 
Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg  and  Kelly’s  Ford. 
He  served  afterwards  with  the  army  of  the  Cum- 
berland in  charge  of  field  hospital,  and  took  part 
in  many  engagements.  He  served  on  the  staffs 
of  Generals  Hooker  and  Thomas,  and  later  was 
appointed  by  General  Sherman  to  duty  at  Nash- 
ville until  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  returned 
to  New  Haven  and  engaged  in  private  practice. 
In  1868  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  2d  regi- 
ment C.  N.  G. ; and  in  1872  resigned  to  serve  the 
Peruvian  government  as  surgeon  in  charge  of  the 
men  engaged  on  public  work  in  Lima  and  on  the 
Oroya  railroad,  remaining  there  until  1875, 
Twice  re-appointed  as  surgeon  to  the  2d  Con- 
necticut regiment,  he  became  surgeon -general 
upon  the  staff  of  Governor  Waller  in  1883  and 
1884.  He  was  also  appointed  one  of  the  examin- 
ing surgeons  of  the  U.  S.  pension  department, 
registrar  of  vital  statistics  of  New  Haven,  a mem- 
ber of  its  board  of  health,  a police  commissioner, 
and  affiliated  himself  with  numerous  professional 
societies ; the  G.  A.  R. , Loyal  Legion  and  other 
organizations. 


[305] 


BISSELL. 


BISSELL. 


BISSELL,  John  W.,  educator,  was  born  at 
Prescott,  Canada,  Aug.  4,  1843.  He  was  prepared 
for  college  at  Rock  river  seminary,  111.,  and  grad- 
uated at  the  Northwestern  university,  Evanston, 
111.,  in  1867.  In  1867  he  was  appointed  Professor 
of  Latin  and  Creek  in  Northern  Indiana  college, 
South  Bend,  Ind.,  and  in  1868  and  1870  he  was 
principal  of  the  Brookston  academy,  Ind.  He 
then,  until  1872,  was  pastor  of  Simpson  church, 
Chicago,  and  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
at  New  Hampton,  Iowa;  when  he  was  elected 
professor  of  natural  science  in  Upper  Iowa  uni- 
versity. In  1873  he  was  chosen  president  of  that 
institution.  In  1880  he  received  the  degree  of 
D.D.  from  the  Iowa  Wesleyan  university,  and  in 
1884  was  member  of  the  general  conference  of 
the  M.  E.  church. 

BISSELL,  William  Henry,  statesman,  was 
born  at  Hart  wick,  Otsego  county,  N.  Y.,  April 
25,  1811.  He  obtained  an  education  through  his 
own  efforts,  earning  the  money  in  winter  that 
enabled  him  to  attend  school  in  the  summer. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  Philadelphia  medical 
college  in  1835,  practised  for  two  years  in  Steuben 
county,  N.  Y.,  and  for  three  years  in  Monroe 
county,  111.,  and  was  elected  to  the  Illinois  legis- 
lature, where  he  made  quite  a reputation  as  a 
ready  and  able  debator.  He  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  study  of  the  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  practised  in  Belleville,  111.,  and  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  of  St.  Clair  county  in  1844. 
During  the  Mexican  war  he  served  as  captain  of 
a company  in  the  2d  Illinois  volunteers,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista.  He 
represented  Illinois  in  the  national  house  of  rep- 
resentatives in  the  31st,  32d  and  33d  congresses, 
from  December,  1849,  to  March  3,  1855,  and  his 
emphatic  opposition  to  the  Missouri  compromise 
involved  him  in  a controversy  with  southern 
Democrats.  The  question  as  to  the  bravery  of 
the  soldiers  from  the  north  as  compared  with 
that  shown  by  the  south  in  the  Mexican  war  led 
to  a debate  with  Jefferson  Davis,  and  resulted 
in  Mr.  Bissell  being  challenged  by  Mr.  Davis. 
He  accepted  the  challenge,  and  chose  muskets 
as  the  weapons  to  be  used  at  thirty  paces.  The 
friends  of  Mr.  Davis  interfered  at  this  juncture 
and  the  duel  was  never  fought.  On  the  passage 
of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  Mr.  Bissell  separated 
from  the  Democratic  party  and  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Illinois  on  the  Republican  ticket,  serving 
by  re-election  from  1856  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  Springfield,  111.,  March  18,  1860. 

BISSELL,  William  Henry  Augustus,  2d 
bishop  of  Vermont  and  88th  in  succession  in 
the  American  episcopate,  was  born  at  Ran- 
dolph, Vt.,  Nov.  10,  1814;  son  of  Dr.  Ezekiel 
and  Elizabeth  (Washburn)  Bissell.  He  received 
his  primary  education  in  the  Randolph  public 


schools  and  academy,  and  was  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Vermont  in  the  class  of  1836. 
For  a time  he  taught  the  classics  in  Bishop 
Hopkins's  school  for  boys,  and  at  the  same  time 
studied  for  the  ministry.  In  the  fall  of  1837  he 
established  a private  school  in  Detroit.  In  1838 
he  applied  for  holy  orders  in  the  diocese  of  New 
York  and  taught  in  the  Troy  Episcopal  institu- 
tion. On  Sept.  29,  1839,  he  was  ordained  deacon 
in  Calvary  church,  New  York  city,  by  Bishop 
Onderdonk,  and  on  July  12,  1840,  priest  by  the 
same  bishop  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  received  the  ap 
pointment  of  assistant  in  Christ  church,  which 
position  he  held  until  the  following  year,  when 
he  took  charge  of  Trinity  church.  West  Troy. 
He  remained  there  until  1845,  when  he  was  called 
to  the  rectorship  of  Grace  church,  at  Lyons, 
N.  Y.  In  1848  he  accepted  a call  to  the  rector- 
ship of  Trinity  church,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  and  there 
continued  until  his  election  as  bishop  of  the 
diocese  of  Vermont  in  1868.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  standing  committee  of  the  dio- 
cese of  western  New  York  in  1850,  an  office 
which  he  continued  to  hold  for  sixteen  years. 
He  was  married  Aug.  29,  1838,  to  Martha,  daugh 
ter  of  Phineas  Moulton,  and  five  children  were 
born  to  them.  The  University  of  Vermont 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1875,  as 
did  Hobart  college  and  the  Northwestern  univer- 
sity. He  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Vermont  at 
Christ  church,  Montpelier,  June  3,  1868,  and  he 
died  holding  that  position,  May  14,  1893. 

BISSELL,  Wilson  Shannon,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  New  London,  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  31, 
1847.  When  he  was  five  years  old  his  parents 
removed  to  Buffalo.  He  was  graduated  from 
Yale  college  with  honors  in  the  class  of  1869,  and 
studied  law  with  A.  P.  Lanning  of  Buffalo,  who 
subsequently  formed  a co  - partnership  with 
Grover  Cleveland  and  Oscar  Folsom,  whose 
daughter  Mr.  Cleveland  afterwards  married.  In 
1871  Mr.  Bissell  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in 
the  fall  of  1872  he  formed  a partnership  with  Ly 
man  K.  Bass,  and  about  a year  later  Mr.  Cleve- 
land became  a member  of  the  firm,  which 
thereafter  was  known  as  Bass,  Cleveland  & 
Bissell.  Mr.  Bass  removed  to  Colorado  on  ac 
count  of  ill  health,  and  Mr.  Cleveland  was  elected 
governor  of  the  state  of  New  York,  the  firm 
being  thereby  dissolved,  Mr.  Bissell  re-organized 
it  as  Bissell,  Sicard,  Brundage  & Bissell.  As 
senior  member  he  became  known  as  one  of  the 
ablest  railroad  lawyers  in  the  country,  and  served 
as  president  of  several  minor  railroads  in  the 
western  part  of  New  York  and  in  Pennsylvania, 
as  well  as  director  in  a number  of  railroad  and 
commercial  corporations.  He  declined  a cabinet 
position  in  Mr.  Cleveland's  first  administration 
as  well  as  a seat  on  the  supreme  bench.  He  served 


[306] 


BITTER. 


BLACK. 


as  Democratic  presidential  elector  at  large  in 
1884.  as  delegate  to  several  successive  presiden- 
tial and  state  conventions,  and  in  1890  was  a 
member  of  a commission  to  propose  amendments 
to  the  judiciary  articles  of  the  constitution  of  the 
state  of  New  York.  When  President  Cleveland 
selected  his  cabinet  for  his  second  term  he  ap- 
pointed Mr.  Bissell  postmaster -general,  March  6, 
1893.  and  he  served  in  that  capacity  until  Feb. 
27,  1895,  when  he  resigned  to  resume  his  law 
practice. 

BITTER,  Karl  Theodore  Francis,  sculptor, 
was  born  in  Vienna,  Austria,  Dec.  6,  1867.  De- 
termining at  the  early  age  of  fourteen  years  to 
follow  his  artistic  bent  he  left  the  Latin  school, 
which  he  was  then  attending,  and  entered  the 
Vienna  school  of  industrial  arts,  later  attend- 
ing the  academy  of  fine  arts.  Following  the 
example  of  Michael  Angelo,  he  studied  stone 
carving  and  took  practical  lessons  as  an  artisan  in 
that  line.  Upon  coming  of  age  he  left  Austria  in 
order  to  avoid  the  loss  of  time  that  army  service 
would  entail  and,  after  studying  with  Kaffsack, 
Echtermeyer  and  others  in  Germany,  he  sailed 
for  America  and,  arriving  in  New  York  in  Novem- 
ber, 1889,  he  soon  obtained  employment  with  a 
firm  of  architectural  sculptors.  In  1891  his  design 
for  the  Astor  memorial  doors,  six  in  number, 
illustrating  scriptural  subjects,  which  were  cast 
in  bronze  and  placed  at  the  three  entrances  to 
Trinity  church,  N.  Y.,  by  John  Jacob  Astor,  5th, 
won  the  award  in  a competition  with  other  sculp- 
tors. His  ability  was  at  once  recognized  by  the 
architects  and  art  patrons  of  New  York,  and  he 
executed  many  commissions,  among  them  being 
the  decoration  of  the  interior  of  the  New  York 
palace  of  C.  P.  Huntington  and  the  Newport 
villa  of  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,  the  altar  of  Grace 
church,  Utica,  N.  Y.,  a pair  of  bronze  lions, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  the  erection  of  many  memorials 
and  monuments  in  churches  and  cemeteries,  the 
sculpture  on  the  Administration  building  and 
the  Manufacturers’  and  Liberal  Arts  building 
of  the  World’s  Columbian  exposition  at  Chicago, 
1893. 

BIXBY,  John  Munson,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Fairfield,  Conn.,  in  February,  1800.  He  studied 
law  and,  establishing  himself  in  New  York, 
entered  upon  a practice  which  proved  so  lucra- 
tive that  he  was  able  to  retire  in  1849  with  a 
handsome  foi-tune,  which  he  invested  in  real 
estate  on  Fifth  avenue  and  Broadway,  which 
property  increased  in  value  rapidly,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death  it  paid  an  annual  rental  equal 
to  the  original  sum  invested.  He  is  the  author 
of  two  novels,  “ Standish  the  Puritan  ” (New 
York,  1850),  and  “ Overing,  or  the  Heir  of  Wy- 
cherly  ” (1852),  both  published  under  the  pen 
name  “ E.  Grayson.”  He  died  Nov.  22,  1876. 


BIXBY,  Moses  Homan,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Warren,  Grafton  county,  N.  H.,  Aug.  20,  1827; 
son  of  Benjamin  and  Mary  (Cleasby)  Bixby.  His 
father  was  of  English  and  his  mother  of  Scotch- 
Irish  descent,  the  former  being  a direct  descend- 
ant of  Gov.  Simon  Bradstreet.  The  son  acquired 
an  academic  educa- 
tion and  also  attended 
the  Baptist  college  in 
Montreal.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1849,  he  was  or- 
dained at  Williston, 

Vt.,  and  after  labor- 
ing there  for  about 
four  years,  he  sailed 
in  January,  1853,  for 
Burmah,  as  a mission- 
ary of  the  American 
Baptist  missionary 
union.  He  remained 
in  Burmah  four  years, 
the  failure  of  his 
wife’s  health  compel- 
ling his  return.  In  1857  he  settled  in  Providence, 
and  in  1860  resigned  his  pastorate  to  return  to 
Burmah,  where  for  eight  years  he  worked  with 
marked  success,  establishing  missions  and  win- 
ning the  good  will  of  the  natives.  Returning  to 
America  in  1869  he  again  established  himself  in 
Providence,  where  in  1870  he  organized  a church. 
Within  ten  years  the  rapid  growth  of  the  society 
made  it  necessary  to  enlarge  the  edifice  three 
times,  and  in  1892-’93  a stone  church  was  built, 
one  of  the  finest  in  New  England,  the  church 
membership  having  increased  from  fifty-six 
members  to  nearly  twelve  hundred.  For  sixteen 
successive  years  Dr.  Bixby  served  on  the  Provi- 
dence school  committee.  He  was  a trustee  of 
Brown  university,  of  Newton  theological  insti- 
tution, of  the  Worcester  academy,  of  the  Derby 
academy,  of  the  Hartshorn  memorial  college,  and 
of  the  Virginia  union  university,  and  a member 
of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society  of  Brown  uni- 
versity. Dartmouth  college  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  A.M.,  and  the  Ceritral  university 
of  Iowa  that  of  D.D. 

BLACK,  Frank  S.,  governor  of  New  York,  was 
born  at  Limington,  York  county,  Me.,  March  8, 
1853 ; son  of  Jacob  and  Charlotte  B.  Black.  He 
was  educated  at  the  village  school,  Alfred,  the 
Limerick  academy,  and  the  academy  at  West  Leb- 
anon, and  was  graduated  from  Dartmouth  college 
in  1875,  an  honor  man.  He  paid  his  academic  and 
college  expenses  by  working  on  a farm  and  teach- 
ing. The  same  year  he  removed  to  Johnstown, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  edited  the  Journal  and  studied 
law.  Soon  after  he  went  to  Troy,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  divided  his  time  between  journalism  and  the 
study  of  the  law,  and  in  1879  he  was  admitted 


13071 


BLACK. 


BLACK. 


to  the  bar.  and  established  himself  in  practice 
in  Troy.  He  was  retained  in  a notable  murder 
case  as  counsel  of  a special  investigating  com 
mittee  and  secured  the  conviction  of  the  accused 
in  the  face  of  great  political  opposition.  This 
gave  him  wide  notoriety  and  increased  his  law 
practice.  He  was  appointed  attorney  to  the 
receiver  of  the  Troy  steel  and  iron  company,  and 
the  Gilbert  car  works.  In  1894  he  was  elected 
to  represent  the  Troy  district  in  the  54th  Con- 
gress and  in  1896  was  nominated  by  the  Republi- 
cans for  governor  of  New  York,  and  was  elected 
with  his  ticket  by  the  largest  popular  majority 
ever  given  to  a state  executive. 

BLACK,  James,  prohibitionist,  was  born  in 
Lewisburg,  Pa.,  Sept.  16,  1823;  son  of  John  Black, 
a prominent  railroad  contractor.  In  1835  he 
removed  with  his  parents  to  Lancaster.  He  re 
ceived  his  early  education  in  the  common  schools, 
and  in  1841  entered  the  Lewisburg  academy, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1843.  He  studied 
law  with  James  F.  Linn  of  Lewisburg,  and  in 
1845  completed  his  legal  training  under  William 
B.  Fordney  of  Lancaster,  being  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1846.  From  1850  to  1852,  Mr.  Black  was 
financial  agent  of  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence 
railroad  then  in  process  of  construction.  In  1869 
he  was  associated  with  others  in  the  organization 
of  the  Ocean  Grove  association,  N.  J.  From  1869 
to  1883  he  was  in  the  employ  of  the  Mutual  life 
insurance  company  of  New  York.  He  was  in- 
terested in  agriculture  and  sheep  raising,  and 
conducted  two  model  farms  at  Black  Barron 
Springs,  Pa.  He  early  became  interested  in  tem- 
perance reform;  joined  the  Washingtonian 
society  in  1840,  and  in  1846  helped  to  organize 
the  Conestoga  division  of  the  Sons  of  Temper 
ance.  His  first  public  speech  in  favor  of  tem- 
perance was  made  at  Conestoga  Centre,  Pa. , in 
1852,  when  temperance  was  made  a political  issue 
in  Pennsylvania.  Mr.  Black  became  the  ac- 
knowledged leader  of  the  Prohibition  movement 
in  Lancaster,  and  from  1853  to  1856  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  state  central  committee  of  the  Prohi- 
bition party.  In  1859  he  conceived  the  idea  of 
a temperance  publication  society,  and  outlined 
his  plan  in  an  able  article  written  for  the  Ameri- 
can Temperance  Union.  The  civil  war  prevented 
the  immediate  consummation  of  his  purpose,  and 
at  a national  temperance  convention  held  in  1865 
Sir.  Black  presented  his  views  afresh  and  they 
were  accepted  and  carried  out  in  the  formation 
of  the  “ National  temperance  society  and  Publi- 
cation house.”  In  1857  he,  with  others,  organ- 
ized Lancaster  lodge  of  Good  Templars.  In  I860 
he  was  elected  G.W.C.  Templar  for  the  state  and 
served  three  terms.  In  1864  was  elected  R.  W. 
G.  C.  and  prepared  a memorial  to  President  Lin- 
coln for  the  abolition  of  the  whiskey  ration,  and 


wrote  his  celebrated  “Cider  Tract.”  In  1867  lie 
secured  a convention  of  the  Sons  of  Temperance 
and  Good  Templars  in  Harrisburg  for  political 
action,  or  prohibition  in  the  state;  was  instru- 
mental in  the  organization  of  the  “ National 
Prohibition  Party  ” in  1869  and  served  as  chair- 
man of  the  national  Prohibition  committee  from 
1876  to  1880.  In  1872  he  was  nominated  for  pres- 
ident by  the  national  Prohibition  convention  at 
Columbus,  Ohio,  the  first  presidential  candidate 
nominated  by  his  party.  Aside  from  newspaper 
articles,  reports  and  platforms,  lie  published: 
“ Is  There  a Necessity  for  a Prohibition  Party,” 
(1876);  “A  History  of  the  Prohibition  Party” 
(1880),  and  ‘‘  The  Prohibition  Party  ” (1885).  He 
died  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Dec.  16,  1894. 

BLACK,  James  Rush,  physician,  was  horn 
near  Glasgow,  Scotland,  March  3,  1827.  He  emi 
grated  to  America  with  his  parents  about  1835, 
settled  in  Ohio,  was  educated  at  Granville  college 
and  was  graduated  from  the  medical  school  of 
the  University  of  New  York  in  1849.  During 
the  civil  war  he  served  as  surgeon  of  the  113th 
Ohio  infantry  and  as  medical  director  on  the  staff 
of  General  Gilbert.  Afterwards  in  his  medical 
practice  he  made  hygiene  and  a?tiology  specialties. 
He  was  made  a member  of  the  American  medi 
cal  association,  the  Ohio  state  medical  society 
and  various  local  medical  bodies.  In  1876  he  gave 
up  his  general  practice  to  accept  the  chair  of 
hygiene  in  the  Columbus  medical  college.  His 
“Ten  Laws  of  Health  and  Guide  to  Protection 
against  Epidemic  Diseases  " is  accepted  as  an 
excellent  handbook. 

BLACK,  James  William,  educator,  was  born 
in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Jan.  31,  1866.  He  received  his 
early  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Balti- 
more, and  was  graduated  at  the  City  college  in 
1885,  with  a first-grade  Peabody  prize,  and  at  the 
Johns  Hopkins  university  in  1888,  where  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.B.  and  a university 
scholarship.  He  then  pursued  postgraduate 
studies  in  history,  economics  and  historical  juris 
prudence  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  university,  and 
was  awarded  t lie  degree  of  Pli.D.  in  1891.  In 
the  summer  of  that  year  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  economics  in  Georgetown, 
Ky.,  but  he  resigned  in  1892,  when  he  was  made 
associate  professor  of  political  economy  in  Ober- 
lin  college.  In  1894  he  accepted  the  chair  of  his- 
tory and  political  economy  in  Colby  university 
He  published  “ Maryland's  Attitude  in  the  Strug- 
gle for  Canada,”  was  made  a member  of  the 
American  historical  association,  of  the  Maryland 
historical  society,  of  the  council  of  the  American 
economic  association,  and  of  the  Marne  historical 
society  and  a member  of  the  “ Commission  of 
Colleges  in  New  England  on  examinations  for 
admission  to  college.” 


BLACK. 


BLACK. 


BLACK,  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  statesman,  was 
born  in  the  Glades,  Somerset  county,  Pa.,  Jan. 
10,  1810;  son  of  Henry  and  Mary  (Sullivan)  Black. 
His  father  was  a representative  in  the  27th  U.  S. 
Congress  and  died  in  1841.  His  paternal  grand- 
parents were  James  and  Jane  (McDonough) 
Black.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  derived 
from  that  admirable 
academic  system  then 
existing  in  Scotch- 
Iris  h communities. 
H e studied  classics 
and  mathematics  at 
Brownsville  in  Fay- 
ette county,  and  was 
; a student  at  law  un- 
der Chauncey  For- 
ward, a representa- 
tive in  Congress.  He 
was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1831,  and  in 
1842  was  made  presi- 
dent-judge of  the  Franklin  Bedford  and  Somer- 
set district.  Nine  years  later  he  became  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  then  chief  justice  of  the  state  to  succeed 
John  Bannister  Gibson,  who  died  May  3,  1853. 
His  decisions  were  held  by  members  of  his  pro- 
fession to  be  ornaments  to  the  reports  and  were 
distinguished  by  virility  of  style.  It  was  during 
these  years  that  lie  delivered  his  masterly  eulogy 
on  Andrew  Jackson,  and  his  eloquent  forensic 
address  in  honor  of  the  memory  of  Judge  Gibson, 
in  which  the  following  sentence  blends  modest 
allusion  to  himself  and  high  praise  of  his  pre- 
decessor. “ When,’’  said  Judge  Black,  “ he  was 
superseded  by  another  as  the  head  of  the  court, 
his  great  learning,  venerable  character  and 
overshadowing  reputation,  still  made  him  the 
only  chief  whom  the  hearts  of  the  people  would 
know.”  President  Buchanan  selected  him  as  his 
attorney-general  March  5,  1857.  He  rendered  con- 
spicuous service  while  in  this  office,  in  protect- 
ing settlers  under  the  government  patents  in  Cali- 
fornia against  fraudulent  land  grants,  purporting 
to  be  of  Mexican  origin.  "When  General  Cass  re- 
signed his  portfolio  of  secretary  of  state  in  Decem- 
ber, 1860,  President  Buchanan  appointed  Judge 
Black  to  that  position.  He  opposed  the  secession 
movement,  favored  the  reinforcement  of  Fort 
Sumter,  declared  the  union  of  the  states  inde- 
structible and  indissoluble,  and  so  instructed  the 
representatives  of  the  republic  abroad,  and  vigor- 
ously defended  the  just  powers  of  the  general 
government,  the  liberties  of  the  people  and  the 
fife  of  the  nation.  His  term  of  service  expired 
with  the  administration  of  Mr.  Buchanan,  and 
he  returned  to  the  practice  of  law.  He  re- 


mained a stanch  Democrat,  but  was  held  in 
respect  as  a statesman  and  patriot  by  every  Re- 
publican. He  was  frequently  called  into  impor- 
tant cases  as  counsel,  notably  for  Andrew  Johnson 
in  impeachment  trial,  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  the 
Vanderbilt  will  case,  the  Milliken  case  and  the 
McGarrahan  claims.  He  was  a man  of  devout 
faith  and  joined  the  “ Disciples  of  Christ  or 
“ Campbellites,  ” about  the  time  he  married  Mary 

F. ,  daughter  of  Chauncey  Forward,  in  1838. 
He  occasionally  presided  at  the  political  rallies 
of  his  townsmen.  On  one  such  occasion,  as  he 
took  the  chair  he  said  : “ I hardly  intended  to  be 
here  to-night,  but  I saw  in  a little  newspaper, 
that  Judge  Black  would  now  have  to  show  his 
hand  in  this  campaign.  There  they  are  — my 
hands  — there  is  no  stain  on  them.  They  never 
held  a bribe.”  He  published,  in  1882,  “ Christian 
Religion,”  a reply  to  certain  arguments  of  Robert 

G.  Ingersoll;  and  in  1885  a volume  entitled 
“ Essays  and  Speeches  of  J.  S.  Black  ” was  issued. 
He  died  in  York,  Pa.,  Aug.  19,  1883. 

BLACK,  John  Charles,  statesman,  was  born 
at  Lexington,  Miss.,  Jan.  27,  1839.  At  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  civil  war  he  was  a student  in 
Wabash  college,  Ind.,  and  volunteered  in  the 
Union  army.  His  conspicuous  bravery  won  for 
him  early  promotion.  He  was  commissioned 
li  e u t e n ant-colonel, 

June  9,  1862;  colonel, 

Feb.  1,  1863,  and  brev- 
et brigadier-general, 

March  1 3,  1 8 65. 

Throughout  the  war 
lie  displayed  qualities 
that  commanded  the 
admiration  and  com- 
mendation, not  only 
of  his  i m medidie 
command,  but  of  his  i 
superior  officers.  He 
was  prominent  with 
his  regiment  in  thir- 
teen battles  and  skir- 
mishes and  in  two 
great  sieges.  He  was  wounded  at  Pea  Ridge 
Ark.,  and  again  at  Prairie  Grove,  Ark.  These 
wounds  being  in  his  arms,  he  was  incapacitated 
for  field  service  and  entered  the  invalid  corps. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  lie  resigned  his  commis- 
sion and  returned  to  his  home  in  Danville,  111. 
It  was  his  purpose  to  return  to  Crawfordville  and 
complete  his  collegiate  course,  but  he  concluded 
to  immediately  take  up  the  study  of  law  at  Chi- 
cago, and  in  1867  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Illinois,  and  to  that  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States  in  1869.  His 
remarkable  oratorical  gifts  won  him  immediate 
recognition.  Important  and  complicated  cases 


[300] 


BLACKBURN. 


BLACKBURN. 


intrusted  to  him  were  conducted  with  ability  and 
success.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  national 
Democratic  convention  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in 
1872,  the  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for 
lieutenant-governor  of  Illinois  in  1872,  for  repre- 
sentative in  Congress  in  1876  and  for  U.  S.  sena- 
tor in  1879.  On  March  6, 1885,  President  Cleveland 
appointed  him  commissioner  of  pensions,  his  term 
of  service  expiring  with  Mr.  Cleveland’s  adminis- 
tration. when  he  returned  to  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  Cliicago.  111.  In  November,  1892,  he 
was  elected  representative-at-large  from  Illinois 
to  the  53d  Congress.  Here  he  commanded  the  at- 
tention of  the  house  by  his  exhaustive  and  able 
speeches  on  the  tariff,  the  federal  election  law, 
pensions,  and  the  Hawaiian  imbroglio.  He  took 
exception  to  the  purchasing  clause  of  the  Sher- 
man silver  bill,  and  voted  for  the  coinage  of  the 
seigniorage,  as  contemplated  by  Bland's  bill.  He 
was  a consistent  but  conservative  advocate  of 
silver. 

BLACKBURN,  Gideon,  educator,  was  born 
in  Augusta  county,  Va.,  Aug.  27,  1772.  He  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  Abingdon  presbytery 
in  1792  and  soon  after  established  churches  at 
Marysville  and  in  se veral  surrounding  places. 
In  1803  he  undertook  a mission  to  the  Cherokee 
Indians  and  in  1811  settled  in  East  Tennessee, 
becoming  principal  of  Harpeth  academy,  preach- 
ing at  the  same  time  and  organizing  several 
churches.  From  1823  to  1827  he  preached  at 
Louisville,  Ky.,  and  in  the  latter  year  became 
president  of  Centre  college,  holding  the  office 
until  1830.  He  then  removed  to  Versailles,  where 
he  preached  and  acted  as  agent  of  the  Kentucky 
state  temperance  society.  In  1833  he  went  to 
Illinois  and  in  1835  began  to  raise  money  for 
Illinois  college,  a work  which  resulted  in  the 
theological  school  at  Carlinville,  111.  In  1805  the 
College  of  New  Jersey  conferred  on  him  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.,  and  Dickinson  college  gave  him 
those  of  A.M.  and  S.T.D.  He  died  in  Carlin- 
ville, 111.,  Aug.  23,  1838. 

BLACKBURN,  Joseph  Clay  Styles,  senator, 
was  born  in  Woodford  county,  Ky.,  Oct.  1,  1838. 
He  received  a preparatory  training  at  Sayres 
institute,  Frankfort,  Ky.,  and  after  graduating 
from  Centre  college,  Danville,  Ky.,  in  1857,  he 
studied  law  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  commenced  practice  in  Chicago 
in  1858.  He  returned  to  Woodford  county,  Ky., 
in  1860,  and  joining  the  Confederate  army  in 
1861  served  through  the  war,  after  which  he 
resumed  his  practice.  In  1871— "73  he  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Kentucky  legislature;  in  1874  was 
elected  a representative  in  the  44th  Congress  by 
the  Democrats,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  45th, 
46th,  47th  and  48th  congresses.  He  was  elected 
in  1885  to  the  United  States  senate,  and  again  in 


1891.  In  1896  he  was  a delegate  to  the  national 
Democratic  convention  that  met  at  Chicago,  and 
there  supported  the  nominations  made  by  the 
convention,  and  in  the  canvass  that  followed  was 
one  of  the  most  prominent  supporters  of  the 
ticket,  and  made  the  campaign  tour  of  the  north- 
ern states  with  Mr.  Bryan. 

BLACKBURN,  William  Jasper,  editor,  was 
born  in  Randolph  county,  Ark.,  July  24,  1820. 
He  was  self-educated,  attended  the  district 
school  a short  time  and  Jackson  college.,  Tenn., 
for  one  year.  He  learned  the  printer's  trade, 
and  after  working  in  Louisiana  and  Arkansas, 
he  settled  in  Homer,  La.,  where  he  established 
Blackburn's  Homer's  Iliad  and  conducted  it 
for  many  years.  Though  a southerner  by  birth, 
he  was  an  ardent  anti-slavery  man,  and  his  office 
was  repeatedly  mobbed  during  the  civil  war. 
His  paper  was  the  only  Union  journal  published 
in  the  gulf  states,  and  he  was  the  only  southern 
editor  to  denounce  the  action  of  Preston  S.  Brooks 
in  assaulting  Charles  Sumner.  He  was  a dele- 
gate to  the  state  constitutional  convention  in 
1867,  a representative  in  the  40th  Congress,  and  a 
state  senator  from  1872  to  1876.  He  returned 
to  his  native  state  in  1877,  purchased  the  Little 
Rock  Republican , assumed  editorial  control,  and 
in  its  columns  bravely  advocated  Republican 
doctrines  in  the  face  of  an  overwhelming  Demo- 
cratic majority. 

BLACKBURN,  Samuel,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1758.  In  the  house  of  delegates  he 
originated  the  anti-duelling  law  of  Virginia, 
which  was  the  first  passed  in  the  country.  Among 
other  penalties  it  prohibited  the  duellist  from 
holding  any  office  in  the  state.  By  his  will  he 
manumitted  all  his  slaves  and  provided  for  their 
transportation  to  Liberia  He  died  in  1835. 

BLACKBURN,  William  Maxwell,  educator, 
was  born  at  Carlisle,  Ind.,  Dec.  30.  1828.  He 
was  educated  at  Hanover  college  and  Princeton 
theological  seminary,  graduating  from  the  latter 
in  1853.  After  holding  various  pastorates  in  the 
Presbyterian  church,  he  was  from  1868  to  1881 
professor  of  church  history  in  the  McCormick 
theological  seminary  of  Chicago,  resigning  in 
1881,  to  accept  the  pastorate  of  the  Central 
church  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  In  1884 -he  was 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  University  of 
North  Dakota,  and  after  successful  work  in  or 
ganizing  that  new  institution,  he  resigned  in  1885 
to  become  the  first  installed  president  of  Pierre 
university  in  South  Dakota.  He,  in  addition  to 
his  duties  as  president,  was  professor  of  mental, 
moral  and  political  sciences.  The  institution  was 
largely  in  debt  and  this  he  succeeded  in  paying 
off,  and  establishing  the  university  on  a perma- 
nent and  substantial  basis.  The  degree  of  LL.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  Wooster  university. 


[310J 


BLACK  HAWK. 


BLACKMAR. 


Ohio,  in  1894.  Between  1861  and  1866  he  wrote 
nine  Sunday-school  books,  chiefly  for  the  Pres 
byterian  board  of  publication,  and  in  1866 
a work  on  the  Reformation  in  Switzerland. 
He  also  published  a “ Life  of  St.  Patrick  ” (1867) ; 
“ Admiral  Coligny,  and  the  Rise  of  the  Hu- 
guenots ” (1868),  the  first  historical  biography 
of  Coligny  based  on  original  documents  written 
in  the  English  language;  and  “The  History  of 
the  Christian  Church  from  its  Origin  to  the 
Present  Time  ” (1879). 

BLACKFORD,  Eugene  Gilbert,  pisciculturist, 
was  born  in  Morristown,  N.  J.,  Aug.  8,  1839.  He 
attended  the  Brooklyn  public  schools  until  his 
fourteenth  year,  when  he  engaged  as  office  boy, 
freight  clerk,  railroad  clerk,  dry  goods  clerk  and 
bookkeeper,  and  in  1867  established  himself  as  a 
fish  dealer  in  Fulton  market.  The  business  in- 
creased rapidly,  from  one  stand  to  twenty-two, 
finally  including  a large  wholesale  department. 
In  1872  Mr.  Blackford  first  began  to  study  pisci- 
culture, and  he  soon  became  an  authority  on  the 
subject.  His  fame  spread  abroad,  and  natural- 
ists from  all  parts  of  the  world  sent  to  him  for 
items  of  information,  for  specimens,  and  for  sta- 
tistics. He  was  for  many  years  president  and 
treasurer  of  the  American  fish  culturist  associa- 
tion, and  he  served  on  the  fish  and  fisheries 
commission  of  the  state  of  New  York  from  1879 
to  1892.  He  was  the  manager  of  the  fish  exhibit 
at  the  Centennial,  and  of  the  American  exhibits 
at  the  International  fish  exhibition  held  in 
Berlin  in  1880.  His  own  exhibits  received  med- 
als both  at  Philadelphia  and  Berlin.  In  1875  he 
held  his  first  trout  exhibit,  in  New  York,  which 
attracted  large  crowds  of  admiring  spectators. 
He  introduced  into  the  New  York  market  several 
varieties  of  fish  much  prized  by  epicures,  and  he 
originated  a number  of  highly  successful  meth- 
ods of  freezing,  storing  and  shipping  fish.  He 
wrote  a number  of  valuable  papers  on  the  subject 
of  legislative  protection  of  fisheries,  and  was  in- 
strumental in  establishing,  at  Cold  Spring,  L.  I., 
N.  Y.,  the  hatching  stations  for  both  sea  and 
fresh-water  fish. 

BLACK  HAWK,  Indian  chief,  was  born  at 
Kaskaskia,  111.,  in  1767.  He  was  chief  of  the 
Sac  and  Fox  Indians,  and  while  quite  young  led 
several  parties  of  warriors  in  successful  raids  on 
the  Osage  and  Cherokee  tribes.  He  was  made 
grand  chieftain  of  the  Sacs  when  he  was  about 
twenty-one  years  old;  in  1804  he  vigorously  op- 
posed the  contract  made  between  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes  and  the  United  States,  whereby,  for  an 
annual  stipend  of  one  thousand  dollars,  the 
Indians  were  to  relinquish  their  rights  to  about 
seven  hundred  miles  of  territory  along  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.  For  a short  time  during  the  war 
of  1812,  Black  Hawk,  with  five  hundred  war- 


1311] 


riors,  fought  on  the  British  side,  but  he  soon 
withdrew  from  the  war  because  of  many  dis- 
heartening defeats.  In  1823,  when,  led  by 
Keokuk,  the  greater  part  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes 
emigrated  to  the  reservation  beyond  the  Missis- 
sippi, Black  Hawk  and  a few  followers  would  not 
go,  although  the  land  on  which  they  were  living 
had  been  signed  away  to  the  whites  by  several  of 
the  Indian  chiefs.  They  remained  on  the  east- 
ern side  of  the  Mississippi,  planting  their  crops 
and  living  peaceably  until  the  white  men 
declared  that  they  must  leave,  and  emphasized 
the  command  by  confiscating  their  crops.  The 
Indians  at  once  took  measures  to  secure  revenge 
and  were  driven  back  by  the  militia  to  the  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  they,  meanwhile,  destroying 
every  white  settlement  that  came  in  their  way. 
Finally  the  small  remaining  forces  of  the  red 
men  were  captured  by  the  whites,  and  Black 
Hawk  himself  and  his  two  sons  were  imprisoned 
in  Fort  Monroe.  In  1833  they  were  liberated,  but 
Black  Hawk  was  no  longer  chief  of  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes,  Keokuk  having  been  given  his  place.  A 
“ Life  of  Black  Hawk,”  dictated  by  him  to  J.  B. 
Patterson,  was  published  in  1834.  W.  J.  Snelling 
and  Benjamin  Drake  have  also  written  accounts 
of  his  life.  He  died  while  encamped  on  the  Des 
Moines  river,  Oct.  3,  1838. 

BLACKMAR.  Frank  Wilson,  educator,  was 
born  in  Erie  county,  Pa.,  Nov.  3,  1854.  In  1874 
he  completed  the  course  of  instruction  in  the 
Northwestern  state  normal  school  at  Edinboro, 
Pa.  After  teaching  one  year  in  his  native  state 
he  went  to  California,  where  he  continued  in  the 
profession  for  three 
years.  At  the  end  of 
this  period  he  entered 
the  University  of  the 
Pacific,  from  which  he 
took  his  degree  in  1881. 

After  graduation  he 
taught  one  year  in  the 
San  Jose  high  school 
and  was  then  called 
to  fill  the  chair  of 
mathematics  in  the 
university,  which  he 
held  for  four  years. 

He  entered  the  Johns 
Hopkins  university  in 
1886,  where  he  pur- 
sued special  studies  for  three  years.  He  was  in- 
structor in  history,  1887-'88,  and  of  history  and 
politics,  1888-'89.  He  received  the  degree  of  Pli.  D. 
in  June,  1889.  At  the  close  of  his  course  of  study 
at  Johns  Hopkins  he  was  elected  professor  of  his- 
tory and  sociology  in  the  University  of  Kansas 
Dr.  Blackmar,  aside  from  his  regular  university 
work,  has  actively  engaged  in  the  movement  for 


BLACKSTONE. 


BLACKWELL. 


the  education  of  the  great  body  of  citizens, 
through  university  extension.  His  principal 
publications  include:  ’‘History  of  Federal  and 
State  Aid  to  Higher  Education  in  the  United 
States,”  “ Spanish  Colonization  in  the  South- 
west,” ’‘The  Study  of  History  and  Sociology,” 

“ Spanish  Institutions  of  the  Southwest,”  be- 
sides numerous  essays,  addresses,  and  magazine 
articles. 

BLACKSTONE,  William,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
England  about  1590-95.  He  was  educated  at 
Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  and  ordained  a 
priest  of  the  church  of  England.  He  is  described 
as  a man  of  marked  decision  of  character,  and  of 
great  intelligence,  who  came  to  the  colony  soon 
after  the  landing  of  the  first  pilgrims,  to  escape 
the  domination  of  Archbishop  Laud,  though  he 
lived  and  died  a member  of  the  church.  He  was 
as  averse  to  dictation  and  arbitrary  creeds  in  the 
new  world  as  in  the  old,  so  he  separated  himself 
from  the  colonists  and  settled  on  the  peninsula  of 
Shawmut,  now  Boston.  Here  he  planted  gardens 
and  orchards,  and  is  said  to  have  raised  the  first 
apples  produced  in  Massachusetts.  He  was  the 
sole  proprietor  of  an  area  of  eight  hundred  acres 
until  the  arrival  of  Winthrop  in  1630.  Though 
Shawmut  was  included  in  the  grant  held  by  the 
governor  and  company,  they  paid  Blaokstone  a 
quitclaim  of  thirty  pounds  as  the  prior  possessor. 
His  aversion  to  the  dictatorial  and  arbitrary 
methods  of  the  Puritans  led  him  to  vacate  his 
clearing  and  move  “west”  to  “ Wawepoonseag,” 

R.  I.,  on  a spot  about  two  miles  north  of  Paw- 
tucket, near  that  now  occupied  by  the  railroad 
station  at  Lonsdale.  He  built  himself  a house 
which  he  called  “ Study  Hill.”  Here  he  was 
again  the  first  white  settler,  and  planted  an  or- 
chard, raising  the  first  apples  grown  in  Rhode 
Island.  His  solitude  was  broken  by  the  advent  of 
settlers,  but,  though  he  took  no  part  in  the  found- 
ing of  the  colony,  and  was  inimical  to  the  princi- 
ples of  Roger  Williams,  lie  lived  on  peaceful  terms 
with  those  about  him,  and  was  in  the  habit  of 
preaching  to  the  people  of  Providence.  The 
Blackstone  river  takes  its  name  from  him.  The 
wTell  lie  dug  and  the  cellar  he  stoned  could  still 
be  seen  in  1897.  though  his  once  well-tilled  garden 
was  dotted  by  oaks  over  a hundred  years  old. 

He  was  buried  near  his  house  in  a lot  with 
his  wife,  his  own  grave  being  marked  by  a 
round  white  stone.  The  Lonsdale  company's 
mill  was  built  on  this  site,  and  in  making  the 
excavations  for  the  foundations  the  body  of 
Blackstone  was  exhumed,  May  6,  1886.  He  died 
in  1675. 

BLACKWELL,  Antoinette  Louisa  Brown, 

author,  was  born  at  Henrietta,  Monroe  county, 

N.  Y. , May  20,  1825.  She  was  educated  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  and  academy  of  her  native  town,  and  in 

[312  j 


1847  was  graduated  at  Oberlin  (Ohio)  college, 
teaching  school  in  the  vacations  to  defray  her  ex- 
penses. After  completing  her  college  course  she 
remained  at  Oberlin  and  was  graduated  from  the 
theological  school  in  1850.  She  was  denied  a 
license  to  preach,  because  of  her  sex,  but  occa- 
sionally appeared  in  the  pulpit  and  on  the  lecture 
platform.  She  became  a stanch  abolitionist  and 
an  advocate  of  woman's  rights.  She  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  of  South 
Butler  and  Savannah,  N.  Y. , in  1853,  but  resigned 
after  officiating  one  year.  She  afterwards  be- 
came identified  with  the  Unitarian  denomina- 
tion. She  was  married  in  1856  to  Samuel  C. 
Blackwell,  of  Elizabeth,  N.  J.  She  is  the  author 
of  “ Studies  in  General  Science"  (1869);  “The 
Island  Neighbors  " (1871) ; “ The  Market  Woman,” 
“ The  Sexes  Throughout  Nature”  (1875)  “The 
Physical  Basis  of  Immortality  ” (1876),  and  ” The 
Many  and  the  One  ” (1886). 

BLACKWELL,  Elizabeth,  physician,  was 
born  in  Bristol,  England,  Feb.  3,  1821 ; daughter 
of  Samuel  Blackwell,  a wealthy  sugar  refiner. 
When  she  was  ten  years  old  her  father  lost  his 
fortune,  and  in  1832  the  family  removed  to  the 
United  States.  She  resided  in  New  York  city 
until  1838,  when  they  went  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Elizabeth  determined  to  become  a physician, 
and  in  1847  she  made  application  for  ad- 
mission to  all  the  schools  of  medicine  in  the 
country,  and  was  finally  admitted  to  the  college 
at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  where  she  was  graduated  in 
1849,  receiving  the  first  medical  diploma  ever 
awarded  to  a woman.  She  then  became  a resi- 
dent pupil  at  the  hospital  of  the  Maternity  in 
Paris,  France,  at  the  same  time  taking  thorough 
courses  of  study  under  private  tutors.  During 
1850  and  1851  she  “ walked  " St.  Bartholomew's 
hospital  in  London,  and  studied  at  the  woman's 
hospital.  She  began  her  professional  life  in  New 
York  city  in  the  latter  part  of  1851,  and  in  a short 
time  established  a good  practice.  Two  years 
later,  with  her  sister.  Dr.  Emily  Blackwell,  she 
founded  the  New  York  infirmary  for  women  and 
children.  In  1858  and  1859  she  lectured  in  Eng- 
land on  the  subject  of  women  as  physicians,  and 
in  the  latter  year  was  placed  on  the  register  of 
English  physicians.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war  she  aided  in  organizing  the  Ladies' central 
relief  association,  which  afterwards  became  a 
part  of  the  sanitary  commission.  In  1869  she 
was  appointed  a lecturer  in  the  medical  college 
of  the  New  York  infirmary,  and  at  the  close  of 
that  year  removed  to  her  native  country.  She 
accomplished  many  reforms  in  London,  where 
she  remained  until  1878,  removing  then  to 
Hastings,  England.  She  is  the  author  of  " The 
Laws  of  Life  in  Relation  to  the  Physical  Edu 
cation  of  Girls  ” (1852) ; “ How  to  Keep  a House- 


BLAIKIE. 


BLAINE. 


hold  in  Health,”  “ The  Moral  Education  of  the 
Young.”  “Counsel  to  Parents  on  the  Moral 
Education  of  their  Children  ” (1879);  “Rescue 
Work  in  Relation  to  Prostitution  and  Disease” 
(1882);  “Wrong  and  Right  Methods  of  Dealing 
with  Social  Evil  ” (1883),  and  “ Pioneer  Work  in 
Opening  the  Medical  Profession  to  Women  ” 
(1895). 

BLACKWELL,  Lucy  Stone.  (See  Lucy 
Stone.) 

BLAIKIE,  William,  athlete,  was  born  in  York, 
Livingston  county,  N.  Y.,  May  24,  1843.  He  was 
graduated  from  Harvard  college  in  1866  and  from 
the  law  school  in  1868.  In  1869  he  took  the  Har- 
vard oarsmen  to  England  and  acted  as  their 
treasurer,  and  upon  his  return  he  became  pardon 
clerk  in  the  office  of  the  U.  S.  attorney-general  at 
Washington,  and  afterward  for  two  years  was 
assistant  in  the  office  of  the  United  States  dis- 
trict attorney  of  the  second  judicial  circuit  at 
New  York.  In  January,  1873,  he  opened  a law 
office  in  New  York  city,  and  for  eight  years  held 
the  office  of  commissioner  of  the  United  States 
court  of  claims.  From  his  Harvard  days  Mr. 
Blaikie  took  an  active  interest  in  athletics  and  in 
physical  training,  writing  and  lecturing  exten- 
sively on  the  subject.  His  most  noteworthy  pub- 
lications are,  “ How  to  get  Strong  and  How  to 
Stay  So  ” (1879),  and  “ Sound  Bodies  for  our  Boys 
and  Girls  ” (1884). 

BLAINE,  James  Gillespie,  statesman,  was 
born  at  West  Brownsville,  Pa.,  Jan.  31,  1830;  son 
of  Ephraim  Lyon  and  Maria  (Gillespie)  Blaine, 
grandson  of  James  Blaine,  and  great-grandson  of 
Ephraim  Blaine,  who  served  as  a commissary- 

general  under 
Washington,  with 
whom  he  was  on 
terms  of  personal 
friendship.  Maria 
Gillespie  was  the 
daughter  of  Neal 
Gillespie,  who  came 
from  Donegal,  Ire- 
land, an  educated 
and  cultivated  man 
and  a.  Roman  Cath- 
olic. The  son  re- 
ceived his  early  ed- 
^ ucation  from  his 

^ ‘ ' father  and  mater 

nal  grandfather,  and  had  the  advantage  of 
preparing  for  college  at  a school  kept  by  a culti- 
vated Englishman,  to  whom  he  was  sent  when 
eleven  years  of  age.  In  1845  he  entered  Wash- 
ington college,  and  was  graduated  in  1847,  deliv- 
ering an  oration  and  the  English  salutatory.  He 
was  for  a time  a teacher  at  the  Western  military 
institute,  Blue  Lick  Springs,  Ky.,  and  there  he 


met  Harriet  Stanwood,  to  whom  he  was  married 
within  a few  months.  On  his  return  to  Pennsyl- 
vania he  studied  law  for  a short  time,  and  in 
1852-’ 54  taught  the  higher  branches  in  the  Penn- 
sylvania institution  for  the  blind  at  Philadelphia. 
In  1854  he  removed  to  Augusta,  Me.,  bought  an 
interest  in  the  Kennebec  Journal  and  as  its  edi- 
tor acquired  reputation  as  a writer  on  political 
subjects  and  became  prominent  in  the  state. 
In  1856  Mr.  Blaine  was  sent  as  a delegate  to  the 
first  Republican  national  convention,  which 
nominated  John  C.  Fremont  for  the  presidency, 
and  on  his  return  to  Maine  he  delivered  his 
maiden  political  speech.  In  1857  he  severed  his 
connection  with  the  Journal,  and  assumed  edi- 
torial control  of  the  Portland  Advertiser.  In 
1858,  on  his  election  to  the  state  legislature,  he 
abandoned  journalism  as  a pursuit,  though  he 
edited  the  Kennebec  Journal  during  the  cam- 
paign of  1860.  Mr.  Blaine  sat  in  the  state  legisla- 
ture from  1858  to  1862,  acting  as  speaker  of  the 
house  during  his  last  two  terms.  In  1858  he  was 
made  chairman  of  the  state  Republican  com- 
mittee, a position  which  he  held  until  1878.  In 
1862  he  was  elected  as  a representative  to  the 
38th  and  was  re-elected  to  the  39th.  40th,  41st, 
42d,  43d  and  44th  congresses,  and  acted  as  speaker 
during  the  41st  and  42d  congresses.  His  convic- 
tions, as  expressed  to  his  constituents  on  his  first 
nomination  for  Congress,  he  maintained  during 
the  troublous  times  which  followed ; he  said : 
“ The  great  object  with  us  all  is  to  subdue  the 
rebellion  speedily,  effectually  and  finally.  In 
our  march  to  that  end  we  must  crush  all  inter- 
vening obstacles.  If  slavery  or  any  other  insti- 
tution stands  in  the  way  it  must  be  removed. 
Perish  all  things  else,  the  national  life  must  be 
saved.”  He  became  eminent  for  his  part  in  the 
debates  on  all  considerable  questions  during  the 
civil  war,  making  few  long  speeches,  but  excel- 
ling in  the  frequent  skirmishes  common  in  the 
house,  for  which  his  nimble  mind,  his  alert  com- 
prehension and  his  wide  knowledge  of  the  sub- 
jects discussed  peculiarly  fitted  him.  He  was 
largely  instrumental  in  formulating  an  equitable 
basis  for  the  reconstruction  of  the  Union,  the 
14th  amendment  to  the  constitution  being  the 
embodiment  of  ideas  to  which  he  bad  given  utter- 
ance in  the  house.  The  “ Blaine  Amendment  ” 
providing  for  the  rehabilitation  to  state  rights 
of  any  of  the  seceding  states,  which  should  es- 
tablish equal  suffrage  without  regard  to  race 
and  color,  though  defeated  at  first,  finally  passed 
both  branches  of  Congress  in  1867.  Mr.  Blaine 
strenuously  opposed  the  proposition  to  pay  the 
national  debt  in  greenbacks.  His  authoritative 
maintenance  of  the  position  that  naturalized 
citizens  are  entitled  to  the  same  measure  of 
protection  abroad  as  native-born  Americans,  led 


[313J 


BLAINE. 


BLAINE. 


to  the  Anglo-American  treaty  of  1870,  which  fol- 
lowed the  American  idea  as  opposed  to  the  one 
held  by  the  English  government  up  to  that  time, 

“ once  a subject,  always  a subject.” 

From  1869  to  1876  Mr.  Blaine,  being  speaker  of 
the  house,  seldom  took  part  in  debate;  one  of 
the  conspicuous  exceptions  to  this  rule  was  his 
vacating  his  chair  to  oppose  the  bill  giving  Gen- 
eral Grant  the  right  to  pronounce  “ martial " law 
in  the  southern  states  and  to  suspend  the  habeas 
corpus  act,  as  measures  for  the  extinction  of  the 
famous  Ku-klux  Klan.  Jan.  6,  1876,  Mr.  Blaine 
offered  an  amendment  to  the  Amnesty  bill  pre- 
sented to  the  house  by  Mr.  Randall,  Dec.  15, 
1876,  which  amendment  read  as  follows:  K Be  it 
enacted,  etc.  That  all  persons  now  under  the 
disabilities  imposed  by  the  14th  amendment  to 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  with  the 
exception  of  Jefferson  Davis,  late  president  of 
the  so-called  Confederate  states,  shall  be  relieved 
of  such  disabilities  on  their  appearing  before  any 
judge  of  a United  States  court  and  taking  and 
subscribing  in  open  court  the  following  oath,” 
etc.  The  ground  he  took  in  the  debate  which 
followed  was  that  Mr.  Davis  was  responsible  for 
the  cruelties  charged  against  the  keepers  of  the 
Federal  prisoners  at  Andersonville.  He  said: 

“ I only  see  before  me,  when  his  name  is  pre- 
sented, a man  who,  by  the  wink  of  his  eye,  by  a 
wave  of  his  hand,  by  a nod  of  his  head,  could 
have  stopped  the  atrocities  at  Andersonville. 
Some  of  us  had  kinsmen  there,  most  of  us  had 
friends  there,  all  of  us  had  countrymen  there; 
and  in  the  name  of  those  kinsmen,  friends  and 
countrymen,  I here  protest,  and  shall  with  my 
vote  protest  against  calling  back  and  crowning 
with  the  honors  of  full  American  citizenship  the 
man  who  organized  that  murder.”  This  speech 
made  for  Mr.  Blaine  many  implacable  enemies 
and  had  the  effect  of  rousing  much  partisan  feel- 
ing. Charges  were  made  that  he  had  received 
bribes,  notably  of  Union  Pacific  and  Kansas 
Pacific  railroad  bonds.  Some  letters  which  had 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  a clerk  named  Mulligan 
written  by  Mr.  Blaine  to  Warren  Fisher  of  Bos- 
ton, were  the  groundwork  upon  which  these 
charges  were  framed,  and  against  which  Mr. 
Blaine  defended  himself  ably,  and  with  notable 
and  dramatic  effect.  In  1876  he  was  the  strongest 
Republican  candidate  for  nomination  as  Presi- 
dent and  lacked  only  twenty -eight  votes  of  a 
majority  when  the  supporters  of  the  several 
other  candidates  united  and  gave  the  favoring 
balance  to  Mr.  Hayes.  Mr.  Blaine  was  elected  to 
the  senate  in  1876  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of 
Lot  M.  Morrill,  who  became  secretary  of  the 
treasury  in  President  Hayes’s  cabinet  . He  at  once 
took  an  active  part  in  all  the  current  questions 
before  the  senate;  he  opposed  the  appointment  of 

13H] 


an  electoral  commission  to  determine  the  va- 
lidity of  the  presidential  election,  urging  that 
Congress  could  not  confer  upon  a commission 
powers  which  it  did  not  itself  possess.  He  was 
strong  in  his  opposition  to  the  Bland  silver  bill, 
being  in  favor  of  a bimetallic  currency  and  the 
maintenance  of  full  weight  in  coining  silver. 
His  tariff  views  were  firmly  defined  and  were 
not  controlled  by  party  limitations ; he  favored 
protection  as  a necessary  measure  for  the  encour- 
agement of  American  industries.  He  did  much 
to  promote  the  shipping  industries  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  1878  proposed  the  subsidizing  of  a 
line  of  mail  steamers  to  Brazil,  justly  contending 
that  French  and  English  commerce  had  been 
greatly  augmented  by  the  granting  of  subsidies  to 
various  ocean  steamship  lines.  Nor  was  his  voice 
uncertain  in  the  strife  that  arose  in  the  senate  in 
1879  in  regard  to  the  presence  of  United  States 
troops  at  the  polls,  and  the  resistance  of  the 
Democrats  to  the  passage  of  the  appropriation 
bills,  when  he  stigmatized  the  attempt  to  with- 
hold appropriations,  as  a threat  to  the  executive, 
as  revolutionary.  He  regarded  purity  of  the  ballot 
as  an  important  factor  in  the  government  of  the 
people,  by  the  people,  and  was  active  in  the  meas- 
ures taken  to  maintain  rightful  government  in 
Maine,  when  in  1879  an  attempt  was  made  to 
usurp  the  functions  of  the  newly  elected  state 
officials.  Mr.  Blaine  favored  the  bill  for  the 
exclusion  of  the  Chinese  in  1879  on  the  grounds 
that  their  admission  menaced  the  well-being  of  the 
native  laboring  population  and  would  cause  the 
lowering  of  the  standards  of  wages  and  of  living, 
for  those  who  obtained  a support  by  unskilled 
labor,  to  the  level  of  the  Chinese  coolie.  “ For 
one,”  he  said,  “ I will  never  consent  by  my  vote  or 
by  my  voice  to  drive  the  intelligent  working-men 
of  America  to  that  competition  and  that  degrada 
tion.  ’ ’ 

Mr.  Blaine  was  again  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  nomination  for  the  presidency  in  1880, 
and  was  chosen  by  President  Garfield  as  his  sec 
retary  of  state.  One  of  his  first  acts  as  secretary 
was  to  inspire  the  calling  of  a congress  of  dele- 
gates from  the  South  American  republics,  to  co- 
operate with  the  United  States  in  establishing  a 
system  of  arbitration  looking  to  the  peaceful 
settlement  of  all  questions  arising  between  the 
independent  nations  of  the  American  continents. 
The  primary  issue  was  the  cessation  of  hostilities 
between  Chili  and  Peru,  and  the  secondary,  and 
by  no  means  least  important  one,  the  furthering 
of  the  commercial  interests  and  relations  of  the 
United  States  with  the  various  countries.  The 
shooting  of  President  Garfield,  and  his  lingering 
illness,  necessarily  caused  the  abeyance  of  all 
active  measures;  his  death  brought  about  Mr. 
Blaine's  withdrawal  from  the  cabinet,  and  this 


BLAINE. 


BLAIR. 


measure,  with  others  formulated  and  partially 
operated  by  Secretary  Blaine,  was  nullified  by 
the  change  of  policy  of  his  successor.  Of  these 
measures,  one  was  his  deputing  William  H.  Tres- 
cott  to  offer  the  friendly  intervention  of  the 
United  States  in  securing  terms  of  peace  be- 
tween Chili  and  Peru,  and  the  other  his  corres- 
pondence with  Great  Britain  with  a view  to 
obtaining  the  abrogation  of  certain  clauses  in  the 
Clayton-Bulwer  treaty,  because  they  were  not  in 
harmony  with  later  agreements  made  by  the 
United  States  with  Columbia.  The  British  gov- 
ernment replied  that  the  treaty  should  be  re- 
spected and  maintained,  and  Mr.  Blaine’s  further 
contention  that  “ it  is  the  intention  of  the  United 
States  to  consider  the  isthmus  canal  question  as 
an  American  question  to  be  dealt  with  and 
decided  by  the  American  governments  ” became 
a dead  issue  with  his  departure  from  office. 
For  almost  a quarter  of  a century  Mr.  Blaine  had 
served  his  party  and  his  country  with  unswerv- 
ing fidelity,  and  for  the  first  time  found  leisure 
in  1881  to  transcribe  a work  which  had  long  been 
in  his  mind,  “Twenty  Years  of  Congress,"  an 
historical  resumd  of  the  chief  political  events 
in  the  early  history  of  the  country,  followed 
by  an  exhaustive  and  analytical  account 
of  the  two  decades,  1860  to  1880.  In  1882 
he  was  chosen  to  pronounce  the  eulogy  on 
Garfield  before  the  47th  Congress,  Feb.  27, 
1882.  In  1884  he  was  nominated  for  President 
by  the  Republican  national  convention;  the 
Democratic  candidate  being  Mr.  Cleveland.  Mr. 
Blaine’s  popularity  made  him  a very  strong  can- 
didate, and  the  campaign  was  noted  for  its  bitter 
and  acrimonious  character.  Mr.  Blaine  spoke 
almost  entirely  upon  industrial  questions,  chiefly 
those  connected  with  protection,  and  delivered 
a number  of  remarkably  strong  addresses,  and  on 
his  defeat  reiterated  his  often  uttered  opinion  in 
previous  years  — that  in  the  “solid  south”  the  Re- 
publican vote  had  been  suppressed  by  the  Demo- 
crats. He  resumed  work  upon  his  ‘ ‘ Twenty 
Years  in  Congress,”  the  second  volume  of  which 
appeared  in  1886.  He  was  actively  prominent  in 
the  political  canvass  in  Maine  in  1886,  and  spent 
the  years  1887  and  ’88  in  Europe.  His  name  was 
used  at  the  national  Republican  convention 
which  met  at  Chicago  in  1888.  He  promptly  sent 
a communication  to  that  body  refusing  to  accept 
a nomination  and  urging  the  protection  policy  as 
the  basis  of  the  Republican  platform.  President 
Harrison  made  him  secretary  of  state  and  he  re- 
turned to  the  United  States.  His  foreign  policy 
was  much  the  same  as  that  of  his  previous  sec- 
retaryship. A conference  of  twenty-six  nations 
was  held  at  Washington  to  establish  a uniform 
system  of  marine  signals  and  to  determine  on 
various  matters  of  maritime  interest;  represen 


tatives  of  all  the  independent  governments  on  the 
two  American  continents  also  met  at  Washing- 
ton, and  took  a forty  days’  trip  through  the  more 
important  manufacturing  states  to  view  the  in- 
dustries of  the  United  States ; reciprocal  treaties, 
at  Mr.  Blaine's  instigation,  were  made  with 
Germany,  France,  Austro-Hungary,  Saint  Do- 
mingo, Costa  Rica,  Spain  on  behalf  of  Cuba, 
Brazil,  British  Guiana,  and  the  British  West  In- 
dies. His  measures  in  regard  to  the  seal  fisheries 
disputes  were  attended  with  a measure  of  success 
and  he  prepared  the  demand  of  the  United  States, 
which  was  laid  before  the  arbitration  commis- 
sion, which  met  by  consent  of  the  nations  to 
effect  a settlement  of  the  questions  at  issue.  On 
the  fourth  of  June,  1892,  Mr.  Blaine  resigned  his 
portfolio,  assigning  as  his  reason  a desire  for  rest. 
At  the  national  Republican  convention,  which 
met  three  days  after  this  resignation,  his  name 
was  freely  used  as  a candidate.  Heavy  domestic 
sorrows  pressed  upon  him  and  doubtless  ac- 
celerated the  termination  of  a fatal  malady  from 
which  he  had  long  suffered.  President  Harrison 
called  upon*  Congress  to  honor  his  obsequies ; but 
the  people  whom  he  had  so  long  served  needed 
no  such  call.  Several  biographies  of  him  have 
been  written:  notably,  “Life  of  James  G. 
Blaine,”  by  H.  J.  Ramsdell;  “Biography  of 
James  G.  Blaine,”  by  Wolcott  Balestier;  and  a 
“Life  of  James  G.  Blaine,”  by  Gail  Hamilton. 
He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  27,  1893. 

BLAIR,  Austin,  governor  of  Michigan,  was 
born  at  Caroline,  Tompkins  county,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  8, 
1818;  son  of  George  Blair,  who  was  among  the 
first  settlers  of  Tompkins  county.  He  was  pre- 
pared for  college  at  Cazenovia  academy  and 
matriculated  at  Hamilton,  but  in  his  junior  year 
transferred  himself  to  U nion  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1839,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1841.  He  then  went  to  Eaton  Rapids,  Mich., 
and  was  elected  county  clerk.  In  1844  he  re 
moved  to  Jackson,  and  two  years  later  was  elected 
to  the  state  legislature.  He  was  a member  of 
the  judiciary  committee,  helped  to  revise  the  stat- 
utes, was  active  in  securing  the  abolition  of 
capital  punishment,  and  opposed  the  color  dis- 
tinction in  the  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise, 
which  lost  him  his  seat  in  the  succeeding  legis- 
lature. The  same  year  he  joined  the  “ free  soil  ” 
movement,  and  was  a member  of  the  Buffalo  con 
vention  in  1848,  which  nominated  Martin  Van 
Buren  for  the  presidency.  In  1854  he  was  active 
in  the  formation  of  the  Republican  party  at  Jack- 
son,  being  upon  the  platform  committee.  This 
was  two  years  before  it  became  a national  organ- 
ization at  the  Philadelphia  convention  of  June, 
1856.  In  1852  he  was  elected  prosecuting  attor- 
ney of  Jackson  county,  and  in  1854  a member 
of  the  state  senate.  He  was  a member  of  the 


BLAIR. 


BLAIR. 


convention  in  1860  that  nominated  Abraham  Lin- 
coln for  the  presidency,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
elected  governor  of  Michigan.  He  was  re-elected 
in  1862,  and  served  nearly  the  entire  period  of 
the  civil  war  He  was  the  first  to  receive  the 
popular  sobriquet  of  “ War  Governor.”  Michi- 
gan, from  a population  of  750,000,  sent  90,000 
men  to  the  front,  and  Governor  Blair's  herculean 
efforts  in  his  difficult  and  continuous  task  of 
equipping,  forwarding  and  sustaining  the  troops 
broke  down  his  health  In  1866  he  was  elected  to 
represent  his  district  in  the  40th  Congress.  He 
was  re  elected  to  the  41st  and  42d  congresses, 
serving  in  the  42d  as  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  claims  On  this  committee  he  opposed  the 
Republican  administration,  and  in  1872  supported 
Horace  Greeley  for  the  presidency.  In  1883  he 
was  elected  a regent  of  the  state  university,  and 
held  the  position  until  1890.  He  died  Aug.  6, 1894. 

BLAIR,  Francis  Preston,  statesman,  was  born 
at  Abingdon,  Va.,  April  12,  1791;  son  of  James 
Blair,  attorney -general  of  Kentucky.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  Transylvania  university  in  1811, 
and  soon  afterwards  was  appointed  clerk  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Kentucky.  In  1828  he  was 
elected  by  the  legislature  president  of  the  bank 
of  Kentucky.  This  office  he  resigned  in  1830, 
when  invited  by  President  Jackson  to  establish 
the  Globe  newspaper  at  Washington,  as  the 
organ  of  his  administration.  As  editor  of  the 
Globe,  and  as  a member  of  the  famous  “ Kitchen 
Cabinet,”  Mr.  Blair  exerted  a wide  influence 
during  the  eight  years  of  the  Jackson  administra- 
tion. He  became  first  known  as  a political  writer 
during  a controversy  that  arose  in  Kentucky 
over  the  attempt  of  its  legislature  to  destroy  the 
business  of  the  United  States  bank  by  taxing  its 
bratfch.es.  The  contest  lasted  ten  years.  It 
involved  the  right  of  a state  to  change  the  laws 
enforcing  contracts,  to  abolish  imprisonment  for 
debt,  to  extend  the  replevin  laws,  and  other  im- 
portant questions.  Mr.  Blair  advocated  the 
power  of  a state  to  change  existing  laws  without 
reference  to  pre-existing  contracts,  and  to  keep 
the  judicial  system  under  control  by  repeal  and 
modification.  He  was  beaten  at  the  time,  but 
when  these  questions  became  national,  as  they 
did  in  the  controversy  over  the  United  States 
bank,  his  views  were  sustained  by  a large  ma- 
jority of  the  American  people.  Mr.  Blair  con- 
tinued to  conduct  the  Globe  during  the  Jackson 
and  Van  Buren  administrations,  but  on  the  ac- 
cession of  Mr.  Polk  he  surrendered  his  editorial 
position,  declined  a foreign  mission,  and  retired 
to  his  farm  at  Silver  Spring,  Md.  After  that  he 
took  no  further  part  in  politics  than  to  strenu- 
ously oppose  the  extension  of  slavery  in  the  new 
territories,  and  to  do  all  that  a private  citizen 
could  do  to  prevent  an  armed  collision  between 

[316] 


the  north  and  south.  During  the  civil  war  he 
was  a zealous  upholder  of  the  Union,  and  believed 
that  a satisfactory  and  honorable  adjustment  of 
the  controversy  might  be  accomplished  by  bring- 
ing together  the  leaders  or  officials  on  both  sides. 
He  obtained  a pass  to  Richmond  and  unofficially 
visited  President  Davis  and  other  leaders  of  the 
rebellion  and  finally  brought  about,  at  much 
personal  inconvenience,  what  is  known  as  the 
Hampton  Roads  conference,  which  resulted  in  a 
failure  to  secure  even  the  basis  of  an  under- 
standing. Mr.  Blair  opposed  the  reconstruction 
policy  of  President  Johnson,  and  he  thereafter 
supported  the  principles  of  the  Democratic  party, 
although  not  always  approving  the  measures 
adopted.  He  died  at  Silver  Spring,  Oct.  18,  1876. 

BLAIR,  Francis  Preston,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Lexington,  Ky.,  Feb.  19,  1821;  son  of  Francis 
Preston  Blair,  statesman.  He  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1841,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1843.  After  practising  two  years  at  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  his  health  failed  and  he  joined  a party  of 
trappers  and  spent  the  following  two  years  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  He  enlisted  as  a private  and 
served  through  the  Mexican  war,  after  which 
he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
politics,  as  a Free  Soil  Democrat,  and  from  1852 
to  1856  served  his  district  in  the  Missouri  legisla- 
ture. He  acted  for  a time  as  editor  of  the 
Missouri  Democrat.  He  attached  himself  to  the 
Republican  party  upon  its  organization  in  1856, 
was  sent  as  a representative  from  Missouri  to  the 
35tli  Congress,  and  while  there  favored  the  plan 
for  colonizing  Central  America  with  negroes 
from  the  United  States.  In  1858  he  was  a candi- 
date for  re-election  and  contested  his  seat  in  the 
36tli  Congress,  won  it,  and  then  resigned.  In 
the  election  following  he  was  defeated,  but  was 
elected  to  the  37th  and  38th  congresses.  Mr. 
Blair,  addressing  a gathering  of  prominent 
Union  men  at  St.  Louis  in  November,  1860,  urged 
the  necessity  of  protecting  the  local  arsenal, 
which  contained  sixty-five  thousand  stacks  of 
government  arms,  from  seizure  by  the  state 
authorities.  An  independent  military  force  was 
organized  and  he  assumed  command,  and  guarded 
the  arsenal  until  May  10,  1861,  when,  without 
awaiting  orders  from  Washington,  he  captured 
the  state  militia  under  General  Frost.  He  then 
joined  the  Union  army  as  colonel  of  volunteers 
and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in  August 
1861,  and  major-general,  November.  1862.  In 
1863  he  resigned  his  seat  in  Congress  and  com- 
manded a division  in  the  Vicksburg  campaign : 
also  at  the  battles  of  Lookout  Mountain  and  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  and  led  the  17th  army  corps  in 
Sherman's  campaigns  of  1864— ’65.  He  opposed  the 
reconstruction  measures  of  Congress,  and  when 


BLAIR. 


BLAIR. 


President  Johnson  nominated  him  as  revenue 
collector  at  St.  Louis  and  afterwards  as  U.  S. 
minister  to  Austria,  he  was  rejected  in  each  in- 
stance by  the  senate.  He  returned  to  the  Demo- 
cratic party  and  was  its  vice-presidential  candi- 
date in  1868.  In  1871  he  was  again  elected  to 
the  Missouri  legislature,  but  the  legislature,  a 
few  weeks  later,  elected  him  U.  S.  senator  to  fill 
the  unexpired  term  of  Senator  Jewett,  deceased, 
and  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  state  legislature. 
In  1873  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for 
re-election  and  afterward  became  state  superin- 
tendent of  insurance  for  Missouri.  In  1848  he 
published  the  “ Life  and  Public  Services  of  Gen- 
eral William  0.  Butler.”  He  died  July  8,  1875. 

BLAIR,  Henry  William,  senator,  was  born  in 
Campton,  N.  H.,  Dec.  6,  1834.  In  the  intervals 
of  farm  labor  he  attended  the  village  school  and 
the  Plymouth  academy,  and  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen began  to  teach.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1859,  and  a year  later  became  prosecuting 
attorney  for  Grafton  county.  He  volunteered  in 
the  army  in  1861,  was  chosen  captain  of  the 
15th  X.  H.  volunteers  and  had  achieved  the  rank 
of  lieutenant -colonel  when,  in  1863,  he  was  ob- 
liged to  resign  on  account  of  a severe  wound 
received  at  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson.  In  1866 
he  was  elected  to  the  N.  H.  house  of  representa- 
tives and  to  the  N.  H.  senate  in  1867  and  again  in 
1868.  He  was  a representative  in  the  44th  and 
45tli  U.  S.  congresses,  and  after  declining  a re- 
election  in  1878,  was  chosen  United  States  senator 
in  1879  and  again  in  1885.  He  was  appointed  by 
President  Harrison  minister  to  China  in  1891,  but 
as  he  was  about  to  start  for  that  country  the 
Chinese  government  notified  the  officials  at 
Washington  that  it  was  unwilling  to  accept  Mr. 
Blair  as  minister,  owing  to  language  used  by  him 
against  the  Chinese  in  various  speeches.  During 
his  senatorial  career  he  was  especially  interested 
in  the  educational,  temperance,  labor  and  finan- 
cial measures  which  came  up  for  discussion.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  “ Blair  Common  School 
Bill,”  calling  for  an  immense  appropriation  to  be 
distributed  among  the  states  in  proportion  to  their 
illiteracy,  and  he  twice  succeeded  in  passing  the 
bill  through  the  senate,  but  never  succeeded  in 
obtaining  the  concurrence  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives in  the  measures  proposed.  The  amount 
of  the  appropriation  in  the  original  bill  was 
§105,000,000;  the  senate  passed  the  bill  in  the  48th 
Congress,  reducing  the  amount  to  §77,000,000,  and 
again  in  the  49th  Congress,  making  the  amount 
§79,000,000.  The  first  bill  presented  by  him  to  the 
U.  S.  senate  prohibited  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  distilled  liquors  in  the  United  States  after  1890, 
This  radical  measure  gave  him  a wide  reputation 
among  temperance  advocates,  but  failed  in  receiv- 
ing any  considerable  support. 


BLAIR,  James,  educator,  was  born  in  Edin 
burgh  (it  is  believed)  in  1656.  He  took  holy 
orders  in  the  established  church  of  Scotland,  hold- 
ing a benefice  until  dissatisfaction  caused  him  to 
migrate  to  England.  In  1685  he  was  induced  by 
the  Bishop  of  London  to  undertake  missionary 
work  in  Virginia,  where  he  gained  the  confi- 
dence of  the  provincial  government  as  well  as  of 
the  planters,  and  in  1689  the  highest  ecclesiastical 
office  in  the  province,  that  of  commissary,  or  rep- 
resentative of  the  Bishop  of  London,  was  bestowed 
upon  him.  This  office  carried  with  it  not  only 
the  privilege  of  a seat  in  the  colonial  council,  but 
also  the  duty  of  presiding  over  the  trials  of  clergy- 
men who  were  ‘‘charged  with  crimes  or  misde- 
meanors.” Being,  as  he  said,  ‘‘deeply  affected 
by  the  low  state  of  learning  and  religion  in  Vir- 
ginia,” he  set  on  foot  a subscription  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  a college  at  Williamsburg. 
The  project,  which  was  a revival  of  an  earlier 
effort  on  the  part  of  the  Virginians  to  secure  a 
seminary  or  college,  received  enthusiastic  support, 
and  in  an  address,  prepared  by  Commissary  Blair, 
the  assembly  proposed  the  plan  to  William  and 
Mary.  The  sovereigns,  upon  its  presentation, 
expressed  their  hearty  approbation,  granted  a 
charter  for  the  college,  and  appointed  Blair  its 
first  president  in  1692,  giving  towards  its  endow- 
ment nearly  £2,000  out  of  quit-rents  of  the  colony 
then  in  the  hands  of  the  secretary.  They  donated 
20,000  acres  of  land  to  be  tilled  for  the  support  of 
the  college,  and  also  levied  a tax  of  a penny  a 
pound  upon  all  tobacco  exported  from  Virginia 
and  Maryland ; and  further  gave  to  the  founda- 
tion the  office  of  surveyor-general,  with  all  fees 
and  emoluments  pertaining  thereto.  Emulating 
the  royal  example,  the  general  assembly,  in  the 
fourth  year  of  Anne,  laid  duties  on  all  ‘‘raw 
hides,  tanned  hides,  and  upon  all  deer  skins  and 
furs  exported,”  said  tax  to  accrue  to  support  of 
William  and  Mary  college.  Owing  to  many  vex- 
atious delays  the  building  was  not  ready  for 
occupancy  until  1700.  In  1705  the  building  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  friends  of  the  institution 
were  disheartened,  and  Dr.  Blair’s  efforts  to 
secure  funds  for  another  building  were  not  suc- 
cessful until  1723.  In  1710  Dr.  Blair  became  rec- 
tor of  Williamsburg,  discharging  the  duties  of 
that  office,  together  with  those  connected  with 
his  college  presidency . He  bequeathed  his  library 
to  the  college,  as  well  as  £500  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a scholarship.  His  “ Our  Saviour’s 
Divine  Sermon  on  the  Mount:  Explained  and 
recommended  in  Divers  Sermons  and  Discourses” 
(4  vols.  8vo.)  was  published  in  1722,  re-issued  in 
1727,  and  again  in  1740.  In  1727  he  assisted  in 
the  compilation  of  ‘‘The  State  of  his  Majesty’s 
Colony  in  Virginia.”  He  died  at  Williamsburg, 
Va.,  Aug.  1,  1743. 


BLAIR. 


BLAISDELL. 


BLAIR,  John,  statesman,  was  born  in  Wil- 
liamsburg, Va.,  in  1089,  son  of  Dr.  Archibald 
Blair,  and  a nephew  of  the  Rev.  James  Blair, 
first  president  of  William  and  Mary  college.  He 
occupied  many  important  positions  in  the  govern- 
ment, was  a burgess  from  James  City  county  in 
1736,  was  later  a member  of  the  council,  and  from 
January,  1758,  to  June  7,  1768,  was  president  of 
that  body ; he  acted  as  governor  of  the  colony. 
He  died  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  Nov.  5,  1771. 

BLAIR,  John,  jurist,  was  born  at  Williams- 
burg. Va.,  in  1732,  son  of  John  Blair,  statesman. 
After  graduating  from  William  and  Mary  college 
lie  studied  law  at  the  Temple  in  London,  Eng., 
and  upon  his  return  to  America  commenced  prac- 
tice at  Williamsburg.  He  became  a member  of 
the  house  of  burgesses  in  1765.  On  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  assembly  in  1769,  he  was  one  of  the 
patriots  who,  with  Washington,  met  at  the 
Raleigh  tavern  and  signed  the  non-importation 
agreement.  He  was  a member  of  the  committee 
which,  in  June,  1776,  drew  up  a code  of  laws  for 
the  government  of  the  state,  and  upon  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  judiciary  became  in  turn  judge 
of  the  court  of  appeals,  chief  justice,  and  finally 
in  1780  judge  of  the  high  court  of  chancery.  He 
was  a member  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  Federal  constitution,  voting  for  its  adoption, 
and  subsequently  for  its  ratification  by  the  state 
convention.  In  1789,  by  appointment  of  Wash- 
ington, he  became  a justice  of  the  United  States 
supreme  court  and  held  his  seat  until  1796,  when 
he  resigned.  He  died  at  Williamsburg,  Va., 
Aug.  31,  1800. 

BLAIR,  John  Insley,  capitalist,  was  born  in 
Warren  county,  N.  J.,  Aug.  22, 1802.  His  oppor- 
tunity for  school  education  was  extremely  limited, 
but  he  early  displayed  the  trading  propensity, 
and  at  the  age  of  eleven  he  became  a clerk  in  a 
country  store,  so  continuing  until  he  was  nine- 
teen, when  he  engaged  in  business  on  his  own 
account,  at  the  place  afterwards  named  for  him, 
Blairstown,  N.  J.  His  business  as  country  store- 
keeper soon  spread  into  a number  of  branches, 
and  he  added  milling,  cotton  manufacturing, 
iron  mining  and  railroad  building,  in  which  he 
extensively  engaged,  accumulating  a vast  fortune. 
He  built  the  greater  portion  of  the  Lackawanna, 
Delaware  and  Western  railroad,  investing  his 
own  money  and  keeping  every  dollar  of  his 
securities.  When  Scranton,  Pa.,  was  a wilder- 
ness he  bought  land  in  and  around  the  place,  and 
saw  it  grow  to  a city  of  nearly  one  hundred 
thousand  people.  Mr.  Blair  built  on  his  own  ac- 
count half  the-  railroads  in  Iowa.  He  rebuilt 
Grinnell  college,  Iowa,  and  the  entire  town  of 
Blairstown,  N.  J.  He  was  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  governor  of  New  Jersey,  and  was  present 
at  every  Republican  national  convention  up  to 


1896.  His  practice  in  building  up  the  West  was 
to  lay  the  route  of  a new  road,  mark  the  town 
sites  along  the  line  and  buy  up  the  most  available 
land  before  the  public  knew  of  the  project. 
When  the  town  was  located  Mr.  Blair  was  found 
to  own  all  the  lots  for  sale.  He  contributed  over 
one  million  dollars  to  educational  institutions, 
connected  for  the  most  part  with  the  Presbyterian 
church,  and  built  more  than  one  hundred  churches 
in  the  towns  lie  laid  out  at  the  west.  His  wealth 
was  estimated  at  fifty  million  dollars  in  1896. 

BLAIR,  Montgomery,  statesman,  was  born 
in  Franklin  county,  Ky..  May  10,  1813,  the  eldest 
son  of  Francis  Preston  Blair,  statesman.  He  was 
graduated  from  West  Point  in  1835,  and  after  a 
few  months’  service  in  the  Seminole  war  he  re. 
signed  his  commission  in  1836,  and  began  the 
practice  of  law  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.  In  1839  he  was 
appointed  United  States  district  attorney  for  Mis- 
souri, and  from  1843  to  1849  was  a judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas.  In  1852  he  removed  to 
Maryland,  and  in  1855  was  appointed  solicitor  of 
the  United  States  in  the  court  of  claims,  but, 
having  joined  the  Republican  party  after  the 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise,  he  was  re- 
moved from  office  in  1858  by  President  Buchanan. 
He  presided  over  the  Maryland  Republican  con- 
vention in  1860,  and  in  1861  President  Lincoln 
appointed  him  postmaster-general.  While  hold- 
ing this  office  he  instituted  several  salutary 
changes  and  reforms,  and  at  one  time  attracted 
attention  by  an  order  excluding  from  the  mails 
certain  newspapers  which  had  been  presented  by 
the  grand  jury  of  New  York  as  disloyal  sheets. 
The  matter  was  brought  before  Congress,  and  the 
action  of  the  postmaster-general  was  approved. 
In  1864,  his  views  becoming  too  conservative  to 
suit  the  demands  of  the  Republican  party,  his 
resignation  from  the  cabinet  was  requested  and 
accepted,  and  thenceforth  he  identified  himself 
with  the  Democratic  party,  and  in  1876-77  vigor- 
ously protested  against  the  validity  of  Mr.  Hayes’s 
title  to  the  presidency,  as  secured  by  the  decision 
of  the  electoral  commission.  He  died  at  Silver 
Spring,  Md.,  July  27,  1883. 

BLAISDELL,  James  J.,  educator,  was  born 
at  Canaan,  Grafton  county,  N.  H.,  Feb.  8,  1827, 
son  of  Elijah  Blaisdell.  a distinguished  member 
of  the  New  Hampshire  bar.  He  entered  Dart- 
mouth college  in  1842.  and  was  graduated  in  1846. 
The  next  year  he  spent  in  teaching  in  Montreal. 
Canada,  after  which  for  nearly  three  years  he 
studied  law  with  his  father  in  Lebanon.  After 
practising  that  profession  for  a short  time,  lie 
decided  to  enter  the  ministry,  and  was  grad- 
uated from  Andover  theological  seminary  in 
1852.  He  became  pastor  of  the  Third  Presbyterian 
church,  Cincinnati.  Ohio,  and  remained  in  that 
pastorate  seven  years.  In  1859  he  was  called  to 


BLAKE. 


BLAKE. 


Beloit  college,  as  professor  of  rhetoric  and  Eng- 
lish literature,  from  which  position  he  was  trans- 
ferred in  1865  to  the  chair  of  mental  and  moral 
philosophy.  Professor  Blaisdell  was  identified 
from  early  life  with 
the  work  of  public 
instruction  in  the 
common  schools.  He 
was  superintendent 
of  schools  in  Lebanon, 
N.  H.,  from  1847  to 
1849,  and  in  Beloit, 
Wis.,  from  1864  to 
1869.  He  was  a dili- 
gent and  thoughtful 
student  of  social  ques- 
tions, and  made  fre- 
quent addresses  on 
methods  of  penal  ad- 
mi  n i s t r a t i o n and 
kindred  subjects.  In 
the  civil  war  he  was 
chaplain  of  the  40th 
regiment  of  Wisconsin  volunteers,  a regiment 
largely  made  up  from  volunteer  teachers  and 
students  from  Wisconsin  colleges.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  temperance  reform,  and  was  an 
earnest  advocate  of  prohibition.  He  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Dartmouth  college  in  1873, 
and  from  Knox  college  in  the  same  year.  He 
was  president  of  the  Wisconsin  home  missionary 
society,  president  of  the  Wisconsin  children’s 
home  society,  and  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
reformatories  and  penitentiaries.  He  died  at  Ken- 
osha, Wis.,  Oct.  9,  1896. 

BLAKE,  Clarence  John,  physician,  was  born 
in  Boston.  Mass.,  Feb.  23,  1843.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  that  city,  and  studied 
medicine  at  the  Harvard  medical  school,  where 
he  was  graduated  in  1865.  He  spent  the  follow- 
ing four  years  in  study  abroad,  and  in  1867 
received  the  Vienna  degree  of  obstetrical  magis- 
trum.  Upon  his  return  to  America  he  resumed 
his  residence  in  Boston,  and  in  1869  entered  upon 
the  active  practice  of  medicine.  He  became  con- 
nected with  nearly  all  the  medical  societies  of 
Massachusetts,  and  in  1876  was  elected  president 
of  the  American  otological  society.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  otology  in  Harvard  medical 
school,  aural  surgeon  of  the  Massachusetts  char- 
itable eye  and  ear  infirmary;  president  of  the 
Medical  improvement  society,  and  of  the  Boston 
society  for  the  advancement  of  physical  educa- 
tion. In  1876  Dr.  Blake  was  elected  Fellow  of  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science.  In  1874,  Professor  Bell  consulted  him 
in  regard  to  the  use  of  an  imitation  of  the  human 
ear  as  a phonautograph  for  use  in  the  “ electrical 
transmission  of  articulate  speech,”  and  Dr.  Blake 


suggested  the  use  of  the  human  membrana  tym- 
pani  instead  of  an  artificial  ear,  his  suggestion 
being  followed  by  Professor  Bell  in  a series 
of  experiments  which  led  to  the  invention  of 
the  telephone.  He  wrote  many  valuable  papers 
for  the  medical  journals  upon  his  specialty 
of  the  treatment  of  the  ear.  During  the  years 
1879  to  1882  he  conducted  the  editorial  depart- 
ment of  the  American  Journal  of  Otology.  In 
1881  he  was  elected  a Fellow  of  the  American 
academy  of  arts  and  sciences. 

BLAKE,  Eli  Whitney,  educator,  was  born  in 
New  Haven.  Conn..  April 20,  1836.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Yale  in  1857,  after  which  he  attended  for 
a year  the  Sheffield  scientific  school,  and  passed 
several  years  in  Europe,  studying  chemistry  and 
physics  in  the  universities  of  Heidelburg,  Mar- 
burg, and  Berlin.  Returning  to  America  he  was 
made  professor  of  chemistry  and  physics  in  the 
University  of  Vermont  and  State  agricultural 
college  in  1866-67.  From  1868  to  1870  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  physics  and  mechanic  arts  at  Cornell 
university,  and  during  a portion  of  the  same  time 
was  acting  professor  of  physics  at  Columbia  col- 
lege. From  1870  to  1895  he  filled  the  chair  of 
physics  at  Brown  university.  He  was  a Fellow 
of  the  American  association  for  the  advancement 
of  science,  and  a member  of  other  scientific  bodies. 
He  died  Oct.  2,  1895. 

BLAKE,  Francis,  inventor,  was  born  at  Need 
ham,  Mass.,  Dec.  25,  1850.  He  received  a pub 
lie  school  education,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
became  connected  with  the  government  coast 
survey.  Here  he  acquired  scientific  knowledge 
and  experience  that  was  of  great  future  service. 
He  made  a hydrographic  survey  of  the  Susque- 
hanna river  in  Maryland,  and  a like  survey  of  por- 
tions of  the  coasts  of  Florida  and  Cuba.  In  1868 
he  assisted  in  the  determination  of  the  transcon- 
tinental longitude  between  San  Francisco  and  the 
observatory  of  Harvard. college.  They  employed 
a metallic  circuit  of  seven  thousand  miles  with 
thirteen  repeaters,  and  the  experiment  resulted 
in  a signal  being  sent  from  Harvard  observatory 
to  San  Francisco  and  back  again  in  eight-tenths 
of  a second.  Many  other  interesting  and  impor- 
tant experiments  were  made,  both  in  Europe  and  in 
all  parts  of  A merica.  In  accepting  his  resignation 
from  the  coast  survey,  April  9,  1878,  Supt.  C.  P. 
Patterson  said : “ So  loath  am  I to  sever  entirely 
your  official  connection  with  the  survey,  that  I 
must  request  you  to  allow  me  to  retain  your  name 
upon  the  list  of  the  survey  as  an  ‘ extra  observer,’ 
under  which  title  Prof.  B.  Peirce,  Professor  Lov- 
ering, Dr.  Gould,  Professor  Winlock  and  others, 
have  had  their  names  classed  for  many  years.” 
A few  weeks  after,  Mr.  Blake  began  experiment8 
on  a transmitter  for  the  telephone,  and  in  Novem- 
ber, 1878,  the  Blake  transmitter  was  first  used  by 


[319] 


v4I  , . 


BLAKE. 


BLAKE. 


the  American  Bell  telephone  company.  It  was 
reported  in  1896  that  more  than  215,000  Blake 
transmitters  were  in  use  in  America,  and  at  least 
as  large  a number  in  the  old  world.  Previous  to 
1897,  Mr.  Blake  had  been  granted  twenty  patents 
in  the  line  of  electrical  improvements,  and  had 
been  made  a member  of  the  National  conference 
of  electricians,  of  the  American  institute  of  elec- 
trical engineers,  of  the  corporation  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts institute  of  technology,  of  the  Boston 
society  of  civil  engineers,  a Fellow  of  the  Ameri- 
can association  for  the  advancement  of  science, 
and  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences. 

BLAKE,  George  Smith,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1803.  He  entered 
the  United  States  navy  at  the  age  of  fifteen  as 
midshipman  on  board  the  ship  of  the  line  Inde- 
pendence. He  was  next  assigned  to  the  schooner 
Alligator  and  aided  in  the  capture  of  a ship  from 
Portugal,  returning  to  the  United  States  as  her 
commander.  On  March  3,  1827,  he  was  commis 
sioned  lieutenant  and  served  in  the  West  Indian 
squadron,  in  the  Philadelphia  navy  yard,  and  on 
the  coast  survey.  In  1846  he  received  a com- 
mendatory letter  from  the  secretary  of  the  navy 
for  his  wise  action  during  a severe  storm  off  Flor- 
ida, and  the  following  year  became  commander. 
His  next  promotion  was  Sept.  4,  1855,  when  he 
was  made  captain.  In  1858  he  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  naval  academy  at  An- 
napolis, and  when  the  academy  was  temporarily 
removed  to  Newport,  in  1861,  Secretary  Welles 
requested  that  Captain  Blake  remain  in  charge. 
When  the  national  stores  at  Annapolis  were  in 
danger  of  being  confiscated  by  the  Confederates, 
the  prompt  and  wise  action  of  Captain  Blake  pre- 
vented the  capture  and  he  remained  in  command 
of  the  naval  academy  until  1866.  He  was  pro- 
moted commodore  July  16.  1862,  and  served  as 
light-house  inspector  from  1866  to  1869.  He  died 
in  Longwood,  Mass.,  June  24,  1871. 

BLAKE,  Homer  Crane,  naval  officer,  was  born 
in  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  1,  1822.  Shortly 
after  his  birth  his  parents  removed  to  Ohio 
where  he  grew  up  on  His  father’s  farm.  In  his 
eighteenth  year  lie  was  appointed  midshipman, 
and  served  on  the  frigate  Constellation,  of  the 
East  Indian  squadron,  making  a three  years’ 
cruise  around  the  world.  The  next  year  was 
spent  on  the  African  coast  in  active  service 
against  the  slave  traders,  and  in  1845  he  entered 
the  naval  academy  and  was  graduated  in  1846, 
and  again  attached  to  the  East  Indian  squadron 
with  the  rank  of  passed  midshipman.  In  1855  he 
was  commissioned  lieutenant  and  ordered  to  the 
Paraguay  expedition,  after  which  he  served  in  the 
Pacific  squadrons  until  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war.  In  1861-62  he  was  attached  to  the  home 

[32 


squadron,  and  in  1863,  with  a commission  as  lieu- 
tenant-commander, was  placed  in  command  of 
the  Ha  tier  as.  In  an  action  between  the  Hat- 
ter us  and  the  confederate  cruiser  Alabama,  the 
former  was  crippled  and  sunk,  and  Blake  and 
his  crew  were  taken  prisoners  and  carried  to 
Jamaica.  He  was  paroled  and  then  exchanged, 
and  after  his  return  to  the  United  States  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  gun-boat  Utah  of 
the  North  Atlantic  squadron.  He  rendered  bril- 
liant services  in  several  important  engagements, 
and  was  commissioned  commander  in  1866  and 
captain  in  1871.  He  acted  as  commander  of  the 
naval  rendezvous  in  New  York  harbor  from  1873 
to  1878  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  commo- 
dore in  1879.  He  died  Jan.  21,  1880. 

BLAKE,  John  Lauris,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  North  wood,  N.  H..  Dec.  21,  1788.  He  learned 
the  trade  of  cabinet  making,  pursuing  his  studies 
meantime  until  he  prepared  himself  for  college. 
In  1812  he  was  graduated  from  Brown  university, 
and  in  1813  was  licensed  as  a Congregational  min- 
ister. In  1815  he  was  admitted  to  holy  orders  in 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  and  in  the  same 
year  organized  a parish,  St.  Paul’s,  at  Pawtucket, 
where  he  remained  five  years.  Returning  to  New 
Hampshire  in  1820  he  became  pastor  of  the 
churches  at  Concord  and  Hopkinton,  and  he  es- 
tablished, in  the  former  city,  a young  ladies’  sem- 
inary which  he  moved  to  Boston  in  1822.  This 
school  was  discontinued  in  1830.  Dr.  Blake  was 
rector  of  St.  Matthew’s  church,  Boston,  from  1824 
to  1832,  when  he  resigned  to  give  his  attention  to 
literary  work.  He  edited  the  Literary  Adver- 
tiser and  the  Gospel  Advocate  for  a number 
of  years  and  took  an  active  interest  in  the  Bos- 
ton public  schools,  serving  on  the  school  com-' 
mittee.  His  published  books  include:  “A  Text 
Book  of  Geography  and  Chronology”  (1814); 
“ Anecdotes  of  American  Indians”  (1835) ; “ Bio- 
graphical Dictionary”  (1835,  13th  ed.,  1856); 
the  work  was  thoroughly  revised  and  republished 
under  the  title,  “Universal  Biographical  Diction- 
ary ” ; “The  Family  Encyclopa?dia  of  Useful 
Knowledge  and  General  Literature  ” (1834)  ; 
“Farm  and  Fireside”  (1852);  “Farmer’s  Every 
Day  Book”  (1852);  “Evidences  of  Christianity ” 
(1852) ; “ Modern  Farmer  ” (1853) ; and  “ A Cyclo- 
paedia of  Modern  Agriculture”  (1856).  He  also 
wrote  a number  of  small  books  for  children’s 
libraries,  including,  “Book  of  Nature  Laid  Open  ” ; 
“ Wonders  of  the  Earth,”  and  “ Wonders  of  Art  " 
(1852.)  He  died  in  Orange.  N.  J..  July  6.  1857. 

BLAKE,  Lillie  Devereux,  reformer,  was  born 
in  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  Aug.  12,  1835.  Her  father  and 
mother  were  both  descendants  of  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards. Upon  the  death  of  her  father  in  1837  her 
mother  removed  to  New  Haven.  Conn.,  where  the 
daughter  received  every  advantage  of  early 
oi 


BLAKE. 


BLAKE. 


education,  and  under  the  instruction  of  tutors  took 
the  regular  Yale  college  course  at  home.  In  1855 
she  was  married  to  Frank  G.  Q.  Umstead,  a young 
Philadelphia  lawyer,  who  died  in  1859,  leaving 
her  with  two  young  children.  Prior  to  this  time 
she  wrote  a story,  “A  Lonely  House,”  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  and  she  published 
“ South  wold,”  a novel,  which  met  with  success. 
She  now  became  dependent  on  her  pen  for  sup- 
port, having  lost  the  fortune  which  she  had  in- 
herited. Her  second  novel,  “Rockford”  (1862), 
was  followed  by  a number  of  romances.  In  1866 
she  was  married  to  Grenfill  Blake,  a New  York 
merchant.  Her  interest  in  woman’s  enfranchise- 
ment was  thoroughly  enlisted  in  1869,  and  after 
that  time  she  devoted  a large  share  of  her  time, 
energy,  and  talents  to  the  cause, — arranging  con- 
ventions, holding  public  meetings,  addressing 
legislative  bodies  and  congressional  committees, 
making  lecture  tours,  and  writing  articles.  In 
1873  she  addressed  a formal  appeal  to  the  trustees 
of  Columbia  college  for  the  admission  of  women 
to  the  college  courses  on  a footing  with  men,  and 
she  presented  at  the  doors  of  the  institution  a 
class  of  girl  students,  qualified  to  pass  the  regular 
entrance  examination.  Though  the  class  was 
not  admitted.  Barnard  college,  opened  some  yea^s 
later,  was  the  direct  result  of  the  agitation  thus 
begun.  Mrs.  Blake  was  a member  of  the  dele- 
gation, which,  on  July  4,  1876,  made  public 
proclamation  at  Philadelphia,  of  the  “Woman’s 
Declaration  of  Rights.”  She  held  the  office  of 
president  of  the  New  York  state  woman’s-suffrage 
association  from  1879  to  1884.  Among  the  many 
successful  beneficent  measures  championed  by 
her  were:  securing  matrons  to  take  charge  of 
women  detained  in  police  stations ; the  employ- 
ment of  women  as  census  takers ; providing  seats 
for  saleswomen,  and  compelling  the  employment 
of  woman  physicians  in  every  insane  asylum  ad- 
mitting women  patients.  She  founded  the 
“ Society  for  political  study,”  and  originated  the 
“Pilgrim  mothers’  dinner.”  In  1886  Mrs.  Blake 
was  elected  president  of  the  New  York  city 
woman  suffrage  league.  She  published:  “The 
Hypocrite : Sketches  of  American  Society”  (1874) ; 
“Fettered  for  Life”  (1874);  “Woman’s  Place 
To-day, ’’and  “A  Daring  Experiment”  (1892).  In 
1896  she  was  again  widowed. 

BLAKE,  Lucien  Ira,  educator,  was  born  at 
Mansfield,  Mass.,  .Sept.  12,  1856.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Amherst  college  in  1877,  received  the  de- 
gree of  Ph.D.  at  the  University  of  Berlin  in  1883, 
and  during  his  second  year  at  the  university,  the 
first  award  of  the  John  Tyndall  fellowship.  Soon 
after  his  return  to  America,  he  was  appointed 
assistant  in  mathematics  in  the  Adelphi  academy, 
Brooklyn.  N.  Y..  and  was  afterwards  made  full 
professor  of  physics  and  electrical  engineering  at 


the  Rose  Polytechnic,  Terre  Haute,  Ind.  In  1887 
he  resigned  to  accept  the  professorship  of  physics 
and  electrical  engineering  at  the  State  university 
of  Kansas.  In  1892-'93  he  delivered  courses  of  lec- 
tures upon  electricity  and  its  modern  applications 
before  university  extension  classes  in  Kansas  city, 
Mo. ; Topeka,  Kan. ; and  Wichita,  Kan.  In  1894 
he  was  appointed  constructing  electrical  engineer 
of  the  U.  S.  light-house  board,  and  invented  a 
system  of  telephonic  communication  without 
wires  for  light  ships,  which  was  applied  under  his 
personal  direction  to  the  Scotland  light  ship  off 
Sandy  Hook,  N.  Y.,  and  operated  by  the  light- 
house department.  His  publications  include: 
“Uber  die  electrische  Neutralitat  des  von  ruhigen 
electrisi  rten  Flussigkeitsflseclien  aufsteigenden 
Dampfes,”  “ Wiedermann’s  Annalen  der  Physik 
und  Chemie  ” (Band  19)  1883,  and,  in  American 
scientific  journals,  articles  on  the  “Production  of 
Electricity  by  Evaporation,”  “The  Evaporative 
Power  of  Kansas  Coals,”  the  “Method  of  Tele- 
graphic Communication  Between  Ships,”  “The 
Theory  of  the  Artificial  Production  of  Rain”  in 
1891,  and  “ The  Effect  of  the  Electrical  Current 
Upon  Friction  Between  Metallic  Surfaces.” 
BLAKE,  Mortimer,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Pittston,  Me.,  June  10,  1813;  son  of  Ira  Blake,  a 
native  of  Wrentham,  and  descendant  of  John 
Blake  of  Sandwich,  who  removed  to  Wrentham 
with  the  returning  settlers  after  its  destruction 
in  King  Philip’s  war.  He  was  graduated  at 
Amherst  college  in  1835.  For  three  years  he  was 
principal  of  Hopkins  academy,  Hadley,  Mass., 
and  for  sixteen  years  was  pastor  of  the  First  Con- 
gregational church,  Mansfield,  Mass.,  in  1868 
receiving  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Amherst  col- 
lege. For  twenty  nine  years  he  was  pastor  of 
the  Winslow  Congregational  church,  Taunton, 
Mass.  He  was  a member  of  the  Massachusetts 
historical  society,  and  president  of  the  Old  Colony 
historical  society.  He  was  a member  of  the 
school  board,  a trustee  of  Bristol  academy,  Taun- 
ton, and  president  of  the  board  of  trustees 
of  Wheaton  female  seminary,  Norton,  Mass. 
He  was  an  officer  of  the  Home  missionary 
society,  and  secretary  of  the  Congregational 
publishing  society,  Boston,  Mass.  He  pub- 
lished “ Gethsemane  and  Calvary  ” ( 1844  ) ; 

“ Address  at  the  Erection  of  the  Emmons  Monu- 
ment at  Franklin.  Mass.  ” (1846);  “Import  of  the 
Covenant  ’ (1846);  “The  Maine  Preventive” 
(1852) ; “ History  of  the  Mendon  Association  ” 
(1853);  “History  of  Franklin”  (1880),  besides 
several  pamphlets,  sermons  and  magazine  arti- 
cles. In  1837  he  was  married  to  Harriet  Louisa 
Daniels;  two  sons  were  born  to  them, — Percy 
Mortimer,  a sanitary  engineer  of  Boston,  and 
Lucien  Ira,  professor  of  physics  of  Kansas  state 
university.  He  died  Dec.  22,  1884. 


BLAKELEY. 


BLANC. 


BLAKE,  William  Phipps,  mineralogist,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  June  1,  1826;  son  of  Eliliu 
and  Adeline  Nancy  (Mix)  Blake.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Yale  in  1852  with  the  degree  of  Ph.B., 
and  the  following  year  was  appointed  mineralo- 
gist and  geologist  of  the  United  States  Pacific  rail- 
road survey.  In  1861  he  was  mining  engineer  in 
an  expedition  to  Japan,  afterwards  going  to 
China  and  Alaska  in  the  same  capacity.  He  was 
co-founder  of  the  first  school  of  science  in  Japan, 
established  in  1862.  In  1863  lie  received  the 
degree  of  M.A.  from  Dartmouth  college,  and  in 
1864  was  given  the  chair  of  mineralogy  and 
geology  in  the  College  of  California.  He  was  an 
executive  officer  of  the  centennial  commission  of 
1876 ; a member  of  the  international  jury  in  1878, 
and  prepared  a " Bibliography  of  the  Paris  Uni- 
versal Exposition  of  1867  ” (1870).  In  1878  he  was 
made  a chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  His 
published  works  include:  “Geographical  Notes 
upon  Russian- America  and  the  Stickeen  River  ” 
(1868);  “Civil  Engineering  and  Public  Works” 
(1870);  “ Notices  of  Mining  Machinery  and  Vari- 
ous Mechanical  Appliances  in  Use  Chiefly  in  the 
Pacific  States  and  Territories  ” (1871) ; “ Ceramic 
Art  : a report  on  Pottery,  etc.,  with  table  of 
Marks  and  Monograms  ” (1875),  and  various  re- 
ports and  prefaces.  He  edited  the  Mining  Maga- 
zine from  1859  till  1860;  “ A Brief  Account  of  the 
Life  and  Patriotic  Services  of  Jonathan  Mix  of 
New  Haven”  (1886),  and  “Centenary  of  Ham- 
den, Conn.”  (1888). 

BLAKELEY,  Johnston,  naval  officer,  was 
born  near  Seaford,  Ireland,  in  October,  1781 ; son 
of  John  Blakeley.  He  immigrated  to  America 
with  his  father  when  he  was  very  young,  making 
his  home  at  Wilmington,  N.  C.  In  1790  he  at- 
tended school  in  New  York  city  and  in  1796  be- 
came a student  in  the  University  of  North 
Carolina,  but  did  not  graduate.  In  February, 
1800,  he  obtained  the  appointment  of  midshipman 
in  the  U.  S.  navy;  on  Feb.  10,  1807,  was  made 
lieutenant,  and  in  1813  he  was  given  command 
of  the  brig  Enterprise,  employed  in  defending  the 
U.  S.  coasting  trade.  On  July  24,  1813,  he  be- 
came master  commander,  and  in  August  assumed 
command  of  the  sloop-of-war  Wasp.  On  May 
1,  1814,  he  left  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  on  a cruise, 
and  on  June  28  effected  the  capture  of  the  British 
brig  Reindeer,  after  her  captain  and  twenty -five  of 
her  men  were  killed  and  forty-four  of  her  crew 
wounded.  The  engagement  lasted  but  a few  min- 
utes and  the  IFo.sp'.s  losses  were  small,  Fearing 
the  recapture  of  the  Reindeer  by  the  enemy, 
Blakeley  decided  to  burn  his  prize  at  sea,  and 
Congress  awarded  him  a gold  medal  in  recog- 
nition of  his  gallant  action.  On  Sept.  1,  1814,  he 
destroyed  the  brig  Avon,  and  a few  days  later 
two  other  vessels  were  captured  and  scuttled.  On 

[* 


Sept.  21, 1814,  he  captured  the  brig  Atalanta.  For 
these  services  Blakeley  was  promoted  captain  on 
November  24  of  the  same  year.  The  last  news  of 
his  vessel,  the  Wasp,  was  that  she  was  seen  and 
spoken  at  sea  on  Oct.  9,  1814.  She  probably 
foundered  in  a gale.  The  legislature  of  North 
Carolina  made  provision  for  his  widow  and  au- 
thorized her  to  draw  upon  the  state  treasurer 
for  such  sums  of  money  as  might  be  required  for 
the  education  of  his  daughter. 

BLANC,  Anthony,  R.  C.  archbishop,  was  born 
at  Sury,  France,  Oct.  11,  1792.  He  was  ordained 
a priest  in  1816  and  shortly  after  accompanied 
Bishop  Dubourg  to  America.  He  was  appointed 
to  the  mission  at  Vincennes,  where  he  labored  for 
fifteen  years  with  great  zeal  and  activity.  He 
erected  two  log  churches,  the  first  in  that  coun- 
try. In  1820  he  was  relieved  from  missionary 
work  and  stationed  at  New  Orleans,  and  after- 
wards at  Natchez,  Point  Coupe,  and  Baton  Rouge. 
In  1831  he  was  made  associate  vicar-general  of 
the  diocese  of  New  Orleans.  On  the  death  of 
Bishop  De  Neckere,  in  1833,  he  was  appointed  ad- 
ministrator of  the  diocese,  and  in  1835  was  con- 
secrated bishop  of  New  Orleans.  The  diocese  at 
this  time  embraced  the  states  of  Louisiana  and 
Mississippi,  and  in  1838  Texas  was  added.  Bishop 
Blanc  promoted  the  erection  of  that  part  of  his 
diocese,  embracing  the  state  of  Mississippi,  into 
the  diocese  of  Natchez,  July  28,  1837,  and  Texas 
was  by  him  erected  into  a vicariate  apostolic 
and  in  1847  into  the  diocese  of  Galveston.  Bishop 
Blanc's  charge  was  administered  with  energy 
and  success,  and  troubles  arising  from  the  sys- 
tem of  lay  trusteeship  were  finally  overcome  by 
his  moderation  and  firmness.  He  opened  a theo- 
logical academy  for  the  training  of  native  clergy, 
and  introduced  Lazarists  and  Jesuits  into  the 
diocese ; also  the  Christian  Brothers  and  several 
other  educational  orders.  The  churches  during 
his  jurisdiction  increased  from  twenty-six  to 
seventy -three ; lie  erected  three  colleges,  nine 
free  schools,  thirteen  orphan  asylums,  eight  acad- 
emies for  young  ladies  and  founded  three  con- 
vents. In  1850  the  archdiocese  of  New  Orleans 
was  created,  and  Bishop  Blanc  was  advanced  to 
the  dignity  of  archbishop  July  19,  1850.  His 
wisdom,  force  of  character  and  learning  made 
him  a useful  member  of  the  Catholic  hierarchy  in 
the  United  States.  In  his  prelatical  capacity  he 
took  part  in  the  3d,  4th.  5th.  6tli  and  7th  councils 
of  Baltimore ; attending  the  first  plenary  council 
in  1852 ; and  called  and  presided  over  as  metro- 
politan the  first  provincial  council  of  New  Orleans 
in  1856.  In  1855  he  was  present  at  the  council  at 
Rome.  His  whole  life  was  actively  employed  in 
promoting  the  welfare  and  progress  of  the  church 
and  of  those  committed  to  his  charge.  He  died 
at  New  Orleans,  La..  June  20,  1860. 

M] 


BLANCHARD. 


BLANCHARD. 


BLANCHARD,  Albert  Gallatin,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Charlestown,  Mass.,  in  1810.  He  was 
graduated  from  West  Point  in  1829.  After  serv- 
ing on  frontier  duty  and  in  recruiting  service  he 
resigned  with  the  rank  of  1st  lieutenant  in  1840, 
and  entered  into  business  at  New  Orleans.  In 
the  Mexican  war  he  again  entered  the  army  as 
captain  of  a regiment  of  Louisiana  volunteers, 
which  he  commanded  at  the  battle  of  Monterey 
and  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  regular  army  with  the  rank  of  major,  May  27, 

1847,  and  served  as  superintendent  of  recruiting 
service  at  New  Orleans,  in  addition  to  his  duties 
as  commander  of  his  regiment,  until  the  disband- 
ing of  the  troops  in  1848.  After  the  war  he 
taught  school  for  a time  in  New  Orleans,  and 
later  became  connected  with  the  surveying  de- 
partments of  several  cities  and  railroads.  In  1861 
he  entered  the  Confederate  army  with  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general.  Returning  to  New  Orleans 
after  the  war  he  engaged  as  a civil  engineer  and 
survevor.  He  died  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  June  21, 
1891. 

BLANCHARD,  Charles  A.,  educator,  was 
born  at  Galesburg,  Knox  county,  111.,  Nov.  8, 

1848.  He  was  educated  at  Wheaton  (111. ) college, 
of  which  his  father  was  at  that  time  president, 
graduating  in  1870.  For  the  two  subsequent 
years  he  was  general  agent  and  secretary  of  the 
national  Christian  association,  opposed  to  secret 
societies,  and  in  this  service  lectured  in  nineteen 
different  states  and  in  Canada.  He  studied  at  the 
Chicago  theological  seminary,  and  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  College  church,  Wheaton,  in  1878, 
occupying  the  pulpit  of  this  church  for  five  years. 
He  also  preached  statedly  in  the  First  Presby- 
terian church,  Paxton,  111.,  the  Bridge  street  Con- 
gregational church,  Streator,  111.,  and  for  more 
than  a year  preached  at  the  Chicago  avenue 
church,  Chicago,  111.  In  1872  he  was  made  prin- 
cipal of  the  preparatory  department  of  Wheaton 
college,  and  occupied  the  position  until  1874, 
when  he  was  appointed  professor  of  English  lan- 
guage and  literature.  In  1878  he  was  elected 
vice-president,  and  in  1882  president  of  the  col- 
lege. He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Monmouth  college,  June,  1896. 

BLANCHARD,  Newton  Crain,  senator,  was 
born  in  Rapides  Parish,  La.,  Jan.  29,  1849.  He 
received  an  academic  education,  and  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  law  department  of  the  University 
of  Louisiana  in  1870.  He  began  practice  at 
Shreveport,  La.,  in  1871.  In  1879  he  was  elected 
a delegate  to  the  state  constitutional  convention. 
Subsequently  he  was  appointed  a state  trustee 
of  the  University  of  the  South  at  Sewanee,  Tenn., 
and  in  1880  was  elected  a representative  from 
Louisiana  to  the  47th  Congress,  and  to  each  suc- 
ceeding Congress  up  to  and  including  the  53d, 

[32< 


from  which  he  resigned  to  become  United  States 
senator,  under  appointment  from  Governor  Foster 
to  succeed  Edward  Douglass  White,  appointed 
associate  justice  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  tak- 
ing his  seat  March  12,  1894.  On  the  meeting  of 
the  state  legislature  in  May,  1894,  he  was  duly 
elected  for  the  remainder  of  the  term.  He  was 
instrumental  in  procuring  from  Congress  an  ap- 
propriation for  building  the  long  line  of  levees  on 
the  lower  Mississippi  river;  also  for  securing  in 
the  river  and  harbor  act  of  1892  the  authoriza- 
tion of  the  expenditure  of  ten  million  dollars  in 
four  years'  time  on  the  lower  river. 

BLANCHARD,  Thomas,  inventor,  was  born 
at  Sutton,  Mass.,  June  24,  1788;  fifth  son  of  Sam- 
uel Blanchard,  a farmer.  When  thirteen  years 
of  age  he  invented  a machine  for  paring  apples. 
He  was  soon  after  this  employed  by  his  brother 
in  the  making  of  tacks,  and  invented  a machine 
to  save  himself  the  trouble  of  counting  the  tacks. 
In  his  intervals  of  leisure  he  learned  the  use  of 
blacksmith’s  tools,  and  also  acquired  skill  in 
turning  and  carving  wood,  which  proved  useful 
in  preparing  the  models  of  his  inventions.  At 
the  end  of  six  years  of  experiments  he  produced, 
in  1812,  a machine  which  turned  out  five  hun- 
dred tacks  a minute,  more  perfectly  than  they 
could  be  made  by  hand.  He  sold  the  patent 
rights  of  this  machine  for  five  thousand  dollars, 
which  enabled  him  to  fit  out  a shop.  He  next 
invented  a machine  for  turning  and  finishing 
gun  barrels  at  one  operation,  the  finishing  hav- 
ing hitherto  been  accomplished  by  hand  with 
much  labor.  He  overcame  the  difficulty  of 
turning  the  breech,  which  had  two  flat  and  two 
oval  sides,  by  means  of  a wheel  placed  in  the 
arbor  of  the  lathe  and  operated  by  a lever.  The 
government  immediately  ordered  one  of  these 
machines  for  the  United  States  armory,  at 
Springfield,  giving  him  a royalty  of  nine  cents 
on  every  gun  barrel  turned  by  his  lathe.  He 
was  employed  at  the  armory  for  five  years  and 
made  many  improvements  in  the  stocking  of 
arms,  inventing  for  this  purpose  as  many  as 
thirteen  different  machines.  His  next  inven- 
tion was  an  eccentric  lathe  for  turning  irregular 
forms,  one  of  the  most  valuable  mechanical 
devices  that  has  been  given  to  the  world,  one  of 
its  applications  being  the  pantagraph,  an  in- 
strument for  reproducing  statuary.  He  set  up  a 
pantagraph  in  Washington,  and  obtaining 
plaster  casts  of  the  heads  of  Webster,  Clay,  Cal- 
houn and  others,  reproduced  them  in  marble,  and 
exhibited  the  busts  in  the  rotunda  of  the  capitol. 
When  it  was  found  that  these  busts,  which  were 
as  much  like  the  original  as  any  skilled  hand 
could  have  shaped  them,  had  been  made  by 
machine,  the  members  of  Congress  were  aston- 
ished, and  when  he  asked  for  a renewal  of  his 


* 


BLANCHET. 


BLAND. 


patent,  which  had  expired,  and  explained  that 
he  had  derived  no  profit  beyond  that  expended  in 
litigation  in  defending  it,  a resolution  was  intro- 
duced into  the  senate  by  Webster,  and  the  patent 
was  renewed  for  a number  of  years.  Rufus 
Choate,  who  had  been  retained  as  opposing 
counsel,  wittily  remarked,  ‘ 1 Blanchard  had 
turned  the  heads  of  Congress  and  gained  his 
point.”  In  1825  Mr.  Blanchard  built  a steam  car- 
riage to  travel  on  common  roads,  which  was  easily 
controlled,  could  turn  corners  and  climb  hills.  In 
1826  he  invented  a steamboat  which  would  ascend 
the  rapids  on  the  Connecticut,  between  Spring- 
field  and  Hartford,  an  improvement  which  ren- 
dered possible  the  navigation  of  many  of  the 
western  rivers.  In  1830  he  built  a steamboat  to 
voyage  between  Pittsburg  and  Olean  Point, 
where  the  fall  was  six  hundred  feet,  and  the 
river  in  many  places  extremely  rapid.  He 
next  contrived  a process  for  bending  timber 
without  weakening  the  fibres  of  the  wood  on  the 
outer  circle,  which  proved  of  more  financial 
value  to  the  inventor  than  the  lathe.  He  also 
invented  a machine  whereby  envelopes  could 
be  cut  and  folded  at  the  same  time.  He  took 
out  in  all  more  than  twenty-five  patents,  realiz- 
ing large  amounts  from  some  of  them.  He  died 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  16,  1864. 

BLANCHET,  Augustine  Magloire  Alex 
ander,  R.  C.  bishop,  was  born  at  St.  Pierre, 
Quebec,  in  1797;  brother  of  Francis  Norbet  Blan- 
cliet.  He  was  educated  at  the  little  and  great 
seminaries  of  the  Sulpicians  at  Quebec.  He  was 
ordained  in  1821,  and  began  his  labors  in  the 
missionary  field  in  Canada.  Later  he  was  made 
canon  of  the  cathedral  in  Montreal,  where  he 
remained  till  he  was  nominated  bishop  of  the 
newly  erected  diocese  of  Walla-Walla  in  1846. 
He  was  consecrated  by  Bishop  Bourget  on  Sept. 
27,  1846.  In  1847  he  went  to  his  diocese,  taking 
with  him  four  Oblate  fathers  as  well  as  two 
secular  priests ; here  he  remained  for  one  year, 
doing  meritorious  work  among  the  Indians,  until 
the  outbreak  of  the  Cayuse  war.  On  May  31, 
1850,  he  was  appointed  first  bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese of  Nesqually,  comprising  the  territory  of 
Washington.  Bishop  Blanchet  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  Vancouver,  Wash.,  where  he  built  a 
cathedral  and  erected  churches  at  Olympia  and 
Steilacoom  on  the  Cowlitz  river,  and  among 
the  Chinooks.  Failing  health  induced  him  to 
resign  in  1879,  and  he  was  made  titular  bishop 
of  Ibora.  He  founded  twenty-four  churches,  as 
well  as  colleges  at  Vancouver  and  Walla-Walla; 
several  charitable  and  educational  institutions, 
managed  by  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  and  planted 
flourishing  Indian  missions  at  Yakima,  Fort 
Colville,  and  Tulalip.  He  died  at  Vancouver, 
Wash.,  Feb.  25,  1887. 

13-: 


BLANCHET,  Francis  Norbet,  R.  C.  arch- 
bishop, was  born  in  the  parish  of  St.  Pierre, 
Rivibre  de  Sud,  Province  of  Quebec,  Sept.  3,  1795; 
brother  of  Augustine  Magloire  Alexander  Blan- 
chet. He  was  educated  in  the  little  semin- 
ary of  Sulpicians  at  Quebec,  and  made  his  theo- 
logical course  at  the  great  seminary  of  the  same 
order.  He  was  ordained  priest  by  Archbishop 
Plessis  of  Quebec  in  1819,  and  until  1827  had 
charge  of  the  mission  of  Richibucto  in  New 
Brunswick,  meanwhile  building  three  churches 
in  the  wilderness.  He  was  then  assigned  to  the 
church  of  St.  Joseph  de  Soulanges  at  the  Cedars, 
in  the  district  of  Montreal.  Here  he  remained 
until  1826.  After  the  establishment  of  the  Hud- 
son Bay  company  in  Oregon  there  was  a large 
influx  of  Canadian  Catholics  into  the  territory, 
and  the  archbishop  of  Quebec  sent  Fathers  Blan- 
chet and  Demers  to  take  pastoral  charge. 
Father  Blanchet  was  situated  at  Vancouver.  In 
1843  he  was  made  vicar -apostolic,  and  received  his 
consecration  as  bishop  at  the  hands  of  Bishop 
Bourget,  assisted  by  Bishops  Gaulin  and  Turgeon, 
at  Montreal,  July  25,  1844.  At  the  close  of  1844  he 
had  founded  nine  missions,  built  eleven  churches, 
established  a school  for  girls  and  one  for  boys ; 
and  had  fifteen  priests  in  place  of  two,  as 
well  as  sisters  in  charge  of  various  works  of 
charity.  In  1846  the  Pope  formed  the  vicariate 
of  Oregon  into  an  ecclesiastical  province,  with 
seven  suffragan  sees,  and  Bishop  Blanchet  was 
made  archbishop  on  July  24  of  that  year. 
In  1878  he  received  Bishop  Seghers  as  coadjutor, 
and  in  1880  he  retired  from  active  life.  He  was 
known  as  the  “ Apostle  of  the  Oregon.  ” He  died 
at  Portland,  Ore.,  June  18,  1883. 

BLAND,  Richard  Parks,  politician,  was  born 
in  Ohio  county,  Ky.,  Aug.  19,  1835.  The  Bland 
family  were  among  the  earliest  settlers  of  that 
part  of  Virginia  which  afterwards  became  the 
state  of  Kentucky,  and  an  ancestor,  Col.  Tlieo- 
doric  Bland,  was  on  Washington's  staff  during 
the  revolutionary  war.  His  father  was  a farmer 
who  died  in  1842,  leaving  no  property.  The  son 
obtained  his  education  at  the  Hartford  academy. 
His  first  occupation  was  teaching  school  in  Ken 
tucky  and  afterwards  in  Missouri,  and  in  1855  he 
went  to  California,  and  spent  the  next  ten  years 
in  that  state  and  in  Utah,  fighting  the  Indians, 
teaching  school,  and  studying  law.  He  became 
interested  in  mining  properties  in  California  and 
Nevada,  and  settled  in  Virginia  city  in  1860. 
where  he  practised  law  and  served  as  treasurer 
of  Carson  county  until  the  admission  of  the  terri- 
tory as  a state  in  1864,  when  he  returned  to 
Missouri,  and,  with  his  brother,  C.  C.  Bland, 
continued  the  practice  of  law  at  Rolla,  removing 
from  there  to  Lebanon,  Mo.,  in  1868.  In  1873  lie 
was  married  to  a daughter  of  Gen.  E.  Y.  Mitchell 


BLAND. 


BLATCHFORD. 


of  Rolla,  Mo.  In  1872  he  was  elected  a repre- 
sentative from  the  8th  Missouri  district  to  the 
43d  Congress  and  was  re-elected  to  the  44tli,  and 
each  succeeding  Congress  to  the  53d,  inclu- 
sive. He  was  defeated  in  the  election  of 
1894,  by  Joel  D.  Hubbard,  Republican,  by 
seventy  votes  and  was  elected  in  1896  to  the  55th 
Congress.  He  was  an  advocate  of  free  silver, 
and  in  the  45th  Congress  introduced  a bill  pro- 
viding for  the  purchase  of  the  silver  bullion 
sufficient  to  coin  at  least  two  million  dollars  a 
month  in  silver  dollars  of  412J  grains  each,  mak- 
ing such  coinage  legal  tender.  The  bill  became 
known  as  the  “ Bland  Silver  Bill.”  He  opposed 
monopolies  and  corporations;  took  a decided 
stand  against  U.  S.  troops  at  the  polls ; was  in 
favor  of  freedom  and  equality  of  the  states;  in 
opposition  to  protective  tariffs,  and  in  opposition 
to  national  banks;  in  favor  of  thp  restoration 
of  bimetallism  as  it  existed  prior  to  1873,  and  the 
issuing  of  all  money  by  the  government.  He 
received  235  votes  as  candidate  for  president  on 
the  first  ballot  made  by  the  Democratic  national 
convention  at  St.  Louis  in  1896. 

BLAND,  Theodoric,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Prince  George  county,  Va.,  in  1742.  He  was 
fourth  in  line  of  descent  from  Pocahontas,  his 
mother  being  Jane  Rolfe.  At  the  age  of  eleven 
he  was  sent  to  England  to  be  educated,  pursuing 
his  preliminary  studies  at  Wakefield,  and  obtain- 
ing his  A.M.  and  M.D.  degrees  at  Edinburgh  uni- 
versity. He  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
1764  and  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
He  led  the  band  of  volunteers  who  reclaimed  by 
force  the  arms  and  ammunition  which  Governor 
Dunmore  had  removed  from  the  public  arsenal  to 
his  palace,  and,  under  the  pseudonym  “ Cassius,” 
he  published  several  letters  denouncing  the 
action  of  the  governor.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  enrollment  of  troops  and  when,  in  1877,  he 
joined  the  main  Continental  army  he  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-colonel.  He  later  rose  to  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  gained  the  friendship  and 
respect  of  the  commander-in-chief  by  his  wise 
and  gallant  action.  He  fought  in  the  battle  of 
the  Brandywine  and  Saratoga,  and  was  given 
command  of  the  prisoners  in  their  long  march  to 
Charlottesville,  Va.  He  sat  for  one  term  in  the 
Virginia  senate  during  the  war  period,  and  in  the 
Continental  Congress  from  1780  to  1783.  He 
opposed  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  constitution, 
but  represented  Virginia  in  the  1st  Congress. 
His  death  was  the  first  to  be  publicly  announced 
in  the  house  of  representatives.  The  “ Bland 
Papers,”  collected  and  edited  by  Charles  Camp- 
bell ( 1840— ’43) , contain  many  valuable  memorials 
of  the  revolution,  and  are  accompanied  by  a 
memoir  of  Theodoric  Bland.  He  died  in  New 
York  city,  June  1,  1790. 


BLASHFIELD,  Edwin  Howland,  artist,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  15,  1848.  He  was 
prepared  for  college,  and  pursued  his  art  studies 
in  Paris,  under  Ldon  Bonnat,  with  the  advan- 
tage of  criticism  from  Gerome  and  Chopee.  He 
exhibited  in  the  Paris  salon  continuously  from 
1875  to  1880  and  again  in  1887,  1891  and  1892,  also 
at  times  in  the  Royal  academy,  London,  and  other 
foreign  exhibitions.  His  achievements  include 
the  following:  “ The  Emperor  Commodus  ” (salon, 
1877);  ‘‘The  Roman  Ladies’  Fencing  Lesson” 
(salon,  1878);  “The  Siege”  (salon,  1879);  “In- 
spiration ” (Royal  academy,  1887) ; ceiling  can- 
vases for  the  house  of  H.  McK.  Twombly,  N.  Y., 
decoration  of  a dome  in  the  Liberal  Arts  and 
Manufactures  building,  World’s  fair,  Chicago, 
“Christmas  Bells”  (salon,  1892),  and  (World’s 
Columbian  exposition);  “The  Angel  with  the 
Flaming  Sword  ” (salon,  1891)  and  (World's 
Columbian  exposition);  “The  Choir  Boys  ” 
(salon,  1891) ; decoration  of  drawing-room  for 
Collis  P.  Huntington,  N.  Y. ; panel  decoration, 
lawyers’  club,  N.  Y. ; decoration  of  the  great  dome, 
main  rotunda  of  congressional  library,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  (1895) ; design  for  United  States 
two-dollar  treasury  note  (1896),  and  decoration 
of  a grand  piano  for  Mrs.  George  W.  Childs 
Drexel.  His  paintings  for  the  dome  of  the  con- 
gressional library  in  Washington,  “ The  Human 
Understanding  ” and  the  “ Knowledge  of  the 
Ages,”  including  the  preliminary  sketches,  oc- 
cupied him  for  an  entire  year.  In  addition  to 
his  larger  works,  Mr.  Blashfield  painted  a number 
of  portraits,  gave  a series  of  lectures  on  art  at 
Harvard  college,  and  lectured  at  Yale  college. 
He  was  elected  a member  of  the  National  acad- 
emy of  design;  of  the  Society  of  American 
artists;  of  the  Architectural  league;  of  the 
Society  of  mural  painters,  and  an  honorary 
member  of  the  American  institute  of  architects. 
He  was  president  of  the  Society  of  American 
artists,  and  vice-president  of  the  Architectural 
league.  He  received  medals  at  the  Paris  exposi  - 
tion  universelle,  World’s  Columbian  exposition, 
and  the  Cotton  states  exposition,  Atlanta,  Ga.  In 
conjunction  with  his  wife  he  contributed  to 
Scribner's  and  the  Century. 

BLATCHFORD,  Richard  Milford,  lawyer, 
was  born  at  Stratford,  Conn.,  April  23,  1798;  son 
of  Samuel  Blatchford,  a dissenting  English 
minister,  who  came  from  Devonshire  to  the 
United  States  in  1795.  In  1818  he  was  gradu- 
ated from  Union  college,  and  a few  years  later 
was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar.  He  soon 
acquired  a wide  practice,  and  in  1826  was  made 
counsel  and  financial  agent  for  the  bank  of  Eng- 
land ; afterwards  holding  a similar  position  in  the 
United  States  bank.  In  1856  lie  served  in  the 
New  York  state  legislature.  He  was  a stanch 


BLATCHFORD. 


BLAVATSKY. 


supporter  of  the  Union  throughout  the  civil  war, 
and  served  on  several  important  civic  commit- 
tees. In  1862  he  went  to  Rome,  Italy,  as  minister- 
resident  to  the  states  of  the  church,  remaining 
there  one  year.  On  his  return  to  New  York  he 
filled  many  positions  of  trust,  being  a commis- 
sioner of  Central  park  until  1870,  and  commis- 
sioner of  public  parks  during  1872.  He  died  at 
Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.  3,  1875. 

BLATCHFORD,  Samuel,  jurist,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  March  9,  1820,  son  of  Richard 
Milford  Blatchford,  counsel  of  the  United  States 
bank.  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  college  in 
1837,  and  in  1838  became  private  secretary  to 
Governor  Seward,  which  position  he  held  for 
three  years.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
January,  1842,  and  commenced  practice  in  his 
native  city,  removing,  in  1845,  to  Auburn,  N.  Y., 
where  he  became  law  partner  of  William  H. 
Seward  and  Christopher  Morgan.  In  1852  he 
commenced  the  publication  of  the  decisions  of 
the  second  circuit  of  the  U.  S.  court,  under  the 
name  of  “ Blatchford ’s  Reports,”  which  were 
continued  until  1888,  and  two  years  later  returned 
to  New  York.  In  May,  1867,  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Johnson  judge  of  the  district  court 
for  the  southern  district  of  New  York.  (His 
opinions  in  the  district  court  are  reported  in  the 
first  nine  volumes  of  Benedict’s  District  Court 
Reports,  and  his  opinions  in  the  circuit  court 
while  district  judge  are  reported  in  Vols.  5 to  14 
of  Blatcliford’s  Circuit  Court  Reports.)  On 
March  4,  1878,  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Hayes  judge  of  the  second  judicial  circuit  in 
place  of  Alexander  S.  Johnson,  deceased  (and  his 
opinions  from  March,  1882,  in  the  circuit  court 
are  reported  in  Vols.  14  to  26  of  Blatchford ’s 
circuit  court  reports,  and  in  the  Federal  Reporter.) 
On  March  22,  1882,  President  Arthur  appointed 
Judge  Blatchford  associate  justice  of  the  United 
States  supreme  court.  In  1867  he  was  made  a 
trustee  of  Columbia  college,  receiving  at  the 
same  time  the  degree  of  LL.D.  Mr.  Justice 
Blatchford  died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  July  7,  1893. 

BLAUVELT,  Augustus,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Covert,  N.  Y.,  April  7,  1832.  After  his  gradu- 
ation from  Rutgers  college  in  1858  he  studied 
theology,  and  in  1861  became  pastor  of  Bethany 
chapel,  Philadelphia.  He  remained  there  but  a 
short  time,  removing  to  New  York  city.  In  1862 
he  was  sent  to  China,  where  for  two  years  he  en- 
gaged in  missionary  work.  After  his  return  to 
America  he  resumed  his  pastoral  work,  and  for 
some  years  was  in  charge  of  the  Reformed 
church  at  Bloomingdale,  N.  Y.,  but  relinquished 
this  work  in  order  to  give  his  time  wholly  to 
writing.  He  was  an  advanced  thinker,  and  wrote 
papers  expressing  heretical  opinions,  which  were 
published  in  Scribner's  Monthly  and  caused  his  ex- 


communication  from  the  Dutch  Reformed  church. 
He  contributed  to  leading  periodicals,  and  wrote 
“The  Kingdom  of  Satan”  (1868) ; and  “The 
Present  Religious  Crisis  ” (1882).  Under  the  strain 
of  mental  labor  he  became  insane. 

BLAVATSKY,  Helena  Petrovna,  theosophist, 
was  born  at  Ekaterinoslaw,  Russia,  July  20,  1831, 
daughter  of  Colonel  Peter  and  H£l£ne  (Fadeef) 
Hahn.  Through  both  her  parents  she  was  con- 
nected with  some  of  the  oldest  families  of  nobles 
in  Germany  and  Russia.  Her  education  was 
very  incom- 
plete. At  the 
age  of  seven- 
teen she  was 
married  to 
Gen.  Nice- 
phore  V.  Bla- 
vatsky,  gov- 
ernor  of 
E r i v a n,  a 
province  in 
the  Cauca- 
sus. In  a 
few  months 
she  left  her 
husband  and 
star  ted  on  Mr/! 
a tour  of 

travel.  She  was  remarkably  apt  at  learning  lan- 
guages, and  mastered  about  forty  European  and 
Asiatic  tongues.  She  also  studied  mysticism  in 
all  its  phases,  visiting  for  this  purpose  all 
parts  of  India,  Canada,  the  United  States,  and 
Mexico.  In  1875,  after  some  years  in  Russia  and 
elsewhere,  she  started  the  theosophical  society  in 
New  York  city,  Col.  Henry  S.  Olcott,  U.  S.  army, 
being  president,  and  Madame  Blavatsky  corres- 
ponding secretary.  The  avowed  aims  of  the 
society  were : the  forming  of  a nucleus  for  a uni- 
versal brotherhood  of  mankind ; the  study  of  the 
Aryan  languages,  literature,  religions,  and  sci- 
ence; the  exploring  of  the  hidden  mysteries  of 
nature  and  the  latent  powers  of  man,  and  the 
vindicating  of  the  importance  of  such  study  and 
inquiry.  The  society  rapidly  grew  in  strength 
and  numbers  in  America.  In  December.  1878. 
Madame  Blavatsky  and  Colonel  Olcott  were  “sum- 
moned ” to  India,  where  they  founded  a theo- 
sophical society.  In  1891  this  society  had  279 
branches  in  various  parts  of  the  world.  While 
Madame  Blavatsky  and  Colonel  Olcott  were  in 
Bombay,  they  edited  and  published,  from  1879  to 
1885,  the  Theosophist.  In  the  latter  year  she  re- 
signed her  position  as  editor,  and  also  her  secre- 
taryship of  the  theosophical  society,  and  removing 
to  London  she  established  and  for  some  years 
edited  Lucifer,  a monthly.  Reported  exposures  of 
her  impostures  did  not  prevent  the  growth  of  the 
[3-26] 


BLEDSOE. 


BLEECKER. 


society,  and  the  loyalty  of  her  followers.  The 
anniversary  of  her  death,  known  by  theosophists 
as  “White  Lotus  day,”  is  commemorated.  Her 
published  works  include : “ Isis  Unveiled:  a Mas- 
ter-Key to  the  Mysteries  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Science  and  Theology”  (1877);  “The  Synthesis 
of  Science,  Religion,  and  Philosophy  ” ( 1888) , and 
“The  Voice  of  the  Silence”  (1889).  (See  “The 
Occult  World  ” (1884),  and  “ Memoirs  of  Madame 
Blavatsky  ” (1886),  both  by  A.  P.  Sinnett).  She 
died  May  8,  1891. 

BLECKLEY,  Logan  E.,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Clayton,  Rabun  county,  Ga.,  July  3,  1827.  In 
1838  he  was  clerk  and  read  law  in  the  office  of  his 
father,  who  was  a lawyer  and  clerk  of  the  courts, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  April,  1846.  He 
was  not  successful  as  a lawyer,  and  from  1848  to 
1851  he  was  employed  as  book-keeper  in  the  state 
railroad  office  at  Atlanta.  In  1851  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  Governor  Town.  In  March, 
1852,  he  opened  a law  office  in  Atlanta,  and  in 
1853  was  elected  solicitor-general,  his  circuit  em- 
bracing eight  counties.  After  the  breaking  out 
of  the  civil  war  he  served  for  a short  time  as  a 
private  soldier.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  su- 
preme court  reporter  and  published  the  34th  and 
35th  Georgia  reports.  In  1867  he  resigned  his 
office,  but  continued  to  practise  until  appointed 
to  the  supreme  bench  in  1875.  He  resigned  his 
seat  in  1880,  and  retired  to  private  life  until 
January,  1887,  when,  on  the  death  of  chief  justice 
Jackson,  he  was  returned  to  the  bench  as  lids  suc- 
cessor. He  delivered  a number  of  literary  ad- 
dresses, including:  “Truth  in  Thought  and  Emo- 
tion,” “Truth  in  Conduct,”  and  “Truth  at  the 
Bar.” 

BLEDSOE,  Albert  Taylor,  educator,  was 
born  in  Frankfort.  Ky.,  Nov.  9.  1809.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1830,  and  served  on 
the  frontier  until  1832,  when  he  resigned  from 
the  army.  In  1833-34  he  was  teacher  of  the 
French  language  and  of  mathematics  in  Kenyon 
college,  Ohio,  and  in  1835-’36  was  professor  of 
mathematics  in  Miami  university.  In  1835  he  en- 
tered the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church  and  served  as  rector  of  various  Ohio 
parishes.  Before  he  entered  the  church  he 
studied  law,  and  in  1838  began  its  practice  at 
Springfield,  111.,  continuing  it  in  Washington, 
D.  C.,  until  1848.  He  then  accepted  the  profes- 
sorship of  mathematics  in  the  University  of  Mis- 
sissippi, and  remained  there  until  1854,  when  he 
transferred  his  services  to  the  chair  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  University  of  Virginia.  During  the 
civil  war  he  took  part  with  the  Confederates,  en- 
tering the  service  as  colonel,  and  being  trans- 
ferred to  the  war  department  at  Richmond  as 
chief  of  the  bureau  and  acting  assistant  secre- 
tary of  war.  He  went  to  Europe  in  1863  to  collect 


material  from  which  he  prepared  his  work  on  the 
United  States  constitution,  in  which  he  defended 
the  acts  of  the  Confederate  leaders  as  not  violat- 
ing that  instrument.  He  returned  in  1866  to 
Baltimore,  where  he  took  up  the  publication  of  the 
Southern  Review  and  turned  it  from  a political  to 
a religious  journal,  making  it  the  organ  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church,  south.  He  was 
elected  principal  of  the  Louisa  school,  Baltimore, 
in  1868,  and  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  in  the 
Methodist  church,  south,  in  1871.  He  was  the 
author  of  “ An  Examination  of  Edwards  on  the 
Will”  (1845);  “A  Theodicy,  or  Vindication  of 
the  Divine  Glory  ” (1853) ; “ Liberty  and  Slavery  ” 
(1857) ; “ Is  Davis  a Traitor?  or  was  Secession  a 
Constitutional  Right  Previous  to  the  War  of 
1861?”  (1866);  and  “ Philosophy  of  Mathematics” 
(1866).  He  died  Sept.  8,  1877. 

BLEDSOE,  Jesse,  senator,  was  born  in  Cul- 
pepper county,  Va.,  April  6,  1776.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Transylvania  seminary  in  Kentucky, 
and  was  subsequently  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  secretary  of 
state  in  1808,  and  in  1812  represented  his  district 
in  the  Kentucky  legislature.  In  1813  he  was  sent 
to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and  held  his  seat  until  1815. 
Two  years  after  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  senate  and  served  in  that  body 
until  1820,  when  he  was  made  a presidential 
elector.  In  1822  he  became  circuit  judge  in  the 
Lexington  district  and  afterwards  accepted  the 
chair  of  law  at  Transylvania  university.  He 
subsequently  resided  in  Mississippi,  removed  in 
1835  to  Texas,  and  died  near  Nacogdoches,  Texas, 
June  30,  1837. 

BLEECKER,  Ann  Eliza,  poet,  was  born  in  New 
York  city  in  October,  1752 ; youngest  daughter  of 
Brandt  Schuyler  of  New  York.  Until  her  mar- 
riage at  the  age  of  seventeen,  to  John  J.  Bleecker, 
she  resided  in  her  native  city,  but  removed  soon 
after  to  Tomhannock,  a small  place  near  Albany, 
N.  Y.  She  was  driven  with  her  children  from 
her  home  when  Burgoyne  entered  the  city,  and 
took  refuge  in  Red  Hook,  but  returned  after  many 
hardships.  She  wrote  many  poems  and  prose 
tales,  most  of  which  were  not  published  until 
after  her  death.  These  may  be  found  in  “ Post- 
humous Works  of  Ann  Eliza  Bleecker  in  Prose 
and  Verse,”  collated  by  her  daughter,  Margaretta 
V.  Faugeres.  Her  death  occurred  Nov.  23,  1783. 

BLEECKER,  Anthony,  author,  was  born  in 
New  YTork  city  in  October,  1770;  son  of  Anthony 
Lispenard  Bleecker.  His  father  owned  a large 
estate  in  New  York  city.  In  1791  he  was  grad- 
uated from  Columbia  college,  and  subsequently 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Preferring  literary 
work  to  the  practice  of  law  he  became  well  known 
as  a contributor  of  both  prose  and  verse  to  cur- 
rent literature.  He  published  the  “ Narrative  of 


[327  J 


BLENNERHASSETT. 


BLISS. 


the  Brig  Commerce,”  which  had  a wide  circula- 
tion. He  aided  in  organizing,  and  was  an  in- 
terested and  active  member  of,  the  New  York 
historical  society.  In  1810  he  was  elected  a trus 
tee  of  the  New  York  society  library,  retaining 
the  office  until  the  year  before  his  death,  which 
occurred  March  13,  1827. 

BLEECKER,  Harmanus,  lawyer,  was  horn 
in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  19,  1779.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Union  college,  but  left  the  school  to 
practise  law  in  his  native  city,  and  in  1810  was 
elected  as  representative  to  the  12th  Congress, 
and  while  in  that  body  strenuously  opposed  and 
did  all  in  his  power  to  prevent  the  war  of  1812. 
He  was  a regent  of  the  University  of  the  state 
of  New  York  from  1822  till  1834.  In  1839  Presi- 
dent Van  Buren  appointed  him  minister  to  the 
Hague.  He  died  in  Albany,  July  19,  1849. 

BLENKER,  Louis,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Worms,  Hesse  Darmstadt,  Germany,  July  31, 
1812.  He  attained  the  rank  of  lieutenant  for 
service  in  the  Bavarian  legion,  which  accom- 
panied King  Otho  to  Greece,  and  later  was  a 
leading  member  of  the  revolutionary  government 
of  1849  at  Worms,  as  well  as  burgomaster,  and 
commander  of  the  national  guard.  Upon  the 
overthrow  of  the  revolutionist  cause,  he  retired 
into  Switzerland,  and  being  ordered  to  quit  that 
country  in  September,  1849,  he  emigrated  to 
the  United  States,  where  he  engaged  in  business 
in  New  York  city.  In  1861  he  was  commis- 
sioned colonel  of  the  8th  N.  Y.  regiment  of 
volunteers,  which  he  had  organized,  and,  at  the 
first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  the  brigade  to  which 
his  regiment  was  attached  covered  the  retreat 
with  great  skill  and  gallantry.  In  recognition 
of  his  bravery  on  this  occasion  he  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  peninsular  campaign  he  was  ordered 
to  western  Virginia,  where  he  fought  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Cross  Keys,  June  8,  1862,  but  upon  the 
arrival  of  General  Fremont  he  was  superseded 
by  General  Sigel,  was  ordered  to  Washington, 
and  mustered  out  of  service  in  March,  1863. 
General  Blenker  spent  the  remaining  months  of 
his  life  in  retirement  on  his  farm  in  Rockland 
county,  and  died  from  the  effects  of  internal 
injuries,  caused  by  the  fall  of  his  horse  during 
the  Virginia  campaign.  He  died  Oct.  31,  1863. 

BLENNERHASSETT,  Harman,  adventurer, 
was  born  in  Hampshire  county,  England,  Oct.  8, 
1764.  He  graduated  at  Trinity  college  in  Dublin 
with  honor,  receiving  the  degrees  of  B.A.  and 
L.L.B.  in  1790.  He  inherited  an  ample  fortune 
and  travelled  in  France,  where  he  was  infected 
with  Republican  ideas.  He  married  Adeline 
Agnew,  daughter  of  the  governor  of  the  Isle  of 
Man;  disposed  of  his  estates,  bought  a supply  of 
philosophical  apparatus,  an  extensive  library, 


and  in  1797  sailed  for  America.  He  visited  dif- 
ferent sections  of  the  country,  and  in  1798  he 
bought  Backus  Island,  in  the  Ohio  river.  A 
spacious  house  was  built  among  the  majestic 
forest  trees,  and  fitted  up  with  pictures,  statues 
and  costly  furniture.  Blennerliassett  spent  his 
time  in  study  and  scientific  experiments.  In 
1805  Aaron  Burr,  disappointed  in  his  political 
aspirations,  and  covered  with  odium  on  account 
of  his  duel  with  Alexander  Hamilton,  had  re- 
solved upon  a bold  scheme  that  included  the 
conquest  of  Mexico,  and  perhaps  the  acquisi- 
tion of  part  of  the  United  States.  In  1805  he 
visited  the  hospitable  home  on  Backus  Island, 
and  succeeded  in  interesting  his  host  in  his  ambi- 
tious project.  The  fortune  the  latter  had  brought 
from  England  was  dwindling,  he  had  a growing 
family  to  provide  for,  and  here  was  an  oppor- 
tunity to  gain  power  and  wealth.  He  spent  large 
sums  provisioning  boats,  and  purchasing  arms, 
ammunition,  and  provision  for  the  expedition. 
To  quote  Wirt,  “ His  imagination  was  dazzled 
by  visions  of  diadems  and  titles  of  nobility.”  He 
cast  his  lot  with  Burr  without  further  objection 
and  became  his  obedient  tool.  The  people  he  had 
enlisted  began  to  grumble,  and  President  Jeffer- 
son, on  receiving  reliable  information,  issued  a 
proclamation  against  the  scheme.  Blenner- 
hassett  became  frightened,  fled  from  his  island 
home  and  joined  Burr  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cum- 
berland river.  His  home  was  destroyed  by  a 
party  of  men  under  Colonel  Phelps.  Burr  and 
Blennerliassett  were  arrested,  but  were  almost 
immediately  discharged,  and  the  latter  started 
for  home,  but  was  again  arrested  at  Lexington, 
Ky.,  and  thrown  into  prison.  Henry  Clay  de- 
fended him,  but  did  not  procure  his  discharge, 
and  he  was  taken  to  Richmond  to  await  trial  for 
treason.  Nothing  being  proved  against  Burr, 
his  fellow-conspirators  were  discharged.  Blenner- 
hassett  settled  in  Natchez,  and  engaged  in  raising 
cotton,  but  this  was  a failure.  In  1819  he  moved 
to  Montreal,  hoping  to  receive  an  appointment  as 
judge,  which  he  did  not  get,  then  sailed  for 
Ireland  in  order  to  recover  his  estates  there,  but 
without  success;  and,  poor  and  disheartened,  he 
retired  to  the  island  of  Guernsey.  His  wife 
wrote  “ The  Deserted  Isle  ” and  “ The  Widow  of 
the  Rock.”  After  her  husband's  death  she 
returned  to  the  United  States  and  petitioned 
Congress  for  a grant  of  money.  The  petition 
was  presented  by  Henry  Clay,  but  Mrs.  Blenner- 
hassett  died  before  it  was  reported  upon.  Har- 
man Blennerliassett  died  on  the  island  of 
Guernsey,  in  1831. 

BLISS,  Aaron  T.,  representative,  was  born  at 
Peterborough,  Madison  county,  N.  Y.,  May  22, 
1837.  He  was  educated  at  the  district  school. 
In  1861  he  enlisted  as  a private  in  the  Federal 

[32SJ 


BLISS. 


BLISS. 


army,  served  upwards  of  three  years,  and  rose 
to  the  rank  of  captain.  He  spent  six  months  of  this 
time  in  the  prisons  at  Andersonville,  Charleston, 
Macon  and  Columbia,  from  which  last  he  made 
his  escape,  and,  after  eighteen  nights  of  perilous 
travel  through  hostile  territory,  reached  the 
Union  lines.  In  1865  he  removed  to  Michigan, 
and  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  lumber  at 
Saginaw.  In  1883  he  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate,  and  in  1888  a representative  to  the  51st 
Congress.  After  the  expiration  of  his  congres- 
sional term  he  devoted  his  attention  to  his  lum- 
ber business. 

BLISS,  Cornelius  Newton,  merchant,  was 
born  in  Fall  River,  Mass.,  Jan.  26,  1833.  In  1846 
he  removed  to  New  Orleans,  La.,  where  he  was 
employed  in  the  counting-house  of  his  step-father, 
Edward  S.  Keep.  Returning  to  Massachusetts, 
he  accepted  a position  in  the  wholesale  dry  goods 
house  of  James  M.  Beebe  & Co.  of  Boston,  of 
which  he  afterwards  became  a partner.  Upon 
the  dissolution  of  the  firm,  in  1866,  Mr.  Bliss  be- 
came connected  with  the  commission  house  of 
John  S.  and  Eben  Wright  & Co.,  of  Boston,  from 
which  firm  he  later  established  a branch  house 
in  New  York  city,  and  on  the  death  of  John  S. 
Wright  was  admitted  into  partnership,  the  firm 
name  being  Bliss  & Fabyan.  Another  branch 
house  was  established  in  Philadelphia,  and  in 
1881  the  firm  name  changed  to  Bliss,  Fabyan  & 
Co. , a large  business  being  transacted  and  many 
important  mills  represented,  among  them  the 
Pepperell,  Andx-oscoggin,  Otis  and  Bates  mills,  and 
the  American  printing  company.  Mr.  Bliss  was 
made  president  of  the  fourth  national  bank,  a di- 
rector of  the  Central  trust  company,  of  the  Equit- 
able life  assurance  company,  of  the  Union  league 
club,  and  a governor  and  treasurer  of  the  society 
of  the  New  York  hospital.  He  served  as  a dele- 
gate to  Republican  conventions,  city,  county  and 
state,  and  in  1884  he  was  made  head  of  the  state 
committee  to  the  national  Republican  convention 
in  Chicago.  He  was  a member  of  the  executive 
committee  and  treasurer  of  the  national  Republi- 
can committees  in  the  campaigns  of  1892  and 
1896.  He  was  made  secretary  of  the  interior  by 
President  McKinley  on  the  organization  of  his 
cabinet,  March  4,  1897. 

BLISS,  George,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Spring- 
field,  Mass.,  Nov.  16,  1793.  In  1813  he  was  gradu- 
ated from  Yale  college  and  in  1816  he  opened  a 
law  office  at  Monson,  Mass.  In  1822  he  returned 
to  Springfield,  and  in  1827  was  made  a member 
of  the  Massachusetts  house  of  representatives. 
He  was  twice  re-elected,  and  in  1835  became  pres- 
ident of  the  state  senate.  He  was  a prominent 
railroad  man,  at  one  time  acting  as  president  of 
the  railroad  running  between  Worcester,  Mass., 
and  Albany,  N.  Y.  In  1853  he  was  elected  again 


to  the  state  legislature,  and  filled  the  speaker’s 
chair  during  his  term.  The  last  twelve  years  of 
his  life  were  spent  quietly  in  Springfield,  where 
his  death  occurred  April  19,  1873. 

BLISS,  George,  Jr.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Springfield,  Mass.,  May  3,  1830;  son  of  George 
and  Mary  S.  Bliss.  His  father  and  grandfather 
were  prominent  lawyers  of  western  Massachu- 
setts. The  son  received  his  early  education  at 
home  and  in  Europe.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1851.  During 
his  college  course  he 
was  associated  with 
David  A.  Wells  in  the 
publication  of  the 
“Annual  of  Scientific 
Discovery  ’’  and  of 
“ Things  not  Gener- 
ally Known.”  After 
his  graduation  he 
spent  two  years  in  Eu- 
rope, studying  at  the 
University  of  Berlin 
and  in  Paris,  and 
travelling  through 
Sweden,  southern  Ger- 
many, Switzerland, 
northern  Italy,  Spain  and  Portugal.  Returning  to 
the  United  States,  he  studied  law  in  Springfield, 
Mass.,  and  at  the  Harvard  law  school,  and  en- 
tered the  office  of  William  Curtis  Noyes,  in  New 
York.  In  the  following  year  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  During  1859  and  1860  he  was  private 
secretary  to  Governor  Morgan  of  New  York,  and 
in  April,  1861,  was  made  a member  of  his  staff. 
In  1862  he  was  appointed  paymaster -general  of 
the  state,  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  the  same 
year,  as  captain  in  the  4th  New  York  heavy 
artillery,  he  was  detailed  to  the  staff  of  Major- 
General  Morgan,  commanding  the  department  of 
New  York.  In  1862  and  1863  he  organized,  under 
authority  of  the  secretary  of  war,  the  20th,  26th 
and  31st  regiments  of  United  States  colored 
troops,  representing  in  this  service  the  Union 
league  club  of  New  York.  In  1866  he  became 
the  attorney  of  the  metropolitan  board  of  health 
and  metropolitan  board  of  excise,  and  with  Dor- 
man B.  Eaton,  as  counsel,  carried  the  litigation 
as  to  the  constitutionality  of  the  boards,  and  to 
enforce  the  acts  creating  them  to  a successful 
close,  the  final  decisions  in  both  being  reached 
only  in  the  court  of  appeals.  Pending  the  litiga- 
tion in  the  excise  cases,  a thousand  injunctions 
were  granted  in  the  common  pleas  court  alone. 
On  Jan.  1,  1873,  he  was  appointed  United  States 
attorney  for  the  southern  district  of  New  York, 
which  position  lie  held  for  more  than  four  years. 
Notable  among  the  important  cases  during  this 
period  were  the  Robert  Des  Anges  and  Lawrence 


[829] 


BLISS. 


BLOCK. 


conspiracy  cases.  In  1881  and  1882  he  was,  by 
appointment  of  President  Garfield,  the  active 
counsel  of  the  government  in  the  trial  at  Wash- 
ington of  the  celebrated  “Star  Route  Cases.” 
His  associate  counsel  were  Richard  T.  Merrick, 
Benjamin  Harris  Brewster  and  William  W.  Ker. 
The  cases  were  twice  tried  in  Washington  before 
a jury,  each  trial  occupying  from  four  to  five 
months.  In  the  first,  though  some  of  the  minor 
accused  were  convicted,  the  verdict  was  unsatis- 
factory and  was  set  aside  by  consent ; the  second 
trial  resulted  in  an  acquittal,  procured,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  prosecution,  by  unprofessional 
means,  and  the  law  upon  which  the  prosecution 
was  based  was  subsequently  affirmed  by  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States.  The  trials  put 
a final  end  to  a system  of  frauds  by  which  the 
government  was  robbed  of  many  millions  of 
dollars.  Mr.  Bliss  published  three  editions  of  the 
“ Law  of  Life  Insurance,  ” and  four  editions  of 
the  “ Annotated  New  York  Code  of  Civil  Proced- 
ure,” which  has  become  the  standard  authority 
on  that  subject.  At  one  time  he  contributed  to 
the  North  American  Review  and  was  for  many 
years  a newspaper  writer,  chiefly  on  political 
subjects.  He  drew  and  secured  the  passage  of 
the  first  original  tenement-house  act  for  the  city 
of  New  York.  He  was  one  of  the  three  com- 
missioners who,  in  1879  and  1880,  under  the 
authority  of  the  legislature,  prepared  the  compila- 
tion known  as  the  “ Special  and  Local  Acts  relat- 
ing to  the  City  of  New  York,”  and  later  drew  the 
“ New  York  Cify  Consolidation  Act.” 

BLISS,  Philip  Paul,  musician,  was  born  in 
Clearfield  county,  Pa.,  July  9,  1838.  In  1856  he 
taught  school  at  Hartsville,  N.  Y.  Being  pos- 
sessed of  remarkable  vocal  powers,  he  decided  to 
pursue  a musical  career.  In  1860  he  attended  a 
musical  academy  at  Genesee,  N.  Y.,  and  composed 
songs  which  acquired  a local  popularity.  He 
became  popular  as  a music  teacher  in  the  west, 
and  prominent  in  the  musical  conventions  con- 
ducted by  Bradbury,  Root  and  others,  after- 
wards becoming  a successful  conductor  of  such 
gatherings.  He  devoted  his  time  to  that  branch 
of  labor,  until  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mr. 
Moody,  and  became  engaged  in  evangelistic 
work.  Meantime  he  had  become  widely  known 
as  a writer  of  hymns  and  melodies,  some  of  which 
attained  remarkable  popularity,  notably,  “ I am 
so  glad  that  Jesus  loves  me,”  “Almost  Per- 
suaded,” and  “ Hold  the  Fort.”  He  was  killed 
in  a railway  accident  at  Ashtabula,  Ohio,  Dec. 
29,  1876. 

BLISS,  Porter  Cornelius,  journalist,  was  born 
in  Erie  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  28,  1838;  son  of  Asher 
Bliss,  an  Indian  missionary.  He  received  an 
academic  education,  and  was  a student  at  Yale 
college.  When  a young  man  he  travelled  among 


the  Indian  tribes  to  study  their  manners  and 
customs.  He  was  private  secretary  to  James 
Watson  Webb,  U.  S.  minister  to  Brazil,  in  1861, 
and  afterwards  entered  into  journalism  at  Buenos 
Ayres  as  editor  of  the  River  Plate  Magazine. 
In  1865  President  Lopez  of  Paraguay  appointed 
him  historiographer  for  that  country.  In  1866 
he  became  private  secretary  of  Mr:  Washburn, 
the  United  States  minister  to  Paraguay.  Dur- 
ing the  war  between  Paraguay  and  Brazil  the 
authorities,  believing  Bliss  to  be  a spy  employed 
by  Brazil,  confined  him  in  prison  for  three 
months,  until  rescued  by  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment. He  then  engaged  in  journalism  in 
Washington,  D.  C.  From  1870  to  1874  he  served 
as  secretary  of  legation  in  Mexico,  and  upon  his 
return  to  New  York  was  employed  for  three 
years  as  an  editor  on  “Johnson's  Cyclopaedia.  ' 
and  in  1877  became  editor  of  “ The  Library 
Table.”  Two  years  later  he  was  sent  to  South 
America  by  the  New  York  Herald,  as  special 
correspondent.  He  wrote  numerous  papers  of 
historical  value,  and  is  the  author  of  a History  of 
the  Russo-Turkish  war,  published  in  1877.  He 
died  in  New  York,  Feb.  2,  1885. 

BLISS,  William  Wallace  Smith,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  August,  1815.  He  was 
graduated  from  West  Point  in  1833  with  the 
rank  of  brevet  2d  lieutenant.  He  served  dur 
ing  the  operations  against  the  Cherokee  na- 
tion, and  was  promoted  2d  lieutenant  in  1834. 
and  two  years  later  to  the  rank  of  1st 
lieutenant.  From  1834  to  1840  he  was  assistant 
professor  of  mathematics  at  West  Point,  and 
then  served  in  the  Florida  war.  In  1839  he  was 
made  assistant  adjutant-general,  and  in  1840 
was  chief-of -staff  of  the  commanding  general. 
He  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  was  brevet  - 
ted  lieutenant-colonel  in  1847.  In  1848  Dart- 
mouth college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
A.M.,  and  in  1849  he  received,  from  the  state  of 
New  York,  a gold  medal  in  appreciation  of  his 
gallant  services  at  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  de  la  Palma. 
Monterey,  and  Buena  Vista.  He  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Northern  antiquaries  of  Copen 
hagen,  Denmark,  in  1851,  and  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  American  ethnological  society  in  1849. 
From  March  4,  1849,  to  July  9,  1850,  he  was  pri- 
vate secretary  to  President  Taylor  and  after 
wards  married  his  youngest  daughter,  Elizabeth. 
For  three  years  prior  to  his  death  he  was  sta- 
tioned at  New  Orleans  as  adjutant-general  of 
the  western  division.  He  died  Aug.  5,  1853. 

BLOCK  or  BLOK,  Adriaen,  explorer,  was 
the  discoverer  of  Block  Island.  Having  been 
detained  through  the  winter  on  Manhattan 
Island,  by  the  burning  of  his  vessel  and  cargo  of 
furs,  he  built  a yacht  there  which  he  called 


Onrust  or  Restless.  This  was  the  first  vessel 
[330] 


BLODGET. 


BLOOMER. 


built  at  New  Amsterdam,  and  the  first  decked 
vessel  built  in  the  American  colonies.  In  1614 
he  sailed  eastward  through  Hurl  gate  and  the 
Sound,  and  discovered  the  Housatonic  and  the 
Connecticut  rivers,  and  the  islands  between  the 
Sound  and  the  ocean,  one  of  which  he  called 
after  his  own  name.  He  found  on  the  island  a 
tribe  of  Indians,  who  were  evidently  Narra- 
gansetts,  but  who  called  themselves  Manisees. 

He  said,  “ they  received  us  kindly,  regaling  us 
on  hominy,  succotash,  clams  and  game,”  and  a 
writer  says,  “ in  return  for  this  the  captain,  on 
his  departure,  substituted  his  own  harsh  and 
barbarous  patronymic  for  the  beautiful  and  poetic 
name  of  Manisees,  meaning  ‘ Little  God's 
World.’  ” Dutch  maps  after  that  had  the  name 
“ Adrian’s  Eylandt,  ” or  “ Block’s  Eylandt.  ” The 
name  Rhode  Island  was  originated  by  him,  as 
from  the  prevalence  of  red  clay  on  its  shores  he 
called  it  “ Roodt  Eylandt.” 

BLODQET,  Lorin,  physicist,  was  born  near 
Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  May  25,  1823.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Geneva  college,  New  York,  and  ac- 
cepted the  position  of  assistant  investigator  on 
climatology  at  the  Smithsonian  institution  in 
1851.  From  1852  till  1856  he  was  attached  to  the 
Pacific  railroad  survey;  in  the  latter  part  of  1856 
he  was  employed  at  the  war  office.  He  pub- 
lisned  a valuable  work  on  the  climatology  of  the 
United  States,  and  of  the  temperate  latitudes  of 
the  North  American  continent,  embracing  a full 
comparison  of  these  with  the  temperate  latitudes 
of  Europe  and  Asia,  with  isothermal  and  rain 
charts,  including  a summary  of  meteorological 
observations  in  the  United  States.  This  work, 
published  in  1857,  was  highly  eulogized  by  Baron 
Humboldt  and  other  scientific  men.  He  as- 
sisted in  the  surveys  of  the  Pacific  railroad,  1852 
to  1856,  and  was  secretary  of  the  Philadelphia 
board  of  trade  for  a number  of  years,  at  the 
same  time  editing  the  North  American.  From 
1866  to  1875  he  held  positions  in  the  United  States 
treasury  department.  He  wrote  “The  Com- 
mercial and  Financial  Resources  of  the  United 
States  " (1864),  and  “ Census  of  the  Manufactures 
of  Philadelphia  ” (1883). 

BLODGET,  Samuel,  inventor,  was  born  at 
Woburn,  Mass.,  April  1,  1724.  He  saw  active 
service  in  the  French  and  Indian  wars,  and  later 
resided  for  some  time  in  New  Hampshire,  where 
he  was  appointed  a judge  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas.  He  invented  a device  to  raise  the 
cargoes  of  sunken  ships,  and  used  it  successfully, 
but  on  going  abroad  he  met  with  no  success  in 
his  endeavors  to  prosecute  similar  attempts,  and 
returned  to  America,  where  for  a time  he  en 
gaged  in  manufacturing  cotton-duck,  and  later 
began  work  upon  the  Blodget  canal  in  the  Merri- 
mac  river.  He  died  Sept.  1,  1807. 

,r33l] 


BLOODGOOD,  Delavan,  naval  surgeon,  was 
born  at  Springville,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  20,  1831.  He 
was  graduated  at  Madison  university  in  1852, 
attended  the  college  of  physicians  and  surgeons, 
New  York  city,  took  his  degree  at  the  Jeffer- 
son medical  college,  Philadelphia,  in  1857,  and  on 
March  13  of  that  year  was  made  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  navy.  He  was  promoted  passed  assist- 
ant surgeon,  Oct.  24,  1861,  and  surgeon,  Jan.  24, 
1862.  He  served  efficiently  throughout  the  civil 
war,  and  in  1867  was  on  the  Jamestoicn  at 
Panama  during  the  yellow  fever  epidemic.  On 
Feb.  23,  1875,  he  was  promoted  medical  inspector, 
and  on  Aug.  22,  1884,  medical  director,  being 
assigned  to  duty  at  the  naval  laboratory  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  where  he  served  until  his  retirement, 
Aug.  20,  1893.  For  thirteen  years  he  served  on 
the  sea  and  for  twenty-two  years  on  the  shore. 
He  was  made  a member  of  many  prominent 
societies,  among  them  the  Hamilton  club  of 
Brooklyn,  the  Society  of  colonial  wars,  the  Hol- 
land society,  the  Saint  Nicholas  society  of  Nassau 
Island,  the  Saint  Nicholas  club  of  New  York  city, 
and  the  American  medical  association. 

BLOODWORTH,  Timothy,  statesman,  was 
born  in  North  Carolina  in  1736.  He  was  a poor 
boy  and  his  education  was  wholly  self -acquired. 
He  served  for  many  years  in  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives of  his  native  state,  and  in  1786  was 
elected  a delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress. 
In  1788  and  1789  he  was  a state  senator  and  in  1790 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  1st  Congress. 
In  1793  and  1794  he  was  again  elected  to  the  state 
house  of  representatives,  and  from  1795  to  1801 
was  a United  States  senator.  He  was  afterwards 
made  collector  of  customs  at  Wilmington,  and 
died  at  Washington,  N.  C.,  Aug.  24,  1815. 

BLOOMER,  Amelia  Jenks,  reformer,  was  born 
at  Homer,  Cortlandt  county,  N.  Y.,  May  27,  1818; 
daughter  of  Ananias  and  Lucy  (Webb)  Jenks. 
She  received  a common -school  education,  and  in 
1837  became  a governess,  continuing  in  this  occu- 
pation until  1840,  when  she  was  married  to  Dex- 
ter C.  Bloomer,  a lawyer  and  journalist.  They 
took  up  their  residence  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y., 
where  Mr.  Bloomer  edited  the  village  paper,  to 
which  his  wife  became  an  anonymous  con- 
tributor, writing  on  political,  social  and  tem- 
perance topics.  On  Jan.  1,  1849,  The  Lily. 
wholly  a woman's  paper,  was  started,  edited  by 
Mrs.  Bloomer,  who  wrote  for  its  columns  many 
articles  on  temperance  and  woman’s  rights. 
In  the  spring  of  1849,  Mrs.  Bloomer  accepted  the 
position  of  deputy  to  her  husband,  who  was 
postmaster  of  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  and  efficiently 
discharged  the  attendant  duties,  at  the  same 
time  continuing  to  publish  The  Lily.  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton,  Frances  D.  Gage,  Mary 
C.  Vaughan  and  others  became  contributors  to 


BLOOMFIELD. 


BLOUNT. 


the  paper.  In  1851  an  article  appeared  in  a news- 
paper, entitled  “Female  Attire,”  advocating  a 
change  from  long  skirts  to  a costume  of  Turkish 
pantaloons  and  a skirt  reaching  a little  below 
the  knee.  Mrs.  Bloomer  in  an  editorial  in  The 
Lily  indorsed  the  writer's  views.  Soon  after  this 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Smith  Miller,  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
Gerrit  Smith,  appeared  on  the  street  in  full 
Turkish  trousers  and  very  short  skirts.  Then 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton  adopted  a similar 
costume,  and  a few  days  later  Mrs.  Bloomer 
followed  their  example.  To  her  astonishment  the 
newspapers  began  to  comment  upon  it,  and  the 
name  “ Bloomer  Costume  ” was  given  to  the 
short  dress  in  spite  of  her  repeatedly  disclaiming 
all  right  to  being  the  originator,  and  giving  Mrs. 
Miller  credit  as  the  first  to  wear  such  garments 
in  public.  Many  women  adopted  the  “ Bloomer 
costume,”  and  Mrs.  Bloomer  became  known 
throughout  the  country.  Her  paper,  The  Lily, 
grew  in  prosperity,  new  subscribers  coming  in 
by  hundreds.  In  1853  she  made  a successful 
lecture  tour  through  the  west.  In  December  of 
that  year  Mr.  Bloomer  purchased  an  interest  in 
the  Western  Home  Visitor,  at  Mount  Vernon, 
Ohio,  and  The  Lily  was  subsequently  published 
there,  Mrs.  Bloomer  also  assuming  the  assistant 
editorship  of  the  Visitor,  a weekly  family  paper. 
In  1855  she  sold  The  Lily  and  removed  to  Council 
Bluffs,  Iowa.  On  Jan.  8,  1856,  she  lectured  before 
the  Nebraska  legislature,  taking  for  her  subject 
“Woman  Suffrage,’*  with  the  result  of  the 
bringing  in  of  a bill  in  favor  of  that  movement, 
which  passed  the  lower  house.  In  1859  Mrs. 
Bloomer  laid  aside  the  costume  which  bore  her 
name  and  returned  to  the  long  skirts.  Some 
years  later  she  retired  from  active  public  life, 
but  continued  to  write  for  the  press  and  occa- 
sionally to  lecture.  (See  “ Life  and  Writings  of 
Amelia  Bloomer, ” by  D.  C.  Bloomer.)  She  died 
at  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  Dec.  30,  1894. 

BLOOMFIELD,  Joseph,  governor  of  New 
Jersey,  was  born  at  Woodbridge,  N.  J.,  about 
1755.  He  joined  the  revolutionary  army,  and 
served  throughout  the  war,  gaining  the  rank 
of  major.  He  then  resumed  his  study  of  the 
law,  and  began  practice  at  Burlington,  N.  J. 
In  1801  he  was  elected  governor  of  New  Jersey, 
holding  the  office  until  1812.  During  the  war  of 
1812  he  served  in  the  army  with  distinction, 
having  the  rank  of  brigadier -general.  In  1816 
he  was  elected  a representative  to  the  15th 
Congress,  serving  through  the  16th  Congress. 
He  died  at  Burlington,  N.  J.,  Oct.  3,  1823. 

BLOOMFIELD,  Maurice,  philologist,  was  born 
in  Austria,  Feb.  23,  1855.  He  received  his  early 
education  at  the  old  University  of  Chicago,  and 
was  graduated  at  Furman  university  in  South 
Carolina  in  1877.  He  next  went  to  Yale  uni- 


versity for  special  instruction,  and  in  1878  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  university, 
where  he  remained  one  year,  obtaining  at  the  end 
the  degree  of  Ph.D.  for  successful  studies  in  San- 
skrit, comparative  philology  and  the  Semitic 
languages.  He  then  went  abroad  for  two  years 
of  study  at  the  Universities  of  Berlin  and  Leipzig. 
In  1881  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  Sanskrit  and 
comparative  philology  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  uni- 
versity. He  edited  for  the  first  time  the  Kainpka- 
Sutra,  the  ritual  book  of  the  Atliarva-Veda ; 
published  six  series  containing  about  thirty  con- 
tributions to  the  interpretation  of  the  Veda,  and 
contributed  to  journals  articles  on  Buddhism  and 
Hindu  antiquities  and  languages.  He  also  printed 
a number  of  articles  on  the  comparative  grammar 
of  the  Indo-European  languages  and  general 
linguistic  science.  He  was  made  a member  of 
the  German  and  American  oriental  societies, 
being  one  of  the  directors  of  the  latter. 

BLOUNT,  William,  governor,  was  born  in 
Burke  county,  N.  C.,  Feb.  21,  1744.  He  came  of 
a patriotic  North  Carolina  family.  He  was  made 
a member  of  the  state  assembly  in  1780 ; a dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress,  1782;  a member 
of  the  Federal  constitutional  convention  in  1787, 
and  a signer  of  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  President  Washington  gave  him  guber- 
natorial jurisdiction  of  the  newly  formed  “ Terri- 
tory southwest  of  the  river  Ohio,”  and  on  the 
admission  of  Tennessee  to  the  Union,  in  1796,  he 
was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  but  was 
expelled  from  that  body  in  the  following  year  on 
a charge  of  inspiring  the  Creeks  and  Cherokee 
Indians  to  take  possession  of  Louisiana  for  the 
benefit  of  England.  He  was  at  once  elected  to 
the  Tennessee  senate,  and  made  president  of  that 
body.  General  M.  J.  Wright  has  written  his  bio- 
graphy, and  an  account  of  him  may  be  found  in 
the  “ Annals  of  Tennessee  " by  Ramsay.  He  died 
March  21,  1800. 

BLOUNT,  Will  ie,  governor  of  Tennessee,  was 
born  in  Burke  county,  N.  C.,  in  1767 ; son  of  Jacob 
Blount,  member  of  the  provincial  assemblies  of 
1775-’76.  In  1790  he  became  private  secretary  to 
his  brother,  William  Blount,  who  was  then  gov- 
ernor of  the  territory  south  of  the  Ohio.  When 
the  state  of  Tennessee  was  formed  in  1796  out  of 
this  territory  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature  as 
representative  from  Montgomery  county.  In 
1809  he  was  elected  governor  of  Tennessee,  hold- 
ing the  office  six  years.  He  died  Sept.  10.  1835. 

BLOXHAM,  William  D.,  governor  of  Florida, 
was  born  in  Leon  county.  Fla.,  July  9.  1835.  His 
father  was  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  that 
country,  having  removed  from  Virginia  in  1825. 
The  son  was  sent  to  a preparatory  school  in  Vir- 
ginia at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and  afterward  to 
William  and  Mary  college,  where  he  was  gradu- 


BLOW. 


BLUNT. 


ated  in  June,  1855.  He  settled  on  a plantation 
in  Florida,  where  a fondness  for  politics  led  him 
early  into  political  life.  In  1861  he  was  elected  to 
the  state  legislature.  He  opposed  the  recon- 
struction measures  of  Congress  after  the  war,  and 
was  presidential  elector  on  the  Democratic 
ticket  in  1868.  In  1870  he  was  unanimously  nom- 
inated as  lieutenant- 
governor  by  the  state 
Democratic  conven- 
tion, to  fill  a vacancy, 
and  was  elected  after 
a spirited  canvass,  the 
first  Democrat  elected 
in  Florida  after  the 
war.  In  1872  he  was 
nominated  as  the 
Democratic  candidate 
for  governor  without 
opposition,  but  was 
defeated.  In  1876  he 
was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  state  under 
the  administration  of 
Governor  Drew.  In 
1880  he  was  again  nominated  for  governor.  Resign- 
ing the  position  of  secretary  of  state,  he  made  an 
active  canvass  of  the  state,  and  was  elected  by 
over  five  thousand  majority,  and  served  as  gov- 
ernor until  Jan.  6,  1885.  His  administration 
was  very  successful,  and  under  it  Florida  de- 
veloped more  rapidly  than  in  any  previous  period 
of  her  history.  In  May,  1885,  President  Cleveland 
appointed  Governor  Bloxham  minister  to  Bolivia, 
but  he  declined  the  position,  and  in  November, 
the  same  year,  accepted  the  appointment  of 
U nited  States  surveyor-general  for  the  district  of 
Florida,  which  he  held  until  October,  1889.  Mr. 
Bloxham  was,  in  August.  1892,  unanimously  nom- 
inated by  the  Democratic  state  convention  for 
comptroller  of  the  state  of  Florida,  and  was 
elected  for  a term  of  four  years  by  over  23,000 
majority  — the  largest  majority  ever  given  in  the 
state  At  the  Democratic  state  convention  held 
at  Ocala,  Fla.,  in  June,  1896,  he  was  unanimously 
nominated  as  the  Democratic  candidate  for  the 
governorship,  and  in  October  was  elected  for  a 
term  of  four  years. 

BLOW,  Henry  T.,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Southampton  county,  Va.,  July  15,  1817.  At  the 
age  of  thirteen  he  removed  to  Missouri,  and  was 
graduated  from  the  St.  Louis  university.  He  en- 
gaged in  the  wholesale  drug  business,  and  as  a 
lead-miner,  with  financial  success.  He  was  an 
active  abolitionist,  and  after  serving  some  years 
in  the  state  senate  of  Missouri  he  was  appointed, 
in  1861,  by  President  Lincoln  minister -resident 
at  \ enezuela.  In  1862  he  was  elected  a repre- 
sentative from  Missouri  to  the  38th  Congress  on 


the  Republican  ticket,  and  was  re-elected  to  the 
39th  Congress.  In  1869  he  was  appointed,  by 
President  Grant,  U.  S.  minister  to  Brazil,  and 
after  his  return  to  the  United  States  in  1871  lie 
resided  in  Washington,  D.  C. ; and  in  1874  was 
appointed  by  President  Grant  a member  of  the 
commission  for  governing  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. He  died  Sept.  11,  1875. 

BLUNT,  Edmund,  hydrographer,  was  born  at 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  Nov.  23,  1799;  son  of  Ed- 
mund March  Blunt.  In  1816  he  surveyed  New 
York  harbor,  and  made  the  first  correct  chart  of 
those  waters.  Three  years  later  he  surveyed  the 
Bahama  banks,  and  afterwards  made  important 
surveys  of  the  Nantucket  shoals,  the  New  Jersey 
and  Long  Island  coasts  from  Barnegat,  N.  J., 
to  Fire  Island,  L.  I.,  and  on  the  isthmus  from 
the  mouth  of  the  San  Juan  river  to  the  Pacific 
ocean.  In  1832  he  was  made  first  assistant  on 
the  newly  established  United  States  coast  survey, 
and  did  important  work  by  introducing  an  im- 
proved light-house  system.  He  prepared  many 
maps  and  charts,  in  connection  with  his  brother, 
George  W.  Blunt,  with  whom  he  was  associated 
in  the  publishing  firm  of  E.  & G.  W.  Blunt. 
He  invented  the  dividing-engine,  and  wrote  “ The 
Merchant  and  Seaman’s  Expeditious  Measurer  ” 
(1845).  He  died  Sept.  2,  1866. 

BLUNT,  Edmund  March,  author,  was  born 
at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  June  20,  1770.  He  was  a 
bookseller,  and  the  publisher  of  the  Newburyport 
Herald,  and  wrote  the  “ American  Coast  Pilot  ” 
(1796),  which  has,  during  its  century  of  ex- 
istence, readied  its  thirty -second  edition,  Jiaving 
been  translated  into  many  European  languages. 
He  wrote  many  books  on  subjects  of  interest  to 
seamen,  and  issued  a number  of  charts.  He 
published  “Stranger's  Guide  to  New  York  City" 
in  1817.  He  died  in  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.  , Jan. 
2,  1862. 

BLUNT,  George  W.,  hydrographer,  was  born 
at  Newburyport,  Mass.,  March  11,  1802;  son  of 
Edmund  March  Blunt,  author.  In  1816  he  went 
to  sea  and  lived  the  life  of  a sailor  for  six  years. 
On  his  return  he  settled  in  New  York,  and 
established  a publishing  house,  making  a specialty 
of  nautical  works.  For  seven  years  he  was  em- 
ployed in  making  new  and  more  accurate  surveys 
of  New  York  harbor  and  of  the  Bahama  banks. 
In  1845  he  was  made  a member  of  the  pilot 
commission,  and  in  1856,  when  the  light-house 
board  was  established,  he  was  appointed  a mem- 
ber. He  edited,  and  several  times  revised,  the 
" American  Coast  Pilot."  He  is  the  author  of 
"Atlantic  Memoir,”  “Sheet  Anchor,”  “Pilot 
Laws  and  Harbor  and  Quarantine  Regula  tions  of 
New  York  ” (1869),  and  a “Plan  to  Avoid  the 
Centre  of  Violent  Gales  ” (1867).  He  died  in  New 
York  city,  April  19,  1878. 


133:5  J 


BLYTHE. 


BOARDMAN. 


BLUNT,  James  G.,  soldier,  was  born  at  Tren- 
ton. Me.,  July  20,  1826.  He  went  to  sea  in  1841, 
but  returning  in  1846  he  began  the  study  of 
medicine,  and  took  his  degree  three  years  later 
at  the  Starling  medical  college,  Columbus,  Ohio, 
After  practising  in  Ohio  for  several  years  he  re- 
moved to  Kansas,  where  he  became  prominent 
in  politics.  In  1861  he  joined  the  army,  with  the 
rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  promoted 
to  brigadier-general  in  April.  1862,  and  to  major- 
general  the  following  November.  He  served 
with  distinguished  gallantry  in  many  engage- 
ments, notably  those  of  Old  Fort  Wayne,  Cane 
Hill.  Fort  Van  Buren,  Honey  Spring  and  New- 
tonia.  After  the  close  of  the  war  lie  returned  to 
Kansas,  where  he  resumed  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  He  died  in  1881. 

BLYTHE,  James,  educator,  was  born  in  Meck- 
lenburg county,  N.  C.,  Oct.  28,  1765.  After  re- 
ceiving a classical  education  he  devoted  a few 
years  to  the  study  of  theology,  and  in  1793  was 
ordained  to  the  Presbyterian  ministry.  His 
pastorate  was  at  Pisgali,  Kv.,  where  he  remained 
several  years,  resigning  to  accept  the  chair  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  at  the  newly 
founded  University  of  Transylvania.  In  1802  he 
was  made  president  of  that  institution,  a posi- 
tion which  he  resigned  in  1818  to  found  a semin- 
ary for  young  ladies,  filling  at  the  same  time 
the  chair  of  chemistry  at  Transylvania,  and 
being  further  active  as  associate  pastor  of  a Lex- 
ington church.  From  1832  to  1836  he  acted  as 
president  of  South  Hanover  college,  afterwards 
having  charge  of  a church.  The  College  of  New 
Jersey  conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
D.D.  in  1805.  He  died  May  20,  1842. 

BOARDMAN,  George  Dana,  missionary,  was 
born  at  Livermore,  Me.,  Feb.  8,  1801;  son  of  the 
Rev.  Sylvanus  and  Phebe  Boardman.  He  was 
prepared  for  college  at  the  North  Yarmouth, 
Me. , academy,  and  was  a member  of  the  first  class 
that  was  formed  at  Waterville  college,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1822.  He  then  studied  at  An- 
dover theological  seminary,  and  was  ordained  to 
the  Baptist  ministry  at  North  Yarmouth,  Me., 
Feb.  16,  1825.  He  married  Sarah  Hall,  July  4, 
1825,  sailed  for  Calcutta  the  same  month,  accom- 
panied by  his  wife.  They  soon  mastered  the  Bur- 
man  language  and  planted  the  first  Baptist  mission 
in  Burmah.  In  1827  they  removed  to  Amherst, 
Burmah,  thence  to  Maulmain,  and  in  1828  to 
Tavoy,  where  his  labors  were  very  fruitful.  He 
won  the  cooperation  of  some  of  the  natives,  and 
made  many  converts  among  the  Burmese  and 
the  Karens.  After  his  death  his  widow  became 
the  wife  of  Adoniram  Judson,  the  missionary. 
(See  King's  “ Memoir  of  George  Dana  Boardman,” 
1875).  He  died  near  Tavoy,  Burmah,  Feb  11, 
1831. 


BOARDMAN,  George  Dana,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Tavoy,  Burmah,  Aug.  18,  1828;  son  of 
George  Dana  and  Sarah  (Hall)  Boardman,  and 
grandson  of  the  Rev.  Sylvanus  Boardman.  At 
the  age  of  six  he  was  sent  to  the  United  States, 
where  he  was  educated.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brown  university,  1852,  and  at  Newton  theological 
institution,  1855,  in  which  year  he  was  ordained 
to  the  Baptist  ministry.  He  held  pastorates  at 
Barnwell,  S.  C.,  1855-’56;  at  the  Second  church, 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  1856-'64;  at  the  First  church, 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1864-'94,  and  was  president  of 
the  American  Baptist  missionary  union,  and  of 
the  Christian  arbitration  and  peace  society.  He 
was  chaplain  of  the  University  of  Pennlsy vania. 
1892-'93.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Brown  University  in  1866,  and  that  of  LL.D.  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1889. 

BOARDMAN,  Henry  Augustus,  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  9,  1808.  After  his 
graduation  from  Yale  college  in  1829,  as  honor 
man,  lie  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  in 
1830  was  ordained  to  the  Presbyterian  ministry. 
He  took  pastoral  charge  of  the  10tli  Presbyterian 
church  in  Philadelphia,  and  filled  that  pulpit 
for  more  than  forty  years.  He  devoted  much 
time  to  literary  work,  and  published  “ Corre- 
spondence with  Bishop  Doane  on  the  Oxford 
Tracts”  (1841);  ‘‘ The  Prelatical  Doctrine  of  the 
Apostolical  Succession  Examined  ” (1844) ; “ The 
Importance  of  Religion  to  the  Legal  Profession  " 
(1849) ; “ The  Bible  in  the  Family  ” (1851) ; “ The 
Bible  in  the  Counting-House”  (1853);  “Dis- 
course upon  the  Low  Value  set  upon  Human 
Life  in  the  United  States  ” (1853) ; “ The  Great 
Question : Will  you  consider  the  subject  of  Per- 
sonal Religion?  (lsted.,  1855);  “ Discourse  on  the 
American  Union  ” (1858);  “The  Book”  (1861); 
“ Earthly  Suffering  and  Heavenly  Glory  ” (1875) ; 
“The  Christian  Ministry  not  a Priesthood,' 
“Vanity  of  a Life  of  Fashionable  Pleasure," 
“ On  High  Church  Episcopacy,”  “ On  Cultivat- 
ing the  Christian  Temper,”  “The  Society  of 
Friends,  and  the  Two  Sacraments,”  and  “The 
Doctrine  of  Election."’  He  died  June  15,  1889. 

BOARMAN,  Charles,  naval  officer,  was  born 
in  Maryland.  He  served  in  the  navy  for  a num- 
ber of  years  and  was  well  trained  at  the  Wash- 
ington naval  school  before  the  beginning  of  the 
war  of  1812.  At  first  he  was  placed  on  the  Erie 
as  midshipman,  and  later  was  transferred  to  the 
brig  Jefferson.  He  was  promoted  steadily 
through  the  ranks  of  lieutenant  and  commander 
to  that  of  captain.  In  1844  he  was  assigned  to 
duty  on  the  Brandywine,  serving  with  this  ves- 
sel six  years.  After  serving  in  the  civil  war  he 
was  retired,  in  1867,  as  commodore.  In  1876  lie 
was  promoted  a rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list, 
and  died  in  Martinsburg,  W.  Va.,  Sept.  13,  1879. 
[334] 


BOATNER 


BOEHLER. 


BOATNER,  Charles  J.,  representative,  was 
born  at  Columbia,  in  the  parish  of  Caldwell.  La. , 
Jan.  23,  1849.  Losing  liis  father  at  an  early  age, 
lie  resided  with  his  uncle,  and  had  the  benefit  of 
private  instruction  until  I860.  In  1866  he  ob- 
tained employment  in  the  clerk's  and  sheriff’s 
offices,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1870.  In 
1876  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  and  served 
until  1878,  after  which  he  resigned  and  moved 
to  Monroe,  La.  In  1888  he  was  elected  a repre- 
sentative in  the  51st,  and  was  re-elected  to  the 
52d,  53d  and  54th  congresses. 

BOCOCK,  Thomas  S.,  representative,  was 
born  in  Buckingham  county,  Va.,  in  1815.  He 
was  graduated  at  Hampden-Sidney  college,  and 
after  his  admission  to  the  bar  practised  law  at 
Appomattox  court-house,  Va.  He  was  a mem- 
ber, for  several  years,  of  the  Virginia  house  of 
delegates,  and  attorney  for  the  state  in  1845  and 
1846,  being  elected  in  the  latter  year  a repre- 
sentative in  the  30th  Congress  on  the  Democratic 
ticket.  He  sat  for  seven  successive  terms,  until 
the  ordinance  of  secession  was  enacted.  In  1861 
he  was  elected  a representative  in  the  Confed- 
erate congress,  and  was  made  speaker  of  the  Con- 
federate house  of  representatives  on  Feb.  18.  1862. 
He  died  Aug.  5,  1891. 

BODFISH,  Joshua  P.,  theologian,  was  born  in 
Falmouth,  Mass.,  March  29,  1839;  son  of  William 
and  Elizabeth  Bodfish.  His  ancestors  were 
among  the  first  settlers  on  Cape  Cod.  Father 
Bodfish  was  brought  up  in  the  Orthodox  church, 
but  studied  and  took  orders  in  the  Episcopal 
church,  officiating  for  some  time  as  assistant 
rector  at  All  Saints  church,  Philadelphia. 
He  was  baptized  into  the  Roman  Catholic 
church  by  Bishop  Domenec  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in 
1863,  pursued  his  theological  course  at  the  semi- 
nary of  our  Lady  of  the  Angels,  Niagara,  and  at 
Seton  Hall,  N.  J.,  joined  Father  Hecker’s  Paulist 
community  in  New  York,  and  was  ordained  priest 
Nov.  30,  1866.  For  ten  years  he  was  occupied 
with  mission  work  in  connection  with  the  Paul- 
ists,  and  organized  and  built  up  the  Young  men’s 
Catholic  institute  in  New  York.  In  1876  he  became 
attached  to  the  cathedral  in  Boston,  first  as 
chancellor  of  the  diocese  and  secretary  to  Arch- 
bishop Williams  and  later  as  rector  of  the  cathe- 
dral. In  1888  lie  was  appointed  rector  of  St. 
John’s  church,  Canton,  Mass.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Bostonian  society,  a director  of 
the  Bunker  Hill  monument  association  and  a mem- 
ber of  the  New  England  Historical  genealogi- 
cal society,  and  of  the  St.  Botolph  Club  and  the 
“Thursday  Evening  Club.” 

BODWELL,  Joseph  R.,  governor  of  Maine, 
was  born  at  Methuen,  Mass.,  June  18,  1818.  His 
family  were  in  such  straitened  circumstances 
that  at  the  age  of  eight  he  began  to  earn  his  own 


living;  thus  his  education  was  almost  wholly  self  - 
acquired.  He  was  always  scrupulously  honest 
in  all  his  dealings,  but  was  keen,  business-like 
and  persevering,  and  succeeded  in  acquiring  con 
siderable  wealth.  In  1852  he  began  the  business 
of  quarrying  granite  in  Penobscot  Bay,  enlarging 
his  works  year  by  year;  in  1870  opening  quarries 
in  Hallowell,  from  which  he  realized  large  profits. 
He  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  a number 
of  terms,  and  in  1886  was  chosen  governor  of 
Maine  by  the  Republican  party.  It  is  said  that 
lie  gave  in  charity  an  average  of  one  hundred 
dollars  per  day.  He  died  at  Hallowell,  Me.,  Dec. 
15,  1887. 

BOEHLER,  Peter,  Moravian  bishop,  was  born 
at  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Germany,  Dec.  31, 
1712 ; son  of  John  Conrad  and  Antoinette  Eliza- 
beth Boeliler.  He  studied  theology  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Jena.  In  1732,  Count  Zinzendorf, 
reorganizer  of  the  society  of  United  Brethren 
(Moravians),  visited  the  university,  and  Boeliler 
became  associated  with  him  in  his  work.  In  his 
junior  year  he  became  a tutor,  and  in  1736  was 
appointed  junior  professor  in  the  university. 
In  1737  he  was  ordained  a minister  of  the 
Moravian  church,  and  in  1738,  by  special  ap- 
pointment of  Count  Zinzendorf,  he  became 
pastor  of  the  church  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  and  a 
missionary  to  the  negroes  of  Carolina  and 
Georgia.  I11  England,  on  his  way  to  his  Ameri- 
can missionary  field,  he  made  the  acquaintance 
of  John  and  Charles  Wesley.  John  Wesley 
writes:  “ On  my  return  to  England,  January, 
1738,  being  in  imminent  danger  of  death,  and 
very  uneasy  on  that  account,  I was  strongly  con- 
vinced that  the  cause  of  that  uneasiness  was  un- 
belief, and  that  the  gaining  a true,  living  faith 
was  the  one  thing  needful  for  me.  But  still  I 
fixed  not  this  faith  on  its  right  object.  I meant 
only  faith  in  God,  not  faith  in  or  through  Christ. 
Again  I knew  not  that  I was  wholly  void  of  this 
faith;  but  only  thought  I had  not  enough  of  it. 
So  that  when  Peter  Boeliler,  whom  God  prepared 
for  me  as  soon  as  I came  to  London,  affirmed  of 
true  faith  in  Christ  that  it  had  those  two  fruits 
inseparably  attending  it,  ‘ Dominion  over  sin  and 
constant  peace  from  a sense  of  forgiveness,’  I 
was  quite  amazed,  and  looked  upon  it  as  a new 
gospel.  ’ ’ The  Peter  Boeliler  chapel  erected  in 
London  by  Wesleyans  is  a memorial  of  this  inci- 
dent. Peter  Boeliler  arrived  at  Savannah  on 
Oct.  15,  1738,  after  a voyage  of  five  months’ 
duration,  and  found  the  Moravian  settlement 
reduced  to  twelve  persons.  In  1740,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  war  with  Spain,  they  were  obliged 
to  leave  the  colony,  their  religious  principles 
precluding  them  from  bearing  arms.  They  set- 
tled at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  where  only  Boehler’s 
wise  counsel  and  encouragement  held  the  little 


BOEHM. 


BOGARDUS. 


band  together.  In  1741  he  visited  Europe,  and, 
after  preaching  and  teaching  with  great  effect, 
he  again  sailed  for  America  in  March,  1742,  ac- 
companied by  a large  colony  of  Moravians.  He 
resumed  his  pastoral  duties  at  Bethlehem  and 
soon  a new  settlement  was  founded  at  Nazareth, 
Pa.  In  1748  he  was  chosen  a bishop,  and  made 
a pilgrimage  to  Herrnhut  for  the  purpose  of 
consecration.  He  was  appointed  overseer  of  the 
church  in  England,  Ireland  and  Wales,  and 
spent  some  five  years  there.  In  1753  he  returned 
to  America,  where  he  remained  until  1764,  mean- 
while visiting  Herrnhut  to  attend  the  general 
synod  of  the  church,  where  he  was  appointed  as- 
sistant superintendent  of  the  American  province. 
In  1764  he  returned  to  Europe,  where  he  was 
a delegate  to  the  Marienborn  synod,  a member 
of  the  old  directory,  and  in  1769  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  new  board  called  the  unity’s  elders’ 
conference.  (See  ‘ ‘ Memorials  of  the  Life  of  Peter 
Boehler  ” (London,  1868),  by  T.  P.  Lockwood.) 
He  died  in  London,  England,  April  27,  1774. 

BOEHM,  Henry,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Conestoga,  Pa.,  June  8,  1775;  son  of  Martin 
Boehm,  a Methodist  preacher.  He  joined  the 
Methodist  ministry  and  began  itinerant  preach- 
ing in  1800.  A few  years  later  he  went  with 
Bishop  Asbury,  then  in  ill-healtli,  on  his  tours. 
Mr.  Boehm  did  successful  work  among  the  Ger- 
man settlers.  At  one  time  he  was  presiding 
elder  of  the  Schuylkill  district,  and  later  accom- 
panied Bishops  George  and  McKendree  in  their 
travels.  It  is  said  that  he  rode  more  than  one 
hundred  thousand  miles  on  horseback  during  his 
itinerant  life.  He  lived  to  be  one  hundred  years 
old,  retaining  possession  of  his  facidties  up  to  the 
last.  A month  after  his  one  hundredth  birthday 
he  wrote  a preface  to  a new  edition  of  his  “ Rem- 
iniscences of  Sixty-four  years  in  the  Ministry,” 
first  published  in  1865.  He  died  Dec.  28,  1875. 

BOGARDUS,  Annetje  Jansen,  emigrant,  was 
born  in  Holland  in  1600.  She  came  to  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  in  1630  with  her  first  husband,  Roelof  Jan- 
sen. The  Jansens  afterwards  moved  to  New 
Amsterdam,  where,  in  1636,  they  were  given  a 
grant  of  sixty-two  acres  of  land  on  Manhattan 
Island  by  Governor  Van  Twiller.  Jansen  died 
soon  after,  and  his  widow  married  the  Rev. 
Everardus  Bogardus  in  1638.  After  his  death  she 
acquired  a patent  of  the  grant  from  Stuyvesant 
in  her  own  name,  and  in  1671  her  heirs,  with  the 
exception  of  Cornelius  Bogardus,  conveyed  the 
estate  to  Governor  Lovelace,  and  in  1705  it  was 
granted  by  Queen  Anne  to  Trinity  church. 
Various  unsuccessful  attempts  were  made  by  the 
descendants  of  Cornelius  Bogardus,  the  non- 
conveying heir,  to  regain  his  share  of  the  prop- 
erty. Annetje  Jansen  Bogardus  died  in  Bever- 
wyck,  N.  Y.,  March  19,  1663. 


BOGARDUS,  Everardus,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Holland.  In  1633  he  came  to  America  and 
settled  in  New  Amsterdam  as  minister  to  the 
colony.  Being  a man  of  pronounced  views,  high 
principles  and  public  spirit  he  denounced  certain 
acts  of  Governor  Van  Twiller's  and  Governor 
Kieft’s  administrations,  and,  being  in  reprisal 
traduced  to  the  home  government,  he  set  sail  for 
Amsterdam  in  1647,  hoping  to  clear  himself  from 
the  charges,  but  was  shipwrecked  and  drowned 
in  Bristol  Channel,  Sept.  27,  1647. 

BOGGS,  Charles  Stum*t,  naval  officer,  was 
born  at  New  Brunswick,  IS.  J.,  Jan.  28,  1811.  He 
joined  the  United  States  navy  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen and  saw  service  in  the  Mediterranean,  West 
Indies,  and  the  Pacific  ocean.  Beginning  as  a 
midshipman  he  won  promotion  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  in  1837,  and  to  that  of  commander  in 
1855.  In  1858  he  was  appointed  light-house  in- 
spector on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  war  he  commanded  the  Varuna,  one 
of  the  two  vessels  in  the  gulf  squadron  upon 
which  the  Confederate  gun-boats  made  their 
principal  attacks.  This  engagement  was  one  of 
the  most  desperate  and  daring  in  the  war. 
Captain  Boggs  was  afterwards  assigned  to  the 
navy  yard  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  In  1866  he  re- 
ceived promotion  to  the  rank  of  commodore,  and 
in  1870  was  commissioned  rear-admiral.  After 
serving  as  commander  of  the  European  squadron, 
and  for  a short  time  as  inspector  of  light -houses, 
lie  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1873.  He 
died  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  April  22,  1888. 

BOGLE,  James,  artist,  was  born  at  George- 
town, S.  C.,  in  1817.  When  nineteen  years  of 
age  he  removed  to  New  York  city,  and  for  some 
time  studied  portrait  painting  under  Prof.  S.  F. 
B.  Morse.  He  achieved  success  in  this  branch 
and  painted  the  portraits  of  many  of  the  great 
men  of  the  time,  among  them  being  Calhoun, 
Webster,  Clay,  John  A.  Dix  and  Henry  J.  Ray- 
mond. In  1850  he  was  made  an  associate  of  the 
National  academy,  and  in  1861  he  was  elected  an 
academician.  He  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y..  Oct. 
11,  1873. 

BOGY,  Lewis  V.,  senator,  was  born  at  St. 
Genevieve,  Mo.,  April  9,  1813.  At  the  age  of 
twenty -two  he  was  graduated  from  the  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.,  law  school,  and,  after  practising  for 
some  time  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  of  that  state.  In  1867  and  1868  he  was 
commissioner  of  Indian  affairs.  He  was  instru 
mental  in  developing  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
state  and  in  the  establishment  of  the  St.  Louis  and 
Iron  Mountain  railroad,  of  which  he  was  president 
for  two  years.  In  1873  he  was  elected  to  a seat 
in  the  United  States  senate  as  a Democrat,  and 
remained  there  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  St.  Louis,  Mo..  Sept.  20,  1877. 


BOHLEN. 


BOK. 


BOHLEN,  Henry,  soldier,  was  born  at  Bremen, 
Germany,  Oct.  22,  1810.  He  removed  to  America 
and  settled  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  established 
a prosperous  liquor  business.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  he  volunteered  in  the  army,  and 
served,  first  as  colonel  of  the  75th  Pennsylvania 
volunteers,  and  later  as  brigadier-general.  He 
was  distinguished  for  his  gallant  and  fearless 
action  at  Cross  Keys,  in  the  Shenandoah  valley, 
under  Sigel,  and  in  covering  the  retreat  of  the 
Federal  army  across  the  Rappahannock,  where  he 
was  killed,  Aug.  22,  1862. 

BOIES,  Horace,  governor  of  Iowa,  was  born  in 
Aurora,  N.  Y.,  in  1827.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Buffalo  in  1852,  and  two  years  later  was 
elected  to  the  assembly  from  his  native  county. 
In  1867  he  removed  to  Iowa,  where  he  became 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  bar  of  the  state.  Up  to 
1881  he  acted  with  the  Republican  party,  but, 
though  himself  a total  abstainer,  he  could  not 
follow  the  Republicans  in  their  adhesion  to  pro- 
hibition, and  be  also  differed  with  them  on  the 
maintenance  of  a protective  tariff.  He  was  twice 
elected  governor  of  Iowa  as  a Democrat,  his  first 
election,  in  1889,  breaking  a line  of  thirty-five 
years’  supremacy  of  the  Republican  party.  He 
was  one  of  the  presidential  candidates  balloted 
for  in  the  Chicago  national  convention  of  1896, 
which  nominated  William  J.  Bryan. 

BOK,  Edward  William,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Den  Helder.  near  Amsterdam.  Holland,  Oct. 
9,  1868,  son  of  William  J.  H.  Bok.  He  came 
to  America  at  the  age  of  six.  At  the  age  of  fif- 
teen he  began  to  make  a collection  of  autograph 
letters  and  documents 
of  famous  persons, 
which  soon  attracted 
attention,  grew  to  more 
than  twenty-five  thou- 
sand pieces,  and  became 
known  as  the  finest  and 
best  selected  autogra- 
phic compilation  owned 
by  a private  individual 
in  the  U nited  States.  At 
the  age  of  nineteen  he 
founded  and  edited 
cC  &tr/c  The  Brooklyn  Maga- 
zine,  of  which  he  made 
a success  in  little  more  than  a year,  when  he  sold 
it.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  soon  after  this  became 
attracted  to  the  young  man,  and  put  much  of  his 
literary  work  into  his  hands.  Some  weeks  pre- 
vious to  Mr.  Beecher’s  death  Mr.  Bok  conceived 
the  idea  of  a series  of  weekly  newspaper  letters 
by  the  eminent  divine.  Of  these  the  young  liter- 
ary manager  made  a success.  From  this  grew  the 
syndicate  known  as ‘‘The  Bok  Syndicate  Press,” 
employing  over  eighty  famous  authors  of  America 


and  Europe,  These  ventures  were  all  conducted 
during  his  evenings.  During  business  hours  he 
held  positions  with  publishing  houses  as  private 
secretary,  and  as  manager  of  the  advertising  de- 
partment. In  October.  1889,  he  became  editor- 
in-chief  of  The  Ladies’  Home  Journal  of  Phila- 
delphia. In  1891  he  secured  a joint  proprietorship 
in  The  Ladies’  Home  Journal.  In  1888  he  began 
publishing  a weekly  letter  called  “Bok’s  Literary 
Leaves,”  printed  simultaneously  in  thirty -five 
newspapers  of  America  and  Canada.  His  writings 
include : “ The  Beecher  Memorial : In  Memory  of 

Henry  Ward  Beecher  ” (1888) ; and  “ Successward  ” 
(1895,  2d  ed.  1896).  He  edited  a volume  entitled, 
“ Before  He  is  Twenty  ” (1894). 

BOK,  William  J.  H.,  linguist,  was  born  on 
the  Island  of  Texel,  in  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  Jan.  7,  1829.  son  of  William  Bok. 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  legal  profession,  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Utrecht,  and  soon  after  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Den  Helder. 
In  the  Netherlands  he  held  positions  as  vice- 
consul  of  Great  Britain  from  1855  to  1859;  vice- 
consul  of  the  German  Empire,  vice-consul  of 
France  from  1864  to  1870;  also  for  a time  as  vice- 
consul  of  Russia.  He  came  to  America  in  1870, 
and  engaged  in  business  as  introducer  of  patents, 
but  soon  associated  himself  with  the  Western 
Union  Telegraph  Company  as  translator,  for 
which  position  he  was  peculiarly  well  qualified,  as 
he  read  and  spoke  with  facility  eight  modern  lan- 
guages. He  died  Feb.  2,  1881. 

BOK,  William  John,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Den  Helder,  near  Amsterdam,  Holland,  May  11. 
1861,  son  of  William  J.  H.  Bok.  He  came  to 
America  at  the  age  of  nine  and  was  educated 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  He  entered  journalism  and 
became  secretary  of  the  Brooklyn  Magazine  com- 
pany, of  which  his  brother,  Edward  William, 
was  editor-in-chief.  In  1881,  in  connection  with 
his  brother,  and  with  the  assistance  of  Henry 
Ward  Beecher,  he  established  the  “ Bok  Syndicate 
Press,”  of  which  he  later  he  became  sole  conduc- 
tor and  owner.  He  wrote  extensively  for  the 
newspaper  press,  and  assisted  his  brother  in  pre- 
paring the  “ Beecher  Memorial.” 

BOKER,  George  Henry,  author,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.  6.  1823,  son  of  Charles  S. 
Boker.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  col- 
lege in  1842,  and  for  some  years  travelled 
abroad.  On  his  return  from  Europe  in  1847, 
he  published  his  first  book,  “ Tbe  Lessons  of 
Life,  and  Other  Poems.”  His  first  decided  suc- 
cess was  “ Calaynos,”  a tragedy  founded  on  a Span- 
ish theme,  issued  in  1848.  This  was  pirated  in 
London,  brought  out  there  on  the  stage,  played 
through  the  provinces,  and  successfully  produced 
in  America  after  being  revised  by  the  author. 

[337J 


BOLLER. 


BOLLES. 


Two  later  tragedies,  ‘ ‘ The  Betrothal  ” and  “ Fran- 
cesca de  Rimini,”  met  with  equal  success.  In 
1871  President  Grant  appointed  Mr.  Boker  minis- 
ter to  Constantinople,  where  he  remained  four 
years,  and  during  that  time  secured  redress 
for  wrongs  done  American  subjects  by  the  Syr- 
ians, and  successfully  negotiated  two  treaties, 
one  having  reference  to  the  extradition  of  crimi- 
nals, and  the  other  to  the  naturalization  of  sub- 
jects of  either  power  in  the  dominions  of  the 
other.  In  1875  he  resigned  the  Turkish  mission 
to  accept  that  of  minister  to  Russia,  remaining  at 
St.  Petersburg  two  years.  In  1877  he  resigned 
and  returned  to  the  United  States.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Union  league  club  in 
Philadelphia,  and  served  as  its  secretary  and  presi- 
dent. His  published  works  include:  “Poems  of 
the  War”  (1864) ; “Street  Lyrics”  (1869) ; “Kon- 
igsmark,  and  Other  Poems”  (1869);  “The  Book 
of  the  Dead”  (1882),  besides  many  short  poems 
and  sonnets.  He  died  Jan.  2, 1890. 

BOLLER,  Alfred  Pancoast,  civil  engineer,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  23,  1840,  son  of 
Henry  John  and  Anna  Margaretta  (Pancoast)  Boi- 
ler. In  1858  he  was  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  with  the  degree  of  A.M. , and  con- 
tinued his  studies  at  the  Rensselaer  polytechnic 
institute,  at  Troy,  N.  Y. , from  which  he  received 
the  C.E.  degree  in  1861.  The  following  year  he 
was  employed  in  the  Lehigh  coal  and  navigation 
company  as  assistant  engineer,  and  until  1885 
was  connected  with  some  of  the  largest  railroads 
in  the  United  States  as  engineer.  He  afterwards 
contracted  to  build  several  large  bridges  in  New 
York,  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  at  New  London, 
Conn.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  Ameri- 
can institute  of  civil  engineers,  and  of  the  Amer- 
ican institute  of  mining  engineers.  He  published 
‘ ‘ Practical  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of  Iron 
Highway  Bridges.” 

BOLLES,  Albert  S.,  editor,  was  born  at 
Montville,  Conn.,  March  8,  1845.  He  was  fitted 
for  college,  studied 
law  at  the  Albany  law 
school,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  at  the 
age  of  twenty.  He  im- 
mediately formed  a 
partnership  with  his 
preceptor,  John  T. 
Wait,  of  Norwich, 
Conn. , which  was  con- 
tinued until  he  was 
elected  judge  of  the 
probate  court  for  the 
district  of  Norwich  in 
1869.  In  1862  he  was 
elected  to  represent 
Nbrwich  in  the  state  legislature,  and  soon  after- 


ward became  editor  of  the  Norwich  Daily  Bulletin, 
and  was  appointed  lecturer  on  political  economy 
in  the  Boston  university.  He  then  became  editor 
of  the  Bankers'  Magazine,  New  York,  and  was 
elected  professor  of  mercantile  law  and  practice 
in  the  Wharton  school  of  finance  and  economy, 
University  of  Pennsylvania;  still,  however,  re- 
taining editorial  control  of  the  Bankers'  Maga- 
zine. He  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from 
Middlebury  college,  Vt.,  in  1882.  In  1887  he 
was  appointed  chief  of  the  bureau  of  industrial 
statistics  of  Pennsylvania.  He  is  the  author  of 
“Financial  History  of  the  United  States”  (3  vols.), 
“ Practical  Banking,”  “ Industrial  History  of  the 
United  States,”  “Conflict  Between  Labor  and 
Capital,”  and  several  legal  works  on  banking.  In 
1896  Lafayette  college  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D. 

BOLLES,  John  Augustus,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Ashford,  Conn.,  April  16,  1809.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Brown  university  with  the  degree  of 
A.M.,  in  1829,  and  became  principal  of  the  prepar- 
atory department  of  Columbia  college.  In  1833 
he  practised  law  in  Boston.  In  1843  and  1844  he 
was  secretary  of  state  of  Massachusetts,  and  after- 
wards was  a member  of  the  Massachusetts  board 
of  education,  and  in  1852  a commissioner  of  Bos- 
ton harbor.  He  served  in  the  civil  war,  gaining 
the  brevet  rank  of  colonel,  and  from  1865  to  1878 
was  solicitor  and  judge-advocate  of  the  navy  de- 
partment at  Washington.  He  contributed  to  the 
North  American  Review,  Christian  Review.  Chris- 
tian Examiner,  New  England  Magazine  and  At- 
lantic Monthly,  also  edited  the  Boston  Daily 
Journal  for  some  time,  and  wrote  “ A Treatise 
on  Usury  and  Usury  Laws  ” (1837),  and  “ Essay 
on  a Congress  of  Nations”  (1839).  He  died  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  May  25,  1878. 

BOLTON,  Charles  Edward,  lecturer,  was  born 
at  South  Hadley  Falls,  Mass.,  May  16,  1841.  He 
was  graduated  at  Amherst  college  in  1865,  and 
the  same  year  engaged  in  business  pursuits  in 
Cleveland,  Ohio.  He  made  several  journeys  to 
Europe,  and  in  1873  organized  the  “ Cleveland 
Educational  Bureau,”  which  was  originated  to 
give  lectures  and  concerts  of  a high  character  to 
the  people  at  a nominal  price.  He  gave  illus- 
trated lectures,  descriptive  of  his  travels  in 
Europe  and  in  America,  in  the  various  cities 
from  Maine  to  California.  He  was  married  to 
Sarah  Knowles,  the  author,  and  had  one  son 
Charles  Knowles  Bolton. 

BOLTON,  Charles  Knowles,  author,  was  born 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Nov.  14,  1867 ; son  of  Charles 
Edward  and  Sarah  (Knowles)  Bolton.  In  1890  he 
was  graduated  from  Harvard  college,  and.  after 
spending  some  months  in  foreign  travel.  lie 
returned  to  the  United  States  and  received 
the  appointment  as  assistant  librarian  at  the 


[33S| 


BOLTON. 


BOMBERGER. 


Harvard  college  library.  He  contributed  to 
numerous  high-class  periodicals,  and  published 
“ The  Descendants  of  William  Bolton  of  Reading, 
Mass."  (1888);  “The  Boltons  of  Old  and  New 
England"  (1889);  “A  Night's  Tragedy  at  San 
Carlos”  (1889);  “The  Gossiping  Guide  at  Har- 
vard, and  Places  of  Interest  at  Cambridge  ” 
(1892) ; “ Saskia,  the  Wife  of  Rembrandt  ” (1893)  ; 
“On  the  Wooing  of  Martha  Pitkin”  (1894); 
“The  Harvard  University  Library”  (1894); 
“Genealogical  Research  in  Libraries”  (1895); 
“ The  Reign  of  the  Poster  ” (1895),  and  “What 
the  Small  Town  May  Do  for  Itself  ” (1896). 

BOLTON,  Henry  Carrington,  chemist,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  28,  1843;  son  of 
Jackson  and  Anna  (North)  Bolton.  He  was 
graduated  from  Columbia  college  in  1862.  He 
then  studied  for  a year  in  Paris,  first  in  the 
laboratory  of  the  Sorbonne,  and  later  in  the 
laboratory  of  the  Ecole  de  Mddicine  under 
Adolph  Wurtz.  In  1863  he  went  to  Germany, 
remaining  there  two  years,  studying  first  in  the 
university  laboratory,  under  Bunsen,  then  taking 
a summer  semester  under  Friedrich  Wohler  in 
Gottingen,  and  later  in  the  private  laboratory 
of  Prof.  A.  W.  Von  Hofmann  in  Berlin.  The 
Pli.D.  degree  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
Georgia  Augusta  university  in  Gottingen.  In 
1867  he  travelled  over  North  America,  and  in  1868 
opened  a laboratory  in  New  York  for  private 
research,  and  the  instruction  of  a few  pupils.  In 
1872  he  was  appointed  assistant  in  analytical 
chemistry  at  the  Columbia  college  school  of 
mines,  and  for  five  years  was  in  charge  of  the 
laboratory  of  quantitative  analysis.  From  1877 
to  1887  he  was  professor  of  chemistry  in  Trinity 
college,  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  while  there 
formed  a mineral  collection  of  nearly  three 
thousand  specimens.  In  1885  he  was  appointed 
as  assay  commissioner  by  President  Cleveland. 
In  l866-'70  he  published  papers  giving  the  re- 
sidts  of  his  researches  in  the  salts  of  uranium. 
He  also  assisted  Henry  Morton,  of  the  Stevens 
institute  of  technology,  in  investigating  the 
fluorescent  and  absorption  spectra  of  uranium 
salts,  publishing  the  results  in  1873.  While  con- 
nected with  Trinity  college  he  published  papers 
showing  the  power  of  organic  acids  in  decompos- 
ing minerals,  and  their  usefulness  as  a means  of 
determining  varieties  based  upon  definite 
reactions.  The  advantage  of  dry  citric  acids 
over  liquid  acids  for  field  work  was  first  demon- 
strated by  him.  In  1882  he  was  chosen  vice- 
president  of  the  American  association  for  the 
advancement  of  science.  Dr.  Bolton  was  made 
an  active  member  of  the  Lyceum  of  natural 
history,  of  New  York  city,  in  1867,  and  from  1876 
to  1877  was  corresponding  secretary;  from  1887 
to  1892,  recording  secretary ; from  1892  to  1893, 


vice-president,  and  in  1893,  president  of  the  New 
York  academy  of  sciences.  In  the  American 
association  for  the  advancement  of  science  he 
held  office  as  secretary  of  the  chemical  section, 
secretary  of  the  council,  general  secretary  and 
vice-president.  In  1887  he  aided  in  founding  the 
American  folk-lore  society.  In  1887  he  resigned 
his  chair  in  Trinity  college  and  removed  to  New 
York  city.  In  1892  Dr.  Bolton  was  elected  non- 
resident professor  of  the  history  of  chemistry  in 
Columbian  university,  and  gave  a course  of  nine 
lectures  in  March,  1893.  He  founded  the  Ology 
club  in  Hartford,  and  the  Luna  society  of  New 
York  city.  His  more  important  works  include, 
“ The  Book  of  the  Balance  of  Wisdom  ” (1876) ; 
“ Application  of  Organic  Acids  to  the  Examina- 
tion of  Minerals  ” (1877-’83) ; “ The  Students’ 
Guide  in  Quantitative  Analysis”  (1882);  “An 
Account  of  the  Progress  of  Chemistry  " (4  vols., 
1883-’89) ; “ The  Counting-out  Rhymes  of  Chil- 
dren. A Study  in  Folk-Lore  ” (1888) ; “ Con- 
tributions of  Alchemy  to  Numismatics”  (1890); 
“ A Select  Bibliography  of  Chemistry,  1492-1892  ” 
(1893);  “The  Porta  Magica,  Rome”  (1895); 
“The  Smithsonian  Institution:  Its  Origin, 

Growth  and  Activities”  (1896),  and  “Bad  Feat- 
ures of  Periodicals”  (1896).  He  also  edited 
“Scientific  Correspondence:  Ninety -seven  let- 
ters addressed  to  Josiah  Wedgwood,  Sir  Joseph 
Banks,  etc.”  (1892). 

BOLTON,  Sarah  Tittle,  poet,  was  born  at  New- 
port, Ky.,  Dec.  18,  1815;  daughter  of  Jonathan  B. 
Barrett.  Her  husband,  Nathaniel  Bolton,  was  a 
journalist,  and  the  editor  of  a paper  to  which  she 
occasionally  contributed  poems.  From  1855  to 
1857  she  resided  in  Geneva,  where  her  husband 
had  been  sent  as  United  States  consul,  and 
while  there  contributed  frequently  to  several 
journals  in  America.  She  is  the  author  of  “ Pad- 
dle your  own  Canoe,”  “ Left  on  the  Battle-field,” 
and  “The  Union  Forever.”  Collections  of  her 
poems  were  published  in  New  York  (1865)  and 
Indianapolis  (1886).  She  died  Aug.  4,  1893. 

BOMBERGER,  John  Henry  Augustus,  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  Jan.  13,  1817. 
After  his  graduation  from  Marshall  college  in 
1837,  and  from  the  theological  seminary  at 
Mercei'sburg  the  following  year,  he  was  ordained 
in  the  German  Reformed  church,  and  from  1840 
to  1845  preached  at  Waynesborougli,  Pa.  From 
1845  to  1854  he  was  stationed  at  Easton,  Pa.,  and 
from  1854  to  1870  at  Philadelphia.  In  1870  he 
became  president  of  Ursinus  college,  College- 
ville,  near  Philadelphia,  which  institution  he 
had  been  active  in  founding.  He  was  the  leader 
of  the  unliturgic  branch  of  his  denomination  in 
the  east,  and  was  an  able  controversialist.  His 
contributions  to  the  literature  of  the  church 
were:  “ Protestant  Theological  and  Ecclesiastical 

f339J 


BOMFORD. 


BONAPARTE. 


Encyclopaedia,”  translated  from  Herzog,  and 
condensed  (1856-’58) ; “ Five  years  at  Race 

street  Church”  (1859),  and  “Reformed  not 
Ritualistic”  (1867).  He  died  at  Collegeville,  Pa., 
Aug.  19,  1890. 

BOMFORD,  George,  soldier,  was  born  in  New 
York  in  1780.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point 
in  July,  1805,  with  the  rank  of  2d  lieutenant  of 
engineers.  He  received  promotion  to  1st  lieu- 
tenant in  1806,  and  to  captain  in  1808.  In  1810 
he  was  appointed  superintending  engineer  of  the 
works  on  Governor’s  Island,  in  New  York  harbor. 
During  the  war  of  1812  he  served  on  ordnance 
duty  with  the  rank  of  major,  and  to  his  skill  and 
inventive  talent  the  country  was  largely  indebted. 
He  established  workshops  in  which  gun-carriages 
were  constructed,  ammunition  prepared  and 
many  kinds  of  pyrotechny  fabricated.  He  intro- 
duced bomb  cannon  under  the  name  of  “ Colurn- 
biads,  ’ ’ and  at  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  given 
the  rank  of  lieutenant -colonel  of  ordnance.  In 
1821  he  was  made  lieutenant -colonel  of  artillery, 
and  in  1825  received  the  brevet  rank  of  colonel. 
In  May,  1832,  he  was  promoted  colonel  and  chief 
of  ordnance  of  the  United  States  army.  Until 
1842  he  commanded  the  ordnance  corps  and  was  at 
the  head  of  the  ordnance  bureau  in  Washington; 
for  the  following  six  years  he  was  inspector  of 
arsenals,  ordnance,  arms,  and  munitions  of  war, 
and  made  many  valuable  inventions  and  experi- 
ments on  the  best  form  for  pieces  of  heavy  ord- 
nance. He  died  in  Boston,  Mass. , March  25,  1848. 

BOMFORD,  James  V.,  soldier,  was  born  on 
Governor’s  Island,  N.  Y.  harbor,  Oct.  5,  1811; 
son  of  George  Bomford,  military  engineer.  He 
was  appointed  a military  cadet  at  West  Point  in 
1828,  and  was  graduated  with  the  brevet  rank 
of  2d  lieutenant  in  1832.  He  served  on  the 
Black  Hawk  expedition,  and  afterwards  on  en- 
gineer duty.  In  1837  and  1838  he  took  part  in  the 
Florida  war,  and  was  on  duty  in  various  parts  of 
Florida  until  1845,  when  he  went  to  Texas.  He 
served  bravely  throughout  the  war  with  Mexico, 
being  present  at  most  of  the  principal  engage- 
ments, and  for  gallant  conduct  at  Contreras  and 
Clmrubusco  received  the  brevet  rank  of  major. 
For  service  in  the  battle  of  Molino  del  Rey  he  was 
brevetted  lieutenant-colonel,  and  until  1860  he 
was  on  duty  in  Texas.  He  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  major  in  1860,  and  served  during  the  civil 
war,  excepting  one  year  spent  in  a Confederate 
prison.  He  was  promoted  to  a colonelcy  in  1864 
for  meritorious  action  at  Perry ville,  Ky.,  and  after 
the  war  he  served  at  various  posts  until  retired 
June  8,  1874.  He  died  Jan.  6,  1S92. 

BONACUM,  Thomas,  R.  C.  bishop,  was  born 
in  Tliurles,  County  Tipperary,  Ireland,  Jan.  29, 
1847.  In  1848  he  immigrated  with  his  parents  to 
the  United  States.  He  received  his  preliminary 


training  for  the  priesthood  at  the  Salesianmn  of 
Milwaukee,  Wis. ; he  was  then  sent  to  the  College 
of  St.  Vincent  at  Cape  Girardeau,  where  he  fin- 
ished his  theological  studies.  Fr.  Bonacmn  was 
elevated  to  the  priesthood  on  June  18,  1870,  in  the 
church  of  the  Holy  Name  of  Jesus,  at  St.  Louis, 
Mo.  He  was  first  sent  on  the  mission  to  the 
unsettled  parts  of  Missouri,  but  was  afterwards 
relieved  of  his  work  and  given  time  to  continue 
his  studies.  In  1881  he  was  appointed  pastor  of 
the  church  of  the  Holy  Name  of  Jesus,  at  St. 
Louis,  and  was  afterwards  chosen  theologian  of 
Archbishop  Kenrick  at  the  third  council  of  Balti- 
more. In  1887  he  was  made  first  bishop  of  the 
diocese  of  Lincoln,  Neb.,  erected  Aug.  2.  1887. 
In  this  new  field  Bishop  Bonacmn  actively 
encouraged  Catholic  immigration  to  the  state. 
At  his  suggestion  the  clergy  united  in  a circular 
letter  calling  attention  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil 
in  Nebraska,  the  cheapness  of  fares  and  easy 
methods  of  transit,  and  invited  immigration.  The 
diocese  had,  in  1896,  fifty  priests,  forty-two 
churches  with,  and  forty -six  without,  resident 
pastors,  five  chapels,  forty-one  stations,  eight 
convents,  thirteen  parochial  schools  and  about 
twenty -three  thousand  Catholics. 

BONAPARTE,  Elizabeth  Patterson,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Feb.  6,  1785;  the  daughter 
of  William  Patterson,  who  came  a poor  boy  from 
Ireland  to  Maryland,  where  he  became  a promi- 
nent merchant,  and 
one  of  its  wealthiest 
citizens.  She  was  a 
beautiful  girl  of  eigh- 
teen when  she  met 
Jerome  Bonaparte  at 
a social  gathering  in 
Baltimore,  and  despite 
the  opposition  of  her 
father,  a marriage 
was  speedily  ar- 
ranged, the  ceremony 
taking  place,  with  all 
legal  formalities  on 
Christmas  Eve,  1803, 
when  the  groom  had 
but  just  passed  his  nineteenth  birthday.  Mr.  Pat- 
terson’s fears  that  the  marriage  would  be  offensive 
to  the  first  consul  proved  to  be  well  grounded. 
Attempts  were  unsuccessfully  made  through 
Robert  R.  Livingston,  the  American  minister  at 
Paris,  and  other  influential  persons,  to  reconcile 
Napoleon  to  his  brother’s  marriage.  He  ordered 
Jerome  to  return  immediately  to  France,  "leav- 
ing in  America  the  young  person  in  question. 
Jerome  refused  to  obey,  and  a year  was  spent 
in  travel  and  in  residence  at  Baltimore.  Mean- 
while Napoleon  had  proclaimed  himself  emperor, 
and  in  1805  Jerome,  hoping  for  a reconciliation 


BONAPARTE. 


BONARD. 


with  his  brother,  took  his  wife  to  Europe.  They 
reached  Lisbon  in  safety,  but  there  Jerome  was 
arrested  and  taken  to  France,  his  wife  not 
being  allowed  to  land.  Her  message  to  the  em- 
peror was:  “Madame  Bonaparte  demands  her 
rights  as  a member  of  the  imperial  family.”  She 
then  proceeded  to  England  where  a boy  was  born 
to  her  and  christened  Jerome  Napoleon.  The 
emperor  refused  to  recognize  the  marriage,  but 
promised  Elizabeth  an  annual  pension  of  twelve 
thousand  dollars,  providing  she  would  return  to 
America  and  renounce  the  name  of  Bonaparte, 
which  conditions  she  accepted.  She  returned  to 
Europe  on  occasional  visits,  where  she  was  the 
centre  of  attraction,  winning  attention,  not  only 
from  her  husband's  mother  and  other  members 
of  the  family,  but  also  from  the  Duke  of  Welling- 
ton. Madame  de  Stael,  Byron,  and  even  Louis 
XVII.,  who  invited  her  to  appear  at  court,  but 
as  she  still  received  a pension  from  the  exiled 
emperor,  she  declined.  Her  husband  married 
Catherine,  the  daughter  of  the  King  of  Wiirtem- 
berg,  and  soon  after  was  made  King  of  West- 
phalia. He  then  sent  to  America  for  his  son, 
Jerome  Napoleon.  Madame  Bonaparte  refused 
to  give  him  up,  scornfully  declining  the  offer  from 
her  husband  of  a ducal  crown  with  an  income  of 
forty  thousand  dollars  a year.  The  son  frequently 
visited  his  father’s  family  in  Europe,  where  he 
was  treated  as  a son  and  a brother.  His  subse- 
quent marriage  with  Miss  Williams  of  Baltimore 
caused  his  mother  great  anger.  His  cousin,  Em- 
peror Napoleon  III.  invited  him  to  France,  where 
he  was  legitimized  and  received  as  a member  of 
the  family.  He  declined  a duchy,  refusing  the 
condition  attached  of  surrendering  the  name  of 
Bonaparte.  On  the  death  of  King  Jerome,  in 
1860,  Elizabeth  Patterson,  as  his  American  wife, 
unsuccessfully  contested  his  will.  The  last  eigh- 
teen years  of  her  life  were  spent  in  Baltimore. 
She  left  a fortune  of  one  million  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars  to  two  grandsons,  Jerome 
Napoleon  and  Charles  J.  Bonaparte.  (See  “ Life 
and  Lettex-s  of  Madame  Bonaparte,”  by  Eugene 
L.  Didier.)  She  died  in  Baltimore,  April  4,  1879. 

BONAPARTE,  Jerome  Napoleon,  was  born 
at  Camberwell,  England,  July  7,  180.5;  son  of 
Jerome  and  Elizabeth  (Patterson)  Bonaparte. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1826, 
and  studied  law,  but  never  engaged  in  its  prac- 
tice.  His  legitimacy  was  acknowledged  by  Louis 
.Napoleon,  but  he  preferred  a residence  in  Amer- 
ica, whei-e  he  was  married  to  Susan  May  Wil- 
liams, of  Baltimore,  in  opposition  to  the  wishes 
of  his  mother,  who  had  selected  for  his  wife  a 
daughter  of  Joseph  Bonaparte.  By  his  marriage 
and  his  inheritance  from  his  mother  lie  acquired 
one  of  the  largest  estates  in  Maryland.  He 
died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  June  17,  1870. 


BONAPARTE,  Jerome  Napoleon,  soldier, 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1832;  son  of 
Jei'ome  Napoleon  and  Susan  May  ( Williams) 
Bonaparte.  He  was  graduated  from  the  West 
Point  military  academy  in  1852,  and,  until  his 
resignation  two  years  later,  served  on  the  west- 
ern frontier  with  the  mounted  rifles.  In  1854  he 
entered  as  2d  lieutenant  the  seventh  dragoons  of 
the  Imperial  French  army.  He  served  in  the 
Crimean  war  in  1854-’55,  as  engineer  at  Balaklava, 
Inkenxxann,  Tcliernaia  and  the  siege  of  Sebastopol, 
and  for  distinguished  services  was  promoted  to  a 
colonelcy,  decorated  by  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  with 
the  Medjidie  order,  made  knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  of  France,  and  received  the  Crimean  medal 
from  the  Queen  of  England.  He  afterwards  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Algerian  and  Italian  cam- 
paigns. Colonel  Bonaparte  was  in  the  guard  of 
the  Empress  of  France  from  1867-’71,  but  upon  the 
fall  of  the  empire  he  with  difficulty  escaped  with 
his  life  from  the  Commune  in  Paris.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  in  1871  he  returned  to  America,  and 
was  married  in  the  same  year  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
to  Mrs.  Caroline  Edgar,  formerly  Miss  Appleton, 
grand-daughter  of  Daniel  Webster.  He  died  at 
his  summer  home  at  Pride’s  Crossing,  Mass.,  Sept. 
3,  1893. 

BONARD,  Louis,  miser,  was  born  at  Rouen, 
Fi-ance,  in  1809.  In  1851  he  came  to  America  and 
took  a cheap  lodging  in  New  York  city.  There 
he  lived  in  the  most  miserable  poverty,  with 
little  food  and  no  fire,  until  he  fell  ill,  when  he 
summoned  Henry  Bergh  and  disclosed  his  owner- 
ship of  a trunk  full  of  treasure,  consisting  chiefly 
of  watches  and  precious  jewels,  the  value  of 
which  amounted  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars,  which  he  desired  to  bequeath  to  the 
Society  for  the  prevention  of  ci-uelty  to  animals. 
The  gift  was  accepted  by  Mr.  Bergh  in  behalf  of 
the  society.  The  miser  died  in  New  York  city, 
Feb.  20,  1871. 

BOND,  George  Phillips,  astronoixxer,  was  born 
at  Dorchester,  Mass.,  in  1825;  son  of  William 
Cranch  Bond,  astronomer.  In  1845  he  was 
graduated  from  Harvax'd  college.  His  first  knowl- 
edge of  astronomy  was  acquired  under  the  in- 
struction  of  his  father.  Ixx  1859  he  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  astronomy  at  Harvard,  at  the  same 
tinxe  taking  chax-ge  of  the  college  observatory. 
In  1862  he  wrote  a learned  and  valuable  work 
oxx  Donati’s  comet,  for  which  he  was  awarded  a 
gold  medal  by  the  Royal  astronomical  society  of 
London.  He  is  the  author  of  “ A Treatise  on  the 
Construction  of  the  Rings  of  Saturn,”  “Ele- 
ments of  the  Orbits  of  Hyperion  axxd  the  Satellite 
of  Neptxxne,”  having  participated  in  the  discov- 
ery of  both,  and  made  extensive  contributions 
to  the  memoirs  of  the  American  academy.  He 
died  at  Canxbridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  17,  1865. 


[341] 


BOND. 


BONHAM. 


BOND,  Henry,  physician,  was  born  at  Water- 
town,  Mass.,  March  21,  1790;  son  of  Henry  and 
Hannah  (Stearns)  Bond,  and  grandson  of  Wil- 
liam Bond,  a colonel  in  the  revolutionary  army. 
When  he  was  very  young  he  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Maine,  and  was  prepared  for  college 
at  Hebron  academy.  He  was  graduated  from 
Dartmouth  college  in  1813  and  studied  medicine 
until  1815,  when  he  was  made  a tutor.  He  re- 
signed in  1816,  and  in  December  of  that  year 
received  his  M.D.  degree.  He  practised  at  Con- 
cord, N.  H.,  until  1819,  going  then  to  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  studied  for  a year  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  He  then  began  practice 
in  Philadelphia,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his 
life.  He  was  a prominent  member  of  many  medi- 
cal and  scientific  societies.  In  1825  he  was 
elected  a fellow  of  the  Philadelphia  college  of 
physicians,  its  secretary  in  1832,  and  a censor  in 
1844.  He  devoted  much  time  to  genealogical  in- 
vestigations, and  prepared  “ Genealogies  of  the 
Families  and  Descendants  of  the  Early  Settlers  of 
Watertown,  Mass.,  including  Waltham  and  Wes- 
ton ” (1856).  He  died  May  4,  1859. 

BOND,  Hugh  Lennox,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  16,  1828;  son  of  Thomas 
Emerson  Bond,  Sr.,  journalist.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  the  University  of  the  city  of  New 
York  in  1848,  and  he  was  admitted  to  the  Balti- 
more bar  in  1851.  He  became  a judge  of  the 
criminal  court  in  1860,  and  held  that  office  for 
eight  years,  during  which  time  he  took  a promi- 
nent part  in  public  movements.  He  was  a stanch 
Unionist,  despite  the  fact  that  Maryland’s  sympa- 
thies were  largely  with  the  south.  In  1870  he 
was  appointed,  by  President  Grant,  judge  for  the 
fourth  judicial  circuit  of  the  U.  S.,  and  in  this 
capacity  he  presided  in  the  famous  Ku-Klux 
trials  in  North  and  South  Carolina.  In  1876  he 
decided  the  case  of  the  South  Carolina  presiden- 
tial electoral  board,  which  had  been  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  by  the  supreme  court  and  had  been 
released  on  habeas  corpus.  Judge  Bond  gave  as 
his  decision  that  the  state  court  had  no  authority 
to  arrest  the  board  for  “officially  exercising  a 
Federal  function.”  He  retained  his  seat  upon 
the  bench  of  the  fourth  circuit  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  Oct.  27.  1893. 

BOND,  Shadrack,  governor  of  Illinois,  was 
born  in  Maryland.  He  removed  to  the  territory 
of  Illinois,  settling  at  Kaskaskia,  where  he  served 
in  the  legislature  of  the  territory,  and  in  1812 
was  sent  as  a delegate  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, where  he  remained  two  years.  In  1814  he 
was  elected  receiver  of  public  moneys.  In  1818, 
on  the  admission  of  Illinois  into  the  Union  as  a 
state,  he  was  elected  its  first  governor  and  held 
the  office  by  re-election  until  1822.  He  died 
April  13,  1832. 


BOND,  Thomas  Emerson,  journalist,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1782.  He  became  a 
successful  physician,  practising  in  his  native  city, 
and  for  some  years  was  a professor  in  the  Mary- 
land medical  college.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church,  in  which  he 
preached  for  some  time.  He  edited  the  Balti- 
more Itinerant,  a Methodist  journal,  and  from 
1840  to  1852  the  Christian  Advocate  and  Journal. 
In  the  discussion  which  caused  the  division  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  denomination,  in  1830, 
he  was  very  prominent,  writing  many  influential 
papers  on  the  subject.  He  is  the  author  of 
“ Narrative  and  Defence  of  the  Church  Au- 
thorities ” (1828).  He  died  March  14.  1856. 

BOND,  Thomas  Emerson,  journalist,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1813;  son  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Emerson  Bond.  He  preached  in  the 
Methodist  church  for  a few  years,  and  later  be- 
came a physician,  but  practised  but  a short  time, 
leaving  his  profession  to  become  assistant  editor 
of  the  Christian  Advocate  and  Journal,  of  which 
his  father  was  editor.  He  later  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  southern  Methodist  church,  his  sym- 
pathies during  the  civil  war  being  with  the  south. 
The  Ejnscopal  Methodist  and  the  Southern 
Christian  Advocate  were  both  established  by  him, 
and  he  acted  as  assistant  editor  of  the  latter  for 
many  years.  He  died  Aug.  18,  1872. 

BOND,  William  Cranch,  astronomer,  was 
born  at  Portland,  Me.,  Sept.  9,  1789.  In  1802  he 
was  apprenticed  to  his  father,  a watchmaker, 
and  continued  in  the  business  during  half  a cen- 
tury. Early  in  life  he  evinced  a deep  interest  in 
astronomy,  and  established  at  Dorchester  one 
of  the  earliest  private  observatories  in  America. 
In  1815  he  was  commissioned  by  the  corporation 
of  Harvard  college  to  examine  and  make  plans 
of  the  observatories  in  England,  and  to  collect 
information  relative  to  the  selection  of  instru- 
ments proper  to  a contemplated  astronomical 
observatory  for  the  college.  In  1838  he  was 
appointed  by  the  government  to  conduct  a series 
of  astronomical  and  meteorological  observations, 
in  connection  with  the  exploring  expedition  to 
the  South  seas,  under  the  command  of  Lieut. 
Charles  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N.  In  1839  the  corpora- 
tion of  Harvard  college  engaged  him  to  superin- 
tend the  erection  of  the  observatory,  of  which 
he  was  director  from  1840  until  his  death.  He 
became  especially  well  known  among  astrono- 
mers by  his  observations  on  Saturn,  having,  in 
connection  with  his  son,  George  Phillips,  discov- 
ered a satellite  of  that  planet,  and  also  the  moon 
of  Neptune.  He  died  Jan.  29,  1859. 

BONHAM,  Milledge  L.,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  was  born  in  Edgefield  county.  S.  C., 
May  6,  1815.  In  1834  he  was  graduated  from  the 
University  of  South  Carolina,  and  three  years 
[342] 


BONNER. 


BONTECOU. 


later  was  admitted  to  the  Columbia  bar.  He 
began  practice  in  Edgefield  county.  He  served 
as  commander  of  a South  Carolina  battalion  dur- 
ing the  war  with  Mexico,  and  in  1848  was  made 
state  solicitor  for  the  southern  circuit,  holding 
the  office  two  years.  In  1856  he  was  elected  a 
representative  to  the  35tli  Congress,  and  re- 
elected in  1858,  serving  until  the  withdrawal  of 
the  South  Carolina  delegation  in  1860.  He  served 
in  the  Confederate  army  as  brigadier-general  at 
Blackburn's  Ford  and  Manassas,  and  was  a rep- 
resentative in  the  Confederate  congress.  In 
1862  he  was  elected  governor  of  South  Carolina, 
holding  the  office  two  years,  when  he  returned 
to  the  army,  serving  until  the  surrender.  He  then 
resumed  his  practice  at  Edgefield  C.  H. , and  took 
no  active  part  in  politics.  He  died  at  White 
Sulphur  Springs,  Va.,  Aug.  28,  1890. 

BONNER,  Robert,  publisher,  was  bona  near 
Londonderry,  Ireland,  April  28,  1824,  of  Protes- 
tant ancestry.  He  began  his  business  cai-eer  as  a 
printer’s  apprentice  in  the  office  of  the  Hartford 
Courant,  and  in  1844  became  assistant  foreman 
and  proofreader  on  the  New  York  Evening  Mir- 
ror. With  his  earnings  he  purchased,  in  1851, 
a small  sheet  called  the  Merchants'  Ledger  and, 
converting  it  into  a family  story  paper,  changed 
its  name  to  the  New  York  Ledger.  His  methods 
of  advertising  were  both  unique  and  ingenious, 
and  these,  together  with  the  good  taste  displayed 
in  the  selection  of  the  litei’ature  with  which  he 
filled  his  columns,  soon  won  for  the  paper  an  un- 
precedented popularity.  Edward  Everett,  Hor- 
ace Greeley,  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  Longfellow, 
Biwant,  Chaides  Dickens,  James  Parton,  Fanny 
Fern,  Alice  and  Phoebe  Cary,  and  Harriet 
Beecher  Stowe  were  among  his  corps  of  contri- 
butors, and  the  sums  paid  for  articles  were 
liberal  in  the  extieme.  Dickens  received  §5000 
for  his  “Hunted  Down,”  a story  which  ian 
through  but  three  numbers  of  the  paper;  Ed- 
ward Everett  received  824,000  for  a series  of 
articles,  and  Henry  Ward  Beecher  was  paid 
830,000  for  his  novel,  “Noi’wood.”  Mr.  Bonner 
gave  large  soims  of  money  to  the  many  charitable 
and  educational  institutions  in  which  he  was 
interested,  Princeton  college  being  among  his 
beneficiaries.  He  gave  to  Rev.  Dr.  John  Hall’s 
church  8100,000,  and  to  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  to 
liquidate  a mortgage  on  his  home  in  1859,  810,000. 
A connoisseur  in  the  matter  of  horse-flesh,  he 
purchased  many  famous  trotters  and  withdrew 
them  from  the  race-course  at  an  expense  to  him 
of  over  8500,000,  his  purchases  including  Dexter, 
Pocahontas,  Edwin  Forrest,  Peerless,  Rarus, 
Maud  S.  and  numerous  others. 

BONNEVILLE,  Benjamin  L.  E.,  explorer, 
was  born  in  France  about  the  close  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  immigrated  to  America,  and  was 


graduated  at  the  military  academy  in  1815.  He 
served  in  garrison  and  frontier  duty  until  1831, 
when  lie  set  out  on  a five  years’  exploring  tour 
beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains.  (See  “The  Ad- 
ventures of  Captain  Bonneville,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Far  West.  Digested 
from  his  journal  and  illustrated  from  various 
other  sources,”  by  Washington  Irving.)  In  the 
war  with  Mexico  he  distinguished  hitnself  at 
Contreras  and  Churubusco,  and  was  brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel  for  gallantry.  In  1855  he  was 
promoted  to  colonel,  and  in  1861  was  placed  upon 
the  retired  list.  He  served  in  Missouri  through- 
out the  civil  war,  as  superintendent  of  recruiting 
service,  as  chief  mustering  and  disbursing  officer, 
as  commander  of  Benton  and  Jefferson  bar- 
racks, and  as  commissary  of  musters.  In  1865 
he  was  made  brevet  brigadier-general.  He  died 
at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  June  12,  1878. 

BONNEY,  Charles  Carroll,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,  1831.  He  began 
the  praetice  of  law  at  Peoria,  111.,  in  1852.  In 
1860  he  located  in  Chicago,  where  he  became 
an  eminent  lawyer,  and  suggested  and  brought 
out  many  reforms  in  local,  state  and  national 
affairs.  In  1885  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
national  law  and  oi’der  league  in  New  York, 
and  held  the  same  office  in  the  Illinois  state 
bar  association.  Among  his  published  writings 
are:  “Rules  of  Law  for  the  Carriage  and 
Delivery  of  Pei'sons  and  Property  by  Railway” 
(1864) ; and  “A  Summary  of  the  Law  of  Marine, 
Fire,  and  Life  Insurance”  (1865). 

BONTECOU,  Reed  Brockway,  surgeon, 
was  born  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  April  22,  1824,  son  of 
Peter  and  Samantha  (Brockway)  Bontecou. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Poultney  academy,  Vt., 
and  at  the  Rensselaer  polytechnic  institute, 
Troy,  N.  Y.  He  then  studied  medicine  at  the 
University  of  New  York.  He  spent  the  year 
1846  in  a scientific  exploration  of  the  valley  of 
the  Amazon  river  in  South  America,  and  on 
his  return  resumed  his  medical  studies  at  the 
Castleton  medical  college,  Vt.,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  May,  1847.  He  rendered  valuable 
service  in  the  epideaaiics  of  cholera  at  Troy 
in  1848  and  1858.  In  April,  1861,  he  was  ap- 
pointed surgeon  of  the  2d  N.  Y.  volunteers,  and 
in  September  of  the  same  year  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  Hygeia  general  hospital  at  Fort 
Monroe,  Va.,  which  position  he  held  till  its 
destruction  in  1862.  He  engaged  in  the  battle 
of  Big  Bethel,  June  10,  1861,  and  was  a witness 
of  the  conflict  between  the  Monitor  and  Merri- 
mac  in  Hampton  Roads.  Soon  afterwards  he 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  military  hospitals 
at  Beaufort,  S.  C.,  as  chief  medical  officer. 
He  was  in  charge  of  the  hospital  steamer  Cosmo- 
politan,  during  the  siege  of  Charleston,  and 


BOOLE. 


BOONE. 


collected  the  sick  and  wounded,  forwarding  them 
to  northern  ports.  In  October,  1863,  he  was 
chief  surgeon  of  the  Harewood  hospital  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  where  he  served  until  it  was 
discontinued  in  May,  1866.  He  was  brevetted 
colonel  of  volunteers  March  13,  1865,  and  in 
June,  1866,  he  was  mustered  out  of  service. 
He  was  a principal  contributor  to  the  ‘ ‘ Surgical 
History  of  the  War,”  and  to  the  “ Army  Medical 
Museum.”  In  1866  he  resumed  his  profession 
at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  was  made  surgeon  to  the 
Marshall  infirmary  of  that  city,  and  attending 
surgeon  to  the  Watervliet  arsenal.  Dr.  Bon- 
tecou  was  elected  a member  of  the  New  \ork 
state  medical  association ; of  the  American 
medical  association;  of  the  Medical  society  of 
the  state  of  New  York;  of  the  American  surgical 
association,  and  was  one  of  the  council  of  the 
military  and  naval  department  of  the  9th  inter- 
national medical  congress  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
1887 ; a delegate  to  the  lOtli  international  medi- 
cal congress  at  Berlin,  1890,  and  in  1891  and  92 
president  of  the  Medical  society  of  the  county 
of  Rensselaer. 

BOOKER,  Joseph  Albert,  educator,  was 
born  at  Portland,  Ark.,  Dec.  26,  1859;  son  of 
Albert  and  Mary  (Punsard)  Booker.  His  father 
and  mother  were  negro  slaves.  He  was  educated 
at  the  public  schools  and  at  a normal  school  in 
Arkansas,  and  was  graduated  from  the  Roger 
Williams  university,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1886, 
with  the  degree  of  A.B.  In  1887  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  Arkansas  Baptist  college,  an  in- 
stitute for  the  education  of  negro  youths. 

BOOLE,  William  H.,  reformer,  was  born  in 
Shelburne,  Nova  Scotia,  April  24,  1827.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  in  the  schools  of  New  York, 
and  abandoned  law  to  learn  ship-building  from 
his  brother-in-law,  Donald  McKay,  the  famous 
builder  of  clipper  ships  at  East  Boston,  Mass. 
After  he  had  perfected  himself  as  a naval  archi- 
tect, he  joined  the  New  York  east  conference  of 
the  M.  E.  church,  and  became  an  active  minister 
of  that  organization.  Early  in  the  civil  war  he 
served  for  a tune  as  chaplain  in  the  famous 
“ Sickles’s  Brigade,”  but  an  accident,  caused  by  a 
fall  from  his  horse,  compelled  him  to  resign.  Re- 
turning to  New  York  he  continued  his  labors  in 
the  ministry.  In  1870  Mr.  Boole  leased  a notorious 
resort  for  sporting  men  on  Water  street,  and 
opened  it  as  a rescue  “ Home  for  Women.”  For 
eight  years  this  work  was  carried  on,  and 
hundreds  of  abandoned  men  and  women  were 
reformed,  and  over  forty-six  thousand  dollars 
was  contributed  unsolicited.  In  1877  Mr.  Boole 
made  a tour  to  California  and  the  Pacific  coast, 
preaching  to  immense  crowds.  On  this  trip  he 
visited  Salt  Lake  City,  where  he  preached 
against  Mormonism,  in  the  presence  of  Brigham 


Young,  Orson  Pratt,  G.  Q.  Cannon,  and  the  entire 
body  of  Mormon  elders,  surrounded  by  five 
thousand  Mormons  and  Gentiles.  The  sermon 
was  an  unanswerable  logical  attack  upon  the 
false  tenets  of  the  Mormon  faith  and  aroused  a 
storm  of  mingled  applause  and  indignation. 
Immediately  following  the  women’s  crusade  in 
the  west  Mr.  Boole  began  his  investigation  into 
the  subject  of  liquor  legislation.  Two  lectures, 
“ The  Barbarism  and  Usuiqration  of  Liquor 
Legislation,”  and  “ The  Great  Impeachment, ” 
were  delivered  by  him  before  many  of  the  annual 
conferences  of  his  own  denomination.  His 
unique  satire  on  the  liquor  traffic,  entitled 
“ The  Great  National  Snake  Exhibition,”  circu- 
lated more  than  a quarter  million  copies.  He 
was  pastor  of  the  South  second  church  of  Brook- 
lyn for  three  years,  and  later  had  charge  of  Wil- 
lard street  M.  E.  church  in  New  Y ork  city.  He 
died  at  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  24,  1896. 

BOOMER,  George  Boardman,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Sutton,  Mass.,  July  26,  1832.  He  learned 
engineering  and  the  construction  of  bridges,  and 
followed  this  occupation  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.  At 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  joined  the 
army,  and  served  gallantly  in  several  important 
engagements,  notably  those  of  Iuka  and  Champion 
Hills.  He  was  colonel  of  the  22d  Missouri  volun- 
teers and  died  at  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  May  22,  1863. 

BOONE,  Daniel,  pioneer,  was  born  near  Bristol, 
Bucks  county,  Pa.,  Feb.  11,  1735;  son  of  Squire 
and  Sarah  (Morgan)  Boone.  When  he  was  three 
years  old  he  was  taken  by  his  father  to  Reading, 
and  from  there,  in  1748,  to  the  valley  of  the 
South  Yadkin  river,  North  Carolina.  At  a log 
school  house  he  ac- 
quired the  rudiments 
of  education,  which 
embraced  nothing 
more  than  a slight 
drill  in  reading,  writ- 
ing and  arithmetic. 

His  new  home  was  a 
rough  frontier  set- 
tlement, aboimding 
in  game  and  infested 
by  hostile  Indians. 

Here  he  learned  the 
secrets  of  the  forests 
and  fields  and  the 
habits  of  the  animals. 

He  helped  his  father 

to  clear  the  land,  build  the  cabins,  and  cultivate 
the  farm.  He  was  married  in  1755  to  Rebecca 
Bryan,  daughter  of  a neighboring  farmer,  and 
took  his  wife  into  the  wilderness,  where  he  had 
built  a cabin.  There  they  remained  until  white 
settlers  began  to  gather  on  the  banks  of  the 
Yadkin.  Boone’s  love  of  solitude  made  him 
[344J 


BOONE. 


BOONE. 


impatient  to  be  off,  and  the  opportunity  which 
soon  presented  itself  found  him  ready  to  improve 
it.  A hunter  by  the  name  of  John  Finley  came 
into  his  district,  and,  with  his  romantic  accounts 
of  a recent  excursion  into  the  far  west,  easily 
persuaded  Boone  to  accompany  him  on  an  expe- 
dition. A party  of  six  men  was  formed,  with 
Boone  at  the  head.  During  their  journey  all 
were  killed  by  the  Indians  but  Boone  and  his 
brother  Squire.  In  1771  they  decided  to  settle  on 
the  bank  of  the  Kentucky  river.  Daniel  returned 
to  his  home  in  North  Carolina  for  his  wife  and 
children,  and  remained  there  two  years,  starting- 
back  on  Sept.  25,  1773.  They  were  joined  on  their 
way  by  five  families  and  a band  of  about  forty 
men.  The  party  was  beset  by  Indians,  and  sev- 
eral of  their  number,  including  the  eldest  son  of 
Boone,  were  killed.  They  did  not  reach  their 
destination,  but  stopped  on  the  Clinch  river, 
where  a settlement  had  been  already  established. 
About  this  time  Lord  Dunmore  was  engaged  in 
the  campaign  known  as  Dunmore's  war  against 
the  Indians,  and  having  heard  of  Boone’s  bravery 
and  skill  in  dealing  with  the  savages  he  ap- 
pointed him  captain  of  a garrison.  In  April, 
1775,  Boone  erected  a stockade  fort  at  Boones- 
borough,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kentucky  river. 
Here  his  son  Enoch  was  born  — the  first  white 
male  child  born  in  Kentucky.  In  1777  the  supply 
of  salt  became  exhausted,  and  it  was  decided  to 
send  a party  of  men  to  the  Lower  Blue  Licks,  on 
Licking  river,  to  manufacture  a supply.  Thirty 
men  led  by  Captain  Boone  started  on  Jan.  1,  1778, 
reached  their  destination  and  began  their 
enterprise  successfully,  but  on  February  7 they 
were  attacked  by  Indians,  and  the  whole  party 
forced  to  surrender.  They  were  carried  to 
Detroit  and  brought  before  the  British  com- 
mander, who  released  all  save  Boone,  whom  the 
Indians  were  determined  to  keep.  In  April  lie 
was  adopted  by  Blackfish,  a Shawanese  chief. 
The  ceremony  was  ludicrous  but  exceedingly 
uncomfortable ; the  hairs  of  his  head  were 
plucked  out  one  by  one,  leaving  only  a round 
tuft,  or  “scalp-lock,”  which  was  gaily  decorated 
with  ribbons  and  feathers.  Then  the  victim 
was  thoroughly  washed  and  rubbed  in  the  river 
to  take  all  his  white  blood  out,  his  head  and  face 
painted,  he  was  lectured  by  the  chief,  feasted, 
and  was  pronounced  one  of  the  tribe.  The  In- 
dians treated  him  with  kindness  and  he  remained 
with  them  until  June,  when  he  was  alarmed  to 
learn  that  450  warriors  were  about  to  march 
against  Boonesborougli.  On  the  morning  of  the 
sixteenth  he  made  his  escape.  In  four  days  he 
reached  Boonesborough,  a distance  of  160  miles, 
and  warned  the  garrison.  The  attack  was  post- 
poned until  early  September,  when  nearly  500 
Indians,  with  a party  of  Canadians,  bore  down 


upon  the  little  garrison  of  between  sixty  and 
seventy  men  and  commanded  them  to  surrender. 
This  they  refused  to  do,  and,  despite  the  tre- 
mendous odds,  the  Indians  were  repulsed.  As 
soon  as  he  could  be  spared,  Boone  returned  to 
North  Carolina,  whither  his  wife  and  children 
had  gone  during  his  captivity  with  the  Indians. 
In  1780  they  returned  to  Boonesborough,  and  in 
the  battle  of  Blue  Licks,  in  1782,  Boone  narrowly 
escaped  being  killed.  He  had  many  desperate 
adventures  with  the  savages,  and  his  life  was 
only  saved  by  his  ready  wit  in  emergencies.  On 
the  survey  of  Kentucky  after  its  admission  to 
the  Union  in  February,  1792,  a dispute  arose  as  to 
the  title  of  Boone’s  land.  It  was  carried  to  the 
courts  and  Boone  lost  the  case.  He  left  Ken- 
tucky, and  for  a few  years  lived  at  Point  Pleas- 
ant on  the  Kanawha  river,  removing  in  1795  to 
Missouri,  then  under  the  Spanish  government. 
He  was  granted  8,000  acres  of  land  in  the  Femme 
Osage  district,  and  held  it  until  1804,  when  it 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  United  States,  and  all 
but  850  acres  of  it  wras  confiscated.  Boone 
retained  the  full  use  of  both  mind  and  body 
until  he  died.  (See  “ Life  of  Daniel  Boone  ” in 
Jared  Sparks’s  “ American  Biography  ” ; also  the 
biographies  by  John  Filson  and  T.  Flint.)  He 
died  in  Cliarette,  Mo.,  Sept.  26,  1820. 

BOONE,  Thomas,  colonial  governor,  succeeded 
Francis  Bernard  as  governor  of  New  Jersey  in 
1760.  In  1762  he  became  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, holding  that  office  until  1765.  Governor 
Boone  was  considered  ‘ ‘ arbitrary  and  imperi- 
ous,” and  gained  the  ill-will  of  the  colonists  by 
“taking  upon  himself  to  be  the  sole  judge  of 
elections.” 

BOONE,  William  Jones,  1st  bishop  of  the 
China  mission  and  45tli  in  succession  in  the 
American  episcopate,  was  born  at  Waiter- 
borough,  S.  C.,  July  1,  1811.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  College  of  South  Carolina,  1829 ; studied 
law  under  Chancellor  de  Saussure,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1833,  but  his  inclination 
turning  to  the  church  he  began  a theological 
course  at  the  Seminary  of  Virginia,  and,  as  a 
further  preparation  for  missionary  work,  he  pur- 
sued a medical  course  at  the  College  of  South 
Carolina.  He  was  admitted  to  the  diaconate  in 
1836,  and  consecrated  to  the  priesthood  by  Bishop 
Bowen,  “March  3,  1837.  He  was  immediately 
elected  as  missionary  to  China,  and  sailed  for 
that  country  in  July  of  the  same  year.  He  was 
elected  missionary  bishop  of  China  by  the  general 
convention  in  October,  1844,  and  was  consecra- 
ted in  St.  Peter’s,  Philadelphia,  Oct,  26,  1844.  He 
returned  to  China  in  December  of  the  same  year, 
where  he  labored  until  his  death.  He  visited 


America  in  1852,  and  again  in  1857,  for  the  recup- 
eration of  his  health.  Bishop  Boone  secured  an 
[345] 


BOORMAN. 


BOOTH. 


accurate  translation  of  the  Holy  Bible  and  the 
prayer-book  into  Chinese,  in  which  language  and 
literature  his  scholarship  was  eminent.  He  died 
at  Shanghai,  China,  July  17,  1864. 

BOONE,  William  Jones,  4th  bishop  of  China 
mission  and  135th  in  succession  in  the  American 
episcopate,  was  born  at  Shanghai,  China,  May 
17,  1846;  son  of  William  Jones  Boone,  first  bishop 
of  China  mission.  He  obtained  his  primary  in- 
struction from  members  of  the  Chinese  mission, 
and  was  sent  to  the  United  States  for  the  com- 
pletion of  his  education.  He  was  graduated  from 
Princeton  in  1865,  after  which  he  pursued  his  theo- 
logical studies  at  the  divinity  schools  of  Philadel- 
phia and  Virginia,  and  was  ordained  as  deacon 
in  St.  Paul's  church,  Petersburg,  Va.,  July  26, 
1868;  received  his  appointment  as  a missionary 
to  China  in  1869,  and  was  admitted  to  priest’s 
orders  at  Hankow,  China  in  1870.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  mission  at  Uncliay,  China,  where 
he  remained  for  ten  years,  and  then  became 
chaplain  and  principal  of  the  theological  depart- 
ment of  St.  John’s  college.  He  was  chosen  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  China,  to  succeed  bishop 
Schereschewsky,  and  was  consecrated  at  the 
English  cathedral  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Shanghai, 
Oct.  28,  1884.  His  literary  work  was  limited  to 
translations,  and  pastoral  and  missionary  papers. 
He  died  at  Shanghai,  China,  Oct.  5,  1891. 

BOORMAN,  James,  merchant,  was  born  in 
the  county  of  Kent,  England,  in  1783.  In  1795 
he  removed  with  his  parents  to  America,  where, 
after  serving  an  apprenticeship  with  Devi <5 
Bethune,  a prominent  New  York  merchant,  lie 
became  his  partner,  and  afterwards  with  John 
Johnston  formed  the  firm  of  Boorman  & Johnson, 
dealers  in  Swedish  iron  and  Virginia  tobacco. 
He  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  the  Hudson 
river  railroad  and  its  first  president.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Bank  of  Commerce. 
He  greatly  enriched  several  New  York  char- 
itable and  educational  institutions,  and  died 
Jan.  24,  1866. 

BOOTH,  Ballington,  reformer,  was  born  in 
Brighouse,  Yorkshire,  England,  July  28,  1857, 
second  son  of  Gen.  William  Booth,  founder  of 
the  Salvation  Army,  and  author  of  “ In  Darkest 
England  and  the  Way  Out.”  On  Sept.  16,  1886, 
he  was  married  to  Maud,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Charlesworth.  She  was  born  in  Lymps- 
field,  Surrey,  England,  Sept.  13,  1865,  and  on  her 
husband’s  appointment  as  commander  of  the  Sal- 
vation Army  in  America,  in  1887,  she  accom- 
panied him  to  his  new  post  and  became  closely 
associated  with  him  in  his  work.  Soon  after  his 
arrival  in  the  United  States  Mr.  Booth  became  a 
naturalized  citizen.  In  the  fall  of  1895  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Booth  were  publicly  reprimanded  by  Gen. 
William  Booth,  for  receiving  financial  support 


from  fashionable  churches,  and  thus  raising  the 
social  standard  of  the  Army,  and  in  January,  1896, 
Ballington  Booth  was  ordered  to  leave  America. 
This  he  declined  to  do,  but  resigned  his  com- 
mission and  with  his 
followers  formed  "The 
Volunteers  of  Amer- 
ica,” organized  in  mil- 
itary style,  having  as 
its  model  the  United 
States  army,  and  as  its 
ideal  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States  of 
America.  It  was  in- . 
augurated  March  9, 

1896,  and  before  the 
end  of  the  first  year 
had  three  regiments  of 
ten  battalions  each ; 

150  staff  officers,  130 
officered  organized 
posts,  and  400  commanding  officers.  Its  weekly 
paper  had  a paid  circulation  of  over  20,000  copies. 
The  volunteers  sought  to  co-operate  with  all  exist- 
ing evangelical  churches  and  religious  organiza- 
tions, the  sacraments  of  the  holy  communion  and 
baptism  being  administered  by  the  commander-in- 
chief and  properly  qualified  and  ordained  staff 
officers.  To  this  end,  Commander  Booth  was  or- 
dained in  1896  a “ Presbyter  of  the  Church  of  God 
in  General.” 

BOOTH,  Edwin  Thomas,  actor,  was  born  at 
Booth  Farm,  Bel  Air,  Harford  county,  Md.,  Nov. 
13,  1833;  son  of  Junius  Brutus  and  Mary  Ann 
(Holmes)  Booth.  His  first  scholastic  instruction 
was  received  from  Miss  Susan  Hyde,  afterwards 
secretary  of  the  Peabody  institute  at  Baltimore, 
and,  though  his  subsequent  attendance  at  school 
was  desultory,  he  acquired  a fairly  good  English 
education.  He  early  began  to  accompany  his 
father  on  his  periodical  theatrical  tours,  which 
devolved  upon  the  son  the  no  slight  duty  of  caring 
for  the  health  and  comfort  of  the  eccentric  actor. 
A strong  affection  grew  up  between  the  two. 
The  boy  was  grave  beyond  his  years,  observanc. 
thoughtful,  and  extremely  sympathetic.  His  in- 
herited talent  and  his  early  association  with  theat 
rical  life  created  in  him  a desire  to  become  an 
actor,  and,  overcoming  his  father’s  opposition,  he 
made  his  debut  at  the  Boston  museum  as  Tressel 
in  Richard  III.,  Sept.  9,  1849.  The  result  was  evi- 
dently not  unpleasing  to  his  father,  for  Edwin  con- 
tinued to  play,  appearing  September  27.  as  Cassius 
to  his  father’s  Iago,  at  the  Providence  museum 
September  29,  as  Wilford  to  his  father's  Sir 
Edward  Mortimer  in  “ The  Iron  Chest"  : December 
25,  as  Laertes  to  his  father's  Hamlet,  at  the  Old 
Drury,  Pittsburg,  Pa,,  and  May  22,  1850,  again 
playing  Wilford.  In  1851  the  elder  Booth  was 


[346] 


BOOTH. 


BOOTH. 


billed  in  Richard  III.  at  the  National  theatre,  N.Y., 
and  being  suddenly  indisposed  sent  his  son  to  play 
the  title  role.  No  apology  had  been  made,  and 
the  audience  was  at  first  disappointed  and  un- 
gracious, but  before  the  end  of  the  performance 
warmed  into  enthusi- 
asm and  called  the 
young  actor  before 
the  curtain.  Soon 
after  this  he  entered 
into  an  engagement 
with  Theodore  Barton 
of  Baltimore,  to  play 
various  parts  at  a sal- 
ary of  six  dollars  per 
week.  In  this  he 
proved  a failure,  and 
in  1852  accompanied 
his  father  to  join  his 
brother,  J.  B.  Booth, 
Jr.,  in  California. 
They  played  two 
weeks  at  the  Jenny  Lind  theatre  in  San  Francisco, 
Edwin  playing  Wilford  in  “The  Iron  Chest”; 
Allworth  in  “A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts”; 
Laertes  in  “ Hamlet  ” ; Gratiano  in  “ Merchant  of 
Venice”;  Richard  in  “Richard  III.”;  Edgar  in 
“ King  Lear, ” and  Cassio  in  “ Othello.”  At  Sacra- 
mento the  three  Booths  held  benefits  on  three 
succeeding  nights:  the  first  night  being  the  elder 
Booth's  benefit,  he  played  “ Richard  II.,”  the  fol- 
lowing night  J.  B.  Booth,  Jr.,  played  Othello  to 
his  father’s  Iago;  the  third  night,  being  Edwin’s 
benefit,  he  played  Jaffier  to  his  father's  Pierre. 
The  elder  Booth  returned  to  the  east  and  Edwin 
remained  in  California,  growing  daily  poorer  in 
purse  and  richer  in  experience.  California  was 
just  then  in  a state  of  financial  depression,  and 
young  Booth  found  the  difficulty  of  making  en- 
gagements only  exceeded  by  the  difficulty  of  re- 
ceiving pay  for  them.  His  companion  was  D.  C. 
Anderson,  who  shared  with  him  the  discom- 
forts of  the  camping-out  life,  which  they  were 
compelled  to  adopt.  Their  lodging-house  was 
first  a tent  erected  in  the  sand  lots,  and  after  a 
two-roomed  shanty  called  by  them  the  “ Rancho,” 
where  they  cooked  their  own  food  and  did  their 
own  marketing.  At  Sacramento  he  played  with 
Catherine  Sinclair  Forrest,  the  divorced  wife  of 
Edwin  Forrest,  acting  Raphael  to  her  Marco  in 
“ The  Marble  Heart.”  He  also  supported  her  at 
San  Francisco.  A successful  tour  to  Australia, 
New  Zealand  and  the  Sandwich  Islands  was  made 
in  1855,  and  the  following  year  he  returned  to  the 
United  States  and  began  a starring  tour.  His 
first  appearance  after  his  return  was  in  Balti- 
more as  Richard.  On  one  occasion,  while  play- 
ing in  Detroit,  the  proof  of  a handbill  intended 
for  his  manager  accidentally  fell  into  his  hands. 


He  struck  from  it  all  the  adjectives  written  be- 
fore his  name,  and  wrote,  "Announce  me  as 
simple  Edwin  Booth,  nothing  more.”  The 
announcement  bill  appeared : Engagement  for 

one  week  only  of  Simple  Edwin  Booth."  Later 
he  played  in  Richmond,  Va.,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Joseph  Jefferson,  and  there  met  Miss 
Mary  Devlin  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  who  afterwards 
became  his  wife.  In  the  early  spring  of  1857  lie 
appeared  in  Boston  as  Sir  Giles  Overreach  in  “A 
New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,”  and  on  May  4,  he 
presented  Richard  III.  at  the  Metropolitan 
theatre,  New  York,  making  a brilliant  success 
in  both  cities.  In  the  fall  of  1857  he  visited  the 
principal  cities  of  the  south,  also  fulfilling  an 
engagement  at  the  Howard  Athenaeum,  Boston, 
supported  by  Barrett  and  McCullough.  He  was 
married  to  Mary  Devlin,  July  7,  1860,  and  during 
the  year  played  at  the  Arch  street  theatre  in 
Philadelphia.  In  December  he  began  a series  of 
performances  with  Charlotte  Cushman  at  the 
Academy  of  music  in  Philadelphia,  playing 
Wolsey  to  her  Katherine  in  “ Henry  VIII.,” 
Macbeth  to  her  Lady  Macbeth,  Shvlock  to  her 
Portia,  and  Petrucliio  to  her  Katherine.  In 
September,  1861,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Booth  went  to 
England,  where  their  only  daughter,  Edwina, 
was  born,  Dec.  9,  1861.  The  London  engagement 
had  been  hastily  arranged,  and  various  circum- 
stances combined  to  make  his  reception  a cold 
one.  His  Richard  failed  utterly,  as  did  his  Shy- 
lock  and  Sir  Giles.  Just  before  his  return,  how- 
ever. he  redeemed  himself  by  playing  Richelieu, 
winning  from  his  critical  audience  storms  of 
applause.  This  was  unfortunately  his  last  per- 
formance during  that  visit  to  London.  He  pro- 
ceeded thence  to  Manchester,  where  Henry 
Irving  was  a member  of  his  company.  After  a 
visit  to  Paris  he  returned  to  America.  On  Sept. 
2,  1862,  he  opened  the  season  at  the  Winter  Gar- 
den theatre,  New  York,  and  afterwards  played 
for  a short  time  with  Charlotte  Cushman  in  Phila- 
delphia. For  some  months  after  the  sudden 
death  of  his  wife,  Feb.  9,  1863,  he  did  not  appear 
on  the  stage.  In  the  fall  of  1863  he  purchased, 
with  J.  S.  Clark,  the  Walnut  street  theatre  in 
Philadelphia.  On  March  28,  1864.  he  produced 
“ The  Fool's  Revenge,”  at  Niblo's  Garden,  N.  Y., 
and  in  August,  with  J.  S.  Clark  and  William 
Stuart,  he  took  a lease  of  the  Winter  Garden 
theatre.  It  was  in  that  year  that  his  fame  as 
Hamlet  was  substantiated.  On  Nov.  26,  1864,  he 
began  his  famous  presentment  of  that  character 
for  one  hundred  consecutive  nights.  He  played 
Sir  Edward  Mortimer  in  Boston,  April  14,  1865, 
and  the  following  morning  received  the  news 
of  Lincoln’s  assassination  at  the  hand  of  his 
brother,  John  Wilkes  Booth.  His  intention 
thereupon  was  to  leave  the  stage  permanently, 
[347] 


BOOTH. 


BOOTH. 


but  on  Jan.  3,  1866,  at  the  urgent  solicitation 
of  his  friends,  he  appeared  at  the  Winter  Garden 
theatre  as  Hamlet,  and  was  received  with  great 
enthusiasm.  In  that  month  he  took  a lease 
of  the  Boston  theatre,  and  after  an  extended 
engagement  in  that  city  he  went  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  interpreted  Othello,  Romeo,  Shylock, 
Richard  III.,  Ruy  Bias,  Don  Caesar  de  Bazan, 
Hamlet,  Richelieu,  Petruchio,  Sir  Giles  and 
others.  On  Feb.  1,  1866,  he  played  Richelieu 
at  the  Winter  Garden,  and  on  Jan.  28,  1867, 
began  a seven  weeks’  run  of  “ The  Merchant  of 
Venice.”  The  theatre  was  burned  March  23, 
1867,  and  Booth  lost  many  articles  of  value, 
and  all  his  properties.  For  two  years  he  travelled 
to  raise  the  money  for  “ Booth’s  Theatre,” 
which  he  erected  on  23d  street,  New  York,  at  a 
cost  of  over  one  million  dollars,  and  which  was 
opened  Feb.  3,  1869,  with  “ Romeo  and  Juliet,” 
Booth  playing  Romeo  to  Miss  McVicker's  Juliet; 
“ The  Moor  of  Venice  ” followed,  with  Edwin 
Adams  and  Booth  alternating  as  Othello  and 
Miss  McVicker  as  Desdemona.  After  Miss  Mc- 
Vicker’s  marriage  to  Booth,  June  7,  1869,  she 
retired  from  the  stage.  Edwin  Adams  was 
Booth’s  leading  man  during  the  season  of  1869, 
Lawrence  Barrett  occupying  the  same  position 
the  following  season.  In  1873  the  theatre  was 
leased  to  J.  B.  Booth,  Jr.,  who  lost  heavily  on 
the  venture.  On  Oct.  25,  1875,  Booth  produced 
for  the  first  time  “Richard  II.,”  at  Daly's  Fifth 
avenue  theatre,  afterwards  playing  “ King 
Lear.”  He  travelled  through  the  south  and 
west  until  June,  1876,  and  in  September 
went  to  San  Francisco,  where  he  met  with  ex- 
ceptional success.  He  next  visited  New  York, 
Brooklyn,  Philadelphia,  Cincinnati,  and  Boston. 
In  April,  1878,  while  playing  Richard  II.  in  Chi- 
cago, a lunatic  by  the  name  of  Mark  Gray  fired 
upon  him.  Booth  walked  to  the  footlights  after 
the  third  shot  and  pointed  out  the  man.  One  of 
the  bullets  missed  him  very  narrowly,  and  was 
afterwards  worn  on  his  watch-chain,  bearing 
the  inscription,  “ From  Mark  Gray  to  Edwin 
Booth,  April  23,  1879.”  In  the  fall  of  1879  he 
played  at  Baltimore,  Philadelphia  and  New  York, 
beginning  a brilliant  engagement  at  the  Park 
theatre  in  Boston  in  March,  1880.  In  June  he 
sailed  for  Europe  with  his  wife  and  daughter, 
and  spent  some  months  in  travel.  He  began  his 
London  engagement  on  Nov.  6,  1880,  as  Hamlet, 
at  the  New  Princess  theatre,  afterwards  playing 
Richelieu,  Bertuccio,  Othello,  Iago,  Petruchio, 
Shylock  and  King  Lear.  In  the  season  of 
1881-'83  he  played  at  the  Lyceum  theatre  with 
Henry  Irving,  and  in  the  summer  of  1882  played 
at  the  London  Adelplii.  In  1883  he  played  in 
German  cities  with  brilliant  results,  speaking 
English  in  a German  company.  Returning  to  the 


United  States  he  repeated  his  former  successes, 
acting  with  Mr.  Barrett  in  “Hamlet,”  “ Julius 
Caesar,”  “ The  Merchant  of  Venice,”  “ Othello,-’ 
and  “ Richelieu,”  until  Barrett’s  death  in  March, 
1891.  In  1890  Booth  made  a tour  through  the 
country  with  Madame  Modjeska,  under  Bar- 
rett’s management.  His  last  appearance  on  any 
stage  was  made  at  the  Brooklyn  academy  of  music, 
April  4,  1891,  as  Hamlet.  He  afterwards  lived 
in  quiet  at  his  home  in  The  Players’  club,  New 
York  city,  of  which  he  was  the  founder,  and  to 
which  he  gave  more  than  a quarter  of  a million 
dollars.  He  died  there  June  7,  1893. 

BOOTH,  James  Curtis,  chemist,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  28,  1810.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1829.  After  a special  course  in  chemistry  in 
Europe  he  returned  to  America,  and  opened  a 
laboratory  in  Philadelphia,  where,  in  addition  to 
his  private  classes,  he  accepted  the  chair  of  ap- 
plied chemistry  in  the  Franklin  institute,  hold- 
ing the  position  until  1845.  In  1849  he  became 
superintendent  of  smelting  and  refining  precious 
metals  in  the  United  States  mint.  He  experi- 
mented with  the  nickel  ores  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  at  his  suggestion,  in  1857,  a proportion  of 
that  metal  was  used  with  other  alloys  in  the 
coinage  of  cents  of  that  year.  Jan.  7,  1888,  he 
resigned  from  the  mint.  He  was  one  of  the 
geological  surveyors  of  Pennsylvania,  and  later 
took  charge  of  a similar  survey  of  Delaware.  In 
1867  Lewisburg  university  gave  him  the  degree 
of  LL.D.,  and  in  1884  Rensselaer  polytechnic  in- 
stitute conferred  upon  him  that  of  Ph.D. 
Among  his  published  works  are:  “Annual  Re- 
port of  the  Delaware  Geological  Survey  ” (1839). 
“ The  Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the 
State  of  Delaware  ” (1841) ; and  “ Recent  Im- 
provements in  the  Chemical  Arts”  (1852).  He 
also  assisted  in  bringing  out  the  “ Encyclopaedia 
of  Chemistry,  Practical  and  Theoretical  ” (1850). 
He  also  edited  and  annotated  a translation  of 
Regnault's  "Elements  of  Chemistry.  ” In  1883-'84 
he  was  president  of  the  American  chemical 
society.  He  was  a member  of  the  American 
philosophical  society,  and  of  several  other  learned 
and  scientific  bodies.  He  died  March  21,  1888. 

BOOTH,  John  Wilkes,  actor,  was  born  in 
Bel  Air,  Md.,  in  1838;  son  of  Junius  Brutus  and 
Mary  Ann  (Hohnes)  Booth,  and  the  brother  of 
Junius  Brutus  and  Edwin  Booth.  He  was  edu- 
cated for  the  stage,  but  his  erratic  life  pre- 
vented him  from  rising  much  above  mediocrity. 
His  first  appearance  on  the  stage  was  as  Rich- 
mond in  “ Richard  III.,”  at  St.  Charles  theatre, 
Baltimore,  in  1856,  and  his  last  as  Pescara  in 
“The  Apostate,”  at  Ford's  theatre,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  in  1865.  In  the  civil  war  his  sympa- 
thies were  with  the  south.  Early  in  1865  he 


[34S1 


BOOTH. 


BOOTH. 


conspired  with  other  southern  sympathizers  to 
kill  President  Lincoln  and  the  members  of  his 
cabinet.  On  the  appointed  night,  April  14,  1865, 
he  entered  Ford's  theatre,  where  the  President 
was  in  attendance,  gained  access  to  his  box  and 
shot  him  from  behind,  then  leaped  to  the  stage, 
shouting,  “ Sic  Semper  Tyrannis.  The  south  is 
avenged  ! ” and  despite  a broken  leg  caused  by 
a fall,  his  spur  becoming  caught  in  the  folds  of 
a flag  as  he  jumped  from  the  box,  he  made  good 
his  escape  on  horse-back.  He  was  concealed  by 
southern  sympathizers,  and  after  eleven  days  was 
found  in  a barn  at  Bowling  Green,  Va.  He 
refused  to  surrender  and  was  shot  by  Boston 
Corbett,  a soldier  of  the  searching  party.  His 
body  was  secretly  buried  by  the  government 
authorities,  but  after  two  years  it  was  surren- 
dered to  his  brother  Edwin,  and  re-interred  in 
the  family  plot  in  Baltimore  cemetery.  The 
date  of  his  death  is  April  26,  1865. 

BOOTH,  Junius  Brutus,  actor,  was  born  in 
London,  England,  May  1,  1796;  son  of  Richard 
Booth,  a successful  solicitor.  He  received  a 
classical  education,  and,  after  trying  sculpture 
and  painting,  entered  his  father’s  office  to  study 
law.  This  proving  uncongenial,  his  friends  pro- 
cured him  a commission  in  the  navy.  He  had 
not  joined  his  ship  when  it  was  ordered  to  Nova 
Scotia  to  take  part  in  the  hostilities  against  the 
United  States  in  1812.  The  father  was  an  ardent 
Republican,  and  at  his  request  young  Booth 
resigned  his  commission.  He  became  interested 
in  amateur  theatricals,  and  his  success  deter- 
mined him  to  follow  the  profession  of  an  actor. 

He  played  at  a minor  theatre  in  one  of  the  prov- 
inces, and  in  1814  made  a tour  of  Holland  and 
Belgium.  The  histrionic  talent  of  the  youth  was 
so  markedly  brilliant  that  friends  endeavored  to 
procure  for  him  a London  engagement.  The 
time  was  not  ripe  for  this,  and  he  made  another 
provincial  contract.  On  March  8,  1815,  he  was 
married  to  Mary  Christine  Adelaide  Delaunoy,  at 
St.  George’s,  Bloomsbury,  having  come  to  London 
to  fill  an  engagement  at  Covent  Garden;  but 
finding  he  was  cast  only  for  inferior  parts  he 
declined  to  act,  and  returned  to  Worthing,  where 
he  had  been  playing  Richard  III.  with  conspicu- 
ous success.  Edmund  Kean  was  then  at  the 
zenith  of  his  fame,  and  when  Booth  appeared 
as  his  substitute  in  the  character  of  Sir  Giles 
Overreach  in  a “ New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,” 
the  audience,  indignant  at  his  audacity,  received 
him  with  coldness,  but  before  the  end  of  the  play 
he  had  taken  the  house  by  storm.  His  fame 
spread  and  he  was  called  to  London,  where, 
Feb.  17,  1817,  he  made  his  first  appearance  at 
Covent  Garden  theatre  in  the  role  of  Richard 
III.  Here  he  completely  satisfied  the  critical 
metropolitan  audiences,  but  was  induced  by 

[349] 


Edmund  Kean  to  join  the  Drury  Lane  company 
to  play  Iago  to  Kean's  Othello.  This  was  a clever 
ruse  on  the  part  of  the  elder  actor,  and  Booth 
was  fortunate  in  finding  flaws  in  the  contract, 
which  enabled  him  to  free  himself  from  the 
engagement.  He  returned  to  Covent  Garden, 
where  his  reappearance  was  hailed  with  tumul- 
tuous applause ; here  he  played  on  alternate  nights 
Richard  III.  and  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  adding  to 
his  characters  those  of  Posthumus  in  “ Cymbe 
line”;  Othello  and  Sir  Edward  Mortimer  in 
“ The  Ii'on  Chest.  ” London  theatre-goers  were 
divided  into  two  parties,  ” Boothites  ” and 
“ Keanites,  ” and  their  extreme  partisanship  led 
to  a riot,  Feb.  25,  1817.  At  the  close  of  the  sea- 
son, July,  1818,  he  made  a tour  of  Scotland  and 
the  provinces,  and  in  the  ensuing  autumn  de- 
lighted the  Covent  Garden  audiences  with  his 
interpretation  of  Shylock,  and  later  depicted  the 
roles  of  Brutus,  Richard  and  Horatius  at  the 
Coburg  theatre.  In  1820  he  added  to  his  reper- 
tory, Lear,  which  was  admittedly  one  of  the  finest 
of  his  characterizations.  In  1820  he  played 
Cassius  and  Lear  at  Drury  Lane.  Jan.  18,  1821, 
he  married  Mary  Ann  Holmes,  at  the  residence 
of  the  Honorable  Mrs.  Chambers,  in  London, 
started  on  a wedding  trip  to  the  West  Indies, 
and  appeared  unannounced  in  the  United  States, 
landing  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  June  20,  1821.  After 
a successful  season  at  the  Park  theatre  in  New 
York,  and  in  the  larger  cities  of  the  south,  Mr. 
Booth,  in  1822,  purchased  a small  estate  near  Bal- 
timore, where,  in  the  pauses  of  his  occupation, 
he  obtained  the  solitude  for  which  he  longed,  and 
here  he  brought  his  father,  who  remained  until 
his  death.  In  1825  he  made  an  unsuccessful  pro- 
fessional tour  to  London,  his  wardrobe  and 
properties  being  destroyed  by  the  burning  of  the 
Royal  theatre.  He  returned  to  the  United  States 
and,  after  a short  engagement  at  the  Park  the- 
atre, New  York,  where  he  played  “Selim”  and 
“Pescara,”  he,  in  1828,  opened  the  Camp  street 
theatre  in  New  Orleans,  where  he  enacted  French 
roles  with  amazing  success;  his  acting  of  Orestes 
in  Andromaque  giving  peculiar  delight  to  the 
French-speaking  audiences.  In  1831  he  leased 
the  Adelplii  theatre  in  Baltimore,  where  he  ap- 
peared in  several  new  characters:  Falkland  in 
“The  Rivals,”  Luke  in  “ Riches,”  Penruddock, 
Selim,  Richard  II.,  and  Roderick  Dhu.  A severe 
domestic  affliction,  the  death  of  two  of  his  children, 
overthrew  his  reason  at  this  time,  and  he  was  sub- 
ject to  recurrent  fits  of  insanity  during  the  rest 
of  his  life.  In  his  lucid  intervals  his  genius  shone 
unimpaired,  though  he  had  allowed  the  vice  of 
intemperance  to  fasten  itself  upon  him.  In  1836, 
after  playing  Shylock  to  packed  houses  in  New 
York,  he  went  to  England  with  his  family,  where 
he  appeared  in  London,  but  the  death  of  his  son. 


BOOTH. 


BORDEN. 


Henry  Byron,  caused  him  to  return  to  the  United 
States,  where  lie  attempted  suicide  on  his  way 
to  the  south.  After  this  he  resided  in  Baltimore 
in  winter  and  on  his  farm  in  summer.  He  made 
a yearly  trip  to  Boston  and  New  Orleans,  where 
lie  was  always  enthusiastically  welcomed,  and 
occasionally  played  in  other  cities.  July  18, 
1851,  a divorce  was  granted  in  the  Baltimore 
county  court  to  Mary  Christine  Adelaide  Booth, 
and  Junius  Booth  was  remarried  May  10,  1851,  to 
Mary  Ann  Holmes,  the  mother  of  his  children. 

His  last  appearance  in  New  York  was  in  1851; 
his  last  tour  one  to  California,  where  he  played 
with  his  sons,  Edwin  and  Junius  Brutus,  Jr. 

It  was  his  determination  to  retire  upon  his 
return  to  the  south,  but  while  giving  in  New 
Orleans  a series  of  farewell  performances  he 
contracted  an  illness  which  proved  fatal.  He 
died  Nov.  30,  1852. 

BOOTH,  Mary  Louise,  author,  was  born  at 
Millville  (L.  I.  ),N.  Y.,  April  19,  1831.  Her  father 
was  a school  teacher  at  Williamsburg.  L.  I.,  and 
at  an  early  age  she  became  his  assistant.  She 
abandoned  this  work,  however,  to  give  her  time 
to  literary  work.  She  became  a popular  contrib- 
utor to  periodical  literature,  and  published  many 
translations  from  the  French.  When  Harper’s 
Bazar  was  established  in  1867  she  became  its 
editor,  and  held  the  position  during  the  rest  of 
her  life.  For  several  years  she  was  engaged  in 
preparing  a “ History  of  the  City  of  New  York,” 
which,  on  its  publication  in  1859,  attracted  much 
favorable  comment.  Her  published  works,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  translations,  include  the  follow- 
ing: Cousin’s  “Secret  History  of  the  French 
Court  under  Richelieu  and  Mazarin : or.  Life  and 
Times  of  Madame  de  Chevreuse  ” (1859) ; Gas- 
parin’s  “ The  Uprising  of  a Great  People.  The 
United  States  in  1861”  (1861),  and  “America 
before  Europe:  Principles  and  Interests  ” (1862) ; 
Cochin's  “ The  Results  of  Slavery  ” (1863) ; 

Gasparin's  “Reconstruction”  (1865);  the  Coun- 
tess de  Gasparin’s  “ Human  Sorrows, ” “ Vesper,” 
and  “Camille”;  Laboulaye’s  “Paris  in  Amer- 
ica” (1865),  and  “Fairy  Book”  (1867),  and 
Martin’s  “History  of  France”  (2  vols.,  1866). 
She  also  compiled  the  “ New  and  Complete  Clock 
and  Watch-maker’s  Manual  ” (1860).  She  died 
in  New  York  city,  March  5,  1889. 

BOOTH,  Newton,  senator,  was  born  at  Salem, 
Ind.,  Dec.  25,  1825;  was  graduated  from  the 
Asbury  university  in  1846,  and  four  years  later 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  when  he  removed  to 
California,  where  he  engaged  in  business  in  Sac- 
ramento. He  returned  to  his  native  state  in 
1857  and  settled  in  Terre  Haute,  where  for  three 
years  he  practised  the  law,  but  preferring  Cali- 
fornia as  a residence  he  removed  to  that  state, 
and  soon  attained  prominence  in  politics  as  an 

[350] 


opponent  of  the  railroad  monopoly.  In  1863  he 
was  elected  a state  senator,  and  from  1871  to 
1875  was  governor  of  the  state.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate, 
and  during  his  term  he  opposed  Chinese  emigra- 
tion, but  favored  full  protection  to  those  already 
admitted.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were  spent 
in  travel.  He  died  at  Sacramento,  July  14,  1892. 

BOOTHMAN,  Melvin  Morelli,  representative, 
was  born  in  Williams  county,  Ohio,  Oct.  16,  1846. 
He  lived  on  his  father's  farm  until  his  eighteenth 
year,  when  he  enlisted  in  the  38th  Ohio  infantry, 
Jan.  4,  1864.  On  the  last  day  of  the  Atlanta 
campaign,  Sept.  1,  1864,  he  received  a severe 
wound,  which  necessitated  the  amputation  of  his 
leg.  Returning  to  his  home,  he  worked  his  way 
through  school,  receiving  the  degree  of  LL.B. 
from  the  law  department  of  Michigan  university 
in  April,  1871.  In  October  of  the  same  year  Mr. 
Boothman  was  elected  treasurer  of  Williams 
county,  and  after  the  expiration  of  his  second 
term,  he  established  himself  in  the  practice  of 
law.  He  was  elected  a representative  to  the  50th 
and  51st  congresses. 

BORDEN,  Gail,  inventor,  was  born  in  Nor- 
wich, N.  Y.,  Nov.  6,  1801.  In  his  early  years  he 
migrated  with  his  parents  from  place  to  place, 
residing  in  Kentucky  and  in  Indiana;  in  1829 
he  removed  to  Texas.  He  was  a delegate  to  the 
San  Felipe  convention,  which  met  in  1833  to 
petition  the  Mexican  government  for  a separa- 
tion from  Coahuila ; was  superintendent  of  offi- 
cial surveys  under  General  Austin,  and  manager 
of  the  San  Felipe  land  office.  He  compiled  the 
first  topographical  map  of  the  territory  em- 
braced in  the  colony  of  Texas, and  he  made  the 
first  surveys  of  the  city  of  Galveston.  In  1835 
he  and  his  brother  established  the  Texas  Tele- 
graph and  Land  Register,  the  publication  of 
which  was  continued  for  about  half  a century. 
It  was  the  only  paper  issued  in  Texas  during 
the  Texan  war  for  independence.  He  was  the 
first  collector  of  the  port  of  Galveston,  under  the 
newly  formed  republic,  and  he  acted  for  twelve 
years  as  agent  of  the  Galveston  city  company, 
a corporation  holding  the  greater  part  of  the 
land  on  which  Galveston  was  built.  In  1849  he 
became  interested  in  providing  simple,  nutri- 
tious and  easily  portable  food  supplies  for  emi- 
grants and  exploring  parties.  After  much 
experimenting  he  produced  Borden's  pemmican, 
meat  biscuit,  and  condensed  milk.  The  pemmi- 
can was  first  used  by  Dr.  Kane  on  his  arctic 
expedition.  The  meat  biscuit  was  awarded  "the 
great  council  medal  ” at  the  World's  fair,  Lon- 
don, in  1852,  and  won  for  Mr.  Borden,  at  the 
same  time,  an  election  to  honorary  membership 
in  the  London  society  of  arts.  He  applied  for  a 
patent  for  the  condensed  milk  in  1853,  but  it  was 


BORDLEY. 


BORIE. 


not  until  1856  that  he  succeeded  in  demonstrating 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  commissioner  of  patents 
that  there  was  any  difference  between  milk 
evaporated  in  the  open  air  and  “ the  production 
of  concentrated  sweet  milk  by  evaporation  in 
vacuo,  the  same  having  no  sugar  or  other  foreign 
substance  mixed  with  it."  He  next  produced  a 
condensed  meat  juice,  and  he  established  ex- 
tensive works  near  Columbus,  Colorado  county, 
Texas.  Condensed  tea,  coffee,  cocoa  and  fruit 
juices  were  subsequently  manufactured  by  him 
with  great  success.  He  died  Jan.  11,  1874. 

BORDEN,  Simeon,  inventor,  was  born  at 
Freetown,  Mass.,  Jan.  29,  1798.  He  devoted  his 
time  to  the  study  of  mathematics.  He  became 
an  excellent  machinist,  and  an  amateur  surveyor, 
making  his  own  instruments  with  great  ingenu- 
ity. In  1830  Mr.  Borden  invented  an  appliance 
in  surveying  by  which  the  measurement  of  the 
base  line  could  be  more  easily  determined.  In 
1831  he  joined  the  new  survey  of  the  state  of 
Massachusetts,  and  after  three  years,  upon  the 
resignation  of  Mr.  Stevens,  he  was  given  sole 
charge  of  the  survey.  The  field  work  was  com- 
pleted in  the  spring  of  1838.  He  then  began  to 
compile  the  map,  which  work  was  not  completed 
until  1841.  In  1844,  when  a dispute  as  to  bound- 
ary arose  between  Rhode  Island  and  Massachu- 
setts, Mr.  Borden  acted  as  surveyor,  and 
subsequently  established  the  correct  boundary 
line.  His  last  important  engineering  work  was 
the  connection  of  the  palisades  on  one  side  of 
the  Hudson  river  with  Fort  Washington  on  the 
other,  by  overhead  telegraph  lines.  He  published 
the  engineer's  report  of  the  Worcester  and  Keene 
surveys  in  1846,  and  “ Useful  Formulae,  Adapted 
to  the  Operations  of  Locating  and  Constructing 
Railroads”  (1851).  The  map  of  Massachusetts, 
prepared  under  the  advice  of  the  Massachusetts 
commission  to  the  Centennial  exhibition  of  1876, 
was  compiled  by  H.  F.  Walling  from  Mr.  Bor- 
den's material.  He  died  Oct.  28,  1856. 

BORDLEY,  John  Beale,  author,  was  born  at 
Annapolis,  Md.,  Feb.  11,  1727.  He  practised  law 
in  Baltimore  county,  and  in  1753  was  appointed 
chief  clerk  of  the  court  for  that  county.  In  1766 
he  was  made  judge  of  the  provincial  court.  In 
1767  he  became  judge  of  the  admiralty  court  and 
remained  in  this  position  for  nine  years.  He 
was  actively  interested  in  the  subject  of  agricul- 
ture, making  many  novel  experiments  in  hus- 
bandry". The  first  agricultural  society  formed  in 
America  was  organized  by  him  in  1793.  He 
wrote  “ Forsyth  on  Fruit-trees  .with  Notes,”  “ On 
Rotation  of  Crops  ” (1792) ; “ Essays  and  Notes  on 
Husbandry  and  Rural  Affairs,  with  Plates  ” 
(1799-1801),  and  “ A View  of  the  Courses  of 
Crops  in  England  and  Maryland  ” (1784).  He 
died  Jan.  26,  1804. 


BOREMAN,  Arthur  Ingraham,  governor  of 
West  Virginia,  was  born  at  Waynesburg  Pa., 
July  24,  1823.  Early  in  life  he  went  to  western 
Virginia,  where,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  while  practising 
his  profession  at  Parkersburg,  Va.,  he  became 
interested  in  political  matters,  and  was  elected 
a member  of  the  house  of  delegates  of  Virginia 
in  1855,  serving  in  that  body  by  successive  re- 
elections  until  1861.  At  the  extra  session  of  that 
year  he  opposed  the  secession  of  the  state,  and 
was  [(resident  of  the  Union  convention  which 
met  at  Wheeling,  and  helped  to  organize  the 
state  of  West  Virginia.  He  was  appointed  judge 
of  the  circuit  court  in  October  of  that  year,  and 
held  that  office  two  years.  In  1863  lie  was 
elected  governor  of  the  state,  holding  that  office 
by  re-election  until  1869,  when  he  resigned,  hav- 
ing been  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  as  a Republi- 
can. 

BORQESS,  Caspar  Henry,  R.  C.  bishop,  was 
born  at  Addrup  in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, in  1826.  He  was  brought  to  America  in 
1834  and  settled  in  Philadelphia,  where  his  early 
education  was  acquired.  His  classical  course 
was  pursued  at  St.  Charles  seminary,  and  his 
theological  at  St.  Xavier’s  college  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  In  1848  he  was  ordained  and  labored  at 
Columbus,  Ohio,  until  1858.  In  1859  he  became 
rector  of  St.  Peter’s  cathedral  in  Cincinnati, 
where  he  was  stationed  for  more  than  ten  years. 
On  April  24,  1870,  he  was  consecrated  titular 
bishop  of  Caledonia,  and  the  following  year  was 
appointed  bishop  of  Detroit,  to  succeed  Bishop 
Lefevre,  deceased.  He  resigned  his  bishopric 
April  16,  1887,  and  died  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  May 
3,  1890. 

BORIE,  Adolph  E.  , banker,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  Nov.  25,  1809;  son  of  John  Joseph 
Borie,  a Frenchman.  After  receiving  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  the  degree  of  A.M. 
in  1826,  he  went  abroad,  where  he  studied 
and  travelled.  After  his  return  to  his  native 
country  he  entered  commercial  life  in  his  father’s 
counting-room,  and  subsequently  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  firm  of  McKean,  Borie  & Co.  He  was 
president  of  the  bank  of  commerce,  Philadelphia, 
from  1848  till  1860.  Mr.  Borie  was  a stanch 
Unionist  during  the  civil  war,  and  was  an  organ- 
izer and  officer  of  the  Union  club  (afterwards  the 
Union  league  club,  of  Philadelphia),  the  first 
founded  in  America.  His  generous  donations 
during  the  war  were  of  material  assistance  to 
the  country.  He  was  secretary  of  the  navy 
to  which  office  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Grant,  March  5,  1869,  and  which  he  resigned 
after  three  months’  service,  owing  to  the  de- 


mands of  his  private  business.  He  was  elected 
a trustee  of  Pennsylvania  university  in  1858 

[351  j 


BORLAND. 


BOSTWICK 


and  a member  of  the  American  philosophical 
society  in  1872.  He  accompanied  General  Grant 
in  his  tour  around  the  world  1877-’78,  and  died 
in  Philadelphia,  Feb.  5,  1880. 

BORLAND,  Solon,  senator,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia. He  was  educated  as  a physician  in  North 
Carolina  and  practised  at  Little  Rock,  Ark.  When 
the  Mexican  war  broke  out  he  was  commissioned 
major  in  Yell’s  cavalry,  and  in  January,  1847, 
was  taken  prisoner.  He  afterwards  served  as 
aide-de-camp  to  General  Worth  until  the  capture 
of  the  city  of  Mexico,  Sept.  14,  1847.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Arkansas  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  senator 
by  the  governor  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of 
Ambrose  H.  Sevier,  resigned,  and  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  term  in  1849,  he  was  elected  for  a full 
senatorial  term,  but  resigned  March  8,  1853,  to 
accept  from  President  Pierce  the  position  of  min- 
ister to  Nicaragua,  having  also  in  charge,  Costa 
Rica,  Guatemala,  Honduras,  and  San  Salvador. 

He  served  for  a year,  when  he  returned  to  the 
United  States  and  resigned.  He  was  assaulted 
while  at  San  Juan  de  Nicaragua,  on  his  way  home, 
while  attempting  to  prevent  the  arrest  of  a man 
charged  with  murder.  This  incident  led  to  the 
bombardment  and  destruction  of  Greytown,  by 
the  U.  S.  sloop-of-war  Cyane,  July  13,  1854.  On 
his  return  Mr.  Borland  declined  the  governorship 
of  New  Mexico,  proffered  by  President  Pierce, 
and  he  resumed  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Little 
Rock.  When  the  state  legislature  passed  the 
ordinance  of  secession,  May  6,  1801.  he  organized 
troops  under  direction  of  Governor  Rector,  and 
took  possession  of  Fort  Smith.  He  afterwards 
raised  the  3d  regiment,  Arkansas  cavalry,  was 
commissioned  colonel,  and  was  subsequently 
promoted  brigadier -general.  He  was  serving  in 
the  Confederate  army  in  Texas  when  he  died, 
Jan.  31.  1864. 

BOSBYSHELL,  Oliver  Christian,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  Jan.  3,  1839.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Schuylkill 
county,  Pa.,  and  started  life  as  a telegraph 
messenger  boy.  When  the  civil  war  broke  out 
he  enlisted  at  Pottsville,  April  16,  1861,  for  thirty 
days,  and  on  April  18,  as  he  marched  through 
Baltimore  amidst  a turbulent  mob,  was  assaulted, 
and  claimed  to  be  the  first  soldier  wounded  in  the 
war.  The  same  evening  he  arrived  with  his  com- 
pany in  Washington  city.  The  commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  1891,  presented  each  of  these 
first  defenders  with  a medal  of  honor.  At  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term  he  re-enlisted,  was  com- 
missioned 2d  lieutenant,  and  was  advanced  to 
the  rank  of  major,  gaining  distinction  at  the 
battles  of  New  Berne,  second  Bull  Run,  Chan- 
tilly, South  Mountain,  Antietam  and  Fredericks- 
burg. Tn  the  spring  of  1863  he  was  made  provost 
marshal  at  Lexington,  Ky,  He  was  then  ap- 

[352] 


pointed  acting  assistant  adjutant-general  of  his 
brigade,  and  served  in  the  East  Tennessee  cam- 
paign, in  the  battles  of  Blue  Springs,  Campbell’s 
station,  and  at  the  siege  of  Knoxville.  In  1864 
he  served  with  Grant  in 
the  campaign  from  the 
Wilderness  to  Peters- 
burg as  acting  assistant 
adjutant-general  of  the 
1st  brigade,  4th  (colored) 
division,  9th  army  corps, 
which  shared  in  the 
Petersburg  mine  fight  of 
July  30,  1864.  He  com. 
manded  his  regiment 
the  battle  at  the  Weldon 
railroad,  and  had  charge 
of  the  left  wing  at  Pop- 
lar  grove  church,  on 
Sept.  30,  1864.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  service  Oct.  1,  1864.  Returning 
to  Pottsville,  Pa.,  he  engaged  in  the  banking 
business,  and  in  1869  was  appointed  register  of 
deposits  in  the  United  States  mint  at  Philadel- 
phia. He  was  made  assistant  coiner  in  1872,  and 
in  1877  was  appointed  coiner.  In  1879  President 
Harrison  appointed  him  to  the  superintend- 
ency of  the  mint,  which  position  he  resigned 
in  1894.  In  1878  he  was  elected  major  of 
the  2d  regiment  national  guard  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  promoted  to  lieutenant-colonel  in  1879,  and 
made  colonel  in  1890.  He  was  elected  commander 
of  Post  2,  G.  A.  R.  of  Philadelphia,  in  1879.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Pennsylvania 
society  of  the  sons  of  the  revolution.  In  1884  he 
became  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Fidelity 
mutual  life  association,  in  1887  was  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  company,  and  in  1894  became  its 
treasurer. 

BOSTWICK,  Arthur  Elmore,  librarian,  was 
born  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  March  8,  1860;  son  of 
Dr.  David  Elmore  and  Adelaide  (McKinley) 
Bostwick.  His  first  American  ancestor,  Arthur 
Bostock  (or  Boswick),  came  to  America  from 
Cheshire,  England,  about  1630,  and  settled  in 
Southampton  (L.  I.),  N.  Y.,  afterwards  remov- 
ing to  Connecticut.  Arthur  Elmore  Bostwick 
was  prepared  for  college  at  the  Litchfield  (Conn.) 
institute,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1881,  receiving  the  Ph.D.  degree  in  1883.  He 
was  the  first  holder  of  the  Silliman  fellowship  in 
physics.  He  was  substitute  instructor  at  Yale 
in  1883-!84,  and  teacher  in  the  Montclair,  N.  J., 
high  school.  1884—’86.  From  1886  to  1888  he  was 
on  the  editorial  staff  of  Appleton’s  cyclopaedia  of 
American  biography.  In  1890  he  became  assist- 
ant editor  of  the  Forum,  and  from  1892  to  1896 
was  associate  editor  of  the  Standard  Dictionary. 
In  1893  he  accepted  the  position  of  scientific 


BOTTA. 


BOTTOME. 


editor  of  the  Literary  Digest,  and  in  April,  1895, 
he  became  librarian-in-chief  of  the  New  York 
free  circulating  library.  He  was  made  a member 
of  the  Author’s  club,  New  York  city. 

BOTELER,  Alexander  Robinson,  representa- 
tive, was  born  at  Shepherdstown,  Va.,  May  16, 
1815.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1835, 
and  was  afterwards  made  a member  of  the  as- 
sembly of  Virginia.  In  1858  he  was  elected  a 
representative  in  the  36th  Congress,  and  was  de- 
feated, as  speaker  of  the  house,  by  James  L.  Orr, 
by  a few  votes.  He  was  one  of  the  strongest 
advocates  of  the  famous  Crittenden  compromise 
resolutions,  and  resigned  his  seat  in  the  U.  S. 
Congress  in  1861  to  become  a member  of  the  pro- 
visional and  Confederate  congresses.  He  served 
inthearmy  of  Virginia  on  “ Stonewall ” Jackson's 
staff,  and  after  Jackson’s  death  as  an  aide  to  Gen. 
J.  E.  B.  Stuart.  He  was  appointed  by  President 
Grant  a commissioner  for  West  Virginia  to  the 
Centennial , exposition  at  Philadelphia,  1876,  and 
by  President  Arthur  one  of  the  tariff  commis- 
sioners, after  which  Attorney-General  Brewster 
made  him  an  attorney  in  the  department  of 
justice.  He  died  at  Shepherdstown,  W.  Va.,  May 
8,  1892. 

BOTETOURT,  Norborne  Berkeley,  colonial 
governor  of  Virginia,  was  born  in  England  about 
1717.  In  1768  he  succeeded  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst 
in  the  governorship  of  Virginia.  The  assembly 
passed  resolutions  condemning  the  measures  of 
government,  and  in  consequence  Governor 
Botetourt  called  the  burgesses  before  him  and 
said:  “ I have  heard  of  your  resolves,  and  augur 
ill  of  their  effects.  You  have  made  it  my  duty 
to  dissolve  you,  and  you  are  dissolved  accord- 
ingly.” The  members  met  at  the  Raleigh  tavern, 
and  formed  a non  importation  agreement.  The 
governor  used  all  his  influence  to  promote  the 
interests  and  restore  the  peace  of  the  colonies. 
His  death,  which  was  deeply  regretted  by  the 
Virginians,  occurred  Oct.  15,  1770. 

BOTTA,  Anne  Charlotte  (Lynch),  author, 
was  born  at  Bennington,  Vt.,  Nov.  11,  1815. 
She  was  educated  in  Albany,  N.  Y. , and  at  an  early 
age  began  to  contribute  poems  and  stories  to 
various  periodicals.  She  lived  for  a short  time 
in  Providence,  R.  I.,  but  afterwards  settled  in 
New  York,  where,  in  1855,  she  married  Professor 
Botta  of  the  New  York  university.  She  estab- 
lished a salon,  where  literary  people,  artists  and 
musicians  came  to  meet  the  distinguished  for- 
eigners who  visited  New  York.  She  was  promi- 
nently active  in  measures  taken  to  relieve  the 
women  and  children  of  Paris  during  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war.  She  prepared  an  album,  designed 
to  be  sold  for  this  cause,  composed  of  contribu- 
tions from  the  pens  and  pencils  of  the  most  cele- 
brated artists  of  America,  with  photographs  and 


autographs.  This  was  subsequently  sold  for  five 
thousand  dollars,  and  the  sum  constitutes  an 
endowment  to  the  French  academy,  the  accumu- 
lated interest  of  which  every  five  years  is  a prize 
for  the  best  essay  on  the  “ Condition  of  Woman.” 
A collection  of  her  poems  was  published  in  1848, 
illustrated  by  noted  American  artists,  and 
“Leaves  from  the  Diary  of  a Recluse”  ap- 
peared first  in  The  Gift  in  1845.  Besides  in- 
numerable essays,  sketches  and  stories  she  com- 
piled a “ Handbook  of  Universal  Literature  ” 
(1860),  which  holds  high  rank  as  an  educational 
text-book.  She  was  a prominent  member  of  the 
Nineteenth  century  club,  the  Afternoon  club, 
and  other  societies  devoted  to  art  and  literature. 
She  died  in  New  York  city,  March  23,  1891. 

BOTTA,  Vincenzo,  educator,  was  born  at 
Cavalier,  Maggiore,  Piedmont,  Nov.  11,  1818. 
He  pursued  his  college  course  at  the  University 
of  Turin,  and  afterwards  held  the  chair  of  phil- 
osophy at  his  alma  mater.  He  became  a mem- 
ber of  the  Sardinian  parliament  in  1849,  and  in 
the  ensuing  year  was  commissioned  with  Dr. 
Parola  to  report  to  his  government  upon  the  sys- 
tem of  education  in  Germany.  In  1853  he  re- 
moved to  the  United  States  and  accepted  the 
chair  of  Italian  language  and  literature  in  the 
University  of  New  York,  and  was  married  in 
1855  to  Anne  Charlotte  Lynch,  a well-known 
author.  Dr.  Botta  was  a member  of  the  Union 
league  club  for  thirty  years  and  was  one  of  its 
vice-presidents.  He  was  also  a member  of  the 
Century  association  and  several  scientific  and 
literary  societies.  The  degree  of  Pli.D.  was  given 
to  him  by  the  University  of  Berlin,  in  recogni- 
tion of  his  services  to  Germany.  His  best  known 
works  are:  “ Account  of  the  System  of  Educa- 
tion in  Piedmont,”  “ Discourse  on  the  Life,  Char- 
acter and  Policy  of  Cavour  ” (1862) ; “ Dante  as 
a Philosopher,  Patriot  and  Poet  ” (1865) ; “ An 
Historical  Account  of  Modern  Philosophy  in 
Italy,”  and  “ An  Introduction  to  Dante.”  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  5,  1894. 

BOTTOME,  Margaret  (McDonald),  reformer, 
was  born  in  New  York  city,  but  lived  in  Brooklyn 
from  her  childhood.  She  became  early  interested 
in  religious  and  charitable  work  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  where  her  father  held  an  official  position. 
She  accompanied  him  weekly  to  the  almshouse 
and  prison,  and  systematically  visited  the  sick 
and  poor  of  the  Brooklyn  districts.  Her  mar- 
riage to  the  Rev.  Frank  Bottome  opened  to  her 
a wider  field.  About  1876  she  commenced  giv- 
ing Bible  talks  in  drawing-rooms  to  society 
women  of  New  York  city,  and  finally  organized 
the  great  order  of  the  King’s  Daughters,  of  which 
she  was  annually  chosen  president.  In  1896  she 
was  elected  and  accepted  the  additional  responsi- 
bility of  the  presidency  of  the  Woman's  branch 
[353] 


BOTTS. 


BOUCICAULT. 


of  the  Medical  missionary  society.  Mrs.  Bot- 
tome’s  most  effective  personal  work  is  shown  in 
her  “ Bible  Talks.”  Some  of  these  “ Talks  ” were 
published  first  in  the  Silver  Cross  Magazine,  the 
organ  of  the  King’s  Daughters,  and  later  in  book 
form,  under  the  title  of  “ The  Guest  Chamber.” 

BOTTOMLEY,  Thomas,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Connonly,  in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire, 
England,  June  2,  1805.  He  joined  the  Wesleyan 
Methodist  connection  when  he  was  twelve  years 
old,  and  was  licensed  as  a local  preacher  when 
he  was  seventeen.  In  1828  he  came  to  America 
and  located  at  Paterson,  N.  J.,  where  he  was 
licensed  to  preach  in  the  M.  E.  church,  on  Feb. 

28,  1829.  From  Paterson  lie  went  to  Richmond, 
Va.,  later  settling  at  Ellicott’s  Mills,  Md.  In  1832 
he  was  ordained  deacon  by  Bishop  McKendree, 
at  Baltimore.  In  March,  1840,  he  was  admitted 
into  the  travelling  connection,  on  trial,  by  the 
Baltimore  conference,  and  was  ordained  elder  by 
Bishop  Waugh,  who  transferred  him  to  the  Ar- 
kansas conference.  On  the  way  to  his  new  mis- 
sion his  wife's  illness  compelled  them  to  stop  at 
Louisville,  Ky.,  where,  becoming  much  at- 
tached to  the  people,  he  decided  to  remain,  and 
at  the  session  of  the  Kentucky  conference  for 
1840  he  joined  that  body.  In  the  division  of  the 
conference  in  1846  he  became  a member  of  the 
newly  organized  Louisville  conference,  where 
he  served  during  his  lifetime.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  general  conference  of  1874.  He 
preached  for  more  than  seventy -two  years,  and 
attended  fifty-four  conferences.  He  died  at 
Hopkinsville,  Ky.,  Sept.  27,  1894. 

BOTTS,  John  Minor,  statesman,  was  born  at 
Dumfries,  Prince  William  county,  Va. , Sept.  16, 
1802.  Both  his  parents  perished  at  the  burning 
of  the  theatre  at  Richmond,  where  they  were 
residing,  leaving  him  orphaned  at  the  age  of  nine 
years.  He  began  the  study  of  law  when  very 
young,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1820,  and 
practised  successfully  until  1826,  when  he  aban- 
doned the  profession  to  engage  in  agricultural 
pursuits.  From  1833  to  1839  he  served  in  the 
state  legislature,  and  from  1839  to  1843  as  repre- 
sentative in  the  26th  and  27th  congresses,  and 
from  1847  to  1849  in  the  30th  Congress.  He  was 
a stanch  supporter  of  Henry  Clay,  and  labored 
for  his  election  in  the  presidential  campaign  of 
1844.  In  1852  he  resumed  his  law  practice  at 
Richmond,  and  in  1856  joined  the  Native  Ameri- 
can party.  He  retired  to  his  farm,  near  Culpeper 
Court  House,  upon  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war.  He  remained  faithful  to  the  government, 
and  opposed  secession  with  fervid  earnestness. 

In  1862  he  was  arrested,  by  order  of  the  Confed- 
erate government,  on  suspicion  of  being  engaged 
in  preparing  a secret  history  of  the  rebellion.  A 
rigid  search  failing  to  disclose  the  suspected  man- 

1354] 


uscript  he  was  released  after  eight  weeks'  soli- 
tary confinement  in  prison.  The  suspicions  had 
been  well  founded,  however,  for  at  that  time  he 
had  in  preparation  “ The  Great  Rebellion,  its 
Secret  History,  Rise,  Progress  and  Disastrous 
Failure,”  published  in  1866.  Mr.  Botts  was  a 
delegate  to  the  southern  loyalists’  convention  at 
Philadelphia,  in  1866,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  bail-bond  of  Jefferson  Davis  in 
1867.  He  died  at  Culpeper,  Va.,  Jan.  7,  1869. 

BOUCHER,  Jonathan,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Blencow,  Cumberland,  England,  March  12, 
1738.  In  1754  he  removed  to  America  and  en- 
gaged as  a teacher.  He  afterwards  took  holy 
orders,  became  rector  of  Hanover,  then  of  St. 
Mary’s  parish,  Va.,  and  also  of  St.  Anne,  Annapo- 
lis, and  Queen  Anne,  St.  George's  Co.,Md.  He 
was,  however,  obliged  by  his  parishioners  to  leave 
America,  because  of  his  opposition  to  the  spirit  of 
independence,  and  he  returned  to  England  in  1785, 
where  he  obtained  a cure  at  Epsom.  He  is  the 
author  of  “ The  Cumberland  Man”  (1792);  "A 
View  of  the  Causes  and  Consequences  of  the 
American  Revolution  ” (1797),  and  ” Two  Assize 
Sermons”  (1799).  He  occupied  the  last  four- 
teen years  of  his  life  by  working  on  a glossary  of 
provincial  and  archaic  words,  which  was,  in 
1831,  purchased  from  his  heirs  by  the  English 
publishers  of  Webster's  dictionary,  for  use  as  a 
supplement  in  that  work.  In  1802  he  published 
“Linguae  Anglicanae  Veteris  Thesaurus.”  He 
died  in  Epsom,  England,  April  27,  1804. 

BOUCICAULT,  Dion,  playwright,  was  born  in 
Dublin,  Ireland,  Dec.  26,  1822.  He  was  of  French 
parentage,  and  his  father,  a merchant,  had  him 
carefully  educated,  intending  him  to  become  a 
civil  engineer  and  architect.  The  son,  however, 
abandoned  this  profession,  and  before  leaving  his 
teens  wrote  a drama  entitled  “ London  Assur- 
ance,” which  was  highly  successful.  His  talent 
as  a playwright  lay  not  in  literary  work,  nor  in 
originality  of  thought  and  plot,  but  in  happy 
dialogue,  in  clever  mechanical  stage  settings,  and 
in  startling  and  impressive  incidents.  Among 
the  more  popular  of  his  dramas  are : “ The  Colleen 
Bawn,”  “ Love  in  a Maze,"  “Used  Up,”  “The 
Corsican  Brothers,”  “ Louis  XI.,"  and  “ The  Long 
Strike.”  It  was  said  that  “After  Dark”  de- 
pended for  its  success  upon  the  movement  of  a 
sham  train,  and  “ Flying  Scud  ” upon  puppet 
horses.  It  is  undeniable  that  the  stage  devices 
of  Mr.  Boucicault  were  at  that  time  unequalled. 
His  faculty  of  writing  dialogue,  witty  or  pathetic 
as  the  occasion  might  require,  was  an  admirable 
point  in  his  plays,  for  which  he  received  larger 
prices  than  had  ever  before  been  given  to  a play- 
wright. In  1853  he  married  Agnes  Robertson, 
a London  actress,  and  after  his  marriage  he  also 
began  to  act,  attaining  some  popularity.  He 


BOUCK. 


BOUDINOT. 


went  to  Washington  in  1838,  where  he  opened  a 
theatre,  and  in  1839  he  established  the  “ 31  inter 
Garden”  of  New  York.  Two  years  later  he 
went  to  London,  remaining  there  four  years.  He 
then  returned  to  America,  where  he  spent  the  rest 
of  his  life.  Among  his  plays  not  already  men- 
tioned are:  “Dot,”  and  “The  Relief  of  Luck- 
now ” (1863) ; “ The  Trial  of  Effie  Deans  ” (1864) ; 
“Arrah-Na-Pogue  ” (1865);  “ Rip  Van  Winkle 
(1865);  “The  Parish  Clerk”  (1865);  “Hunted 
Down”  (1866);  “Foul  Play,”  with  Charles 
Reade  (1867) ; “How  She  Loves  Him”  (1867); 

“ Lost  at  Sea  ” (1869) ; “ The  Rapparee  ” (1870) ; 

“ Babil  and  Bijou”  (1872);  “Daddy  O'Dowd  ” 
(1873);  “Janet's  Pride,”  “Faust  and  Marguer- 
ite,” “ Paul  Lafarge,”  “ A Dark  Night's  Work,” 

“ The  Dead  Secret,”  “Andy  Blake,”  and  “The 
Shaughraun.”  He  died  Sept.  18,  1890. 

BOUCK,  William  C.,  governor  of  New  York, 
was  born  in  Schoharie  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1786.  He 
early  became  prominent  in  politics,  holding  local 
offices,  and  was  several  times  elected  to  the  state 
assembly.  In  1820  he  was  made  a state  senator, 
and  in  1821  became  canal  commissioner,  holding 
the  office  for  nearly  twenty  years.  He  was 
elected  governor  of  New  York  in  1842,  and  served 
throughout  the  term.  In  1846  he  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  state  constitutional  convention.  His 
last  public  office  was  as  assistant  treasurer  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  from  1846  to  1849.  He  died  in 
Schoharie  county,  N.  Y.,  April  19,  1859. 

BOUDINOT,  Elias,  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May  2,  1740;  son  of  Elias  and 
Catherine  (Williams)  Boudinot.  He  received  an 
excellent  education,  and,  after  studying  law 
with  his  brother-in-law,  Richard  Stockton,  a 
signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  he 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  New  Jersey,  Nov.  9, 
1760.  On  Sept.  11,  1770,  he  was  licensed  as  ser- 
geant-at-law, and  in  1790  Yale  college  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  On 
June  11,  1774,  he  was  made  a member  of  the  com- 
mittee of  correspondence  for  Essex  county,  N.  J. 

In  1775  he  was  one  of  the  deputies  who  attended 
the  provincial  congress  of  New  Jersey.  In  1777 
he  was  elected  commissary -general  of  prisoners, 
and  while  holding  this  office,  failing  to  receive 
sufficient  money  from  Congress  to  satisfy  the 
pressing  necessities  of  the  prisoners,  he  drew 
generously  from  his  own  resources  and  bor- 
rowed from  his  friends.  In  December,  1777,  he 
was  elected  a delegate  to  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, and  in  the  spring  of  1778  was  appointed  by 
General  Washington  to  meet  a British  commis- 
sioner and  arrange  an  exchange  of  prisoners.  He 
also  effected  an  exchange  of  General  Lee,  who 
had  been  taken  prisoner  in  December,  1776.  He 
retained  the  office  of  commissary -general  of 
prisoners  until  1779,  and  his  term  in  Congress 

[355] 


having  ended  in  1778,  he  was  again  elected  in 

1781,  holding  his  seat  until  1784.  In  November, 

1782,  he  was  chosen  president  of  Congress,  and 
in  this  official  capacity  signed  the  treaty  of  peace 
with  England.  In  1788  he  was  elected  a repre- 
sentative to  the  1st  U.  S.  Congress,  serving  by 
re-election  in  the  2d  and  3d  congresses.  In  1795 
President  Washington  appointed  him  director 
of  the  U.  S.  mint ; in  1805  he  resigned  the  office, 
and  retired  from  all  public  duties,  and  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  biblical  literature  at  his 
home  in  Burlington,  N.  J.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  Bible  society  in  1816, 
and  its  first  president.  He  left  many  generous 
bequests  for  benevolent  objects,  in  which  he  was 
interested.  During  his  lifetime  he  gave  to  the 
American  Bible  society  the  sum  of  810,000;  to 
Princeton  college,  of  which  he  was  a trustee,  a 
natural  history  cabinet  worth  83,000,  and  gener- 
ous sums  to  various  missions.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are:  “The  Age  of  Revelation” 
(1790);  “The  Age  of  Reason”  (1793);  “Second 
Advent  of  the  Messiah”  (1815);  “A  Star  in  the 
West  ” (1815),  and  “ A Life  of  the  Rev.  William 
Tennent  ” (1806).  (See  “ Life  of  Elias  Boudinot,” 
by  J.  J.  Boudinot,  1896.)  He  died  Oct.  24,  1821. 

BOUDINOT,  Elias  Cornelius,  soldier,  was  born 
near  Rome,  Ga.,  Aug.  1,  1835;  son  of  Elias 
Boudinot,  a Cherokee  Indian,  descended  from  a 
long  line  of  tribal  chiefs.  His  father  was  educated 
at  a mission  school  in 
Cornwall,  Conn.,  and 
his  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  Benjamin 
Gold,  a well-known 
citizen  of  Connecti 
cut.  His  father's  In- 
dian name  was  Kille- 
kee-nah,  and  being  an 
unusually  intelligent 
boy,  he  attracted  the 
attention  of  Elias  Bou- 
dinot, the  philanthro- 
pist, who  gave  him  per- 
mission to  adopt  his 
name.  In  1839,  having 
removed  to  Arkansas,  he  was  assassinated  by  a 
rival  faction  of  the  Cherokees,  known  as  the  Ross 
party,  and  an  uncle  of  young  Boudinot  sent  him 
to  Manchester,  V t. , where  he  acquired  a thorough 
education,  and  entered  the  corps  of  civil  en- 
gineers. In  1853  he  returned  to  Arkansas  and 
became  very  prominent  as  a lawyer,  and  in 
Indian  politics.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war 
he  joined  the  Confederacy,  and  was  made  major 
of  a regiment  of  Cherokee  Indians,  whose  opera- 
tions included  the  battles  of  Oak  Hill  and  Elk 
Horn,  and  the  campaign  in  the  Red  river  country. 
After  the  war  he  devoted  his  whole  energy  to 


BOUGHTON. 


BOURNE. 


the  improvement  of  his  tribe,  which  he  ably 
represented  at  Washington.  He  was  a talented 
musician  and  a fine  linguist.  He  was  a member 
of  a prosperous  law  firm  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark., 
where  his  death  occurred  Sept.  27,  1890. 

BOUGHTON,  George  Henry,  artist,  was  born 
in  Norfolk,  England,  in  1833,  son  of  William  and 
Mary  Boughton.  When  he  was  nearly  three 
years  old  his  parents  settled  in  Albany,  N.  Y., 
where  he  was  educated.  In  1850  he  opened  a 
studio,  and  in  1853  he  made  a sketching  tour 
through  Scotland,  Ireland  and  the  English  lake 
country.  Returning  to  the  United  States,  he 
settled  in  New  York  city,  and  in  1858  exhibited 
at  the  National  academy  “ Winter  Twilight.” 
In  1859  he  went  to  Paris  to  further  study  art,  and 
in  1861  visited  London,  where,  meeting  an  artist 
friend,  he  was  induced  by  him  to  remain  there. 
He  became  an  interested  student  of  New  England 
Puritanism,  and  his  pictures  of  Puritan  types 
won  high  praise  from  critics.  In  English  art  he 
chose  chiefly  subjects  concerning  children  of  the 
soil.  He  also  made  several  visits  to  Holland,  re- 
sulting in  numerous  paintings  of  Dutch  scenes, 
and  in  the  book  “ Sketching  Rambles  in  Holland  ” 
(1885),  written  by  Mr.  Boughton  and  illustrated 
in  conjunction  with  Edwin  Abbey.  In  1871  the 
National  academy  of  design  elected  him  an 
academician.  In  1879  he  was  made  an  associate 
of  the  Royal  academy,  and  he  was  elected  acade- 
mician in  1896,  to  fill  a vacancy  caused  by  the 
death  of  Lord  Leighton.  Among  his  paintings 
are : “ Passing  into  the  Shade  ” (British  institute, 
1863);  “ Through  the  Fields  ” and  “ Hop-Pickers 
Returning  — Twilight”  (Royal  academy,  1863); 
‘‘The  Interminable  Story  ” and  “Industry” 
(Royal  academy,  1864) ; “ A Breton  Haymaker  ” 
and  “Wandering  Thoughts”  (1866);  “The 
Swing,  Brittany  ” and  “ Wayside  Devotion, 
Brittany  ” (1866) ; “ The  Early  Puritans  of  New 
England”  (1867);  “Breton  Pastoral”  (1868); 
“ The  Age  of  Gallantry  ” (1870) ; “ The  March  of 
Miles  Standish  ” (1870);  “Colder  than  Snow” 
(1871) ; “ A Chapter  from  Pamela  ” (1871) ; 

“The  Canterbury  Pilgrims”  (1875);  “Milton 
Visited  by  Marvell”  (1875);  “The  Primrose 
Gatherers  ” (Philadelphia  centennial,  1876) ; “ The 
Edict  of  William  the  Testy  ” (1877);  “Priscilla” 
(1879) ; “ Evangeline  ” (1880) ; “ Hester  Prynne,” 
“Rose  Standish,”  “A  Dead  City  of  Zuyder 
Zee  ” (1881) ; “ A Dutch  Seaside  Resort  ” (1882) ; 
“ Suspected  of  Witchcraft”  (1883);  “ A Field 
Handmaiden  — Brabant”  (1884);  “The  Return 
of  the  Mayflower,”  “A  Dutch  Ferry,”  “The 
Vision  at  the  Martyr’s  Well  ” (1893),  and  “ The 
Ordeal  of  Purity  ” (1894).  Mr.  Boughton  illus- 
trated the  edition  of  “ Rip  Van  Winkle  ” and 
“ The  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow,”  published  in 
1893. 


BOULIGNEY,  Dominique,  senator,  was  born 
in  Louisiana  in  1773.  He  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tise law,  and  began  his  professional  labors  at 
New  Orleans,  La.  In  1824  he  was  elected  to 
succeed  Senator  Johnson,  who  had  resigned  his 
seat  in  the  United  States  senate,  and  served  in 
that  body  until  1829,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Edward  Livingston.  He  died  in  New  Orleans, 
La.,  March  5,  1833. 

BOULIGNEY,  John  Edward,  representative, 
was  born  at  New  Orleans,  La.,  Feb.  17,  1824.  He 
was  a nephew  of  Dominique  Bouligney,  and  be- 
came a prominent  lawyer  in  his  native  city.  In 
1858  he  was  elected  a representative  in  the  36th 
Congress  and  served  until  March  3,  1861.  He 
was  the  only  man  in  Congress  who  represented 
a seceding  state  who  did  not  resign  his  seat. 
He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C. , Feb.  20,  1864. 

BOURGADE,  P.,  R.  C.  bishop,  was  born  in 
France  in  1845.  He  received  his  education  at 
the  College  of  Billom,  and  at  the  seminary  of  Puy 
de  Dome,  where  he  met  Bishop  Salpointe,  who, 
as  vicar  apostolic  of  Arizona,  was  travelling 
through  France  in  search  of  young  men  who 
were  willing  to  become  missionaries  in  America. 
Young  Bourgade,  then  in  deacon’s  orders,  volun- 
teered his  services,  and  upon  his  arrival  in  Amer- 
ica proceeded  to  Tucson,  Arizona.  In  1870  he 
was  ordained  a priest.  He  was  first  assigned  to 
missionary  work  at  Yuma,  where  the  founda- 
tions of  the  church  of  the  Immaculate  Concep- 
tion were  laid.  His  health  soon  broke  down,  and, 
by  the  advice  of  Bishop  Salpointe,  he  went  to 
France  for  rest.  He  returned  to  America  in  1875, 
and  transferred  his  labors  to  the  diocese  of  Dal- 
las, as  pastor  of  the  mission  at  San  Elizario, 
Texas,  with  control  of  the  various  missions  in 
that  locality.  He  remained  there  for  six  years, 
when  he  was  removed  to  Silver  City,  Arizona. 
In  1885  Bishop  Salpointe  was  appointed  coad- 
jutor of  Sante  Fd,  and  Father  Bourgade  was 
elected  as  his  successor.  He  was  consecrated  at 
Sante  Fd,  New  Mexico,  on  May  1,  1885,  with  the 
titular  rank  of  bishop  of  Taumaco.  The  territory 
over  which  he  presided  was  established  as  a 
vicariate  apostolic  in  1869,  and  comprised  the 
whole  of  the  Arizona  territory  and  the  extreme 
south  of  the  territory  of  New  Mexico. 

BOURNE,  Benjamin,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Bristol,  R.  I.,  Sept.  9,  1755;  great -great -grandson 
of  Richard  Bourne,  the  Indian  missionary.  He 
was  graduated  from  Harvard  college  in  1775,  and 
after  studying  law  began  to  practise  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.  In  1776  he  was  appointed  quarter- 
master of  the  2d  Rhode  Island  regiment,  and 
was  a member  of  a petition  committee  from 
Rhode  Island  to  the  Continental  Congress  in  1789. 
He  was  the  first  representative  in  Congress  from 
Rhode  Island  after  the  adoption  of  the  constitu- 


[356] 


BOURNE. 


BOUTELLE. 


tion,  and  served  from  Dec.  17,  1790,  to  1796,  when 
he  resigned.  He  was  appointed  and  confirmed 
judge  of  the  United  States  district  court  in 
Rhode  Island  in  1801,  and  died  Sept.  17,  1808. 

BOURNE,  Edward  Emerson,  jurist,  was 
born  at  Wells,  Me.,  March  19,  1797.  In  1816, 
after  receiving  preparation  in  the  South  Ber- 
wick academy,  he  was  graduated  from  Bowdoin 
college.  He  then  studied  law  in  his  native  town 
and  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1819  was  admitted 
to  the  York  county  bar.  In  1820  he  removed  to 
York,  but  the  next  year  returned  to  Kennebunk, 
where  he  occupied  various  local  offices,  and  in 
1826  was  sent  to  the  state  legislature,  where  he 
served  until  1831.  Declining  renomination,  he 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  his  profession.  In 
1838  he  became  state's  attorney,  and  again  in 
1841.  In  1856  he  was  made  judge  of  probate  and 
remained  in  this  office  until  1872.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  a member  of  the  New  England  historic 
genealogical  society.  He  was  a trustee  of  Bow- 
doin college,  from  which  he  received  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  in  1872.  He  wrote  a full  history  of  the 
towns  of  Kennebunk  and  Wells,  and  he  contri- 
buted largely  to  various  historical  publications. 
He  died  in  Kennebunk,  Me.,  Sept.  23,  1873. 

BOURNE,  Edward  Gaylord,  educator,  was 
born  at  Strykersville,  N.  Y.,  June  24,  1860.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1883,  being 
awarded  one  of  the  Foote  scholarships,  and 
three  years  later  was  appointed  instructor  in 
medieval  history,  and  lecturer  on  political  sci- 
ence in  that  institution.  In  1888  he  was  called 
to  Adelbert  college,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where,  in 
1890,  he  was  made  professor  of  history.  In  1895 
he  was  chosen  professor  of  history  in  Yale  uni- 
versity, and  in  1896  became  one  of  the  editors  of 
The  Yale  Review.  Among  his  writings  are: 

“ The  Demarcation  Line  of  Alexander  VI.,”  and 
“Prince  Henry  the  Navigator,”  in  The  Yale 
Review,  “Seneca  and  the  Discovery  of  Amer- 
ica ” in  The  Academy,  “ Alexander  Hamilton  and 
Adam  Smith  ” in  the  Harvard  Quarterly  Journal 
of  Economics-,  and  “Leopold  von  Ranke”  in 
The  Sewanee  Review.  He  published  “The  His- 
tory of  the  Surplus  Revenue  of  1837  ” (1885). 

BOURNE,  Richard,  missionary,  was  born  in 
England.  He  removed  to  America  and  estab- 
lished himself  at  Sandwich,  Mass.,  where  he  con- 
ducted services.  About  the  year  1658  he  went 
to  Marshpee,  where  he  studied  the  language  of 
the  Marshpee  Indians  and  devoted  his  time  to 
missionary  work  among  that  tribe.  In  1660  he 
purchased,  with  his  own  resources,  a deed  of 
Marshpee,  which  he  presented  to  the  Indians  of 
that  place.  He  established  a church  and  on 
Aug.  17,  1678,  he  was  ordained  its  pastor  by 
John  Eliot,  the  “ Apostle  of  the  Indians.”  He 
died  at  Sandwich,  Mass.,  in  1682, 

[35- 


BOUTELLE,  Charles  Addison,  representa- 
tive, was  born  at  Damariscotta,  Me.,  Feb.  9,  1839. 
He  was  educated  at  the  public  schools  at  Bruns- 
wick and  at  Yarmouth  academy,  and  early 
adopted  the  profession  of  his  father,  who  was  a 
shipmaster.  On  his  return  from  a foreign  voyage 
in  the  spring  of  1862  he  volunteered  in  the  navy, 
and,  being  appointed  acting  master,  he  served 
in  the  north  and  south  Atlantic  and  west  gulf 
squadrons ; took  part  in  the  blockade  of  Charles- 
ton and  Wilmington,  the  Pocotaligo  expedition, 
the  capture  of  Saint  John’s  Bluff,  and  occupation 
of  Jacksonville,  Florida,  and  while  an  officer  of 
the  U.  S.  steamer  Sassacus  was  promoted  lieuten- 
ant for  gallant  conduct  in  the  engagement  with 
the  Confederate  ironclad  Albemarle,  May  5,  1864. 
He  afterwards,  in  command  of  the  U.  S.  steamer, 
Nyanza,  participated  in  the  capture  of  Mobile, 
and  in  receiving  the  surrender  of  the  Confederate 
fleet.  He  was  subsequently  assigned  to  com- 
mand of  the  naval  forces  in  Mississippi  sound, 
and  was  honorably  discharged  at  his  own  re- 
quest, Jan.  14,  1866.  He  was  then  engaged  in 
the  shipping  and  commission  business  in  New 
York  city,  and  in  the  spring  of  1870  assumed 
editorial  charge  of  the  Bangor  Whig  and  Courier, 
and  four  years  later,  on  the  death  of  the  proprie- 
tor, he  acquired  the  controlling  ownership  of  that 
journal.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  Republican 
national  convention  at  Cincinnati  in  1876;  was 
president  of  the  Maine  Blaine  club  at  the  na- 
tional convention  of  Chicago  in  1880;  represented 
Maine  on  the  Republican  national  committee  at 
the  national  convention  of  1884,  when  Mr.  Blaine 
was  nominated,  and  was  chairman  of  the  Maine 
delegation  in  the  national  convention  of  1888. 
He  was  nominated  in  1880  as  Republican  candi- 
date for  representative  in  the  47th  U.  S.  Congress 
from  the  fourth  Maine  district,  but  failed  of  an 
election,  was  elected  representative-at-large  in 
1882  to  the  48tli  Congress,  and  elected  from  the 
fourth  district  to  the  49th  and  succeeding  con- 
gresses to  the  55th,  inclusive.  He  served  as  a mem- 
ber of  the  committee  on  naval  affairs,  of  which 
he  was  chairman  in  the  51st,  54th  and  55th  con- 
gresses. He  obtained  appropriations  for  the  first 
three  heavy  battle -ships  of  the  new  navy;  for 
a triple  screw  commerce-destroying  cruiser  of 
the  highest  speed  ever  attempted,  and  for  the 
perfection  of  nickel-steel  armor  plating.  During 
his  service  on  that  committee  he  led  in  the  move- 
ment for  the  production  of  all  war  materials  in 
the  United  States,  which  resulted  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  steel-armor  and  gun-forging  plants 
at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  at  the  Carnegie  works  in 
Pennsylvania  and  elsewhere,  in  the  equipment 
of  a gun  factory  at  the  Washington  navy  yard, 
and  in  providing  for  maritime  and  coast 
defences. 

I 


BOUTON. 


BOUTWELL. 


BOUTELLE,  DeWitt  Clinton,  artist,  was  born 
in  Troy,  N.  Y. , April  6,  1820.  He  had  few  oppor- 
tunities to  cultivate  his  talent  in  his  boyhood, 
but  by  observation  and  earnest  study  became  an 
excellent  painter.  In  1839  lie  produced  his  first 
picture,  which  he  sold  for  five  dollars,  and  after- 
wards re-bought  for  fifty.  The  American  art 
union  purchased  many  of  his  early  paintings.  He 
worked  for  some  time  in  his  native  city,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  New  York,  thence  to 
Philadelphia,  and  finally  opened  a studio  at  Beth- 
lehem, Pa.  He  became  an  associate  of  the  Na- 
tional academy  in  1853,  and  in  1862  a member  of 
the  Pennsylvania  academy.  Among  the  better 
known  of  his  paintings  are : “The  Trout  Brook 
Shower  ” (1851) ; “ Morning  in  the  Valley  of  the 
Battenkill,”  “ Niagara, ” and  “Terrapin  Tower, 
Niagara.”  He  died  Nov.  5,  1884. 

BOUTON,  John  Bell,  author,  was  born  at  Con- 
cord, N.  H.,  March  15,  1830;  son  of  Nathaniel  and 
Mary  Ann  P.  (Bell)  Bouton,  and  a grandson  of 
Gov.  John  Bell  of  New  Hampshire.  He  was 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1849,  and 
qualified  himself  for  the  legal  profession,  but 
before  admission  to  the  bar,  became  associate 
editor  of  the  Plaindealer,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and 
was  a contributor  to  Godey's,  Peterson's  and 
other  American  magazines.  Removing  to  New 
York  in  1856  he  was  editorially  attached  to  the 
New  Yorker,  American  Times,  and  Momus,  and 
finally  joined  the  staff  of  the  N.  Y.  Journal  of 
Commerce,  with  which  he  remained  connected 
as  editor,  owner,  and  director  until  1889.  For 
many  years  he  was  scientific  editor  of  ‘ ‘ Apple- 
ton's  Annual  Cyclopaedia.”  He  retired  from 
active  journalism  in  1889.  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are:  “Life  of  George  Lippard  ” 
(1856);  “Loved  and  Lost”  (1857);  “Round 
the  Block"’  (1864,  5th  ed.  1868) Treasury  of 
Travel  and  Adventure,”  a “ Memoir  of  Gen.  Louis 
Bell”  (1865);  “ Roundabout  to  Moscow ; a Euro- 
pean Journey  ” and  “ The  Enchanted,  an  Authen- 
tic Record  of  the  Origin  of  the  New  Psychical 
Club”  (1891). 

BOUTON,  Nathaniel,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Norwalk,  Conn.,  June  29,  1799;  son  of  William 
and  Sarah  (Benedict)  Bouton.  After  serving 
three  years’  apprenticeship  to  a printer  he  en- 
tered Yale  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1821.  He  finished  a theological  course  at  An- 
dover seminary  in  1824,  and  in  1825  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  church  in 
Concord,  N.  H.,  where  he  remained  for  forty- 
two  years.  He  was  president  of  the  New 
Hampshire  historical  society,  and  a trustee 
of  Dartmouth  college,  from  which  he  received 
the  degree  of  S.T.D.  in  1851.  He  was  married, 
first,  in  1825,  to  Harriet,  daughter  of  John,  and 
great-grand-daughter  of  Roger  Sherman : second. 


in  1829,  to  Mary  Ann  P.,  daughter  of  Gov.  John 
Bell;  and  third,  in  1840,  to  Elizabeth  Ann,  daugh- 
ter of  Horatio  G.  Cilley,  of  Deerfield,  N.  H. 
Among  his  published  works  are:  “Help  to 

Prayer  ” (1832) ; “ History  of  Education  in  New 
Hampshire  ” (1833) ; “ Memoir  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Macfarland  ” (1839);  “The  Fathers  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Ministry”  (1848);  “Historical  Dis- 
course on  the  two  hundredth  Anniversary  of  the 
Settlement  of  Norwalk,  Connecticut  ” (1851) ; 
“ History  of  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  1725- 
1823  ” (1856) ; “ Collections  of  New  Hampshire 
Historical  Society  ” (vols.  7 and  8,  1850-’56) ; 
an  annotated  edition  of  Rev.  Thomas  Symmes's 
“ Account  of  Captain  John  Lovewell's  Great 
Fight  with  the  Indians  at  Pequawket,  May  8, 
1725  ” (1861),  and  “Discourse  Commemorative 
of  a Forty  Years’  Ministry  ” (1865).  His  autobi- 
ography was  edited  by  his  son,  John  Bell  Bouton, 
and  published  in  1879.  He  died  June  6,  1878. 

BOUTWELL,  George  Sewall,  statesman,  was 
born  at  Brookline,  Mass.,  Jan.  28,  1818;  son  of 
Sewall  Bout  well,  a farmer.  His  first  American 
ancestor,  James  Boutwell,  came  from  England, 
settled  in  Lynn,  and  became  a freeman  in  1638. 
In  1835  he  removed  from  Lunenburg  to  Groton 
Centre,  where  he  was 
clerk  in  a store.  He 
studied  law,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar, 
but  did  not  leave  his 
business,  in  which  he 
had  been  made  a 
partner,  until  1855. 

He  supported  the 
Van  Buren  ticket  in 
1840,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  was  elected 
to  the  general  court 
as  a Democrat,  where 
he  served  from  1842 
to  1845,  and  from  1847 
to  1851,  and  took  rank 
as  a leader  of  his  party  in  the  state.  He  was  the 
unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate  for  represen- 
tative in  Congress  in  1844— '46,  and  '48,  and  for 
governor  in  1849  and  '50.  In  1851  he  was  elected 
governor  of  Massachusetts  and  was  re-elected  in 
1852.  Immediately  after  the  expiration  of  his 
second  term  he  was  elected  a member  of  the 
state  board  of  education,  and  was  its  secretary 
for  six  years.  He  was  also  made  state  commis- 
sioner of  banks,  railways,  Boston  harbor,  and  of 
the  department  of  internal  revenue,  which  last 
he  organized  at  the  request  of  President  Lincoln. 
He  was  a delegate  to  the  state  constitutional 
convention  of  1853.  In  1854  he  was  one  of  the 
leaders  in  the  movement  to  establish  the  Repub- 
lican party,  and  in  1856  supported  Fremont  for 


BOUVIER. 


BOWDEN. 


the  presidency.  In  1857  he  was  elected  a mem- 
ber of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences,  and  in  1861  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
society.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  Republican 
convention  at  Chicago  in  1860,  which  nominated 
Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  presidency,  and  the 
following  year  was  a delegate  to  the  Washington 
peace  congress.  He  was  elected  as  a representa- 
tive to  the  38th,  39th  and  40th  congresses.  He 
favored  the  impeachment  of  President  John- 
son in  speeches  in  Congress,  and  was  made  chair- 
man of  the  committee  appointed  to  draw  up 
articles  of  impeachment,  and  was  a manager  of 
the  trial.  He  was  appointed,  in  1869,  as  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  in  the  cabinet  of  President 
Grant.  While  holding  this  office  he  proposed  the 
plan  which  was  adopted  for  refunding  the  na- 
tional debt.  He  resigned  from  the  cabinet  in 
1873,  having  been  chosen  U.  S.  senator  to  suc- 
ceed Henry  Wilson,  elected  vice-president.  In 
1877  lie  was  appointed  by  President  Hayes  a 
member  of  the  commission  to  revise  the  statutes 
of  the  United  States,  finishing  the  work  in  the 
following  year.  Two  years  later  he  received  an 
appointment  from  the  president  as  government 
attorney  in  the  claims  of  France  against  the 
United  States,  and  succeeded  in  settling  the 
matter  by  the  payment  of  §625,000  instead  of 
$35,000,000,  the  amount  claimed.  In  1884  Presi- 
dent Arthur  named  him  as  secretary  of  the 
treasury,  to  succeed  Chas.  J.  Folger,  deceased, 
but  he  declined  the  portfolio.  He  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  the  law  at  Washington,  D.  C. , and 
later  in  Boston.  Harvard  college  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1851,  and  made  him 
an  overseer.  He  published  “Thoughts  on  Edu- 
cational Topics  and  Institutions  ” (1859) ; “ A 
Manual  of  the  Direct  and  Excise  Tax  System 
of  the  United  States  ” (1863) ; “The  Tax-Payer's 
Manual  ” (1866) ; “ Speeches  and  Papers  ” (1867) ; 
“Why  lam  a Republican  ” (1884) ; “ The  Lawyer, 
the  Statesman  and  the  Soldier  ” (1887) ; “ The 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  at  the  End  of 
the  First  Century  ” (1895),  and  “ The  Venezue- 
lan Question  and  the  Monroe  Doctrine  ” (1896). 

BOUVIER,  John,  jurist,  was  born  at  Codogno, 
Italy,  in  1787,  of  Quaker  parentage.  When  a 
young  man  he  came  to  America,  and  began  work 
as  a clerk  in  a Philadelphia  book-store,  but  re- 
moving to  Brownsville,  Pa.,  he  engaged  in  jour- 
nalism. For  several  years  he  was  publisher  of  the 
American  Telegraph,  and  at  the  same  time  stud- 
ied law.  In  1818  he  obtained  admission  to  the 
bar,  and  in  1823  returned  to  Philadelphia,  of 
which  city  he  was  appointed  recorder  in  1836, 
and  associate  judge  of  the  court  of  criminal  ses- 
sions in  1838.  He  was  an  eminent  law-writer, 
and  his  works  received  high  commendation  from 
many  of  the  foremost  jurists  in  America.  He 


prepared,  in  his  leisure  hours,  while  studying  for 
admission  to  the  bar,  an  abridgement  of  Black- 
stone’s  Commentaries,  and  afterwards  “ A Law 
Dictionary,  adapted  to  the  Constitution  and 
Laws  of  the  United  States  of  America  ” (2  vols., 
1839) ; a new  edition  of  Bacon’s  Abridgment  of 
the  Law  (10  vols.  1841-45),  and  “The  Insti- 
tutes of  American  Law”  (4  vols.,  1851).  He 
died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Nov.  18,  1851. 

BOWDEN,  John,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land, Jan.  7,  1751.  When  very  young  he  accom- 
panied his  father,  who  was  a British  soldier,  to 
America.  He  was  graduated  from  King’s  college 
in  1772,  and,  after  pursuing  a course  of  theo- 
logical study,  went  to  England  for  ordination. 
Upon  his  return  to  New  York  he  became  a curate 
at  Trinity  church.  He  fled  to  Norwalk,  Conn., 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution,  and  being 
there  warned  to  leave,  on  account  of  his  sup- 
posed loyalty  to  England,  he  crossed  the  Sound 
in  a boat  to  Long  Island  and  thence  to  New  York 
city,  then  in  the  possession  of  the  British.  In 
1784  he  became  rector  of  the  church  at  Norwalk, 
Conn.  In  1789  he  visited  St.  Croix,  but  gaining 
no  benefit  to  his  health  he  settled  in  Stratford, 
Conn.,  in  1791.  He  became  the  principal  of  the 
Episcopal  academy  at  Cheshire,  which  position 
he  held  for  six  years.  He  received  the  degree 
of  S.T.D.  from  Columbia  in  1795.  In  1796  he  was 
chosen  bishop  of  Connecticut,  but  his  infirm 
physical  condition  prevented  his  assuming  the 
office.  In  1802  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
moral  philosophy,  belles-lettres,  and  logic  in 
Columbia  college,  which  professorship  he  held 
until  liis  death.  He  wrote  two  letters  to  Ezra 
Stiles,  president  of  Yale  college,  on  church  gov- 
ernment, and  published  “ Essentials  of  Ordina- 
tion,” “Apostolic  Origin  of  Episcopacy” 
(2  vols.);  “Observations  on  the  Catholic  Con- 
troversy,” and  an  address  to  the  Episcopal  church 
in  Stratford,  urging  the  use  of  the  altered  book 
of  common  prayer.  He  died  July  31,  1817. 

BOWDEN,  Lemuel  Jackson,  senator,  was  born 
at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  Jan.  16,  1815.  After  his 
graduation  from  William  and  Mary  college  he 
studied  law,  and  practised  at  the  Virginia  bar, 
becoming  prominent  in  politics.  He  was  elected 
to  the  state  legislature  for  three  terms,  and  twice 
served  as  delegate  to  the  Virginia  constitutional 
convention,  and  in  1860  was  a presidential 
elector.  In  1863,  when  the  state  government 
for  eastern  Virginia  was  organized,  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  and  died  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  2,  1864. 

BOWDITCH,  Henry  Ingersoll,  physician,  was 
born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  Aug.  9,  1808;  son  of  Na- 
thaniel and  Mary  (Ingersoll)  Bowditch.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1828,  and  studied  medi- 
cine a year  in  the  Massachusetts  general  hospital, 


BOWDITCH. 


BOWDITCH. 


and  in  1832  went  to  Paris,  where  he  studied  under 
Louis,  receiving  his  M.D.  degree  in  1833.  He 
became  an  abolitionist  in  1835,  and  was  chief 
instigator  of  the  “Anti-man-hunting  league.” 

He  was  connected  with  the  Massachusetts  gen- 
eral hospital  from  1838  to  1845  as  admitting  phy- 
sician, and  from  1846  to  1864  as  visiting  physician. 

In  1863  he  was  first  visiting  physician  at  the 
Carney  hospital,  and  later  at  the  Boston  city  and 
the  New  England  hospitals.  He  was  teacher  of 
auscultation  and  percussion  in  the  Boylston  medi- 
cal school  from  1852  to  1855.  From  1859  to  1867 
he  was  professor  of  clinical  medicine  in  the  Har- 
vard medical  school,  and  in  1876  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  American  medical  association.  In 
1848  he  was  elected  a fellow  of  the  American 
academy  of  arts  and  sciences  and  contributed  to 
its  proceedings:  “On  the  Lymnaea  ” (1848); 

“ On  the  Results  of  Investigations  as  to  the 
Preservation  of  the  Teeth”  (1849),  and  “ On 
Pulmonary  Consumption”  (1870).  He  was  in- 
strumental in  creating  the  Massachusetts  state 
board  of  health,  the  first  in  America,  and  on  its 
formation,  in  1869,  he  was  made  president,  hold- 
ing the  position  until  1879.  He  was  a member  of 
the  principal  medical  and  scientific  societies  in 
the  United  States.  A complete  list  of  his  works 
may  be  found  in  a biographical  sketch  of  Henry 
Ingersoll  Bowditch,  by  C.  F.  Folsom,  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences,  vol.  xxviii.  He  died  Jan.  14,  1892. 

BOWDITCH,  Henry  Pickering,  physician, 
was  born  in  Boston,  Mass. , April  4,  1840 ; son  of 
Jonathan  Ingersoll » and  Lucy  Orne  (Nichols) 
Bowditch,  and  grandson  of  Nathaniel  Bowditch. 

In  1861  he  was  graduated  from  Harvard  college, 
and  entered  the  United  States  army  with  the 
rank  of  2d  lieutenant  in  the  1st  Mass,  cavalry. 

In  January,  1862,  he  was  sent  to  Port  Royal, 

S.  C. , on  picket  and  scouting  duty ; was  promoted 
1st  lieutenant  June  28,  1862,  and  captain  May  13, 
1863.  In  November,  1863,  he  was  wounded  at 
New  Hope  church,  and  was  discharged  for 
disability  the  following  February.  He  again 
entered  the  army  March  26,  1864,  with  the  rank 
of  najor  in  the  5th  Mass,  cavalry,  and  fought 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  resigning  June  3,  1865. 

He  resumed  his  studies,  first  at  the  Lawrence 
scientific  school  and  later  at  Harvard  medical 
school,  taking  his  degree  in  1868.  He  then  went 
to  Europe  for  study  and  travel,  returning  in 
1871  to  become  assistant  professor  of  physiology 
at  Harvard  medical  school,  being  made  full  pro- 
fessor in  1876,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  in  1883. 

He  was  elected  a member  of  the  American  acad- 
emy of  arts  and  sciences,  and  of  the  National 
academy  of  sciences.  He  wrote  many  able  medi- 
cal papers  and  is  the  author  of  “ The  Growth  of 
Children”  (1877);  “Hints  for  Teachers  of 

[360 J 


Physiology  ” (1889) ; “ Is  Harvard  a University  ?” 
(1890);  “Are  Composite  Photographs  Typical 
Pictures  ?”  (1894),  and  “ The  Advancement  of 
Medicine  by  Research  ” (1896). 

BOWDITCH,  Nathaniel,  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  March  26,  1773;  son  of 
Habakkuk  and  Mary  (Ingersoll)  Bowditch.  His 
first  American  ancestor,  William  Bowditch,  emi- 
grated from  Exeter,  England,  and  settled  in 
Salem  in  1639,  where  his  only  son,  William,  was 
collector  of  the  port,  who  also  left  a son,  William, 
a shipmaster,  whose  son,  Ebenezer,  followed  the 
same  occupation.  Ebenezer  was  the  father  of 
Habakkuk,  who  became  a shipmaster  and  cooper. 
Nathaniel  Bowditch  at  the  age  of  ten  was  taken 
into  his  father’s  cooper  shop.  Two  years  later 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a ship  chandler.  Without 
an  instructor  he  became  proficient  in  mathe- 
matics, acquired  some  knowledge  of  navigation 
and  surveying,  and  studied  Latin  in  order  to  read 
Newton’s  “ Principia.”  In  1795  he  went  to  sea 
as  a clerk.  In  1796,  ’98,  and  '99  he  sailed  as 
supercargo,  and  in  1802-'03  he  made  his  fifth  and 
last  voyage  as  master  and  supercargo.  Every 
spare  moment  was  devoted  to  study,  and,  beside 
perfecting  himself  in  the  French,  Italian,  Portu- 
guese and  Spanish  languages,  he  advanced  in 
mathematics.  On  May  28,  1799,  he  was  chosen 
a member  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences,  and  in  May,  1829,  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  academy,  as  successor  to  John  Quincy 
Adams.  In  1804  he  was  made  president  of  the 
Essex  fire  and  mariue  company,  which  position 
he  held  until  he  removed  to  Boston  in  1823. 
During  1805,  '06,  and  '07  he  was  engaged  in  mak- 
ing a survey  of  Salem,  Marblehead,  Beverly,  and 
Manchester.  In  1806  he  was  elected  Hollis 
professor  of  mathematics  in  Harvard  college, 
which  he  declined.  In  1818  he  declined  the  chair 
of  mathematics  in  the  University  of  Virginia, 
and  in  1820  the  chair  of  mathematics  at  West 
Point.  In  1823  he  removed  to  Boston,  where 
lie  became  actuary  of  the  Massachusetts  hospital 
life  insurance  company,  with  a salary  of  five 
thousand  dollars  per  annum.  Mr.  Bowditch  was 
a member  of  the  Edinburgh  royal  society,  the 
Royal  society  of  London,  the  Royal  Irish  society, 
the  Royal  astronomical  society  of  London,  the 
Royal  society  of  Palermo,  the  British  association, 
and  the  Royal  academy  of  Berlin,  as  well  as  of 
the  chief  scientific  societies  of  America.  In 
July,  1802,  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
A.M.,  and  in  1816  that  of  LL.D.,  from  Harvard 
college.  From  1826  to  1833  he  was  trustee  of  the 
Boston  athenaeum.  Between  1814  and  1817  he 
translated  four  volumes  of  La  Place’s  “ Celestial 
Mechanics,”  the  original  manuscript  copies  of 
which  were  placed  in  the  Boston  public  library, 
together  with  a bust  of  the  translator,  and  the 


BOWDITCH. 


BOWDOIN. 


desk  at  which  he  did  his  work.  He  also  pub- 
lished the  “ New  American  Practical  Navigator  ” 
(1802),  which  was  the  result  of  an  attempt  to 
correct  the  previous  standard  manual,  in  which 
he  discovered  over  eight  thousand  errors.  A 
“ Memoir  of  Nathaniel  Bowditch,”  by  Nathaniel 
I.  Bowditch  (1839) ; “ Discourse  on  the  Life  and 
Character  of  Nathaniel  Bowditch,”  by  Alexander 
Young  (1838),  and  a eulogy,  with  an  analysis 
of  his  scientific  writings,  by  Prof.  Pickering 
(1838),  make  record  of  his  life  work.  He  was 
twice  married;  his  first  wife  died  seven  months 
after  their  marriage,  and  in  October,  1800,  he 
was  married  to  his  cousin,  Mary,  daughter  of 
Jonathan  Ingersoll.  He  died  in  Boston,  Mass., 
March  16,  1838. 

BOWDITCH,  Nathaniel  Ingersoll,  author, 
was  born  at  Salem,  Mass.,  June  17,  1805;  son  of 
Nathaniel  and  Mary  (Ingersoll)  Bowditch.  He 
was  graduated  from  Harvard  college  in  1822,  and 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  October,  1825.  He  prac- 
tised for  a short  time  with  his  brother-in-law, 
Franklin  Dexter,  but  severed  the  connection  to 
devote  his  time  to  his  specialty,  conveyancing, 
in  which  he  soon  became  a recognized  authority. 
In  1827  he  was  elected  secretary  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts general  hospital ; in  1836,  chairman  of 
the  board  of  trustees,  and  from  1850  to  1861  vice- 
president.  In  1860  he  established  at  Harvard 
college  sixteen  scholarships,  four  for  each  class, 
each  with  an  annual  income  of  $250.  This  en- 
dowment was  $70,000.  He  published:  “ Memoir 
of  Nathaniel  Bowditch  ” (1839)  ; “ The  Ether  Con- 
troversy (1848) ; “ A History  of  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital”  (1851;  2d  ed.,  1872); 
“Wharf  Property  or  the  Law  of  Flats”  (1852); 
“Suffolk  Surnames”  (1857),  and  fifty-live  large 
volumes  of  land  titles.  In  1880  a collection  of 
his  “Gleaner  Articles,”  from  the  Boston  Tran- 
script, was  published.  He  died  at  Brookline, 
Mass.,  April  16,  1861. 

BOWDOIN,  James,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  7,  1726; 
grandson  of  Pierre  Baudouin,  a French  Hugue- 
not, who  immigrated  to  America  in  1687  and 
settled  in  Boston  in  1690.  James  was  graduated 
from  Harvard  in  1745.  Two  years  later  the  death 
of  his  father  put  him  in  possession  of  a fortune, 
which  assured  his  independence  in  following  his 
inclinations  in  regard  to  his  life  work.  Naturally 
of  a studious  bent,  he  became  interested  in  scien- 
tific subjects,  and  in  1850  visited  Philadelphia, 
and  made  the  acquaintance  of  Benjamin  Franklin, 
who  communicated  his  ideas  on  electricity  to  the 
young  man.  The  friendship  thus  formed  was 
cemented  by  a frequent  correspondence  of  a 
scientific  as  well  as  of  a friendly  nature.  In  one 
of  his  letters  to  Franklin,  Mr.  Bowdoin  advanced 
the  theory  that  the  luminosity  of  the  sea  is 


caused  by  the  presence  in  it  of  phosphorescent 
animalcula,  a theory  which  Franklin  endorsed, 
and  which  has  since  been  generally  accepted. 
This  correspondence  was  later  on  read  by  Frank- 
lin before  the  Royal  society,  and  afterwards  pub- 
lished by  him.  Mr.  Bowdoin,  in  1753,  became  a 
member  of  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  1756,  when  he  was 
made  a member  of  the  council.  As  a councillor 
he  was  determined  and  zealous  in  his  opposition 
to  the  encroachments  of  the  royal  governors. 
This  roused  the  ire  of  Bernard,  who,  in  1769,  re- 
fused to  confirm  his  election.  He  was,  however, 
immediately  elected  to  the  assembly,  and  in  1770, 
when  Hutchinson  became  governor,  he  resumed 
his  seat  in  the  council,  and  maintained  it  until 
1774.  The  answers  of  the  council  to  the  insolent 
assumptions  of  Bernard  and  Hutchinson  were 
largely  drafted  by  James  Bowdoin,  as  those  of 
the  assembly  were  by  James  Otis  and  Samuel 
Adams.  Hutchinson  himself  says,  “ Bowdoin 
was  without  a rival  in  the  council,”  and  he  was 
called  by  Lord  Loughborough  “ the  leader  and 
manager  of  the  council  of  Massachusetts.”  In 
1774  his  election  as  councillor  "was  again  nega- 
tived, this  time  by  Governor  Gage,  and  a few 
months  later  “ His  Majesty’s  Council  ” ceased  to 
exist;  Bowdoin  was  elected  to  the  Continental 
Congress,  but  ill-healtli  prevented  his  taking  his 
seat.  In  August,  1775,  the  provincial  congress 
assembled  at  Watertown ; a body  of  twenty -eight 
councillors  was  elected,  and  he  was  chosen  its 
president.  In  1779  lie  presided  over  the  conven- 
tion which  framed  the  constitution  of  Massachu- 
setts, a convention  made  noticeable  by  the  men 
of  learning,  talents  and  patriotism  who  composed 
it.  During  1785  and  1786  he  was  governor  of 
Massachusetts.  In  his  first  address  he  made 
suggestions  which  resulted  in  the  legislature 
passing  resolutions,  July,  1785,  recommending  a 
convention  of  delegates  from  all  of  the  states. 
During  his  governorship  occurred  the  famous 
Shays’  rebellion,  and  its  speedy  suppression  was 
altogether  due  to  his  vigorous  and  timely  meas- 
ures. The  public  treasury  lacking  funds  to  sup- 
ply the  expenses  of  the  four  thousand  militia 
put  into  active  service,  Governor  Bowdoin 
headed  a subscription  list  and  the  amount  neces- 
sary was  furnished  by  the  people  of  Massachu- 
setts. His  energy  on  this  occasion  was  odious  to 
certain  partisans,  and  no  doubt  caused  his  defeat 
in  the  next  gubernatorial  election,  when  he  was 
a candidate  against  Hancock.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  convention  which  formulated  the  Fed- 
eral constitution  in  1787.  Mr.  Bowdoin  was  a per- 
sonal friend  of  George  Washington,  and  was  held 
in  esteem  by  all  who  were  foremost  in  the  public 
affairs  of  that  critical  era.  His  political  activi- 
ties did  not  prevent  his  interest  in  the  polite  arts. 


BOWEN. 


BOWEN. 


He  helped  to  found  and  liberally  endowed  the 
American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  of  which 
he  was  first  president;  and  the  Massachusetts 
humane  society,  in  part,  owed  its  origin  to  him. 
He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Edinburgh 
university  and  was  made  a fellow  of  Harvard 
college  and  of  the  Royal  societies  of  London  and 
Edinburgh.  He  was  the  author  of  a poetical 
paraphrase  of  Dodsley's  “ Economy  of  Human 
Life  ” and  of  some  Latin  and  English  epigrams 
and  poems,  which  were  incorporated  in  a volume 
published  by  Harvard  college,  entitled  “ Pietas 
et  Gratulatio,”  as  well  as  of  several  papers  on 
scientific  subjects.  Bowdoin  college,  so  liberally 
endowed  by  his  son  James,  was  named  in  his 
honor.  He  died  in  Boston,  Nov.  6, 1790. 

BOWEN,  Clarence  Winthrop,  was  born  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  May  22,  1852;  son  of  Henry 
Chandler  and  Lucy  Maria  (Tappan)  Bowen, 
grandson  of  Lewis  Tappan,  the  abolitionist; 
a great-great-grand-nephew  of  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin,and  a descendant  of  John  Eliot,  the  Apostle  to 
the  Indians.  After  graduating  from  Yale  college 
in  1873,  Mr.  Bowen  took  a post-graduate  course 
of  study,  receiving  the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1876, 
and  that  of  Ph.D.  in  1882.  He  then  travelled  in 
Europe,  where  he  became  a correspondent  of  The 
Independent.  When  he  visited  Spain  in  1883  he 
had  conferences  with  King  Alphonso  XII.,  Cas- 
telar,  the  Duke  of  Yeragua,  a descendant  of 
Columbus,  and  other  Spanish  statesmen,  regard- 
ing the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  dis- 
covery of  America  by  Columbus.  Mr.  Bowen 
was  the  first  one  to  begin  the  agitation  of  the 
celebration  of  1892.  Besides  pamphlets  and 
magazine  articles,  Mr.  Bowen  has  written  the 
following  books : “ Boundary  Disputes  of  Connec- 
ticut ” (1882);  “Woodstock,  An  Historical 

Sketch  ” (1887),  and  “The  Memorial  Volume  of 
the  Centennial  of  Washington’s  Inauguration  ” 
(1892).  Mr.  Bowen  was  one  of  the  organizers,  in 
1884,  of  the  American  historical  association,  and 
was  elected  its  treasurer.  In  1896,  after  the  death 
of  his  father,  he  was  elected  publisher  of  77 te 
Independent. 

BOWEN,  Francis,  educator,  was  born  at 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  Sept.  8,  1811.  He  was  pre- 
pared for  college  at  Phillips  Exeter  academy,  and 
was  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1833.  Two  years 
later  he  was  made  instructor  of  intellectual 
philosophy  there,  anil  in  1839  resigned,  to  visit 
Europe,  where  he  remained  for  two  years  engaged 
in  study  and  travel.  In  1843  he  assumed  the 
business  and  editorial  management  of  the  North 
American  Review,  and  his  work  did  much  to  gain 
for  the  magazine  its  high  reputation.  He  deliv- 
ered lectures  before  the  Lowell  institute  in  1848, 
’49,  '50  and  ’52.  In  1850  he  was  appointed  Mc- 
Lean professor  of  history  at  Harvard  college,  but 


the  overseers  rejected  the  appointment,  owing 
to  his  political  views,  as  expressed  in  the  North 
American  Review.  In  1853  he  was  named  as  Al- 
ford professor  of  natural  religion,  moral  phil- 
osophy and  civic  polity  in  Harvard,  as  successor 
to  Dr.  Walker,  who  had  been  elected  president, 
and  the  nomination  was  almost  unanimously 
confirmed  by  the  overseers.  Among  his  published 
writings  are:  “Critical  Essays  on  the  History 
and  Present  Condition  of  Speculative  Phil- 
osophy ” (1842);  “Lowell  Institute  Lectures'’ 
(1849);  “Documents  of  the  Constitution  of 
England  and  America  from  Magna  Charta  to  the 
Federal  Constitution  of  1789  ” (1854) ; the  lives 
of  Steuben,  Otis,  Sir  William  Phipps,  and  Ben- 
jamin Lincoln,  in  Sparks’s  “ Library  of  American 
Biography,”  “ Principles  of  Political  Economy  ” 
(1856,  4th  ed.,  1865);  “Treatise  on  Logic” 
(1864);  “ American  Political  Economy”  (1870); 

‘ ‘ Modern  Philosophy,  from  Descartes  to  Schop- 
enhauer and  Hartmann”  (1877);  “Gleanings 
from  a Literary  Life,  1838-1880  ” (1880),  and 
“A  Layman's  Study  of  the  English  Bible” 
(1886).  He  also  edited  Georg  Weber’s  “Out- 
lines of  Universal  History,”  “Virgil,  with 
English  Notes  ” (1842) ; Dugald  Stewart's 

“ Elements  of  the  Philosophy  of  the  Human 
Mind”  (1854);  De  Tocqueville’s  “American 
Institutes,”  and  “ Democracy  in  America”  (2 
vols.,  1862);  and  Sir  William  Haipilton's 
“Metaphysics”  (1866).  He  died  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  Jan.  21,  1890. 

BOWEN,  George  Thomas,  chemist,  was  born 
at  Providence,  R.  I.,  March  19,  1803.  After  his 
graduation  from  Yale  in  1822  he  spent  three 
years  in  the  study  of  medicine,  and  was  called 
to  the  chair  of  chemistry  in  the  University  of 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1825.  Experiments  in  chem- 
istry made  by  him  while  in  college  were  pub- 
lished in  two  volumes,  “ On  the  Electro-Magnetic 
Effects  of  Hare’s  Calorimeter,”  and  “ On  a Mode 
of  Preserving  in  a Permanent  Form  the  Coloring 
Matter  of  Purple  Cabbage  as  a Test  for  Acids 
and  Alkalies”  (1822).  He  retained  his  profes- 
sorship at  Nashville  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  Oct.  25,  1828. 

BOWEN,  Henry  Chandler,  journalist,  was 
born  in  Woodstock,  Conn.,  Sept.  11,  1813.  In 
1833  he  went  to  New  York  city  as  clerk  with  the 
dry-goods  firm  of  Arthur  Tappan  & Co.  In 
1838  he  formed,  with  another  clerk.  Theodore 
McNamee,  the  firm  of  Bowen  & McNamee. 
He  afterwards  was  head  of  the  firm  of  Bowen, 
Holmes  & Co.  The  outbreak  of  the  civil  war 
compelled  the  firm  to  retire  from  business.  He 
was  married  June  6,  1843,  to  Lucy  Maria, 
daughter  of  Lewis  Tappan.  At  the  time  of  the 
fugitive  slave  law  excitement,  in  1852,  Mr. 
Bowen’s  firm  was  boycotted  in  the  south  and 
[362] 


BOWEN. 


BOWEN. 


elsewhere  on  account  of  his  denunciation  of 
the  law,  and  the  letter,  in  which  he  refused  to 
sign  the  call  for  the  Castle  Garden  meeting,  in 
support  cf  the  fugitive  slave  law,  became  fam- 
ous on  account  of  the  sentence  in  which  lie  said 
that  the  firm  of  Bowen  & McNamee  had  “ its 
goods,  but  not  its  principles  for  sale.”  Mr. 
Bowen  was  a member  of  the  “Albany  Conven- 
tion ” of  Congregationalists  in  1852,  which  abro- 
gated the  “ Plan  of  Union  ” with  Presbyterians. 
Later  he,  with  others,  organized  the  Congrega- 
tional union,  to  which  lie  gave  the  sum  of  §5,000. 
At  the  Albany  convention  Mr.  Bowen  pledged 
the  sum  of  $10,000  to  aid  in  building  Congrega- 
tional churches  on  condition  that  §40,000  more 
should  be  raised  by  the  churches,  and  over  §60,000 
was  raised.  He  was  one  of  the  original  founders 
of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle,  and  of  the  church 
of  the  Pilgrims  and  Plymouth  church,  Brooklyn. 
He  heartily  adopted  the  anti-slavery  views  of 
Arthur  and  Lewis  Tappan,  and,  with  a view  to 
providing  an  organ  for  liberal  and  anti-slavery 
Congregationalism,  he  established  The  Inde- 
pendent in  1848,  under  the  editorship  of  Dr. 
Leonard  Bacon,  Dr.  Joseph  P.  Thompson,  Dr.  R. 
S.  Storrs,  and  Dr.  Joshua  Leavitt.  When  the 
original  editors  retired  he  made  the  paper  un- 
denominational, under  the  editorship  of  Mr. 
Beecher.  After  1871  he  was  himself  editor,  as 
well  as  proprietor  and  publisher,  withdrawing 
from  all  other  business.  He  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  24,  1896. 

BOWEN,  Herbert  Wolcott,  diplomatist,  was 
born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  29,  1856;  son  of 
Henry  Chandler  and  Lucy  Maria  (Tappan)  Bowen. 
His  early  education  was  acquired  at  the  Brook- 
lyn collegiate  and  polytechnic  institute,  and 
under  private  instruction  in  Paris  and  Berlin. 
He  was  graduated  from  Yale  college  in  1878, 
and  from  the  Columbia  college  law  school  in 
1881,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the  latter  year. 
In  1888  he  was  appointed  consul  at  Barcelona, 
Spain,  by  President  Harrison,  and  in  1892  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  appointed  him  consul  general  at 
the  same  post.  He  is  the  author  of  “In  Divers 
Tones”  (1890);  “Losing  Ground.  A Series  of 
Sonnets”  (1892),  and  “International  Law.  A 
Simple  Statement  of  Its  Principles  ” (1896). 

BOWEN,  James,  soldier,  was  born  in  New 
York  city  in  1808;  son  of  a successful  merchant, 
who  left  to  him  a large  fortune.  When  the 
Erie  railway  company  was  organized  he  was 
made  its  first  president.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
to  the  state  assembly,  and  subsequently  filled 
various  civic  offices,  including  that  of  president 
of  the  first  board  of  police  commissioners  of  New 
York  city.  In  1861-’62  he  recruited  several 
regiments  of  volunteers,  which  were  formed 
under  the  brigade  which  he  commanded.  In 


December,  1862,  he  was  made  provost-martial- 
general  of  the  department  of  the  gulf.  He 
resigned  in  July,  1864.  and  in  March,  1865,  was 
brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers.  He  after- 
wards was  made  commissioner  of  charities  of 
New  York  city.  He  was  a man  of  sterling 
qualities,  and  numbered  among  his  intimate 
friends  such  men  as  Daniel  Webster,  William 

H.  Seward  and  Thurlow  Weed.  He  died  at 
Hastings-on-the-Hudson,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1886. 

BOWEN,  John  S.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Georgia 
in  1829.  He  was  appointed  military  cadet  at 
West  Point  in  1848,  and  after  his  graduation  in 
1853  was  given  the  rank  of  brevet  2d  lieutenant 
of  mounted  riflemen.  From  1853  to  1855  he  served 
at  the  cavalry  school  for  practice  at  Carlisle.  Pa., 
and  in  1855  was  on  frontier  duty  at  Fort  Mc- 
Intosh, Texas.  He  resigned  his  commission  May 

I,  1856,  and  was  an  architect  at  Savannah,  where 
he  joined  the  Georgia  militia  as  lieutenant- 
colonel.  In  1857  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
where  he  followed  1 lis  profession  and  served  in 
the  state  militia  until  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war,  when  he  was  captured  while  acting  as 
chief  of  staff  to  General  Frost  of  the  state 
militia,  was  paroled,  raised  the  1st  Missouri  in- 
fantry, and  with  it  joined  the  Confederate  army, 
and  served  in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  where  he  com- 
manded a brigade  and  was  severely  wounded. 
He  surrendered  with  the  forces  defending  Vicks- 
burg, and  died  at  Raymond,  Miss.,  July  16,  1863. 

BOWEN,  Nathaniel,  3d  P.  E.  bishop  of  South 
Cai’olina  and  17th  in  succession  in  the  Amer- 
ican episcopate,  was  born  in  Boston,  51  ass., 
June  29,  1779;  the  son  of  a clergyman  who  had 
rejected  Congregationalism  to  enter  the  priest- 
hood of  the  Episcopal  church.  The  family  mi- 
grated to  South  Carolina,  in  1787,  where  he 
was  educated,  graduating  from  Charleston  col 
lege  in  1794.  He  was  tutor  for  several  years  at 
the  college,  when  he  went  to  Boston,  and  re- 
ceived his  theological  training  at  the  hands  of 
Dr.  Parker.  He  was  ordained  deacon  in  1800,  and 
admitted  to  the  priesthood  in  1802.  He  was  for 
a short  time  pastor  of  St.  John’s  church.  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  after  which  he  became  curate  of  St. 
Michael's  church,  Charleston,  and  in  1804  suc- 
ceeded to  the  rectorship ; here  he  labored  assidu- 
ously for  five  years,  doing  work  that  was  of 
eminent  service  to  the  interests  of  the  church  in 
South  Carolina.  In  1809  he  was  appointed  rector 
of  Grace  church,  New  York,  a charge  which  he 
administered  with  great  success  until  he  was 
elected  bishop  of  South  Carolina,  and  consecrated 
Oct.  18,  1818.  He  assumed  witli  his  duties  as 
bishop  the  rectorship  of  St.  Michael’s  church, 
Charleston.  S.  C.,  and  for  the  next  twenty  years 
gave  himself  to  his  work  with  untiring  fidelity. 
He  was  not  only  a powerful  and  eloquent 


BOWEN. 


BOWERS. 


preacher,  but  possessed  great  executive  ability 
and  personal  magnetism.  He  printed  and  issued 
“ Six  Sermons  on  Christian  Consolation,"  and 
two  volumes  of  his  sermons  and  addresses  were 
published  after  his  death,  which  took  place  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  Aug.  25,  1839. 

BOWEN,  Sayles  Jenks,  philanthropist,  was 
born  at  Scipio,  Cayuga  county,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  17, 
1813.  He  was  appointed  to  a clerkship  in  the 
treasury  department  at  Washington  in  1845,  and 
remained  in  this  position  until  1848.  He  was 
afterwards  engaged  in  the  prosecution  of  claims 
against  the  government,  aud  in  1861  was  ap- 
pointed commissioner  of  police  for  the  District 
of  Columbia.  He  was  also  made  disbursing 
officer  for  the  U.  S.  senate  in  1861,  collector  of 
internal  revenue  for  the  District  of  Columbia  in 
1862,  and  postmaster  of  Washington  in  1863.  In 
1868  he  was  elected  mayor  of  Washington,  serv- 
ing two  years.  He  was  the  first  to  suggest  the 
establishment  of  public  schools  for  colored  chil- 
dren in  the  city,  and  he  drew  up  bills  which  after- 
wards became  laws.  The  city  authorities  op- 
posed the  schools,  and  refused  to  obey  the  act  of 
Congress  requiring  them  to  pay  a share  of  the 
school  fund.  Unwilling  to  have  the  schools 
discontinued,  Mr.  Bowen  used  his  private  means 
to  defray  the  expenses,  sustaining  the  schools  for 
nearly  a year,  and  expending  over  twenty 
thousand  dollars  of  his  own  money.  He  was  the 
first  executive  officer  in  the  district  to  bestow 
offices  of  trust  on  colored  men,  and  he  prepared 
every  bill  passed  by  Congress  which  had  for  its 
object  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the 
colored  race.  Mr.  Bowen  was  a regent  of  the 
Smithsonian  institution.  He  died  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  Dec.  16,  1896. 

BOWEN,  Thomas  M.,  senator,  was  born  near 
Burlington,  Iowa,  Oct.  26,  1835.  In  1853  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lature of  his  native  state  in  1856.  In  1858  he 
removed  to  Kansas,  where,  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  civil  war,  he  was  captain  of  a volunteer 
company  and  afterwards  organized  and  com- 
manded the  13th  Kansas  regiment  and  served  in 
the  southwestern  campaigns.  In  1863  he  was 
brevetted  brigadier-general  for  meritorious  con- 
duct, and  commanded  a brigade  in  Arkansas  up 
to  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  chosen  a dele- 
gate from  Kansas  to  the  national  Republican 
convention  in  1864.  In  1865  he  settled  in 
Arkansas  and  was  president  of  the  constitutional 
convention  of  that  state.  After  its  readmission 
into  the  Union  he  was  elected  an  associate  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state.  In  1871  Presi- 
dent Grant  appointed  him  governor  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Idaho,  which  position  he  resigned,  returned 
to  Arkansas,  and  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  U.  S.  senator  in  1873.  He  then  removed  to 


Colorado  and  was  elected  a district  judge,  serv- 
ing four  years.  He  became  interested  in  mining 
property  and  accumulated  valuable  properties. 
In  1882  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature 
and  in  1883  to  the  United  States  senate,  serving 
to  the  end  of  his  term  in  1889,  when  he  retired 
to  private  life. 

BOWERS,  Edward  C.,  naval  officer,  was 
born  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  June  7,  1809.  He 
went  to  sea  as  a boy,  and,  after  serving  in  the 
merchant  marine  for  a number  of  years  he 
served  in  the  Peruvian  and  Greek  navies,  respec- 
tively, and  on  his  return  to  the  United  States 
was  appointed  midshipman  on  the  sloop-of-war 
St.  Louis,  attached  to  the  Pacific  squadron, 
Feb.  2,  1829.  In  1832  he  was  acting  lieutenant 
on  the  schooner  Dolphin,  Pacific  squadron,  and 
in  1833-‘34  served  in  the  Boston  navy  yard.  July 
3,  1835,  he  received  promotion  to  passed  midship- 
man, and  from  1836  to  1838  was  attached  to  the 
frigate  Constellation,  West  Indian  squadron.  In 
1839  he  sailed  on  the  flag-ship  Ohio,  Mediter- 
ranean squadron,  and  the  following  year  was 
assigned  to  the  receiving  ship  Boston.  On  April 
26,  1841,  he  was  commissioned  as  lieutenant,  and 
from  1842  to  1845  was  assigned  to  the  Boston. 
In  1846  he  was  ordered  to  the  steamer  Princeton, 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  was  transferred  first 
to  the  Electra,  and  later  to  the  Decatur,  cruising 
in  the  latter  vessel  on  the  coast  of  Africa  during 
the  years  1847-'50.  He  was  afterwards  attached 
to  the  Plymouth  and  to  the  New  York.  On  Sept. 
13,  1855,  he  was  placed  on  the  reserve  list,  and 
was  promoted  commander  July  21,  1861.  In  the 
civil  war  he  returned  to  active  service,  and  after 
its  close  was  made  captain  on  the  retired  list, 
April  4,  1867. 

BOWERS,  Elizabeth  Crocker,  (Mrs.  D.  P. 
Bowers)  actress,  was  born  at  Ridgefield,  Conn., 
March  12,  1830;  daughter  of  an  Episcopal  clergy- 
man. She  made  her  debut  in  the  character  of 
“ Amanthis  ” at  the  Park  theatre,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  3, 
1845,  and  in  1847,  while  filling  an  engagement  in 
Philadelphia,  married  David  P.  Bowers,  a popu- 
lar actor  of  that  city.  She  became  very  popular 
at  the  Arch  street  theatre,  Philadelphia.  In 
June,  1857,  Mr.  Bowers  died,  and  Mrs.  Bowers 
for  a time  retired  from  the  stage.  In  December. 
1857,  she  leased  and  successfully  managed  the 
Walnut  street  theatre  until  1859,  when  she  leased 
the  academy  of  music,  Philadelphia.  In  1860 
she  married  Dr.  Brown  of  Baltimore  and  spent 
two  years  in  London,  where  she  repeated  her 
American  triumphs.  Her  first  appearance  was 
as  Julia  in  “ The  Hunchback,”  her  best-known 
part  at  Sadler’s  Wells  theatre,  London.  Later 
she  assumed  the  role  of  Geraldine  D'Arcy  in 
“ Woman  ” at  the  Lyceum,  and  after  two  suc- 
cessful years  returned  to  America  to  the  Winter 


BOWERS. 


BOWIE. 


Garden,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Brown  died  in  1867,  and  for 
many  years  thereafter  she  starred  in  “ Led 
Astray,”  “ Lady  Audley’s  Secret  ” and  other 
similar  dramas,  supported  by  James  C.  Mc- 
Collom,  to  whom  she  was  married  in  January, 
1883,  and  upon  his  death,  in  November  following, 
she  retired  for  a time,  after  which  she  visited  the 
principal  cities  of  the  United  States  with  a new 
company,  and  in  April,  1886,  joined  the  Booth-Sal- 
vini  combination,  and  played  with  these  tragedians 
in  classic  drama.  She  was  afterwards  with  A.  M. 
Palmer's  company,  and  subsequently  made  her 
home  with  her  son-in-law,  Frank  V.  Bennett,  of 
Washington,  where  she  died,  Nov.  6,  1895. 

BOWERS,  Stephen,  reformer,  was  born  in 
Dearborn  county,  Ind.,  March  3,  1832.  He  re- 
ceived a common  school  education,  and  early  in 
life  joined  the  Methodist  church,  of  which  he  be- 
came a preacher  in  the  Indiana  conference  in 
1856.  In  1862  he  enlisted  in  the  Indiana  infantry 
as  a private  and  was 
promoted  1st  lieuten- 
ant, and  afterwards 
chaplain.  He  led  his 
company  in  several 
battles  in  Kentucky 
in  which  he  rendered 
efficient  service.  In 
August,  1863,  he  re- 
signed on  account  of 
failing  health,  due  to 
exposure,  and  after 
his  return  from  the 
armj'  he  continued  in 
the  active  work  of 
the  ministry  for  more 
than  twenty  years, 
filling  some  of  the  most  important  positions  in 
the  Indiana  conference  and  on  the  Pacific  slope. 
He  was  awarded  the  degree  of  M.  A.  by  the  Indi- 
ana state  university,  and  that  of  Ph.D.  by  the 
Willamette  university,  Oregon.  In  1867  he  was 
connected  with  the  United  States  geological  sur- 
vey, with  headquarters  at  Santa  Barbara,  Cal., 
was  afterwards  engaged  in  scientific  work  for 
the  bureau  of  ethnology  in  Wisconsin,  and  was 
for  several  years  connected  with  the  mineralogi- 
cal  and  geological  survey  of  California.  He  sub- 
sequently devoted  his  time  to  journalistic  work, 
and  was  made  editor  of  the  California  Weekly 
Voice,  a journal  devoted  to  prohibition  and  the 
protection  of  the  home.  In  the  autumn  of  1888 
he  canvassed  southern  California  for  the  Republi- 
can party,  but  on  its  failure  to  enforce  the  tem- 
perance plank  of  the  Chicago  platform,  he,  in 
1892,  joined  the  People’s  party,  and  rendered  the 
Populists  good  service.  He  was  nominated  by 
the  party  as  a presidential  elector-at-large  in 
1892.  His  writings,  with  the  exception  of  a 


few  published  volumes,  are  fragmentary,  though 
embracing  a wide  range,  including  theology, 
philology,  geology,  archaeology,  and  social 
science ; and  as  a member  of  various  scientific 
and  other  societies  in  America  and  in  Europe 
he  became  recognized  as  a leading  theologian, 
scientist  and  reformer. 

BOWERS,  Theodore  S.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Pennsylvania,  Oct.  10,  1832.  He  learned  the 
printing  trade  in  Mt.  Carmel,  111.,  and  in  1861 
succeeded  to  the  editorship  of  the  Register.  He 
entered  the  civil  war  as  a private  after  he  had 
raised  and  organized  a company  of  volunteers. 
He  was  detailed  on  recruiting  duty,  and  then 
appointed  clerical  assistant  to  Brig. -Gen.  U.  S. 
Grant.  In  March,  1862,  he  was  promoted  1st 
lieutenant,  and  in  the  following  November  was 
appointed  captain  and  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff 
of  General  Grant.  He  was  left  in  command  of 
department  headquarters  when  the  army  de- 
parted on  the  Tallahatchie  expedition ; and  when 
Van  Dorn  made  a raid,  Captain  Bowers  burned  the 
records,  was  taken  prisoner,  refused  to  give  his 
parole,  and  escaped  after  a fevr  hours’  confine- 
ment. In  recognition  of  his  faithfulness  and 
bravery  lie  was  presented  with  a handsome 
sword,  and  received  the  commendation  of  Gen- 
eral Grant.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
major,  Feb.  19,  1863,  and  appointed  judge- 
advocate;  assistant  adjutant-general  after  the 
fall  of  Vicksburg;  quartermaster  and  captain 
July  29,  1864;  major  in  regular  army,  January, 
1865,  and  colonel  U.  S.  army,  March  13,  1865. 
Colonel  Bowers  was  instantly  killed  while 
attempting  to  board  a moving  train  at  Garrison’s 
station,  N.  Y.,  March  6,  1866. 

BOWIE,  James,  soldier,  was  born  in  Burke 
county,  Ga.,  about  1790.  At  an  early  age  he 
removed  to  Louisiana,  and  in  a melde  between 
the  friends  of  the  principals  in  a duel  that  took 
place  on  a sand  bar  opposite  Natchez,  Tenn.,  in 
August,  1827,  in  which  six  were  killed  and  fif- 
teen wounded,  Bowie,  being  wounded  by  one  of 
the  opposite  party,  brought  forth  a rude  knife, 
made  from  a large  file,  and  with  it  took  the  life 
of  his  antagonist,  Major  Norris  Wright.  The 
knife  was  sent  to  Philadelphia,  where  a cutler 
fashioned  it  into  the  “ Bowie  Knife  ” and  re- 
turned it  to  the  owner.  Other  knives  were  manu- 
factured after  this  pattern,  and  became  very 
popular  in  the  southwest.  At  the  time  of  the 
Texan  struggle  for  independence,  Mr.  Bowie, 
who  had  immigrated  to  that  section,  took 
active  part  in  the  revolution,  being  conspicuous 
in  the  engagements  of  San  Saba  in  1831,  at  Concep- 
tion and  Nacogdoches  in  1835,  and  was  com- 
mander with  the  rank  of  colonel  at  Grass  Fight 
Oct.  25,  1835.  He  was  killed  at  the  taking  of 
the  Alamo,  March  6,  1836. 


f.365] 


BOWIE. 


BOWLES. 


BOWIE,  Oden,  governor  of  Maryland,  was 
born  at  Fair  view,  Prince  George  county,  Md., 
Nov.  10,  1826;  son  of  William  D.  and  Eliza  Oden 
Bowie.  His  ancestors  were  among  the  early  set- 
tlers of  the  state.  He  was  educated  at  the  pre- 
paratory department  of  St.  John’s  college, 
Annapolis,  and  at  St.  Mary’s  college,  Baltimore, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1845  as  valedictorian. 

He  enlisted  for  the  Mexican  war  as  a private ; 
am  I as  lieutenant  at  the  battle  of  Monterey  was 
the  surviving  officer  of  the  command,  Colonel 
Watson  dying  in  his  arms.  His  gallantry  in  this 
engagement  secured  him  the  appointment  of 
senior  captain  of  one  of  the  ten  Voltigeur  regi- 
ments added  to  the  regular  army.  Shortly  after 
his  promotion,  Captain  Bowie  resigned  his  com- 
mission on  account  of  disease  contracted  in  ser- 
vice in  1847.  He  was  elected  to  the  Maryland 
house  of  delegates,  and  was  returned  for  several 
terms.  He  entered  the  state  senate  in  1867,  and 
in  November  of  that  year  was  elected  governor 
of  Maryland,  but  in  consequence  of  a provision 
of  the  new  state  constitution  which  had  been 
adopted,  Governor  Swann,  his  predecessor,  was 
allowed  to  serve  out  his  full  term  of  four  years, 
and  Governor  Bowie  did  not  enter  upon  the  exec- 
utive duties  of  his  office  until  January,  1869. 
While  in  the  senate  in  1867  he  was  instrumental 
in  securing  the  building  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Potomac  railroad,  as  an  extension  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania system  to  Baltimore  and  Washington, 
and  on  the  completion  of  the  road,  in  1871.  be- 
came its  president.  In  1873  lie  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Baltimore  city  passenger  railway 
company.  He  was  president  of  the  Maryland 
jockey  club,  and  became  widely  known  as  one  of 
its  most  active  members.  He  married  Alice 
Carter,  a descendant  of  Lord  Baltimore,  and  they 
had  seven  children.  Their  residence,  Fairview, 
is  one  of  the  noted  ancestral  homes  of  America, 
comprising  an  estate  of  one  thousand  acres,  with 
a mansion  house,  built  about  1800,  to  take  the 
place  of  the  original  residence,  then  destroyed  by 
fire.  He  died  at  Fairview,  Md.,  Dec.  4,  1894. 

BOWIE,  Robert,  governor  of  Maryland,  was 
born  in  Prince  George  county,  Md.,  about  1750. 

He  served  in  the  revolutionary  war  as  captain  of 
flying  artillery,  and  after  its  close  held  various 
political  offices.  He  was  elected  governor  of  Mary- 
land in  1803,  and  held  the  office  three  years.  In 
1808  he  served  as  a presidential  elector,  and  three 
years  later  was  again  elected  to  the  governor- 
ship of  the  state  in  1811.  He  died  Jan.  8,  1818. 

BOWLES,  Samuel,  2d,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Springfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  9.  1826;  son  of  Samuel 
Bowles,  founder  of  the  Springfield  Rejiublican, 
which  he  established  in  1824.  After  being  edu- 
cated at  a private  school,  he  entered  his  father's 
establishment,  and  passed  through  the  successive 

[366] 


stages  of  apprenticeship  with  great  facility,  and 
in  1844  persuaded  his  father  to  initiate  the 
publication  of  a daily  paper  in  Springfield.  This 
was  a radical  venture  for  those  days;  Boston 
being  the  only  town  in  Massachusetts  with  a daily 
newspaper.  The  Daily  Republican  appeared  first 
on  March  27,  1844,  in  December  of  the  next  year 
the  paper  was  changed  from  an  evening  to  a morn- 
ing issue;  Mr.  Bowles,  Sr.,  devoted  himself  to  the 
business  interests,  and  his  son  assumed  the  edi- 
torial management,  assisted  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Holland, 
who  was  connected  with  the  Republican  for  eigh- 
teen years.  Mr.  Bowles  possessed  the  journalistic 
instinct  in  a marked  degree ; was  an  organizer  of 
ability,  and  knew  how  to  find  his  forces  and  how 
to  use  them.  He  attracted  talented  writers  to  his 
columns,  and  introduced  to  the  literary  world 
many  new  ones.  In  1856  the  New  York  Tribune 
pronounced  the  Republican  the  “ best  and  ablest 
country  journal  ever  published  on  this  conti- 
nent.” In  1855  Mr.  Bowles  presided  at  the  con- 
vention which  met  to  inaugurate  the  Republican 
party.  In  1872  the  Republican  supported  Mr. 
Greeley  for  president,  and  thereafter  became 
an  independent  organ.  Under  the  management 
of  Mr.  Bowles  the  Republican  exerted  a national 
influence  during  the  civil  war,  and  acquired  a 
prominence  afterwards  successfully  maintained. 
It  was  the  first  newspaper  to  advocate  free 
suffrage  for  both  white  and  colored  persons ; 
was  among  the  leaders  to  champion  the  cause  of 
woman  suffrage,  and  always  favored  a judicious 
measure  of  free  trade.  In  1865  Mr.  Bowles 
visited  the  Pacific  Slope,  in  company  with 
prominent  newspaper  and  railroad  men,  and,  in 
1868,  made  a second  trip  as  far  as  Colorado.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  arrested  on  a charge  of 
libel  preferred  by  James  Fisk,  whose  question- 
able speculations  he  had  condemned  in  his  journal. 
Mr.  Bowles  made  frequent  journeys  to  Europe 
and  embodied  his  experiences  of  travel  in  some 
very  pleasing  books,  which  first  appeared  as 
letters  in  the  paper.  ” Across  the  Continent,” 
a rescript  of  his  journey  to  California,  appeared 
in  1865;  "The  Switzerland  of  America”  (1869); 
“ The  Pacific  Railroad  Open : How  to  go,  What  to 
see  ” (1869) ; “ Our  New  West  ” (1869).  He  was 
a trustee  of  Amherst  college.  His  eldest  son. 
Samuel,  succeeded  him  as  proprietor  and  pub- 
lisher of  the  paper  he  had  made.  His  life,  writ- 
ten by  George  S.  Merriam,  was  published  in  1885. 
He  died  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1878. 

BOWLES,  Samuel,  3d,  publisher,  was  born  at 
Springfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  15,  1851;  son  of  Samuel 
Bowles,  second  proprietor  of  the  Springfield  Re- 
publican. He  attended  the  public  and  private 
schools  of  his  native  city,  and  then  studied  and 
travelled  two  years  in  Europe,  and  extensively 
in  America,  subsequently  taking  a special  course 


BOWLIN. 


BOWMAN. 


at  Yale  college.  He  received  his  journalistic 
training  under  the  special  direction  of  his  father, 
and  began  his  business  career  in  1873,  as  an 
assistant  in  the  edi- 
torial department  of 
the  Springfield  Re- 
publican. In  1875  he 
was  made  its  busi- 
ness manager,  and  at 
the  death  of  his 
father  in  1878  be- 
came its  editor-in- 
chief  and  publisher. 
In  his  management 
he  upheld  its  char- 
acter and  fully  ob- 
served its  traditions. 
He  was  made  a di- 
rector of  the  Public 
library  association  of  Springfield,  and  through 
his  journal  advanced  the  interests  of  education 
and  public  affairs. 

BOWLIN,  James  Butler,  diplomatist,  was 
born  in  Spottsylvania  county,  Va.,  in  1804.  He 
was  given  a common-school  education  and 
worked  as  a mechanic.  In  1825  he  removed  to 
Greenbrier  county,  and  two  years  later  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  He  practised  his  profes- 
sion there  for  six  years,  going  to  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
in  1833,  where  he  soon  acquired  a large  practice. 
He  established  the  Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Ad- 
vocate, and  became  district-attorney  and  judge 
of  the  criminal  court.  In  1836  he  was  elected  to 
the  state  house  of  representatives,  and  in  1842 
was  elected  as  a representative  to  the  28th 
Congress  and  was  re-elected  to  the  29th,  30tli 
and  31st  congresses.  He  was  appointed  in  1854 
U.  S.  minister  to  Colombia  by  President  Pierce, 
and  commissioner  to  Paraguay  by  President  Buch- 
anan in  1858. 

BOWMAN,  Alexander  Hamilton,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  May  15,  1803;  son  of 
Capt.  Samuel  Bowman,  who  attained  distinction 
during  the  revolutionary  war.  After  graduating 
at  West  Point,  in  1825,  third  in  his  class,  he 
received  promotion  in  the  corps  of  engineers  as 
2d  lieutenant,  and  remained  at  the  academy  a 
year  as  assistant  professor,  when  he  was  ordered 
to  the  department  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  as 
assistant  engineer  of  harbor  defences  and  im- 
provements. From  1834  to  1839  he  was  engaged 
in  the  construction  of  a military  road  from, 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  to  the  St.  Francis  river,  Ark.,  and 
in  improving  the  navigation  of  the  Cumberland 
and  Tennessee  rivers,  after  which  he  engineered 
the  construction  and  repair  of  forts  and  defences 
in  Virginia  and  South  Carolina.  In  1851-’52  he 
was  at  West  Point  as  instructor  of  practical  mili- 
tary engineering.  In  1853  he  became  chief  engi- 


neer of  the  construction  bureau  of  the  U.  S. 
treasury  department  and  was  engaged  for  eight 
years  in  the  construction  of  government  build- 
ings in  various  parts  of  the  country.  He  re- 
ceived promotion  at  regular  intervals,  attaining 
the  rank  of  lieutenant -colonel  of  engineers  March 
3,  1863.  From  March,  1861,  to  July,  1864,  he 
was  superintendent  of  the  U.  S.  military 
academy,  when  he  became  a member  of  a com- 
mission appointed  to  select  sites  for  naval  estab- 
lishments on  western  rivers.  In  June,  1865,  he 
was  one  of  the  board  of  engineers  for  the  im- 
provement and  preservation  of  the  coast  defences 
in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  Mass.  He  died  at 
Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  Nov.  11,  1865. 

BOWMAN,  Edward  Morris,  musician,  was 
born  at  Barnard,  Vt.,  July  18,  1848.  His  musical 
education  was  begun  in  early  boyhood.  He 
studied  the  piano  and  organ  in  America  under 
William  Mason  and  John  P.  Morgan,  and  in  Eu- 
rope, in  1872-'74,  under  Franz  Bendel,  August 
Haupt,  Edouard  Rohde,  C.  F.  Weitzmann  and 
Batiste,  and  was  made  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
college  of  organists  in  1881.  He  aided  in  the 
organization  of  the  Music  teachers’  national  as- 
sociation, and  was  twice  its  president,  and  filled 
the  same  office  seven  terms  in  the  American  col- 
lege of  musicians.  He  was  a member  of  the 
committee  on  legislation  for  music  in  the  public 
schools,  and  is  the  author  of  several  essays,  as 
well  as  editor  of  Weitzmann’s  Manual  of  Musi- 
cal Theory.”  In  1891,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Fred- 
eric Louis  Ritter,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
music  at  Vassal-  college,  a position  which  he  re- 
signed in  1895,  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  pro- 
fessional duties  in  New  York  city.  He  was 
elected  and  served  as  president  of  the  Virgil 
Clavier  practice  company,  as  associate  editor  of 
the  Pianist  and  Organist,  as  president  emeritus 
of  the  American  college  of  musicians,  and  as  a 
member  of  the  Manuscript  society  and  other 
musical  organizations.  In  September,  1895,  Mr. 
Bowman  undertook  the  organization  of  a chorus 
choir  of  two  hundred  voices  for  the  Baptist  Temple 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

BOWMAN,  Francis  Caswell,  musical  critic, 
was  born  in  New  York  city,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  26,  1831. 
He  was  graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1852, 
and  practised  law  in  his  native  city  a few  years. 
When  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  went  to  Wash- 
ington with  the  7th  regiment  N.  Y.  S.  M.,  and 
afterwards  helped  to  organize  and  conduct  the 
United  States  sanitary  commission.  He  founded 
the  Mendelssohn  glee  club  of  New  York  city.  For 
several  years  he  was  musical  critic  on  the  New 
York  Evening  Post,  and  for  seventeen  years  oc- 
cupied the  same  position  on  the  Sun.  He  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  musical  publications. 
He  died  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  29,  1884. 


BOWMAN. 


BOWNE. 


BOWMAN,  George  B.,  educator,  was  born  in 
Berks  county,  N.  C.,  May  1,  1812.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  that  which  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  farm- 
er's sons  of  his  generation.  At  an  early  age  he 
immigrated  to  Missouri,  and  settled  in  a small 
town  not  far  from  St.  Louis  as  a Methodist 

preacher,  and  soon 
built  up  a flourishing 
church.  In  1841  he 
went  to  Dubuque, 
Iowa,  and  preached 
to  the  small  and  scat- 
tered congregations 
in  the  sparsely  set- 
tled districts  of  Iowa, 
building  new 
churches  and  form- 
ing new  organiza- 
tions throughout  the 
state.  In  1851  he  built 
a brick  church,  which 
was  soon  followed  by 
a seminary  building 
in  Mt.  Vernon,  Iowa,  which  became  the  founda 
tion  of  Cornell  college.  He  not  only  induced 
others  to  render  it  financial  support,  but  con- 
tributed freely  of  his  own  means,  the  largest  gift 
being  that  made  by  him  for  the  erection  of  Bow- 
man Hall,  a home  for  young  women.  Long 
exposure  to  hardships  of  pioneer  work  in  the 
rigorous  climate  of  Iowa  so  impaired  his  health 
that  it  became  necessary  for  him  to  relinquish 
regular  work  in  the  conference,  and  in  1864  Dr. 
Bowman  removed  to  San  Josd,  Cal.,  where  he 
continued  to  do  active  work  in  building  churches 
throughout  the  state.  He  was  a member  of  the 
board  of  trustees  of  the  University  of  the  Pacific, 
and  liberally  aided  it  in  its  early  life.  He  died 
in  San  Jos£,  Cal.,  in  1888. 

BOWMAN,  Samuel,  assistant  bishop  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  64th  in  succession  in  the  Amer- 
ican episcopate,  was  born  at  Wilkesbarre,  Pa., 
May  21,  1800.  He  was  educated  by  private 
instructors,  and  his  theological  course  was  made 
under  the  direction  of  Bishop  White.  He  was 
ordained  deacon  in  1823,  and  priest,  1824.  The 
first  years  of  his  ministry  were  spent  in  Lan- 
caster county.  In  1825  he  became  rector  of 
Trinity  church,  Easton,  Pa.,  and  in  1827  returned 
to  Lancaster  county  as  assistant  to  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Clarkson,  upon  whose  decease,  in  1830,  lie 
succeeded  to  the  rectorate  of  St.  James  parish, 
Lancaster,  remaining  in  this  charge  until  his 
death.  In  1843  he  received  his  degree  of  doctor 
of  divinity  from  Geneva  college,  and  in  1847  he 
was  elected  by  the  general  convention  bishop  of 
Indiana,  but  declined  to  serve ; shortly  after  de- 
clining the  nomination  of  provincial  bishop  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  chosen,  in  1858,  as  as- 


sistant to  Bishop  Alonzo  Potter  and  consecrated 
bishop,  Aug.  25,  1858,  and  while  on  a visitation 
in  the  western  section  of  the  diocese  he  died  by 
the  wayside  near  Butler,  Pa.,  his  body  being 
found  Aug.  3,  1861. 

BOWMAN,  Thomas,  M.  E.  bishop,  was  born 
near  Berwick,  Columbia  county,  Pa.,  July  15, 
1817;  son  of  John  and  Sarah  (Brittain)  Bowman 
He  was  prepared  for  college  at  Wilbraliam  acad 
emy  (Mass.)  and  Cazenovia  seminary  (N.  Y.), 
and  was  graduated  as  valedictorian  of  his  class 
at  Dickinson  college. 

Pa.,  in  1837,  After 
studying  law  for  a 
year  he  prepared 
himself  for  the  min- 
istry, and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Baltimore 
conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal 
church  in  the  spring 
of  1839.  Then  from 
1840  to  1843,  he  was 
teacher  in  the  gram- 
mar school  of  Dickin- 
son college,  and  in 
1848  was  appointed 
principal  of  Dickin- 
son  seminary  at  Wil- 
liamsport, Pa.  He  organized  and  presided  over 
this  institution  for  ten  years,  leaving  it  with  a 
liberal  property  and  about  four  hundred  students. 
In  1858  he  was  elected  president  of  Indiana  As- 
bury,  afterwards  De  Pauw,  university,  at  Green- 
castle,  Ind.  Over  this  institution  he  presided 
fourteen  years,  leaving  it  much  advanced  in 
property,  endowment  fund,  and  students.  Dur- 
ing 1864  and  1865  he  served  as  chaplain  to  the 
U.  S.  senate,  and  in  1872  he  was  elected  bishop  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  by  the  general  con- 
ference, which  met  in  Bx-ooklyn,  N.  Y.  As  bishop 
he  has  presided  over  all  the  conferences  in  the 
United  States,  and  over  the  conferences  and  mis- 
sions of  his  church  in  Europe,  India,  China,  Japan, 
and  Mexico.  He  has  dedicated  over  one  thousand 
churches,  of  which  at  least  one  has  been  located 
in  each  state  and  territory  of  the  United  States, 
and  one  in  every  foreign  country  which  he  has 
visited.  His  degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  in 
1856  by  t lie  Ohio  Wesleyan  university,  and  that 
of  LL.D.  by  Dickinson  college.  He  was  retired 
by  the  general  conference  which  met  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  in  May,  1896,  and  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

BOWNE,  Borden  Parker,  educator,  was  born 
in  Leonardville,  N.  J. , Jan.  14.  1847;  son  of 
Joseph  and  Margaret  (Parker)  Bowne.  He  grad- 
uated from  the  University  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  1871,  with  high  honors.  He  taught  for 


BOYCE. 


BOYD. 


one  year,  served  in  1878  as  Methodist  pastor  in 
Wliitestone,  N.  Y. , and  then  pursued  his  studies 
abroad  at  the  Universities  of  Halle  and  Paris, 
1873-’74,  and  Gottingen,  1875.  He  then  was  as- 
sistant professor  of  modern  languages  in  the 
University  of  the  city  of  New  York.  1875-’76,  at 
the  same  time  religious  editor  of  the  New  York 
Independent.  In  1876  he  was  elected  professor  of 
philosophy  and  dean  of  the  Boston  university. 
The  Ohio  Wesleyan  university  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1881.  Besides  numerous 
review  articles,  he  published  the  following  books : 
“The  Philosophy  of  Herbert  Spencer”  (1874); 
“Studies  in  Theism  ” (1879);  “Metaphysics” 
(1882) ; “ Introduction  to  Psychological  Theory  ” 
(1887);  “Philosophy  of  Theism”  (1888);  “The 
Principles  of  Ethics  ” (1892).  He  became  widely 
recognized  as  a trenchant  and  effective  writer. 
Of  his  “Metaphysics,”  his  preface  says,  “Leib- 
nitz furnishes  the  starting  point;  Herbart  the 
method,  and  the  conclusions  reached  are  those 
of  Lotze.  ” 

BOYCE,  James  Petigru,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Jan.  11,  1827.  His  father, 
who  was  of  Scotch-Iris®  descent,  was  a wealthy 
merchant,  and  the  son  was  able  to  acquire  a 
thorough  classical  education.  In  1847  lie  was 
graduated  from  Brown  university  with  the  de- 
gree of  A.M.,  and  in  1851,  having  studied  theo- 
logy at  the  Princeton  seminary,  he  was  ordained 
a Baptist  minister.  Previous  to  his  entering 
Princeton,  he  edited  for  a short  time  the  Southern 
Baptist.  In  1851  he  became  pastor  of  a church 
at  Columbia,  S.  C.,  resigning  this  pastorate  in 
1855  to  accept  the  chair  of  theology  at  Furman 
university.  In  1858  he  founded  the  Southern 
Baptist  theological  seminary,  and  the  following 
year  severed  his  connection  with  Furman  uni- 
versity to  become  professor  of  theology  and 
chairman  of  the  faculty  in  the  new  seminary. 
In  1861  he  became  chaplain  in  the  Confederate 
army,  and  in  1862  was  elected  to  the  South  Caro- 
lina legislature,  being  re-elected  in  1864.  In  1864 
and  1865  he  was  aide-de-camp,  acting  as  provost 
marshal  of  Columbia.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  he  resumed  his  duties  at  the  Southern 
Baptist  theological  seminary,  and  in  1873  was 
made  its  president.  He  was  trustee  of  Columbia 
college,  of  Furman  university,  and  of  Greenville 
Baptist  female  college ; moderator  of  the  Charles- 
ton Baptist  association ; president  of  the  South 
Carolina  Baptist  convention,  and  for  eight  years 
president  of  the  Southern  Baptist  convention; 
director  of  the  Greenville  national  bank,  of  the 
South  Carolina  railroad  company,  of  the  Granite- 
ville  iron  company,  Augusta,  Ga.,  and  of  the 
East  Tennessee  iron  manufacturing  company. 
Columbia  university  conferred  on  him  the  de- 
gree S.T.D.  in  1859;  Union  university,  Murfrees- 


borough,  Tenn.,  LL.D.  in  1872,  and  Brown  uni- 
versity LL.D.  in  1887.  Among  his  publications 
are:  “Inaugural  Address”  (1856);  “Doctrines 
and  Uses  of  the  Sanctuary  ” (1859) ; “ Brief 
Catechism  of  Bible  Doctrine  ” (1864) ; “ Life  and 
Death,  the  Christian’s  Portion  ” (1869),  and  “ Ab- 
stract of  Systematic  Theology  ” (1887).  He  died 
at  Pau,  France,  Dec.  28,  1888. 

BOYD,  James  R.,  author,  was  born  at  Hunter, 
N.  Y.,  in  1804.  After  his  graduation  from 
Union  college  in  1822  he  studied  theology  at 
Princeton  for  four  years,  when  he  went  to  Scot- 
land, and  spent  several  months  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  under  Dr.  Chalmers.  He  was  or- 
dained to  the  Presbyterian  ministry,  but  preached 
only  a short  time,  becoming  pastor  and  professor 
of  moral  philosophy  at  Hamilton  college,  and 
shortly  afterwards  removing  to  Geneva,  N.  Y. , 
where  he  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  life  to 
literary  work.  He  wrote  “ Elements  of  Rhetoric 
and  Literary  Criticism,”  and  “ Eclectic  Moral 
Philosophy,”  and  edited  several  standard  works 
with  copious  notes,  which  have  been  widely  used 
among  students.  He  died  Feb.  19,  1890. 

BOYD,  John  Parker,  soldier,  was  born  at  New- 
buryport,  Mass.,  Dec.  21,  1764.  He  joined  the 
Continental  army  in  1786,  but  soon  withdrew  from 
the  service,  and  subsequent  ly  went  to  India, 
where  he  remained  from  1789  to  1806,  organizing 
mercenary  troops  and  hiring  them  out  to  serve 
in  the  interests  of  various  princes.  Soon  after 
his  return  to  America  he  was  made  colonel  of  the 
4th  U.  S.  infantry  regiment,  receiving  his  com- 
mission Oct.  7,  1808.  He  served  in  the  fight  at 
Tippecanoe,  Nov.  7, 1811,  and  was  made  brigadier- 
general  Aug.  26,  1812,  serving  with  this  rank 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  an  active 
participant  in  the  capture  of  Fort  George,  in  1813, 
and  in  the  battle  of  Clxrysler's  Field,  near  Mon- 
treal, in  November  of  the  same  year,  held  the 
enemy  in  check  until  reinforced.  Returning  to 
Boston  at  the  close  of  the  war,  he  received  the 
appointment  of  naval  officer  of  that  port,  and 
died  while  holding  that  office.  He  wrote  “ Docu- 
ments and  Facts  Relative  to  Military  Events 
during  the  Late  War  ” (1816).  His  death  occur- 
red in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  4,  1830. 

BOYD,  Linn,  statesman,  was  born  at  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  Nov.  28,  1800.  His  boyhood  was  passed  in 
Kentucky,  where  his  father  was  a farmer.  In 
1827  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  and  re- 
mained in  office  five  years.  In  1834  he  was  elected 
as  representative  to  the  24th  Congress.  He  was 
consecutively  elected  from  1838  to  1854,  serving 
in  the  26th  and  seven  succeeding  congresses. 
He  was  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives 
during  the  32d  and  33d  congresses,  and  served  for 
one  year  as  lieutenant  governor  of  Kentucky. 
He  died  in  Paducah,  Ky.,  Dec.  16,  1859. 


[3691 


BOYDEN. 


BOYESEN. 


BOYD,  Sempronius  Hamilton,  diplomatist, 
was  born  in  Williamson  county,  Tenn.,  May  28, 
1828;  son  of  Marcus  Boyd,  who,  in  1840,  removed 
his  family  to  Springfield,  Mo.,  where  the  son  re- 
ceived an  academical  education.  He  went  to 
California,  where  he  remained  from  1849  till  1855, 
when  he  returned  to  Springfield,  where  lie  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1857,  was  elected  clerk  of 
the  city  council,  city  attorney,  mayor,  clerk  of 
probate  and  common  pleas  court,  prosecuting 
attorney  for  the  county,  judge  of  the  twenty-first 
judicial  circuit  of  Missouri,  and  representative 
in  the  38th  and  40th  congresses.  During  the  civil 
war  he,  as  colonel  of  the  24th  Missouri  infantry, 
“ Lyon  Legion,”  and  then  as  colonel  of  the  46th 
Missouri  infantry,  served  under  Generals  Lyon, 
Sigel,  Halleck,  Rosecrans,  Davidson  and  Curtis  in 
Missouri.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  United 
States  minister  resident  and  consul-general  to 
the  court  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  by  President 
Harrison,  and  in  1893  he  returned  home  on  sick 
leave,  leaving  his  son.  Dr.  Robert  M.  Boyd,  United 
States  charge,  d'affaires  to  the  same  kingdom. 
He  was  founder  and  president  of  the  First  national 
bank  of  Springfield,  Mo. 

BOYDEN,  Seth,  inventor,  was  born  in  Fox- 
borough,  Mass.,  Nov.  17,  1788.  His  early  life  was 
spent  on  his  father's  farm ; later  he  engaged  with 
a blacksmith,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty -one  made 
nails  and  cut  files  with  machines  of  his  own  con- 
struction. Later  he  improved  a machine  for 
leather  splitting,  invented  by  his  father.  In 
1813,  with  his  brother,  Uriah  Atherton,  he  estab- 
lished a leather  business  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  which, 
in  1819,  included  the  manufacture  of  an  improved 
patent  leather.  Fiona  1831  until  1835  he  engaged 
in  manufacturing  malleable-iron  castings,  and 
later  became  interested  in  building  steam-engines, 
for  which  he  invented  several  important  im- 
provements. In  1849  he  disposed  of  his  many 
inventions  and  went  to  California,  where  he  was 
unsuccessful  in  his  projects.  Two  years  later  he 
returned  to  New  Jersey  and  engaged  in  agricul- 
ture. He  produced  a variety  of  strawberries 
theretofore  unequalled  in  size  and  flavor,  and 
later  patented  a hat-body  doming  machine.  He 
lived  an  active,  laborious  life  to  the  end  of  his 
days,  but  failed  to  secnre  commensurate  reward 
for  his  valuable  inventions.  He  died  in  Middle- 
ville,  N.  J.,  March  31,  1870. 

BOYDEN,  Uriah  Atherton,  inventor,  was  born 
at  Foxborough,  Mass.,  Feb.  17,  1804;  brother  of 
Seth  Boyden,  inventor.  He  learned  his  trade  at 
a blacksmith’s  forge,  and  was  afterwards  em- 
ployed in  railroad  construction.  He  removed  to 
Lowell,  Mass.,  where  he  studied  hydraulic  engi- 
neering, especially  with  reference  to  the  con- 
struction of  the  turbine  water-wheel  then  in  use. 
He  finally  succeeded  in  producing  a wheel  wast- 

[3- 


ing  but  five  per  cent,  of  the  water,  and  it  was 
largely  adopted  throughout  the  world.  This 
achievement  led  liiiai  to  acquire  a thorough 
knowledge  of  chemistry  and  physics,  and  to  this 
end  he  removed  to  Boston  in  1850,  where  he  pur- 
sued his  studies.  The  Boyden  library  in  his 
native  town  received  from  him  a gift  of  one 
thousand  dollars,  and  he  also  built  there  a 
soldiers’  memorial  building.  He  gave  an  equal 
sum  to  the  Franklin  institute,  to  be  awarded  to 
“ any  resident  of  North  America  who  should 
determine  by  experiment  whether  all  rays  of 
light  or  other  physical  rays  were  or  were  not 
transmitted  with  the  same  velocity.”  He  died 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  17,  1879. 

BOYESEN,  Hjalmar  Hjorth,  author  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Frederiksvaern,  Norway,  Sept. 
23,  1848.  He  was  educated  at  the  Drammen 
Latin  school  and  at  Leipsic,  Germany,  and  took 
his  degree  of  B.A.  at  the  University  of  Norway, 
Christiania,  in  1868.  The  year  following  he  came 
to  the  United  States,  where  his  father  had  set- 
tled two  years  before,  and,  after  making  a tour 
of  the  New  England  states,  he  became  editor 
of  the  Fremad,  a Scandinavian  weekly,  pub- 
lished at  Chicago,  111.  In  1870  he  accepted  a 
professorship  of  Greek  and  Latin  at  Urbana 
university,  Ohio,  mainly  with  the  object  of  per- 
fecting himself  in  the  language  of  his  adopted 
country,  and  at  that  time  commenced  writing 
his  first  novel,  “ Gunnar.”  He  spent  the  year 
1872-’73  at  Leipsic  in  the  study  of  philology,  and 
in  1874  was  given  the  chair  of  German  litera- 
ture at  Cornell  university,  which  professorship 
he  held  until  his  appointment  in  1881  as  in- 
structor in  German  at  Columbia  college.  In  1882 
he  was  promoted  as  Gebhard  professor  of  the 
German  language  and  literature,  and  in  1890  he 
was  made  professor  of  Germanic  languages  and 
literatures.  His  three  sons  were  made  wards  of 
Columbia  college,  in  recognition  of  distinguished 
educational  services  rendered  by  their  father. 
He  was  a voluminous  and  versatile  writer,  his 
English  being  forcible  and  flexible;  nearly  all  of 
his  books  have  been  translated  into  German,  and 
some  of  them  into  French,  Italian,  and  Danish. 
The  following  is  a sequential  list  of  his  published 
works:  “Gunnar”  (1874);  “A  Norseman’s  Pil- 
grimage  ” (1875);  “Tales  from  Two  Hemi- 
spheres ” (1876) ; “ Falconberg  ” (1878) ; “ Goethe 
and  Schiller,  Their  Lives  and  Woi-ks,  with  a Com- 
mentary of  Faust  ” (1878) ; “ Ilka  on  the  Hilltop  ” 
(1881);  “Queen  Titania  ” (1882);  “Idyls  of 

Norway  ” and  other  poems;  “ A Daughter  of  the 
Philistines”  (1883);  “The  Story  of  Norway” 
(1886);  “The  Modern  Yikings  ” (1888);  “The 
Light  of  her  Countenance  ” (1889);  “Vagabond 
Tales  ” (1890) ; “ The  Mammon  of  Unrighteous- 
ness ” (1891);  “ Bovliood  in  Norway”  (1892); 
o) 


BOYLE. 


BOYNTON. 


“The  Norseland  Series  ” (1894);  “Comment  on 
Writings  of  Ibsen  ” (1894) ; “ Literary  and 
Social  Silhouettes  ” (1894) ; “ Essays  on  Scan- 
dinavian Literature”  (1895);  “Essays  on  Ger- 
man Literature”;  “The  Golden  Calf,”  a novel. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Authors'  club, 
New  York.  He  died  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  4, 
1895. 

BOYLE,  Jeremiah  Tilford,  soldier,  was  born 
May  22,  1818.  After  his  graduation  from  Prince- 
ton in  1839  he  devoted  himself  to  the  law,  and 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  practised  his 
profession  in  Kentucky.  He  then  volunteered 
in  the  Union  army  and  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  In  1862  he  was 
made  military  governor  of  Kentucky,  resigning 
in  1864  to  become  president  of  the  Louisville  city 
railway  company,  and  in  1866  president  of  the 
Evansville,  Henderson  and  Nashville  railroad. 
He  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  28,  1871. 

BOYLSTON,  Zabdiel,  physician,  was  born  at 
Brookline,  Mass.,  in  1680;  son  of  Thomas  Boyls- 
ton,  a graduate  of  the  medical  school  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford.  He  studied  medicine  under 
his  father  and  Dr.  John  Cutter,  and  practised  in 
Boston,  soon  becoming  widely  known  as  a physi- 
cian. He  was  also  an  enthusiastic  naturalist. 
When  small  pox  raged  in  Boston,  in  1721,  Dr. 
Cotton  Mather  called  to  Dr.  Boylston’s  attention 
the  new  way  of  checking  the  disease  by  inocula- 
tion. Dr.  Boylston  inquired  into  the  method  and 
made  known  to  Boston  doctors  his  intention  of 
giving  it  a trial.  The  doctors  publicly  de- 
nounced it  and  declared  it  to  be  murder.  Popu- 
lar feeling  was  so  aroused  against  him  that  the 
people  threatened  to  hang  him,  and  once  a 
lighted  hand  grenade  was  thrown  into  the  room 
where  he  was  sitting  with  his  family.  He  was 
obliged  to  conceal  himself  for  two  weeks,  and 
even  after  the  fury  of  the  people  had  partially 
abated,  the  only  way  in  which  he  could  visit  his 
patients  was  by  going  disguised  and  at  night. 
He  tried  his  theory  on  the  members  of  his  own 
household,  and  he  was  summoned  before  the 
town  authorities.  He  urged  the  physicians  who 
condemned  him  to  visit  his  patients  and  judge 
from  the  results  of  his  treatment,  but  they  re- 
fused. He  inoculated  every  one  whom  he  could 
persuade  to  undergo  the  operation,  and  during 
the  year  personally  treated  two  hundred  and 
forty-seven  cases,  only  six  of  which  died.  Of 
the  patients  who  did  not  receive  inoculation  more 
than  one  in  six  died.  In  1823  he  went  to  London 
by  invitation  of  the  court  physician,  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  and  it  is  said  that  he  inoculated  the 
Princess  Caroline,  and  afterwards  other  mem- 
bers of  the  royal  family,  but  this  is  not  certainly 
known.  He  remained  in  London  for  some 
years,  and  while  there,  by  request  of  the  Royal 

[3- 


society,  of  which  he  had  been  made  a fellow,  he 
published  an  account  of  his  practice  of  inocula- 
tion in  America.  He  died  at  Brookline,  Mass., 
March  1,  1776. 

BOYNTON,  Charles  Brandon,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  June  12,  1806.  He 
was  a student  at  Williams  college  from  1827  to 
1830,  and  afterwards  became  locally  prominent  in 
politics,  representing  his  district  in  the  state  legis- 
lature. He  studied  law  and  afterwards  the- 
ology. In  1840  he  was  ordained  to  the  Presbyter- 
ian ministry,  holding  his  first  pastorate  at  Housa- 
tonic,  Conn.  After  preaching  in  several  small 
parishes  he  removed,  in  1846,  to  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  where  he  was  pastor  for  about  thirty  years. 
He  was  twice  elected  chaplain  of  the  U.  S.  house 
of  representatives  during  the  39th  and  40th  con- 
gresses, and  afterwards  preached  in  Washington. 
Marietta  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree 
of  D.D.  Among  his  published  writings  are: 
“ Journey  through  Kansas,  with  sketch  of  Ne- 
braska ” (1855) ; “ The  Russian  Empire  ” (1856) ; 

“The  Four  Great  Powers- — England,  France, 
Russia  and  America ; their  Policy,  Resources,  and 
Probable  Future”  (1866),  and  “ History  of  the 
Navy  during  the  Rebellion  ” (1868).  He  died  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  April  27,  1883. 

BOYNTON,  Edward  Carlisle,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Windsor,  Vt.,  Feb.  1,  1824.  He  was  appointed 
a cadet  of  the  United  States  military  academy. 
July  1,  1841,  and  was  graduated  in  1846.  He 
served  with  General  Taylor  at  Monterey  and  at 
the  seizure  and  occupation  of  Saltillo  in  1846,  and 
under  General  Scott  he  participated  in  the  siege  of 
Vera  Cruz,  the  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Contreras, 
Churubusco,  in  the  seizure  and  occupation  of 
Puebla,  and  in  the  skirmish  at  Amazoque,  and 
also  at  Oka  Laka  in  1847.  He  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  action  at  Churubusco,  and  was 
promoted  2d  lieutenant,  Feb.  14,  and  1st  lieuten- 
ant, Aug.  20,  1847 ; and  received  brevet  rank  as 
captain  for  “ gallant  and  meritorious  services 
at  the  battles  of  Contreras  and  Churubusco, 
Mexico.”  In  1848  he  was  acting  assistant  quar- 
termaster at  West  Point,  and  from  1848  to  1855 
assistant  professor  of  chemistry,  mineralogy 
and  geology.  In  1855  he  accompanied  the  expedi- 
tion against  the  Seminole  Indians  in  Florida.  He 
resigned  from  the  army  Feb.  16,  1856,  having 
been  appointed  to  the  chair  of  chemistry,  min- 
eralogy and  geology  in  the  University  of  Missis- 
sippi, where  he  remained  until  1861,  when  he  was 
re-appointed  to  the  United  States  army  as  cap- 
tain in  the  11th  infantry,  September  23,  and 
assigned  to  duty  at  the  military  academy,  first 
as  adjutant  and  then  quartermaster,  which  posi- 
tion  he  held  till  the  end  of  the  war,  when  he  was 
brevetted  major  for  efficient  and  faithful  service. 
He  resigned  from  the  army  in  1872.  The  degree 
1] 


BOYNTON. 


BOYTON. 


of  A.M.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Brown  uni- 
versity in  1856.  He  wrrote  the  “ History  of  West 
Point  and  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Uuited 
States  Military  Academy  ” (1863),  and  compiled 
the  military  and  naval  terms  in  Webster’s  army 
and  navy  dictionary.  He  also  wrote  a “ Guide 
to  West  Point  and  the  United  States  Academy,” 
and  “ Greek  Fire  and  other  Inflammables,”  ‘‘Ex- 
plosive Substitutes  for  Gunpowder,”  “ Photo- 
graphy as  applied  to  Military  Purposes,” 
“ Quantitative  and  Qualitative  Chemical  Analysis 
of  Hydraulic  Limestone,”  “ Manual  on  Blowpipe 
Analysis.”  He  was  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Historical  society  of  Pennsylvania,  of  the  Ameri- 
can academy  for  the  advancement  of  science,  and 
president  of  the  Historical  society  of  Newburg 
Bay  and  the  Highlands  from  1883  to  1888.  From 
May,  1874,  he  was  a member  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  Washington’s  headquarters,  New- 
burg, and  discovered,  compiled  and  published 
the  most  complete  collection  of  Washington’s 
orders  at  Newburg  in  existence.  He  died  at 
Newburg,  N.  Y.,  May  13,  1893. 

BOYNTON,  Henry  Van  Ness,  journalist,  was 
born  in  West  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  July  22,  1835; 
son  of  Charles  Brandon  Boynton,  clergyman.  He 
was  educated  at  Woodward  high  school,  and  the 
Kentucky  military  institute,  being  graduated 
from  the  latter  in  1858.  He  afterwards  became 
professor  of  mechanics  and  astronomy  in  the 
military  institute,  holding  the  chair  until  shortly 
before  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war.  He  was 
commissioned  major  of  the  35th  Ohio  infantry 
in  July,  1861,  and  commanded  that  regiment  as 
lieutenant-colonel  from  July,  1862,  until  its  three 
years’  term  of  service  expired,  and  was  brevet- 
ted  brigadier-general  for  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga  and  Missionary  Ridge.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  appointed  Washington 
correspondent  of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette , and 
after  the  consolidation  of  the  Commercial  and 
Gazette  remained  in  charge  of  the  office.  He 
afterwards  became  Washington  correspondent  of 
the  Cincinnati  Commercial  Tribune.  He  origi- 
nated the  project  for  establishing  the  Chicka- 
mauga and  Chattanooga  national  military  park, 
and  drew  the  bill  embodying  his  plan,  which  was 
passed  in  each  house  of  Congress  without  a dis- 
senting vote.  Upon  the  creation  of  the  commis- 
sion to  establish  the  park  he  was  chosen  its 
general  assistant  and  historian.  He  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  to  establish  the  Rock 
Creek  park  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  for 
which  Congress  appropriated  one  million  two 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  with  which  the 
commission  obtained  a tract  of  sixteen  hundred 
acres  by  condemnation.  He  is  the  author  of 
“Sherman’s  Historical  Raid:  the  Memoirs  in 
the  Light  of  Record  ” (1875). 


BOYNTON,  Nathan  S.,  soldier,  was  born  at 

Port  Huron,  Mich.,  June  23,  1837.  He  enlisted  in 
1862  as  a private  in  the  8th  Michigan  cavalry. 
He  cut  off  the  retreat  of  Gen.  John  Morgan  in 
Kentucky,  and  served  under  Burnside  in  the  east 
Tennessee  campaign.  At  Athens,  Tenn.,  he  took 
possession  of  a Confederate  printing-office,  and 
he  issued  therefrom  the  first  number  of  the 
Athens  Union  Post;  the  second  number  was  ready 
for  the  press  when  the  town  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  enemy,  the  printers  were  captured  and 
sent  to  Andersonville,  and  the  types  pied,  but  tlie 
editor,  who  was  on  duty  at  headquarters,  escaped 
Lieutenant  Boynton  was  at  the  siege  of  Knox- 
ville, and  served  during  the  Georgia  campaign, 
two-thirds  of  his  regiment  being  killed,  wounded 
or  captured  in  Stoneman's  raid  at  Macon.  Ga. 
After  a service  of  three  years,  Major  Boynton 
was  commissioned  major  in  1865,  and  was  mus 
tered  out  of  service  at  the  close  of  the  war.  He 
established  himself  at  Marine  City,  Mich.,  where 
he  for  several  years  was  deputy  assessor  of  inter 
nal  revenue.  In  1868  he  was  elected  to  the  lowet 
house  of  the  state  legislature.  In  1869  he  re 
moved  to  Port  Huron,  where  for  three  years  he 
edited  and  published  the  Port  Huron  Press.  He 
was  twice  elected  mayor  of  Port  Huron,  and 
served  for  two  years  as  president  of  the  board  of 
education,  and  as  superintendent  of  the  water 
works.  He  invented  the  Boynton  fire-escape, 
and  liook-and-ladder  truck,  and  the  Boynton  sy>- 
tem  of  wire  rope  trussing  for  ladders.  In  1883 
he  retired  from  business. 

BOYTON,  Paul,  swimmer,  was  born  in  Dub 
lin,  Ireland,  June  29,  1848.  From  his  youth  lie 
was  an  expert  swimmer,  and  by  the  time  he  was 
twenty-five  had  saved  seventy  people  from 
drowning.  He  came  to  America  prior  to  the 
civil  war,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the 
United  States  navy  until  1865.  In  1867  he  en 
gaged  in  the  life-saving  service  on  the  Atlantic 
coast.  He  organized  a life-saving  brigade  to 
operate  during  the  bathing  season  at  Atlantic 
City,  N.  J.,  where  twenty  had  been  the  average 
number  of  persons  drowned  during  the  bathing 
seasons,  but  not  a single  casualty  occurred  dur 
ing  the  superintendence  of  Captain  Boyton  He 
invented  a rubber  life-saving  dress,  which  was 
inflated  by  the  mouth,  and  which  had  a projiel 
ling  paddle  capable  of  making  one  hundred 
strokes  a minute.  To  test  its  efficacy,  he  had 
himself  lowered  from  the  steamship  Queen,  off 
the  Irish  coast  during  a severe  storm,  in  Octo- 
ber, 1874.  After  being  seven  hours  at  sea.  buf- 
feted by  the  strong  waves,  he  landed  on  the  coast 
of  Ireland,  forty  miles  from  his  point  of  starting. 
With  this  dress  he  gave  exhibitions  in  England 
before  the  Queen,  and  subsequently'  in  various 
parts  of  Europe  and  America.  In  May,  1875,  he 
13721 


BOZEMAN. 


BRACE. 


*■ 

crossed  the  British  Channel  in  twenty-four 
hours,  and  he  also  traversed  with  the  same  ap- 
paratus the  other  principal  rivers  of  Europe,  and 
crossed  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar.  In  America  he 
performed  various  feats,  paddling  100  miles  in 
twenty-four  hours;  swimming  2,342  miles  in 
eighty  days,  from  Oil  City,  Pa.,  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Mississippi ; descending  the  Connecticut 
river  from  Canada  to  Long  Island  Sound,  and 
between  Sept.  17  and  Nov.  20,  1881,  making  a trip 
of  3,580  miles  down  the  Missouri  river.  During 
the  war  between  Chili  and  Peru  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Peruvian  torpedo  service,  and,  fall- 
ing into  the  hands  of  the  Chilians,  he  was  con- 
demned to  be  executed,  but,  escaping  to  the 
shore,  he  swam  to  a passing  vessel  and  was  soon 
in  safety.  He  described  his  experiences  in 
“ Roughing  it  in  Rubber  ” (1886). 

BOZEMAN,  Nathan,  physician,  was  born  in 
Butler  county,  Ala.,  March  26,  1825.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  1848,  and  in  1850 
began  practice  at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  some  years 
later  becoming  a specialist  in  gynaecology.  He 
successfully  performed  many  difficult  operations 
never  before  attempted,  and  in  1858  made  a trip 
to  Europe,  where  he  introduced  his  methods  in 
many  of  the  prominent  hospitals  of  England, 
Scotland  and  France.  In  1858  he  went  to  New 
Orleans,  La.,  where  he  founded  a private  hospital, 
and  he  devised  a useful  self-retaining  speculum 
and  a portable  operating  chair.  He  again  went 
to  Europe  in  1874  and  remained  three  years, 
demonstrating  to  surgeons  the  advantage  of  his 
operations.  He  was  assistant  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  1848  at  the  University  of  Louisville; 
attending  surgeon  to  the  Charity  hospital  at  New 
Orleans  in  1861 ; consulting  surgeon  to  St.  Mary’s 
hospital,  Hoboken,  in  1867,  and  consulting  sur- 
geon to  St.  Elizabeth  hospital,  New  York  city. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  commis- 
sioned a surgeon  in  the  Confederate  army,  and 
was  a member  of  the  medical  board  for  the  ex- 
amination of  surgeons.  He  was  elected  to  a 
membership  in  various  medical  societies  of  Amer- 
ica, and  a fellow  of  the  New  York  academy  of 
medicine. 

BOZMAN,  John  Leeds,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Oxford,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  Aug. 
25,  1757.  His  ancestors  on  both  sides  were  among 
the  early  settlers  on  the  east  of  Chesapeake  Bay, 
claiming  rights  there  prior  to  Lord  Baltimore’s 
charter.  His  early  education  he  received  from 
Luther  Martin,  then  just  from  New  Jersey,  and 
subsequently  prominent  in  the  history  of  Mary- 
land, and  his  law  studies  were  completed  at  the 
Middle  Temple,  London.  Returning  to  Maryland 
he  won  a wide  reputation  as  a lawyer,  and  held 
the  office  of  deputy  attorney-general  of  Maryland 


for  some  years.  Among  his  published  works  are; 
“ Observations  on  the  Statute  of  Jac.  1,  ch.  16, 
in  Relation  to  Estates  Tail,”  “A  New  Arrange- 
ment of  the  Courts  of  Justice  of  the  State  of 
Maryland”  (1802);  “Essay  on  the  Colonization 
Society”  (1822),  and  “History  of  Maryland, 
from  1633-1660  ” (1837).  He  died,  the  last  of  his 
race  in  America,  April  23,  1823. 

BRACE,  Charles  Loring,  philanthropist,  was 
born  at  Litchfield,  Conn.,  June  19,  1826;  son  of 
John  Pierce  Brace,  educator.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1846,  and  studied  theology  at 
Yale  divinity  school  and  at  the  Union  theological 
seminary.  In  1850  he  made  a pedestrian  tour 
in  England  and  Ireland  and  through  a part  of 
France  and  Germany,  penetrating  into  the  in- 
terior of  Hungary,  then  little  visited  by  tourists, 
where  he  was  arrested  and  thrown  into  prison  as 
an  agent  of  the  Hungarian  revolutionists  in 
America,  and  obtained  his  release  only  after  a 
long  court-martial  and  a month’s  confinement, 
and  then  through  the  intervention  of  the  U.  S. 
department  of  state.  While  abroad  he  studied 
the  management  of  schools  and  prisons,  and 
became  interested  in  philanthropical  work.  He 
returned  to  America  in  1852,  and,  in  co-operation 
with  Mr.  Pease,  Mrs.  Olin  and  others,  set  out  to 
minister  to  the  poor  and  degraded  at  the  Five 
Points  and  extended  his  work  to  the  prisons  and 
almshouses  of  New  York  city.  Through  his 
efforts  the  Children’s  aid  society  was  established 
in  1853,  and  he  was  made  the  secretary  and 
principal  executive  officer.  Through  its  means, 
up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  75,000  homeless, 
friendless  children  had  been  transplanted  from 
the  streets  of  New  York  to  homes  in  the  far  west ; 
300,000  children  had  been  trained  in  its  indus- 
trial schools ; and  in  its  lodging  houses  for  boys, 
and  girls’  temporary  homes,  200,000  boys  and 
girls  found  a refuge,  and  were  helped  to  employ- 
ment and  homes.  All  of  these  lodging-houses 
grew  out  of  the  Newsboys’  lodging-house, 
founded  by  him  in  1854,  which,  in  fitting  memory 
of  its  founder,  is  known  as  the  “ Brace  Memorial 
Lodging-House.”  In  1856  Mr.  Brace  attended 
the  international  convention  of  children’s  chari- 
ties in  London,  and  made  a third  visit  to  Europe 
in  1865,  to  investigate  the  sanitary  methods  of 
the  great  cities.  His  fourth  visit  was  as  a 
delegate  to  the  international  prison  congress, 
which  met  in  London  in  1872.  He  was  an  edi- 
torial writer  on  the  New  York  Times  for  over 
twenty  years,  and  also  wrote  and  published  the 
following  books:  “Hungary  in  1851”  (1852); 
“ Home  Life  in  Germany  ” (1853) ; “ The  Norse 
Folk  ” (1857) ; “ Short  Sermons  to  Newsboys  ” 
(1861);  “Races  of  the  Old  World”  (1863); 
“The  New  West”  (1868);  “The  Dangerous 
Classes  of  New  York,  and  Twenty  Years’  Work 


T373J 


BRACE. 


BRACKETT. 


Among  Them”  (3d  ed.,  1880);  “Free  Trade  as 
Promoting  Peace  and  Good-will  Among  Men  ” 
(1879) ; “ Gesta  Christa,  or,  a History  of  Humane 
Progress  under  Christianity  ” (3d  ed.,  1885),  and 
“ To  the  Unknown  God”  (1889).  Shortly  after 
liis  death  an  endowment  fund,  in  connection  with 
the  Children’s  aid  society,  was  established  to  his 
memory,  known  as  the  “ Brace  Memorial  Fund.” 
He  died  at  Campfer,  Switzerland,  Aug.  11,  1890. 

BRACE,  John  Pierce,  educator,  was  born  at 
Litchfield,  Conn.,  Feb.  10,  1793.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Williams  college  with  the  degree  of 
A.M.  in  1812,  and  devoted  his  time  to  study  and 
teaching.  In  1832  he  settled  in  Hartford,  as  prin- 
cipal of  the  Hartford  female  seminary.  Under 
his  guidance  the  seminary,  which  had  already 
acquired  a wide  reputation  under  the  charge  of 
his  niece,  Catherine  E.  Beecher,  became  one  of 
the  leading  schools  of  its  class  in  New  England. 
He  finally  abandoned  this  work,  however,  to  as- 
sume editorial  management  of  the  Hartford 
Courant,  already  a journal  of  excellent  standing, 
and  to  which  he  gave  a still  higher  literary  and 
scientific  reputation.  Among  his  books  are: 
“Lecture  to  Young  Converts,”  “Tales  of  the 
Devils,”  and  “ The  Fawn  of  the  Pale-faces.”  He 
was  a ripe  all-round  scholar.  His  son,  Charles 
Loring,  became  a noted  philanthropist  and  re- 
former. He  died  Oct.  18,  1872. 

BRACKENRIDGE,  Hugh  Henry,  jurist,  was 
born  near  Campbelltown,  Scotland,  in  1748;  the 
son  of  a poor  farmer  who  immigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1753.  He  earned  his  way  through  col- 
lege and  was  graduated  from  Princeton  in  1771. 
After  teaching  for  five  years  he  entered  journal- 
ism, and  for  some  time  had  editorial  charge  of 
the  United  States  Magazine  of  Philadelphia.  He 
studied  theology,  and  during  the  revolutionary 
war  acted  as  chaplain  in  the  army.  After  being 
admitted  to  the  bar,  in  1781,  he  opened  a law  office 
at  Pittsburg,  Pa.  He  was  interested  and  active 
in  the  political  controversies  of  the  time,  and 
during  the  famous  “ whiskey  insurrection  ” of 
1794  he  was  a strong  advocate  of  a peaceable  ad- 
justment of  the  difficulty.  In  1799  he  was  made 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania. 
“ The  Rising  Glory  of  America,”  which  he  wrote 
in  conjunction  with  Philip  Freneau,  while  at  col- 
lege, was  published  in  1772;  “Bunker  Hill,  a 
drama,  in  1776;  “ Incidents  of  the  Insurrection  in 
Western  Pennsylvania,”  in  1795;  “ Eulogium  of 
the  Brave  who  fell  in  the  Contest  with  Great 
Britain,”  in  1778;  “Modern  Chivalry,  or  the 
Adventures  of  Captain  Farrago  and  Teague 
O’Reagan,  his  Servant,”  in  1796;  “ Gazette  Publi- 
cations Collected.”  in  1806.  and  “ Law  Miscel- 
lanies,” in  1814.  His  son.  Henry  Marie,  was  also 
a well-known  author.  He  died  at  Carlisle,  Pa., 
June  25,  1816. 


BRACKETT,  Albert  Gallatin,  soldier,  was 

born  in  Cherry  valley,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  14,  1829. 
When  a boy  of  seventeen  he  went  to  Indiana, 
where  he,  upon  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
Mexico,  joined  the  volunteer  force  enlisted  from 
that  state,  and  was  given  the  rank  of  1st  lieuten- 
ant and  assigned  to  Lane’s  brigade.  After  ser- 
ving bravely  in  the  several  battles  in  which  the 
brigade  was  engaged,  he  was  honorably  dis- 
charged July  16,  1848.  In  1855  he  raised  a com- 
pany of  Indiana  and  Illinois  volunteers  for 
frontier  service  against  the  Comanche  Indians  on 
the  Texas  border.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  he  was  stationed  at  Texas  as  captain  of  cav- 
alry, and  escaped  when  General  Twiggs  surren- 
dered to  the  Confederates.  He  repaired  to 
Washington,  where  lie  was  in  command  of  the 
cavalry  at  the  battle  of  Blackburn  Ford  in  1861, 
and  also  at  Bull  Run.  He  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  August,  1861,  and  commanded 
the  9th  Illinois  cavalry  in  the  Arkansas  campaign, 
where  he  served  with  distinguished  bravery,  and 
at  its  close  was  given  the  rank  of  major  in  the 
regular  army,  June  28,  1862.  The  following  year 
he  was  attached  to  the  department  of  the 
Missouri  as  chief  of  cavalry,  and  in  1864  to  the 
department  of  the  Cumberland  as  inspector  gen 
eral  of  cavalry.  He  afterwards  received  the 
brevets  of  lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel,  and 
later  was  given  the  full  commission.  His  subse- 
quent service  was  mostly  in  the  west  against  the 
Indians.  He  was  made  colonel  of  the  3d  cavalry 
in  1879,  and  later  was  commander  of  Fort  Davis, 
Texas.  He  was  retired  at  his  own  request,  being 
over  sixty -two  years  of  age,  Feb.  18,  1891.  He  is 
the  author  of  “ General  Lane’s  Brigade  in  Cen 
tral  Mexico  ” (1854),  and  “ History  of  the  United 
States  Cavalry”  (1865),  besides  several  short 
articles.  He  died  June  25,  1896. 

BRACKETT,  Edward  Augustus,  sculptor, 
was  born  in  Yassalborough,  Me.,  Oct.  1.  1819. 
was  noted  for  his  characteristic  busts  of  Longfel- 
low, Bryant,  Dana,  Sumner,  Choate,  Allston, 
Phillips,  Garrison.  General  Butler,  and  many 
others.  His  most  important  ideal  work  is  a life- 
sized  group  in  marble  entitled.  “The  Ship- 
wrecked Mother  and  Child,”  which  was  exhibited 
in  Boston  and  New  York  in  1852.  was  for  many 
years  in  the  Boston  Athenaeum. 

BRACKETT,  John  Quincy  Adams,  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Bradford  N.  H . 
June  8,  1842;  son  of  Ambrose  S.  and  Nancy  B. 
Brackett.  He  was  prepared  for  college  at  Colby 
academy,  New  London,  N.  H..  entered  Harvard 
in  1861,  where  he  was  elected  class  orator,  and 
was  graduated  with  honors  in  1865.  He  entered 
the  law  course  at  Harvard,  and  in  1868  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Suffolk  bar.  In  1871  and  again  in 
1882  he  was  president  of  the  Mercantile  library 


BRxVCKETT. 


BRADBURY 


association.  In  1874  he  became  judge-advocate 
of  1st  brigade,  M.  V.  M.  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  I.  S. 

Burrell,  holding  the  position  for  two  years. 

After  1808  he  took 
an  active  part  as  a 
speaker  in  most  of 
the  Republican  cam- 
paigns in  Massachu- 
setts. From  1873  to 
1876  he  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Boston 

common  council,  and 
was  its  president  in 
the  latter  year.  In 
1876  he  was  elected  to 
the  Massachusetts 
house  of  representa- 
tives, was  returned 
the  succeeding  four 
years,  and  in  1883  he 
was  again  elected, 
and  was  returned  in 

1884  and  1885.  He  was  speaker  of  the  house  in 

1885  and  1886.  In  1886,  ’87  and  ’88  he  was  elected 
lieutenant-governor  of  the  state,  and  as  acting 
governor  represented  the  commonwealth  at  the 
centennial  of  the  settlement  of  Ohio  in  Septem- 
ber, 1888,  and,  owing  to  the  protracted  illness  of 
Governor  Ames,  served  as  acting  governor  during 
much  of  1889,  taking  part  as  such  in  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  monument  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  at 
Plymouth,  and  at  the  reception  to  President  Har- 
rison by  the  commonwealth  of  Massachusetts.  In 
January,  1890,  he  was  inaugurated  governor  of 
Massachusetts.  After  his  retirement  from  the 
executive  chair,  he  devoted  himself  to  a con- 
stantly increasing  practice  of  the  law.  He  wras 
married  June  20,  1878,  to  Angie  M.,  daughter  of 
Abel  G.  Peck  of  Arlington,  Mass. 

BRACKETT,  Joshua,  physician,  was  born  at 
Greenland,  N.  H.,  May  5,  1733.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  college  in  1752,  and  after- 
wards studied  theology,  but  after  preaching  a 
short  time  studied  medicine,  and  was  very  suc- 
cessful in  his  practice.  In  1783  he  was  chosen  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Massachusetts  medical 
society,  and  aided  in  founding  the  medical  society 
of  New  Hampshire,  of  which  he  was  afterwards 
president,  and  to  which  he  presented  143  valuable 
books  on  medicine.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
revolutionary  wTar  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
maritime  court  of  New  Hampshire  and  held  the 
office  until  the  adoption  of  the  federal  consti- 
tution. He  left  fifteen  hundred  dollars  to  Har- 
vard college  to  establish  a chair  of  botany  and 
natural  history.  An  account  of  him  may  be  found 
in  “Thacher’s  Medical  Biography,”  and  “ Adams 
Annals  of  Portsmouth.”  He  died  at  Portsmouth, 
N.  H.,  July  17,  1802. 


BRACKETT,  Walter  M.,  artist,  was  born  at 
Unity,  Me.,  in  1823,  brother  of  Edward  Augustus 
Brackett,  sculptor.  He  began  his  professional  work 
in  Boston  in  1843,  where  he  was  at  first  a portrait 
painter.  He  afterwards  devoted  his  time  wholly 
to  the  painting  of  game  fish.  An  art  critic  in  a 
leading  journal  said  of  him:  “Walter  M.  Brackett 
is  acknowledged  by  all  to  stand  without  an  Amer- 
ican peer  at  the  head  of  his  special  department  of 
painting.  One  artist  only,  Rolfe  of  England,  is 
ever  named  as  his  rival  as  a painter  of  fish.” 
He  joined  the  Boston  art  club  at  its  organization, 
serving  as  president  for  several  years.  A series 
of  his  paintings  which  portray  the  process  of 
catching  a salmon:  “The  Rise,”  “The  Leap,” 
“The  Last  Struggle,”  and  “ Landed,”  exhibited 
at  the  Crystal  Palace  of  London,  were  purchased 
by  Sir  Richard  Potter. 

BRADBURY,  James  Ware,  senator,  was  born 
at  Parsonsfield,  York  county,  Me.,  June  10,  1802; 
son  of  Dr.  James  Bradbury,  and  a lineal  descend- 
ant from  Thomas  Bradbury,  who  was  born  in 
Essex  county,  England,  baptized  Feb.  28,  1611, 
and  came  to  New  England  in  1634  as  an  agent  for 
Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  proprietor 
of  the  original  prov- 
ince  of  Maine. 

While  securing  an 
education  he  taught 
school  every  win- 
ter. He  entered 
Bowdoin  college  as 
a soph omore  in 
1822,  and  was  grad- 
uated in  1825,  when 
he  took  charge  of 
the  Hallowell  acad- 
emy, studied  law, 
and  opened  a school 
at  Effingham,  N. 

H.,  the  first  normal 
school  in  New  Eng- 
land. In  April,  1830,  he  opened  a law  office  at 
Augusta,  Me.,  and  edited  a Democratic  news- 
paper for  a year.  In  1844  he  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  the  national  Democratic  convention 
at  Baltimore  by  the  friends  of  Mr.  Van  Buren. 
After  several  days"  balloting,  upon  consultation, 
the  friends  of  Van  Buren  determined  to 
present  the  name  of  James  K.  Polk  of  Tennes- 
see. The  presentation  speech  was  made  by  Mr. 
Bradbury,  and  Mr.  Polk  was  unanimously  nomin- 
ated. Mr.  Bradbury,  as  chairman  of  the  Dem- 
ocratic state  committee,  took  an  active  part  in 
the  campaign,  the  first  in  which  “ Stump  speak- 
ing ” became  general  in  Maine,  and  the  state  was 
carried  on  the  issue  of  the  annexation  of  Texas. 
He  was  an  elector-at-large,  and  when  the  electors 


f 375  J 


BRADBURY. 


BRADBURY. 


met  to  cast  their  votes  he  was  made  president  of 
the  board.  In  June,  1846,  he  was  elected  United 
States  senator,  and  gave  hearty  support  to  Presi- 
dent Polk's  administration  in  all  its  measures 
to  strengthen  and  support  the  army,  and  for  the 
ratification  of  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Mex- 
ico. He  opposed  the  bill  reported  by  Senator 
Clayton,  in  1848,  for  the  government  of  Oregon 
and  California,  and  when  the  legislature  of  Maine 
instructed  her  senators  to  vote  in  favor  of  the 
“ Wilmot  Proviso  ” upon  all  bills  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  territories,  he  obeyed  this  instruction. 
At  the  next  session  the  state  legislature  instructed 
the  senators  to  vote  against  all  bills  that  did  not 
have  the  proviso  incorporated  in  them,  and  this 
he  declined  to  do,  on  the  groimd  that  he  did  not 
feel  authorized  to  leave  the  people  of  a territory 
without  any  government  for  such  a reason.  In 
1850  he  acted  with  the  conservatives,  and  vigor- 
ously supported  Clay's  compromise.  Early  in  1849 
he  introduced  a resolution  for  the  appointment  of 
a board  of  commissioners  on  claims.  He  was 
on  a special  committee  and  had  charge  of  the 
bill  to  indemnify  the  sufferers  by  French  spolia- 
tions. He  served  on  the  judiciary  committee 
from  the  commencement  of  his  term  to  the  end. 
He  was  also  chairman  of  the  committees  on 
printing  and  on  retrenchment,  but  President 
Taylor’s  systematic  and  wholesale  removals  of 
the  Democrats  in  most  of  the  departments  at 
Washington,  and  largely  throughout  the  coun- 
try, called  from  Mr.  Bradbury  a resolution  that 
the  president  be  requested  to  lay  before  the 
senate  all  the  charges  filed  in  any  of  the  depart- 
ments against  individuals  who  had  been  re- 
moved from  office  since  the  previous  4th  of 
March,  and  the  records  disclosed  that  there 
had  been  much  less  proscription  under  Demo- 
cratic administrations  than  under  the  admin- 
istrations of  their  opponents.  He  declined  to 
be  a candidate  for  re-election  to  the  senate.  He 
served  as  an  overseer  of  Bowdoin  college  from 
1846  to  1851,  when  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
trustees;  and  from  1872  was  chairman  of  the 
finance  committee,  and  made  the  annual  reports 
without  an  exception.  In  1872  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  college. 
He  became  a member  of  the  Maine  historical 
society  in  1846,  and  was  successful  in  obtaining 
from  the  state  the  grant  • of  half  a township  of 
timber  land.  In  1874  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  society,  and  was  annually  re-elected  for 
fifteen  years.  He  was  a corporate  member  of 
the  American  board  of  commissioners  for  foreign 
missions,  a bank  director,  a railroad  director,  and 
chairman  of  the  building  committee  of  the  Au- 
gusta public  library,  actively  filling  these  oner- 
ous positions  when  he  was  upwards  of  ninety-five 
years  of  age. 


BRADBURY,  Theophilus,  jurist,  was  born  at 

Newbury,  Mass.,  Nov.  13,  1739.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Harvard  college  in  1757,  taught  at 
Falmouth,  Me. , and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1761.  He  remained  in  Maine  for  eighteen  years, 
and  then  returned  to  his  native  town,  where  he 
became  prominent  in  politics.  He  served  in  both 
branches  of  the  state  legislature,  and  was  elected 
a representative  in  the  4th  U.  S.  Congress,  was 
re-elected  to  the  5tli  Congress,  and  resigned  in 
1797  to  become  a judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Massachusetts.  He  was  a presidential  elector  in 
1801,  and  died  in  Newburyport,  Mass. , Sept.  6, 1803. 

BRADBURY,  William  Batchelder,  musician, 
was  born  at  York,  Me.,  Oct.  6,  1816.  From  his 
childhood  he  displayed  remarkable  aptitude  for 
music.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  began  to  study 
the  piano  and  organ,  and  after  four  years  had 
become  an  excellent  performer  on  the  latter.  He 
removed  to  New  York  city  in  1840,  and  estab- 
lished large  classes  in  that  and  surrounding 
cities.  Although  many  melodious  compositions 
had  come  from  his  hand  he  felt  that  he  was  not 
sufficiently  a master  of  the  rules  of  composition 
and  harmony,  and  in  1847  he  went  abroad,  and 
spent  several  years  in  hard  study  under  the  Ger- 
man teachers.  He  composed  many  songs,  which 
had  an  enormous  sale,  and  wrote  numerous  mag- 
azine articles  on  the  subject  of  music.  Among 
his  publications  are:  “Esther,  or  the  Beautiful 
Queen,”  a cantata  (1857) ; “ The  Golden  Chain  ” 
(1861) ; “ The  Key-note  ” (1863) ; “ The  Shawm  ” 
(1864);  “The  Jubilee”  (1865);  “The  Temple 
Choir,”  and  “Fresh  Laurels”  (1867).  A piano 
manufactory  was  established  and  conducted  by 
Mr.  Bradbury  and  his  brother,  and  their  pianos 
and  organs  became  popular.  He  died  in  Mont- 
clair, N.  J.,  Jan.  7,  1868. 

BRABDURY,  William  Frothingham,  edu- 
cator, was  born  in  "Westminster,  Mass.,  May  17, 
1829.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  in  the  class 
of  1856,  of  which  he  was  valedictorian.  He  was 
appointed  sub-master  of  the  Cambridge  (Mass.) 
high  school,  having  previously  acquired  the  neces- 
sary experience  by  teaching  during  the  winter 
months  of  the  eight  years  preceding  his  gradua- 
tion. He  became  a Hopkins  classical  teacher  in 
1865,  and,  after  acting  as  head  master  at  intervals 
for  several  years,  he  was,  in  1881,  elected  to  fill 
that  office.  In  1886,  when  the  classical  depart- 
ment became  the  Cambridge  Latin  school,  he 
was  appointed  head  master  of  that  institution. 
Professor  Bradbury  published  a series  of  text- 
books on  mathematics,  and  in  1882  a history  of 
the  Cambridge  high  school. 

BRADDOCK,  Edward,  British  general,  was 
born  at  Perthshire,  Scotland,  about  1695.  He 
secured  a commission  in  the  Coldstream  guards 
in  1710,  and  in  1754  had  been  advanced  to  the 


1376] 


BRADEN. 


BRADFORD. 


rank  of  major-general.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  commander  of  the  forces  sent  to  arrest 
the  encroachments  of  the  French  in  America, 
and  with  an  army  of  two  thousand  regulars  and 
provincials,  he,  for  a time,  made  his  headquarters 
at  Alexandria,  Va.  George  Washington  accom- 
panied him  as  an  aide.  On  July  8,  1755,  they 
reached  the  Monongahela  river  and  essayed  an  ad- 
vance upon  Fort  Duquesne.  Franklin  and  Wash- 
ington had  warned  him  of  the  craftiness  of  the 
foe ; and  he  so  far  listened  to  their  advice  as  to 
throw  out  advance  and  flank  parties  to  prevent 
surprise.  The  advance  guard  was  attacked  by 
nine  hundred  French  and  Indians,  who,  using  the 
wood  for  an  ambuscade,  wrought  havoc  in  the 
ranks  of  the  British.  Braddock,  unused  to  skir- 
mishes, refused,  with  characteristic  obstinacy, 
to  imitate  the  enemy’s  tactics.  His  bravery  may 
not  be  questioned ; four  times  was  his  horse  shot 
under  him,  and  at  last  he  fell  in  trying  to  effect 
a rally.  The  survivors  retreated  under  Washing- 
ton, the  only  staff  officer  unharmed.  The  loss 
was  63  out  of  86  officers,  and  914  out  of  1,373  pri- 
vates. The  action  took  place  July  9,  and  Brad- 
dock  was  carried  from  the  field  and  died  at  Great 
Meadows  four  days  later ; his  last  words  being, 
“We  shall  know  better  how  to  deal  with  them 
another  time.”  Washington  read  the  burial  ser- 
vice over  his  grave.  The  date  of  his  death  is 
July  13,  1755. 

BRADEN,  John,  educator,  was  born  in  New 
York,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  18,  1826.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  and  at  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  uni- 
versity at  Delaware,  Ohio,  graduating  in  1853. 
He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  the  Methodist 
church,  serving  in  the  Cincinnati  conference. 
From  1859  to  1861  he  was  president  of  the  Linden 
Hill  academy,  Clarke  county,  Ohio,  and  from 
1861  to  1867  preached  on  the  circuit.  He  was  then 
elected  president  of  Central  Tennessee  college, 
Nashville.  He  was  married  Oct.  16,  1856,  to 
Laurania  P.  Collin,  of  Hillsdale,  N.  Y.  The  Ohio 
Wesleyan  university  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  D.D. 

BRADFORD,  Alden,  author,  was  born  at 
Duxbury,  Mass.,  Nov.  19,  1765;  son  of  Gamaliel 
Bradford,  a revolutionary  soldier,  and  descended 
from  Gov.  William  Bradford.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1786,  and  was  for  a 
time  pastor  of  a Congregational  church  at 
Wiscasset,  Me.  In  1812  he  was  elected  secretary 
of  state  of  Massachusetts,  which  office  he  held  for 
twelve  years.  He  was  the  author  of  various  works 
of  a historical,  biographical,  and  antiquarian 
character,  including  a “ History  of  Massachusetts 
from  1764  till  1820,”  and  “History  of  the  Federal 
Government”  (1840).  He  was  also  editor  of  the 
Boston  Gazette.  Bowdoin  college  gave  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  in  1837.  He  died  Oct.  26,  1843. 


BRADFORD,  Alexander  Warfield,  jurist, 
was  born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1815;  son  of  John 
M.  Bradford,  a celebrated  divine.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Union  college  in  1832.  He  became  widely 
known  as  a brilliant  lawyer  while  yet  a very 
young  man,  held  the  office  of  surrogate  for 
three  terms,  and  was  a law  writer  of  high  repu- 
tation. “ Bradford's  Reports,”  in  six  volumes, 
became  authoritative  in  the  legal  profession. 
Ten  volumes  of  legal  reports,  and  four  volumes  of 
“ Reports  of  Surrogates’ Cases,”  were  published 
by  him.  He  was  co-editor  with  Dr.  Anthon  of 
The  Protestant  Churchman,  and  editor  of  Ameri- 
can Antiquities.  He  died  Nov.  5,  1867. 

BRADFORD,  Amory  Howe,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Granby,  N.  Y.,  April  14,  1846.  After  his 
graduation  from  Hamilton  college  in  1867,  he 
was  graduated  at  the  Andover  seminary  in  1870, 
and  was  ordained  to  the  Congregational  ministry 
on  Sept.  28,  1870.  After  his  ordination  he  studied 
at  Oxford  university,  England,  and  then  assumed 
pastoral  charge  of  the  Congregational  church  at 
Montclair,  N.  J.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Amer- 
ican institute  of  Christian  philosophy,  and  in  1892 
became  editorially  connected  with  The  Outlook. 
In  1892  and  1893  he  lectured  at  Andover  in  the 
Southworth  course.  He  received  the  degree 
S.T.D.  from  Hamilton.  Among  his  published 
writings  are:  “Spirit  and  Life”  (1888):  “Old 
Wine;  New  Bottles”  (1892);  “Lectures  at 
Andover  ” (1893— ’94) ; “ The  Pilgrim  in  Old  Eng- 
land ” (1893) ; “ Heredity  and  Christian  Prob- 
lems ” (1895),  and  many  shorter  articles  for 
periodicals. 

BRADFORD,  Andrew  Sowles,  printer,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  in  1686;  son  of  William 
Bradford,  first  printer  in  Philadelphia  and  New 
York.  In  1712  he  started  in  the  printing  busi- 
ness, and  for  more  than  ten  years  was  without 
a competitor  in  Philadelphia.  He  established  a 
paper  called  the  American  Weekly  Mercury  in 
1719,  and  two  years  later  employed  Benjamin 
Franklin,  then  a boy  of  fifteen,  to  set  type  in  the 
office.  He  was  postmaster  of  Philadelphia  in 
1732,  and,  in  connection  with  his  printing  busi- 
ness, he  managed  a thriving  book-store.  He 
began  the  publication  of  the  American  Magazine 
the  year  before  his  death,  which  occurred  at 
Philadelpaia,  Pa.,  Nov.  23,  1742. 

BRADFORD,  Augustus  W.  , governor  of  Mary- 
land, was  born  in  Maryland  in  1805.  He  was 
active  as  a lawyer  and  politician,  and  during  the 
civil  war  was  a Unionist.  He  was  a member  of 
the  peace  congress  in  1861,  and  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Maryland  in  1862,  serving  four  years. 
During  his  governorship  he  secured  from  the 
state  the  constitution  of  1864.  He  was  surveyor 
of  the  port  of  Baltimore  under  President  John- 
son, and  died  March  1,  1881, 

1377] 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD,  Gamaliel,  5th,  was  born  in 

Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  15,  1831;  son  of  Gamaliel 
Bradford  (4th),  a physician;  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  medical  society ; graduate  of  Har- 
vard college  in  1814,  and  for  some  years  before 
his  death  the  superintendent  of  the  Massachu- 
setts general  hospital.  He  is  a descendant  in  the 
eighth  generation  of  William  Bradford,  the  first 
governor  of  Plymouth  colony.  The  first  Gamaliel 
was  a member  of  the  governor’s  council  in  Massa- 
chusetts in  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. The  second  Gamaliel  was  a colonel,  and 
the  third  a lieutenant  in  the  war  of  the  revolu- 
tion. It  is  through  this  ancestry  that  Gamaliel 
5th  derives  his  title  to  membership  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts society  of  the  Cincinnati,  of  which  he  is 
the  treasurer.  The  fifth  Gamaliel  has  (1897)  a 
son,  the  sixth,  and  a grandson  the  seventh  of  the 
name.  Gamaliel  5th  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1849.  In  1851  he  entered,  as  a clerk,  the 
banking  house  of  Blake  Brothers  & Company; 
was  admitted  to  a partnership  in  1858,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  position  until  Jan.  1,  1868,  then 
retired  from  business  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  political  science,  and  the  theory  and 
practice  of  modern  popular  government, 
especially  in  relation  to  that  of  the  United 
States,  federal,  state  and  city.  He  contributed 
extensively  to  magazines  and  newspapers  in 
support  of  his  views.  In  1897  he  was  engaged 
upon  a work  on  popular  government,  embodying 
the  results  of  many  years  of  study  and  ex- 
perience. 

BRADFORD,  John,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Fauquier  county,  Va.,  in  1749.  He  served  two 
years  in  the  war  of  the  revolution,  and  was  later 
present  at  the  battle  of  Cliillicothe.  He  removed 
to  Kentucky  in  1785,  locating  in  Fayette  county, 
on  Cane  Run.  near  Lexington.  In  1787,  with 
his  brother,  Fielding,  he  established  the  Kentucke 
Gazette , the  first  newspaper  published  west  of 
the  Alleghanies,  which  was  issued  under  that 
title  until  1786,  when  its  name  was  changed  to 
the  Kentucky  Gazette.  The  press  and  equipment 
for  this  enterprise  were  brought  from  Philadel- 
phia. In  1786  he  became  public  printer ; in  1792 
was  one  of  the  electors  of  the  senate,  and  chair- 
man of  the  town  trustees.  He  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  in  1797,  and  also  to  that  of  1801.  John 
Bradford  was  made  cashier  of  the  bank,  which 
was  the  result  of  the  famous  act  of  1801,  incor- 
porating the  first  life  insurance  company,  in  an 
obscure  clause  of  which  were  concealed  full  bank- 
ing  privileges,  and  assigned  his  interest  in  the 
Gazette  to  his  son.  He  was  at  one  time  chairman 
of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Transylvania  uni- 
versity, and  when  nearly  eighty  years  of  age  he 
was  elected  to  the  shrievalty  of  Fayette  county 
and  held  the  office  till  his  death,  in  1830. 


BRADFORD,  Joseph,  playwright,  was  born 
near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Oct.  24,  1843.  He  attended 
the  naval  academy  at  Annapolis.  From  1862 
to  1864  he  served  in  the  navy  in  the  civil  war, 
and  later  became  an  actor.  He  abandoned  his 
true  name  — William  Randolph  Hunter  — and 
adopted  the  maiden  name  of  his  mother.  After 
acting  successfully  for  a few  years  he  wrote  for 
periodicals,  and  was  the  author  of  several  plays 
which  became  well-known.  He  is  the  author 
of  “ Our  Bachelors,”  “One of  the  Finest,”  and 
“ The  Cherubs,”  besides  many  admirable  poems. 
He  died  April  13,  1886. 

BRADFORD,  Joseph  M.,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Sumner  county,  Tenn.,  Nov.  4,  1824.  He 
became  a midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy 
at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and,  after  serving  fifteen 
years,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant. 
In  1863  he  was  assigned  to  service  on  the  South 
Atlantic  blockading  squadron,  as  fleet  captain. 
In  July,  1866,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
commander,  and  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in 
March,  1867.  He  died  in  Norfolk,  Va..  April 
14,  1872. 

BRADFORD,  Thomas,  printer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May  4,  1745;  son  of  Col.  Wil- 
liam Bradford,  revolutionary  soldier,  and  great- 
grandson  of  William  Bradford,  first  printer  in 
New  York.  He  was  a graduate  of  the  College  of 
Philadelphia,  and  subsequently  learned  the  print- 
ing trade  in  the  office  of  his  father,  who  ad- 
mitted him  into  partnership  on  the  Pennsylvania 
Journal.  He  also  assisted  in  editing  that  paper, 
and  ten  years  after  his  father’s  death  changed 
its  name  to  True  American.  At  the  breaking 
out  of  the  revolutionary  war  he  joined  the  Con- 
tinental army  with  the  rank  of  captain,  from 
which  he  was  soon  promoted  to  that  of  com- 
missary-general. His  printing-office  was  finely 
equipped,  and  did  the  printing  for  Congress  after 
the  war.  He  died  May  7,  1838. 

BRADFORD,  Vincent  Loockerman,  philan- 
thropist, was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  24. 
1808;  son  of  Thomas  and  Elizabeth  (Loocker- 
man) Bradford.  His  father  was  a direct 
descendant  of  William  Bradford,  printer,  who 
came  to  America  in  1682,  and  his  mother  was  of 
old  Knickerbocker  stock,  her  ancestor,  Govert 
Loockerman,  having  come  from  Holland  with 
Wouter  Van  Twiller,  governor  of  the  New  Nether- 
lands, in  April,  1633,  and  married  Maria  Jansen, 
daughter  of  Roelf  Jansen  and  Annetje  Jans.  He 
received  a thorough  preliminary  education,  and 
was  graduated  with  the  highest  honors  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1825.  receiving  the 
degree  of  A.M.  in  1828.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
Philadelphia  bar  in  April.  1829.  He  removed  to 
Niles,  Michigan,  in  1835,  and  in  1837  was  elected 
to  the  state  senate.  In  1843  he  returned  to  Phila- 


[3TS] 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD 


delphia,  where  he  formed  a law  partnership  with 
his  father,  which  continued  until  the  death  of 
the  latter  in  October,  1851.  Mr.  Bradford  was  a 
successful  railroad  lawyer,  and  in  1859  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Tren- 
ton railroad  company.  He  continued  in  this 
office  by  annual  re-elections  until  January,  1872, 
and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
civil  law  in  the  Washington  and  Lee  university, 
Lexington,  Va.,  but  declined  the  honor  on  ac- 
count of  ill-health.  In  1874  the  university  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  and  in  1880 
that  of  D.C.L.  In  his  will  Mr.  Bradford,  after 
providing  certain  annuities  for  personal  friends 
and  relatives,  gave  one-half  of  his  estate  to  endow 
the  Bradford  chair  of  civil  law  and  equity  juris- 
prudence, and  the  Bradford  chair  of  constitu- 
tional and  international  law  in  the  Washington 
and  Lee  university,  adding  to  the  gift  his  large 
and  valuable  law  library,  and  his  gallery  of  paint- 
ings. The  will  requires  that  the  law  library  and 
paintings  shall  be  maintained  by  the  university 
by  the  annual  appropriation  of  $400  and  $500  re- 
spectively for  additional  works.  He  died  at  his 
home  in  Philadelphia,  Aug.  7,  1884. 

BRADFORD,  William,  colonial  governor,  was 
born  in  Austerfield,  Yorkshire,  England,  in 
March,  1588.  His  father,  a yeoman,  died  when 
the  son  was  very  young,  leaving  him  a consider- 
able property.  He  was  a child  of  studious  and 
thoughtful  nature,  and  when  about  twelve  years 
old  was  deeply  impressed  by  hearing  the  scrip- 
tures read.  Later  he  joined  the  band  of  worship- 
pers known  as  Separatists,  which  was  accustomed 
to  assemble  at  the  house  of  William  Brewster 
in  Scroobv,  an  adjacent  village,  and  which 
met  the  disapproval  of  the  members  of  the 
King's  church.  Persecution  followed  and  James 
I.  declared  that  he  would  “ harry  them  out  of  the 
land,  or  worse.”  In  this  emergency  they 
decided  to  remove  to  Holland,  where  they  could 
worship  God  as  they  wished.  They  assembled 
with  their  goods  and  chattels  at  Boston,  England, 
with  the  vessels  chartered  and  ready  to  start. 
But  James,  having  succeeded  in  “ harrying  them 
out  of  the  land  ” now  proceeded  to  do  “ worse,” 
and  by  treachery  of  the  captain  they  were  be- 
trayed, seized  by  the  king's  forces,  seven  of  them 
cast  into  prison,  and  their  little  property  con- 
fiscated. Bradford,  because  of  his  youth,  was 
released  sooner  than  the  others.  He  proceeded 
to  Zealand,  where  he  was  accused  of  being  an 
English  fugitive.  On  making  known  the  cause 
of  his  leaving  England,  he  was  liberated  and 
joined  his  friends  in  Amsterdam,  where  he 
learned  the  trade  of  silk  dyeing.  At  the  end  of 
three  years  he  came  into  possession  of  his  inheri- 
tance,which  he  converted  into  money,  and  estab- 
lished himself  in  business.  In  1609  the  colony 


removed  to  Leyden,  where  they  remained  for 
about  ten  years.  Bradford  was  strongly  in  favor 
of  making  another  change.  They  were  undecided 
whether  to  choose  Guinea  or  the  New  World,  but 
finally  decided  on  the  latter,  and  their  elder, 
William  Brewster,  succeeded  in  obtaining  for 
them  a patent  of  land  in  Virginia.  Returning  to 
England  they  made  preparations  to  embark,  pur- 
chasing two  small  vessels,  the  Speedwell  and  the 
Mayflower.  The  former  proved  to  be  unsea- 
worthy, and  as  many  of  her  passengers  as  possi- 
ble were  transferred  to  the  Mayflower.  It  had 
been  the  intention  of  the  pilgrims  to  settle  near 
the  Hudson  river,  but  arriving  off  the  coast  of 
New  England,  and  being  somewhat  intimidated 
by  the  shoals  and  breakers,  they  decided  to  enter 
Cape  Cod  harbor,  and  on  Nov.  11,  1620,  before 


going  into  the  harbor,  they  drew  up  an  agree- 
ment as  to  their  form  of  government,  and  chose 
for  their  governor  John  Carver.  Then  followed 
weary  exploring  tours  in  search  of  some  favor- 
able place  to  settle.  Bradford  was  one  of  the 
foremost  in  these  hazardous  journeys,  and  on  his 
return  from  one  of  them  was  met  with  the  sad 
news  that  his  wife  had  been  accidentally 
drowned.  At  last,  on  Dec.  21,  1620,  the  little 
band  landed  on  Plymouth  Rock.  Even  the  most 
robust  were  scarcely  able  to  bear  up  under  the 
hardships  and  privations  that  followed.  The 
number  of  deaths  increased  with  alarming  rapid- 
ity, six  dying  in  December,  eight  in  January, 
seventeen  in  February,  and  thirteen  in  March. 
In  April  the  Mayflower  returned  to  England, 
and  shortly  afterwards  Governor  Carver  died. 
William  Bradford  was  chosen  his  successor.  For 
thirty -seven  years  he  held  this  office,  with  the 
exception  of  the  three  years'  term  of  Edward 
Winslow  and  the  two  years'  term  of  Mr.  Prince. 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


His  thorough  understanding  of  Indian  character, 
and  his  prompt  action,  tact  and  bravery,  saved 
many  lives  and  won  for  him  the  love  and  respect 
of  his  people.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  Indians 
the  pilgrims  would  have  starved,  for  new  emi- 
grants were  arriving  at  intervals,  bringing  with 
them  no  provision,  and  the  alarming  inroads 
made  on  their  scanty  stores  caused  a severe 
famine  in  the  settlement.  Governor  Bradford 
sent  out  expeditions  to  trade  with  the  savages, 
and  in  ahnost  every  instance  the  colonists  were 
treated  with  fairness.  In  1829  a new  and  larger 
patent  of  land  was  granted  them  in  the  name  of 
“ William  Bradford,  his  heirs,  associates,  and 
assigns,”  confirming  the  laws  they  had  drawn 
up  and  giving  them  many  privileges  for  which 
they  had  not  dared  to  hope.  Little  by  little  the 
judicious  management  of  the  governor  lessened 
the  extreme  misery  and  want  of  the  colonists. 
The  friendship  of  the  Indians  kept  them  many 
times  from  starvation,  and  the  furs  and  other 
products  for  which  they  traded  were  readily 
turned  into  money  on  being  taken  to  England. 
Though  in  his  youth  Governor  Bradford  had 
been  given  scant  opportunities  for  acquiring 
knowledge,  later  in  life  he  had  studied  the  lan- 
guages in  order  that  he  might,  as  he  quaintly 
expressed  it,  “ see  with  his  own  eyes  the  ancient 
oracles  of  God  in  their  native  beauty.”  French 
and  Dutch,  Latin,  Greek  and  Hebrew  were  all 
familiar  to  him,  and  he  was  also  a student  of 
history,  philosophy  and  theology.  His  pen  was 
as  busy  as  his  brain,  and  though  but  one  of  his 
works  was  published  during  his  life,  many  others 
have  been  handed  down  as  valuable,  both  from 
a historical  and  literary  point  of  view.  The  first 
book  was  “ A Diary  of  Occurrences,”  embracing 
the  time  between  the  landing  of  the  pilgrims  at 
Cape  Cod,  Nov.  9,  1620,  and  Dec.  18,  1621.  He 
was  assisted  in  writing  it  by  Edward  Winslow 
and  it  was  printed  in  London  in  1622.  In  his 
will  he  mentioned  some  manuscripts  of  which  he 
said,  “ I commend  unto  your  wisdom  some  small 
books  written  by  my  own  hand,  to  be  improved 
as  you  shall  see  meet.”  These  were  published  in 
the  collections  of  the  Historical  society  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  include:  “Some  observations  of 
God’s  merciful  dealings  with  us  in  this  Wilder- 
ness” (1794) ; “A  Word  to  Plymouth  ” (1869-'70) ; 
“Of  Boston  in  New  England,”  and  “A  Word 
to  New  England  ” (1838),  and  “ Epitaphium 
Meum.”  In  “ Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers 
of  the  Colony  of  Plymouth  from  1602  to  1625,” 
published  by  Alexander  Young,  in  1841,  are  the 
following  writings  from  the  hand  of  Bradford:  a 
part  of  the  “ History  of  the  Plymouth  Planta- 
tion," the  “ Diary  of  Occurrences,  ” “ A Dialogue, 
or  the  Sum  of  a Conference  between  some  young 
men  born  in  New  England  and  sundry  ancient 


men  that  came  out  of  Holland  and  Old  England,” 
“A  Memoir  of  Elder  Brewster,”  and  a fragment 
of  Bradford's  letter  book.  His  “ History  of  the 
Plymouth  Plantation  ” at  one  time  existed  in  the 
original  manuscript  in  the  New  England  library, 
but  was  probably  lost  during  the  war  with  Eng- 
land. For  additional  facts  regarding  Bradford's 
life  and  writings  see  “ The  Life  of  William  Brad- 
ford,” by  Cotton  Mather;  “American  Bio- 
graphy,” by  Jeremy  Belknap;  “The  Pilgrim 
Fathers,”  by  W.  H.  Bartlett;  “ Historical  Memoir 
of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth,”  by  Francis 
Baylies;  “Chronicles  of  the  Pilgrims,”  by 
Young,  and  “ History  of  Massachusetts,”  by 
Hutchinson.  Governor  Bradford  died  at  Ply- 
mouth, Mass.,  May  9,  1657. 

BRADFORD,  William,  printer,  was  born  in 
Leicester,  England,  in  1658,  and  belonged  to  the 
company  who,  under  the  leadership  of  William 
Penn,  came  to  America  in  1682.  He  set  up  the 
first  printing-press  in  Philadelphia  in  1685,  and 
the  same  year  published  “ Kalendarium  Penn- 
silvaniense  ” for  1686.  In  partnership  with  two 
others  he  built  a paper  mill  on  the  SchuylkilL 
river  in  1690,  and  would  doubtless  have  contin- 
ued in  Philadelphia  had  it  not  been  for  his  sharp 
thrusts  at  the  New  England  churches.  His  “ Ap- 
peal to  the  People  ” in  1691,  and  other  tracts  were 
held  to  be  so  flagrantly  libellous  and  seditious, 
that  all  his  publications,  his  press,  type,  etc., 
were  confiscated.  He  was  tried  before  the  courts ; 
conducted  his  own  case,  and  escaped  by  disagree- 
ment of  the  jury.  Being  invited  to  establish  a 
printing-press  in  New  York,  he  set  up  the  first 
press  in  that  province  in  1693,  and  printed  the 
laws  of  the  colony.  Aside  from  his  ordinary 
printing  business,  he  had  the  position  of  public 
printer,  not  only  of  New  York  but  of  New  Jersey, 
and  for  thirty  years  he  was  the  only  printer  in 
the  colony,  and  held  the  office  of  public  printer 
for  more  than  fifty  years.  He  retained  an  inter- 
est in  the  press  he  set  up  in  Philadelphia  until 
1712,  when  his  son,  Andrew  Sowles,  took  charge 
of  it,  and  became  the  public  printer.  Mr.  Brad- 
ford's unusual  vitality  and  vigor  is  indicated  by 
the  fact  that  when  sixty-seven  years  old  he 
started  the  New  York  Gazette.  Tins  was  in 
October,  1725.  The  Gazette  was  the  fourth  news- 
paper in  the  colonies.  Three  years  later  (1728) 
he  built  a paper  mill  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  May  23,  1752,  and  was 
buried  in  Trinity  churchyard. 

BRADFORD,  William,  soldier,  was  born  in 
New  York,  1719.  He  was  a grandson  of  William 
Bradford,  the  first  printer  of  New  York,  and  was 
a partner  for  a while  with  his  uncle.  Andrew 
Sowles,  in  Philadelphia.  He  went  to  England  in 
1741;  secured  printing  material  and  a library,  and 
on  his  return  to  Philadelphia  began  the  publica- 


BRADFORD. 


BRADFORD. 


tion  of  the  Pennsylvania  Journal,  Dec.  2,  1742. 

In  1754  he  established  a coffee-house  after  the 
fashion  of  those  in  London,  and  in  1762  initiated 
a marine-insurance  office  in  conjunction  with  a 
Mr.  Rydd.  He  assailed  the  stamp  act,  and  de- 
nounced the  pretentious  claims  of  the  British 
government  in  the  columns  of  his  paper.  He 
was  a member  of  the  Pennsylvania  militia  in  the 
revolutionary  war;  was  commissioned  major, 
afterwards  colonel ; fought  at  Princeton  and  was 
wounded  at  Trenton.  He  helped  defend  Fort 
Mifflin,  Nov.  16,  1777,  when  bombarded  by  the 
British  fleet.  He  sacrificed  money  and  health 
for  his  country,  and  when  the  British  troops 
evacuated  Philadelphia  he  returned  an  invalid. 
The  Pennsylvania  Journal  continued  under  the 
management  of  his  son  Thomas.  It  became  after- 
wards the  True  American.  He  died  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  Sept.  25,  1791. 

BRADFORD,  William,  statesman,  was  born 
at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  Nov.  4,  1729;  a lineal 
descendant  of  Governor  Bradford.  He  studied 
medicine  and  practised  that  profession  at  War- 
ren, R.  I.,  but  afterwards  located  himself  at 
Bristol,  where  he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  attained  eminence  in  the  legal  pro- 
fession. He  was  active  in  political  life,  and  in 
1773  was  made  deputy -governor  of  Rhode  Island ; 
he  held  other  offices,  and  later  was  elected  a dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress,  but  did  not 
serve.  His  beautiful  mansion  at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  was 
burned  by  the  cannonade  of  the  British,  Oct.  7, 
1775,  though  a cessation  of  the  firing  was  effected 
by  his  intervention  with  Captain  Wallace,  on 
board  the  Rose.  He  was  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate  in  1793,  and  acted  as  president  pro  tempore 
of  that  body  for  a short  time  in  the  5th  Congress, 
and  resigned  his  seat  before  the  expiration  of 
his  term.  He  died  in  Bristol,  R.  I.,  July  6,  1808. 

BRADFORD,  William,  artist,  was  born  in 
Fairhaven,  Mass.,  in  1824.  He  began  his  art 
career  by  making  drawings  and  paintings  of 
whaling-vessels,  the  first  money  he  received  for 
the  work  being  twenty-five  dollars  for  a drawing 
of  the  whaler,  Jireh  Perry.  Marine  subjects 
became  his  specialty,  and  he  was  fortunate 
in  securing  Van  Beest,  the  best  foreign  marine 
artist  in  the  country,  for  a studio  mate.  The  in- 
fluence of  Van  Beest's  methods  upon  those  of 
Bradford  were  salutary,  a certain  set  mannerism 
of  Bradford's  style  being  softened  without  de- 
stroying his  habit  of  fidelity  to  detail.  After  his 
separation  from  Van  Beest,  he  began  to  study 
nature  as  exhibited  on  the  eastern  coast,  from 
Rhode  Island  to  Labrador,  and  produced  a series 
of  marine  pictures  unrivalled  for  accuracy  of 
detail  and  perfection  of  finish.  For  his  “ Sealers 
Crushed  among  the  Icebergs,"  a magnificent  pro- 
duct of  his  Labrador  studies,  he  received  the  then 

1381] 


unusual  price  of  ten  thousand  dollars,  from  Le- 
Grand  Lockwood,  the  New  York  millionaire. 
Years  later  he  was  enabled  to  visit  the  Arctic 
zone,  and  the  pictures,  resulting  from  his  stud- 
ies of  the  ice  formations  there,  were  among 
the  finest  productions  of  his  brush.  He  was 
peculiarly  happy  in  his  storm  effects,  produ- 
cing with  marvellous  truthfulness  to  nature 
the  aspect  of  the  sea  and  the  tumultuous 
motion  of  the  waves.  He  visited  the  Pacific 
slope  and  spent  seven  years  in  studying  and 
painting  in  the  Yosemite  and  Mariposa  val- 
leys of  California.  In  1870  he  visited  England, 
where  his  work  was  received  with  enthusiasm. 
“ The  Steamer  “ Panther  ’ off  the  Coast  of  Green- 
land, under  the  Midnight  Sun,”  painted  by 
special  commission  from  Queen  Victoria,  was 
placed  in  the  library  at  Windsor  castle,  and  other 
of  his  paintings  in  the  galleries  of  Princess 
Louise,  Lord  Dufferin,  the  Duke  of  Argyle,  the 
Duke  of  Westminster  and  the  Baroness  Burdett- 
Coutts.  No  collection  of  any  size  in  America  is 
without  an  example  of  his  work.  Among  his 
best-known  pictures  are  his  “ Fishing  Boats  in 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,”  “ Shipwreck  off  Nantucket,” 
‘‘Lighthouse  in  St.  John  Harbor,”  “Fishing 
Boats  at  Anchor,”  “ Sudden  Squall  in  the  Bay  of 
Fundy,”  “ A Stiff  Breeze  in  the  Harbor  of  East- 
port,”  “ The  Coast  of  Labrador,”  “ Boarding  the 
Sloop,”  “ Sunset  in  the  North,”  “ Arctic  Scene,” 
and  “ Whalers  after  the  Nip  in  Melville  Bay  ” 
(1889).  In  1873  three  hundred  and  fifty  copies 
of  his  superb  volume  on  “ The  Arctic  Regions  ” 
were  brought  out  in  London  by  special  subscrip- 
tion, Queen  Victoria  and  the  Duke  of  Argyle 
being  among  the  patrons  and  subscribers.  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  April  25,  1892. 

BRADISH,  Luther,  statesman,  was  born  at 
Cummington,  Mass.,  Sept.  15,  1783.  He  was 
graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1804,  and  studied 
law.  He  made  a European  tour,  and  upon  his 
return  to  America  was  commissioned  by  the 
United  States  government  to  gather  information 
concerning  the  commerce  of  the  Levant,  pending 
the  establishment  of  diplomatic  relations  with 
the  Porte.  He  sailed  on  the  U.  S.  ship-of-war 
Columbus,  and  after  executing  this  commission 
he  continued  his  travels  until  1826,  when  he 
returned  to  New  York  and  settled  in  Franklin 
county,  where  he  had  a large  landed  interest,  and 
represented  his  county  in  the  state  assembly, 
1827-’30,  and  again  1835-’38,  serving  as  speaker 
during  his  last  term.  In  1830  he  was  an  un- 
successful candidate  for  representative  in  Con- 
gress. He  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  state  in  1839  and  served  until  1843,  and  in 
1840  was  defeated  in  the  contest  for  the  gov- 
ernorship on  the  Whig  ticket.  In  1855  Wil- 
liams college  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 


BRADLEE. 


BRADLEY. 


LL.D.  During  President  Fillmore’s  administra- 
tion lie  was  assistant  United  States  treasurer  at 
New  York.  He  then  retired  to  private  life, 
making  his  home  in  New  York  city,  and  occupied 
his  time  in  various  philanthropic  projects.  He 
was  president  of  the  American  Bible  society  for 
many  years,  and  of  the  New  York  historical 
society  from  1850  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  Aug.  30,  1863. 

BRADLEE,  Caleb  Davis,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  24,  1831;  son  of  Samuel  and 
Elizabeth  (Williams)  Bradlee.  His  paternal 
grandfather,  Nathaniel  Bradlee,  was  one  of  the 
so-called  “ Indians  ” who  threw  the  tea  overboard 
in  Boston  harbor,  and  his  maternal  grandfather, 

Caleb  Davis,  was  the 
first  speaker  of  the 
Massachusetts  house 
of  represe ntatives 
under  the  state  con- 
stitution, and  one  of 
the  presidential  elec- 
tors, who,  in  1789,  cast 
the  vote  of  Massachu- 
setts for  George 
Washington.  Mr. 
Bradlee's  prepara- 
tory education  was 
acquired  at  the 
Chauncy  hall  school 
in  Boston,  and  in  1852 
he  was  gr aduate d 
from  Harvard  college.  While  an  undergraduate 
he  founded  the  Biblical  literature  society,  which 
afterwards  became  the  Boston  young  men’s  Chris- 
tian union.  He  then  studied  theology  and  became 
pastor  of  the  Allen  street  Congregational  church, 
Cambridge,  in  1854.  June  7,  1855,  he  was  married 
to  Caroline,  daughter  of  George  Gay,  of  Boston, 
Mass.  In  1855  he  received  the  degree  of  A.M. 
from  Harvard,  and  in  1861  he  assumed  charge  of 
the  church  of  Our  Father  in  East  Boston.  In 
1864  he  became  pastor  of  the  church  of  the  Re- 
deemer in  Boston ; in  1868  was  made  one  of  the 


faculty  of  the  Boston  school  for  the  ministry ; in 
1873  he  accepted  the  charge  of  the  Christian  unity 
society,  and  in  1876,  of  the  church  at  Harrison 
Square.  In  1890  lie  served  for  one  year  as  pastor 
of  a new  church  in  Dorchester.  He  was  made  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  society  of  Shanghai, 
China;  the  Royal  society  of  northern  antiqua- 
ries, Copenhagen,  Denmark;  the  Royal  academy 
of  heraldry,  Pisa,  Italy ; the  Clarendon  historical 
society,  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  and  the  prominent 
historical  societies  of  the  United  States,  besides 
numerous  literary  societies  and  clubs.  In  1892 
he  assumed  the  pastorate  of  Christ  church  in 
Brookline,  Mass.,  and  in  November,  1896,  lie  re- 
signed on  account  of  feeble  health,  his  resignation 


taking  effect  May  1,  1897.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  volumes  of  poems;  a collection  of  ser- 
mons entitled,  “ Sermons  for  all  Sects”  (1888); 
“ Sermons  for  the  Church  ” (1893) ; “ Recollec- 
tions of  a Ministry  of  Forty  Years,  1854-1894” 
(1895).  He  died  in  Brookline,  Mass.,  Mayl,  1897. 

BRADLEY,  Denis  M.,  first  R.  C.  bishop  of 
Manchester,  N.  H.,  was  born  in  Ireland,  Feb.  25, 
1846.  His  parents  immigrated  to  America  and  set- 
tled in  Manchester,  N.  H.,  in  1854,  where  he 
received  his  preliminary  education  in  the  paro- 
chial schools,  studying  subsequently  at  the  Holy 
Cross  college,  Worcester,  Mass.  In  1867  he  en- 
tered St.  Joseph’s  seminary  at  Troy,  N.  Y. . where 
he  pursued  his  philosophical  and  theological 
studies,  being  ordained  a priest  June  3,  1871. 
He  was  appointed  rector  of  the  cathedral  in  Port- 
land, Me.,  and  served  also  as  chancellor  of  the 
diocese  under  Bishops  Bacon  and  Heal}'  until 
June,  1880,  when  lie  was  made  pastor  of  St. 
Joseph’s  church  at  Manchester,  N.  H.  On  June 
11,  1884,  he  was  consecrated  as  the  first  bishop  of 
that  diocese.  Through  his  active  and  zealous 
work  parochial  schools  were  established  and  vari- 
ous religious  communities  of  men  and  women 
introduced.  He  erected  a college,  an  orphan 
asylum,  and  a hospital,  and  materially  enlarged 
the  cathedral. 

BRADLEY,  Isaac  Samuel,  librarian,  was  born 
at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  21,  1853.  He  was  at  an 
early  age  taken  by  his  parents  to  Madison.  Wis., 
where  he  was  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  in  1875,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  assistant  librarian  of  the  state  histori- 
cal society  of  Wisconsin.  His  eighteen  years’ 
faithful  service  as  assistant  proved  his  capacity 
to  fulfill  the  arduous  duties  implied  in  the  case  of 
a collection  of  over  one  hundred  and  eighty-five 
thousand  books  and  pamphlets,  and  in  1892,  on 
the  retirement  of  Mr.  Durrie,  he  was  appointed 
librarian. 

BRADLEY,  Joseph  P.,  jurist,  was  bom  at 
Berne,  near  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  14,  1813,  the 
eldest  son  of  Philo  and  Mercy  (Gardiner)  Bradley. 
His  first  American  ancestor,  Francis  Bradley, 
came  to  New  Haven  in  1638,  as  a member  of  Gov- 
ernor Eaton’s  family.  He  entered  the  freshmen 
class  at  Rutgers,  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  in  1833, 
and  was  graduated  in  1836  with  the  highest  honors, 
immediately  after  which  he  entered  the  office  of 
Archer  Gifford,  a practising  lawyer  in  Newark. 
Mr.  Gifford  was  collector  of  the  port  of  Newark, 
and  Young  Bradley  became  his  assistant,  and 
with  the  moderate  salary  thus  afforded  him  was 
enabled  with  great  economy  to  complete  his 
studies.  He  was  licensed  as  an  attorney  by  the 
supreme  court  of  New  Jersey  in  1839,  and  as 
counsellor  in  1842.  In  1840  he  opened  an  office  in 
Newark,  N.  J.,  where  he  remained  in  practice 


[3821 


BRADLEY. 


BRADLEY. 


until  1872.  He  assisted  Gov.  William  Penning- 
ton in  an  investigation  of  the  affairs  of  the  Cam- 
den & Amboy  railroad  company,  in  which  the 
state  of  New  Jersey  was  a stockholder,  and 
prepared  an  elaborate  and  exhaustive  report. 
Practice  and  fame  now  followed ; he  became  the 
counsel  and  one  of  the  directors  of  the  New  Jersey, 
Trenton,  and  Philadelphia,  and  of  the  Camden 
and  Amboy  railroads,  and  was  also  made  counsel 
of  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal  company,  and 
of  other  large  and  influential  corporations.  There 
was  hardly  an  important  cause  in  New  Jersey  in 
which  he  was  not  engaged,  his  services  being 
eagerly  sought,  not  only  in  civil  but  in  criminal 
cases,  and  he  was  counsel  for  the  defendant  in 
some  of  the  most  remarkable  murder  cases  that 
ever  occupied  the  courts  of  New  Jersey.  Mr. 
Bradley  was  strong  in  an  argument  before  the 
bench.  He  was  for  many  years  actuary  of  the 
Mutual  benefit  insurance  company,  and  president 
of  the  Mutual  life  insurance  company  of  New 
Jersey.  He  was  a thorough  mathematician,  and 
when  he  needed  relaxation  from  the  severe 
studies  of  his  profession  he  resorted  to  his  favor- 
ite study,  calculating  the  eclipses  of  the  sun 
and  moon,  investigating  the  transit  of  planets, 
and  calculating  calendars  for  forty  centuries  to 
come.  He  was  a profound  theologian  and  thor- 
ough scientist.  Justice  Bradley  was  a Whig  in 
early  life  and  afterwards  a conservative  Repub- 
lican. In  the  civil  war  his  position  as  director 
and  counsel  of  the  railroads  between  New  Jersey 
and  the  south  gave  him  opportunity  to  greatly 
facilitate  the  movement  of  troops  and  supplies  to 
the  army,  and  he  personally  conducted  several 
regiments  to  the  front.  In  1862  he  was  the  Re- 
publican candidate  from  the  6th  congressional 
district  of  New  Jersey  to  the  38th  Congress,  but 
failed  of  an  election.  In  1868  he  was  an  elector- 
at-large  from  New  Jersey  on  the  Grant  and  Col- 
fax ticket.  Mr.  Bradley  was  appointed  associate 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States 
in  March,  1870,  by  President  Grant.  He  was 
assigned  to  the  southern  circuit  and  subsequently 
succeeded  Mr.  Justice  Strong  to  the  3d  circuit,  em- 
bracing Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  and  Delaware. 
Justice  Bradley  was  a member  of  the  electoral 
commission  which  met  to  determine  the  presi- 
dential election  of  1876,  and  was  the  last 
to  read  his  opinion.  The  commission  was  equally 
divided,  each  member  having  expressed  an 
opinion  in  consonance  with  his  political  affilia- 


New  Jersey.  His  widow  and  three  children,  a 
son  and  two  daughters,  survived  him.  His  many 
opinions,  scattered  through  forty  volumes  of  the 
reports  of  the  decisions  of  the  supreme  court,  are 
imperishable  monuments  of  his  legal  ability.  In 
1859  the  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  Lafayette  college.  He  died  Jan.  22,  1892. 

BRADLEY,  Luther  Prentice,  soldier,  was  born 
in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  8,  1822.  After  re- 
ceiving a common-school  education  he  removed 
to  Illinois.  In  1861  he  entered  the  Union  service 
as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  51st  Illinois  volun- 
teers. which  regiment  he  had  organized.  He  was 
assigned  to  the  army  of  the  Mississippi  under  Gen- 
eral Pope,  and  was  present  at  the  capture  of  New 
Madrid  and  Island  No.  10.  In  April,  1862,  he 
commanded  the  51st  Illinois  volunteers,  and  was 
engaged  in  the  operations  of  the  left  wing  of 
General  Halleck’s  army.  He  afterwards  com- 
manded at  Decatur,  Ala.,  and  being  ordered  to 
Nashville,  he  remained  in  garrison  until  the 
arrival  of  General  Rosecrans  and  the  army  of  the 
Cumberland.  He  was  promoted  colonel  Oct.  15, 
1862;  in  December  joined  Sheridan’s  division, 
and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Stone  river,  com- 
manding the  3d  brigade  during  a portion  of  the 
engagement.  He  engaged  in  the  Tullahoma  cam- 
paign against  General  Bragg’s  army,  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  where  he  received  a 
severe  wound,  and  obtained  leave  of  absence.  He 
recruited  the  ranks  of  the  51st  Illinois,  joined  the 
4th  corps,  and  was  present  at  Dalton,  Resaca,  New 
Hope  Church,  Kenesaw,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  At- 
lanta, and  Jonesborough,  Ga.  He  was  again 
severely  wounded  in  repulsing  the  advance  of 
Hood’s  army  at  Spring  Hill,  Tenn.,  and  after  a 
second  leave  of  absence  he  rejoined  the  army  of 
the  Cumberland  in  March,  1865.  He  was  pro- 
moted brigadier -general,  July  20,  1864,  and  re- 
signed June  30,  1865.  On  July  28,  1866,  he  was 
appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  27th  U.  S.  in 
fantry.  He  was  brevetted  colonel  for  Chicka- 
mauga, and  brigadier  - general  for  Resaca,  on 
March  2,  1867.  He  served  as  lieutenant-colonel 
and  after  1879  as  colonel,  on  the  plains,  in  Wyom- 
ing, Kansas,  New  Mexico,  and  other  places  from 
1866  until  Dec.  8,  1886,  when  he  was  retired  by 
law. 

BRADLEY,  Stephen  Row,  senator,  was  born 
in  Wallingford,  Conn.,  Feb.  20,  1754,  son  of  Moses 
and  Mary  (Row)  Bradley,  and  grandson  of 
Stephen  Bradley,  who  served  under  Cromwell 


tion,  and  when  Justice  Bradley  read  his  opinion,  «,  and  came  to  America  in  1637.  Stephen  Row 


and  sustained  it  with  a lengthy  argument  that 
was  printed  as  a part  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
commission,  the  work  of  the  body  closed,  and 
Mr.  Hayes  was  declared  elected  by  a majority 
of  one  electoral  vote.  He  was  married  in  1844 
to  Mary,  daughter  of  Chief  Justice  Hornblower  of 


was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1775.  He  entered 
the  revolutionary  service  as  captain  of  a company 
of  Cheshire  volunteers  and  took  part  in  all  the 
skirmishes  around  New  York.  He  afterward 
served  as  quartermaster  and  aide  on  the  staff  of 
General  Wooster,  and  was  with  that  patriot  when 


13831 


* 


BRADLEY. 


BRADSTREET. 


he  fell  at  Danbury  in  1777.  He  retired  from  the 
army  in  1779  with  the  rank  of  major,  and  remov- 
ing to  Vermont  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  took  an 
active  part  in  the  organization  of  the  government 
of  the  state,  and  was  the  author  of  “ Vermont’s 
Appeal  to  a Candid  and  Impartial  World.”  This 
document,  which  he  prepared  at  the  request  of 
the  governor  and  council,  Dec.  10,  1779,  is  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  papers  on  the  Vermont 
records.  Mr.  Bradley  was  more  than  once  ap- 
pointed to  act  as  agent  for  the  state  in  negotia- 
tions with  Congress  to  obtain  recognition  of  the 
independence  of  the  state.  He  was  several  times 
elected  to  the  popular  branch  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture, of  which  he  was  speaker  in  1785.  In  1788-’9  he 
was  judge  of  the  supreme  court.  In  1791  he  was 
sent  to  the  United  States  senate  for  the  short  term 
expiring  in  1795.  He  failed  of  election  the  next 
term,  but  was  again  elected  in  1801  and  re-elected 
in  1807,  serving  till  the  close  of  his  term,  when  he 
retired  to  private  life.  Dartmouth  and  Middle- 
bury  colleges  each  conferred  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
upon  him.  S.  G.  Goodrich  (Peter  Parley)  mar- 
ried his  daughter.  He  died  at  Walpole,  N.  H., 
Dec.  9,  1830. 

BRADLEY,  Warren  Ives,  “ Glance  Gaylord,” 
author,  was  born  at  Forrestville,  Bristol,  Conn., 
March  20,  1847.  He  pursued  his  studies  under 
the  tuition  of  his  uncle,  Professor  Newton  Man- 
ross,  and  at  a very  early  age  began  to  write  for 
newspapers  and  magazines.  His  principal  success, 
however,  was  achieved  through  the  writing  of 
children’s  story  books.  These  include : The 

Rainsford  Series,  in  three  volumes,  “ Gilbert 
Starr  and  His  Lessons”  (1866);  ‘‘Gilbert’s  Last 
Summer  at  Rainsford,  and  what  it  Taught”  (1867), 
and  “Will  Rood’s  Friendship”  (1867);  “ Boys  at 
Doctor  Murray’s”  ( 1866  );  “Uncle  Donnie’s 
Home”  (1866);  “Gay  Cottage”  (1867);  “Culm 
Rock,  the  Story  of  a Year”  (1867);  “After 
Years,”  a Sequel  to  “Culm  Rock”  (1867); 
“ Donald  Deane  ” (1868) ; “Miss  Patience  Hatha- 
way” (1868);  “Jack  Arcombe,  the  Story  of  a 
Waif  ” (1868) ; and  “ Mr.  Pendleton’s  Cup”  (1868). 
“ Culm  Rock  ” gained  him  a prize  of  8350  in  a com- 
petition. He  died  at  Forrestville,  Bristol,  Conn., 
June  15,  1868. 

BRADLEY,  William  O’Connell,  governor  of 
Kentucky,  was  born  near  Lancaster,  Garrard 
county,  Ky.,  March  18,  1847,  son  of  Robert  M. 
and  Ellen  (Totten)  Bradley.  His  father  was  a 
distinguished  lawyer.  The  civil  war  wrecked 
the  father,  financially,  and  the  son,  at  the  age  of 
fourteen,  joined  the  Union  army,  first  as  recruiting 
officer  in  Pulaski  county,  and  later  as  a private  sol- 
dier at  Louisville.  His  father  secured  his  release 
and  he  entered  his  law  office,  becoming  so  well 
qualified  to  practise  that  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
by  special  act  of  the  general  assembly,  he  was 


licensed,  and  rapidly  rose  in  the  profession.  He 
entered  politics  in  1869,  and  in  1870  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney.  In  1872  and  1876  he  was 
the  unsuccessful  candidate  to  the  44tli  and  45th 
congresses,  In  1884 
President  Arthur  selec- 
ted him  to  prosecute 
the  ‘ ‘ Star  Route  ” 
cases,  but  the  attorney- 
general  denied  a full 
prosecution  and  he 
withdrew.  In  1887  he 
was  nominated  by  the 
Republicans  for  gover- 
nor and  reduced  the 
Democratic  majority 
of  45,000  to  less  than 
17,000.  During  this 
campaign  he  charged 
corruption  in  the  state 
government,  resulting 
in  the  discovery  of  a 
defalcation  of  8247,000.  In  1895  he  was  again 
nominated  for  governor,  this  time  by  acclamation, 
and  was  elected  by  a majority  of  8,912,  the  first 
Republican  ever  elected  governor  of  Kentucky. 
He  served  in  every  Republican  national  convention 
for  more  than  twenty  years  as  delegate  or  delegate 
at-large,  and  was  elected  several  terms  as  national 
committeeman,  and  as  national  executive  commit- 
teeman. He  seconded  the  nomination  of  General 
Grant  at  the  Chicago  convention  in  1880  in  an  elo- 
quent speech,  and  won  renown  at  the  Chicago  con- 
vention in  1884,  by  delivering  a speech  which  de- 
feated the  proposed  rule  to  cut  down  the  basis  of 
southern  representation.  He  was  twice  given  the 
complimentary  vote  of  his  party  for  United  States 
senator,  once  while  ineligible  on  account  of  his 
youth.  He  was  married  July  11,  1867,  to  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Benjamin  F.  Duncan,  of  Lan- 
caster. In  1896  he  was  a prominent  candidate 
for  the  presidency  before  the  St.  Louis  conven- 
tion, and  was  offered  the  United  States  senator- 
ship  by  the  Republican  legislature  of  Kentucky 
in  1897. 

BRADSTREET,  Anne  Dudley,  poet,  was  born 
in  Northampton,  England,  about  1612,  daughter 
of  Thomas  and  Dorothy  Dudley,  and  the  wife  of 
Simon  Bradstreet.  Both  her  father  and  her  hus- 
band were  colonial  governors  of  Massachusetts. 
She  was  married  in  1628,  and  two  years  later 
came  to  America  with  Governor  Bradstreet. 
Though  soon  the  mother  of  eight  children,  she 
found  time  to  write  verses,  and  in  1640  published 
in  Boston  a volume  under  the  curious  title  of 
“Several  Poems  Compiled  With  a Great  Variety 
of  Wit  and  Learning,”  to  which  was  added  an  ex- 


haustive sub-title.  The  volume  brought  her  great 
applause  at  home,  and  was  published  in  England 


[3S4] 


BRADSTREET. 


BRADWELL. 


in  1650,  with  the  title  “ The  Tenth  Muse  Lately 
Sprung  Up  in  America,  etc.”  It  was  several 
times  republished,  and  some  of  the  succeeding 
editions  contained  verses  of  more  merit  than  any 
in  the  original  collection.  J.  H.  Ellis  edited  and 
published  her  writings  under  the  title  “ Works  in 
Prose  and  Verse,”  by  Anne  Bradstreet  (1867). 
Among  her  descendants  were  the  jurists,  Richard 
and  Francis  Dana;  the  poets,  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes  and  Richard  Henry  Dana,  and  Richard 
Henry  Dana,  Jr.  She  died  Sept.  16,  1672. 

BRADSTREET,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Horbling,  Lincolnshire,  England,  in  1711.  He 
entered  the  English  army  when  quite  young,  and 
was  ordered  to  America.  In  the  expedition  against 
Louisburg  he  was  lieutenant-colonel  of  Pepperell’s 
(York,  Me.)  regiment,  and  his  knowledge  of  the 
topography  of  the  place  and  its  conditions  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  success  of  the  undertaking. 
He  became  a captain  in  1745,  and  a year  later  was 
appointed  lieutenant-governor  of  St.  Johns,  New- 


GOVERNOR  BRADSTREET  HOUSE. 


foundland.  In  1755  he  was  appointed  adjutant- 
general  to  Governor  Shirley,  and  conveyed  a large 
quantity  of  stores  and  provisions  from  Albany  to 
Oswego,  successfully  resisting  an  attempt  made 
by  a strong  party  of  French  to  gain  possession  of 
them.  He  was  one  of  the  attacking  party  at 
Ticonderoga  and  at  Fort  Frontenac,  1758;  served 
with  General  Amherst  in  his  Ticonderoga  expedi- 
tion of  1759,  and  later  participated  in  the  In- 
dian wars  in  the  west.  He  concluded  the  Detroit 
treaty  of  peace  with  the  Indians  in  1764,  and  in 
1772  was  promoted  major-general.  “An  Impar- 
tial Account  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Bradstreet’s 
Expedition  to  Fort  Frontenac  ” was  published  in 
1759.  He  died  in  New  York  city,  Sept.  25,  1774. 

BRADSTREET,  Simon,  colonial  governor,  was 
born  in  Horbling,  England,  in  March,  1603.  He 
was  educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  and 
immigrating  to  Massachusetts  in  the  summer  of 
1630,  he  was  made  assistant  judge  of  the  first 
court  established  in  the  colony.  He  became  one 
of  the  founders  of  Cambridge  and  of  Andover, 
himself  residing  at  Salem,  Ipswich,  and  Boston. 

In  1653  he  opposed  the  proposed  making  of  war  on 

[385] 


the  Hollanders  of  New  York  and  the  eastern 
tribes  of  Indians.  In  1662  he  was  sent  with  Mr. 
Norton  by  the  colony,  to  England,  to  congratulate 
Charles  II.  upon  his  accession,  and  to  act  as  agent 
for  Massachusetts.  In  1670  lie  was  chosen  assist- 
ant, and  in  1678  deputy-governor,  and  held  the 
position  until  1679,  when  he  succeeded  Sir  John 
Leverett  as  governor.  He  held  this  office  until 
1686,  when  the  charter  was  annulled,  and  Joseph 
Dudley  appointed  president  of  New  England.  On 
the  imprisonment  of  Andros,  three  years  later,  he 
was  again  chosen  governor,  and  served  in  that 
capacity  until  May,  1692,  when  a new  chai'ter  was 
enforced,  which  deprived  the  people  of  the  right 
of  choosing  their  chief  magistrate.  He  was  then 
nearly  ninety  years  of  age,  and  had  held  office 
with  universal  approval  for  upwards  of  sixty 
years.  He  died  in  Salem,  Mass.,  March  27,  1697. 

BRADWELL,  James  B.,  was  born  at  Lough- 
borough, Eng.,  April  16,  1828.  His  parents  immi- 
grated to  America  in  1829,  locating  at  Utica, 
N.  Y.,  and  in  May,  1834,  removed  to  Cook  county, 
111.  His  education  was  obtained  in  an  academy 
at  Chicago,  and  at  Knox  college,  Galesburg,  111. 
His  limited  means  did  not  enable  him  to  pursue  a 
full  course,  and  for  a number  of  years  he  worked 
as  a mechanic  in  Chicago.  He  invented  a process 
for  half-tone  engraving,  and  made  the  first 
half-tone  cut  ever  produced  in  Chicago. — that  of 
Chief  Justice  Fuller  of  the  supreme  court.  While 
supporting  himself  as  a mechanic,  he  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Illinois  bar.  In 
1861  he  was  elected  judge  of  Cook  county  for  the 
term  of  four  years,  and  was  re-elected  in  1865. 
In  1873  he  was  elected  to  the  legislature  of  Illinois 
and  was  returned  in  1875.  He  held  numerous 
offices  of  charitable  and  other  institutions,  and 
presided  over  the  convention  that  organized  the 
American  woman  suffrage  association  at  Cleve- 
land. He  also  served  as  president  of  the  Chicago 
press  club ; of  the  Chicago  bar  association ; of  the 
Illinois  state  bar  association ; of  the  Chicago  photo- 
graphic society ; of  the  Chicago  soldiers’  home,  and 
chairman  of  the  arms  and  trophy  department  of 
the  N.  W.  sanitary  commission  and  soldiers’  home 
fair  of  1865.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Union  league  club  of  Chicago,  and  president  of  its 
board  of  directors.  He  was  the  first  judge  to  hold 
that  the  civil  rights  of  slaves,  being  suspended 
during  slavery,  revived  upon  emancipation. 
His  wife,  Myra  (Colby),  was  founder  and  editor  of 
the  Chicago  Legal  News ; his  son,  Thomas  Brad  well, 
his  daughter,  Bessie  Bradwell  Helmer.  his  son-in- 
law,  Frank  A.  Helmer.  and  his  nephew,  James  A. 
Peterson,  all  being  members  of  the  Illinois  bar. 
After  the  death  of  his  wife,  which  occurred  in 
1894,  Judge  Bradwell  and  his  daughter,  Mrs. 
Frank  A.  Helmer.  assumed  the  editorship  of  the 
Chicago  Legal  News. 


BRADWELL. 


BRADY. 


BRADWELL,  Myra  (Colby),  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Manchester,  Vt.,  Feb.  12,  1831,  daughter  of  Eben 
and.  Abigail  (Willey)  Colby.  Her  childhood  was 
passed  in  Western  New  York,  whence,  in  1843, 
her  parents  removed  to  Schaumburg,  a town  near 
Chicago.  Her  education  was  acquired  at  a sem- 
inary iu  Elgin, where 
she  later  became  an 
instructor,  afterward 
teaching  in  Cook, 
Kane,  and  Lake 
counties,  Illinois, 
and  in  private  and 
public  schools  in 
Memphis,  Tenn.  In 
1852  she  was  married 
to  James  B.  Brad- 
well,  a Chicago  law- 
yer, and  studied  law 
under  the  instruction 
of  her  husband.  In 
1858  she  was  refused 
admission  to  the  bar, 
on  the  ground  of  her 
being  a woman.  The  case  was  carried  to  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States  with  the 
same  result.  Twenty  years  later  she  received, 
without  renewed  request,  a license  to  practise  in 
Illinois.  In  1868  she  began  the  publication  of  the 
Chicago  Legal  News,  which  she  continued  to  con- 
duct, up  to  the  time  of  her  death.  Mrs.  Bradwell 
was  actively  interested  in  philanthropic  work, 
being  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Illinois  industrial 
school  for  girls,  and  devoting  much  time  to  private 
charities.  She  was  a member  of  the  woman’s 
branch  of  the  Illinois  centennial  association,  vice- 
president  of  the  first  woman  suffrage  convention 
in  Chicago,  a member  of  the  board  of  lady  man- 
agers of  the  World’s  Columbian  exposition  at 
Chicago  in  1893,  and  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  law  reform  of  its  auxiliary  congress.  She  was 
the  first  woman  member  of  the  Illinois  state  bar 
association,  and  the  first  woman  in  the  United 
States  to  apply  for  admission  to  the  bar.  In  1894 
the  Chicago  board  of  education  named  one  of 
its  public  schools  the  Myra  Bradwell  school 
in  her  honor,  the  dedicatory  exercises  being  held 
June  27,  1895.  She  died  in  Chicago,  111..  Feb. 
14,  1894. 

BRADY,  Hugh,  soldier,  was  born  in  North- 
umberland county,  Pa.,  in  July  1768.  He  became 
an  ensign  in  1792,  and  was  engaged  with  General 
Wayne  in  the  warfare  against  the  Indians  in  the 
west.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant  in  1794,  captain 
in  1799,  colonel  in  1812,  and  in  the  latter  year  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  bravery  in  leading  his 
troops  at  the  battle  of  Chippewa.  He  took  a con- 
spicuous part  in  the  battles  of  Lundy’s  Lane  and 
Niagara,  and  was  wounded  in  both  engagements. 


In  1825,  he  was  made  brevet  brigadier-general- 
In  1835  be  was  stationed  at  Detroit,  where  he  ren- 
dered effective  service,  for  which  he  was  brevetted 
major-general,  May  30,  1848.  He  died  at  Detroit. 
Mich.,  April  15,  1851. 

BRADY,  James  Topham,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  April  9,  1815;  son  of  Thomas  S. 
Brady,  a well-known  lawyer.  He  studied  under 
direction  of  his  father,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
New  York  bar  in  1836.  He  soon  rose  to  the  fore- 
most rank  of  his  profession,  being  noted  as  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  members  of  the  New  York 
bar.  He  was  appointed  district -attorney  of  New 
York  in  1843,  and  in  1845  became  corporation 
attorney  for  the  city.  Although  more  than  or- 
dinarily successful  in  causes  of  all  kinds,  he  was 
especially  skilled  in  conducting  criminal  cases, 
and  rarely  failed  to  obtain  a favorable  verdict  for 
his  client.  He  earned  a world  -wide  notoriety  for 
his  successful  defence  of  Daniel  E.  Sickles, 
when  on  trial  for  the  assassination  of  Philip  Bar- 
ton Key.  During  His  long  career  before  the  New 
York  courts  his  services  were  retained  in  main- 
important  cases,  and,  busy  as  he  was,  he  never 
refused  to  aid  any  poor  unfortunate  whose  means 
would  not  permit  the  employment  of  competent 
counsel.  He  took  an  interest  in  politics  and  fre- 
quently made  speeches  on  national  questions,  but 
his  profession  so  absorbed  his  time  as  to  preclude 
his  acceptance  of  public  offices  and  trusts  which 
were  frequently  offered  him.  In  1865  he  was  ap- 
pointed a member  of  a commission  to  investigate 
the  operations  of  Generals  Butler  and  Banks  in 
the  administration  of  the  Gulf  department,  but 
the  report  was  never  made  public.  He  was  a 
graceful  writer,  and,  besides  his  frequent  con- 
tributions to  magazines  and  journals,  he  pub- 
lished “ A Christmas  Dream  ” (1846).  He  died  in 
New  York  city,  Feb.  9,  1869. 

BRADY,  John  R.,  jurist,  was  born  in  New 
York  city  in  1821 ; son  of  Thomas  S.  Brady  and 
brother  of  James  T.  Brady.  His  parents  came  to 
America  from  Ireland  in  1812.  His  father  was  a 
lawyer  of  reputation,  and  liis  sons  were  educated 
under  his  direction.  John  R.  studied  law  in  tne 
office  of  City  Recorder  Riker,  and  began  his 
career  at  the  bar  in  partnership  with  his  brother 
and  Mr.  Maurice.  In  1855  he  was  elected  judge 
of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  by  a majority  of 
more  than  eight  thousand,  and  at  the  end  of  his 
term  he  was  again  elected  by  an  enormous  vote. 
In  1869  lie  was  promoted  to  the  supreme  court, 
and  in  1872  was  created  a general-term  judge  of 
part  one  of  the  supreme  court.  His  interest  in 
political  affairs  was  very  great,  and  he  had  many 
friends  among  political  leaders.  On  the  death 
of  President  Garfield,  Vice-president  Chester  A. 
Arthur  took  the  oath  of  office  as  president  of  the 
United  States  before  him.  He  was  a founder  of 
[380) 


BRAGDON. 


BRAGG. 


the  Manhattan  club,  a member  of  the  Tammany 
society,  and  of  the  Friendly  sons  of  St.  Patrick. 
Judge  Brady  was  a picturesque  figure  in  New 
York,  in  its  judicial,  political  and  social  life. 
With  an  unshakable  determination  to  see  full 
justice  rendered,  lie  combined  an  invariable  ten- 
dency to  secure  to  every  person  the  advantage 
granted  by  the  law.  In  civil  matters  he  inclined 
to  what  was  obviously  just,  in  preference  to  ad- 
hering to  legal  technicalities.  He  died  in  New 
York  city,  March  16,  1893. 

BRADY,  Matthew  B.,  photographer,  was  born 
in  Warren  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1823.  In  his  youth 
he  studied  the  art  of  portrait  painting,  intending 
to  make  that  his  life  work,  but  through  the  in- 
fluence of  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  the  inventor,  him- 
self a portrait  painter,  Mr.  Brady  became  inter- 
ested in  the  invention  of  Daguerre,  studied  his 
process  and,  in  partnership  with  Morse,  opened  a 
small  gallery  in  New  York  in  1846,  where  he  com- 
menced making  daguerreotypes.  Success  was 
immediate,  the  most  distinguished  men  and 
women  of  the  time  became  his  patrons,  and  in 
1851  he  had  a large  collection  of  daguerreotypes 
for  which  he  received  the  first  prize  at  the  Lon- 
don exhibition  of  that  year.  In  1855  he  discarded 
the  daguerreotyping  and  adopted  the  new  photo- 
graphing process  at  both  his  New  York  and  Wash- 
ington galleries.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  he  sent  a corps  of  well-equipped  experts  to 
the  front  and  they  succeeded  in  obtaining  some 
thirty  thousand  views,  many  of  the  battlefields 
before,  during  and  after  some  of  the  most  famous 
engagements.  His  collection  of  battle  scenes 
was  afterwards  purchased  and  used  by  the  gov- 
ernment in  illustrating  its  official  history  of  the 
war  of  the  rebellion.  His  collection  of  portraits 
is  extremely  interesting  as  he  photographed 
nearly  every  man  and  woman  who  appeared 
conspicuously  before  the  public  in  his  day. 

The  Prince  of  Wales  and  his  suite  sat  for  him 
several  times  during  their  visit  to  America  in 
1860,  and  the  faces  of  Lincoln,  Seward,  Chase, 
Webster,  Clay,  Calhoun,  Andrew  Jackson,  Hor- 
ace Greeley,  Dolly  Madison,  Mrs.  Polk,  Washing- 
ton Irving,  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  J.  Fenimore  Cooper, 
Bayard  Taylor,  Jefferson  Davis  and  a host  beside, 
appear  repeatedly  in  his  album.  Mr.  Brady  died 
in  New  York  city,  Jan.  15,  1896. 

BRAGDON,  Charles  Cushman,  educator,  was 
born  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  6,  1847;  son  of 
Charles  Powers  and  Sarah  Woodman  (Cushman) 
Bragdon.  His  paternal  ancestors  were  Welsh, 
and  his  mother  was  a descendant  of  Robert  Cush- 
man of  the  Mayflower.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  Northwestern  university,  Evanston,  111.,  in 
1865,  having  taught  at  the  Elgin,  111.,  academy 
during  1863  and  1864.  In  1867  he  became  a 
teacher  in  Dickinson  seminary,  Williamsport, 

[3S71 


Pa.,  and  in  1868  accepted  a like  position  in  the 
Cincinnati  Wesleyan  college.  He  remained  there 
four  years,  resigning  in  1872  to  spend  two  years 
in  study  in  Germany.  In  1873  and  1874  he  taught 
at  Aurora,  111.,  and  in  the  latter  year  became 
principal  of  Lasell  seminary  for  young  women  at 
Auburndale,  Mass. 

BRAGG,  Braxton,  soldier,  was  born  in  War- 
renton,  Warren  county,  N.  C. , March  22,  1817; 
brother  of  Thomas  Bragg,  statesman.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1837  and  took  a con- 
spicuous part  in  both  the  Seminole  and  Mexican 
wars  as  lieutenant  of  artillery.  His  gallantry 
and  bravery  won 
him  steady  promo- 
tion. He  attained 
the  rank  of  captain 
by  brevet  for  the  de- 
fence of  Fort  Brown, 
that  of  major  of 
artillery  for  brav- 
ery at  Monterey, 
and  in  1847  that  of 
lieutenant-c  o 1 o n e 1 
for  gallantry  at  the 
battle  of  Buena 
Vista.  In  January, 

1856,  lie  resigned  his 
commission  and  re- 
tired to  his  planta- 
tion in  Louisiana. 

Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  he  re- 
ported for  service  in  the  Confederate  army ; was 
appointed  brigadier-general  and  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  forces  at  Pensacola,  Fla.  In  return 
for  brilliant  services  in  the  Pensacola  campaign 
he  was  raised  in  February,  1862,  to  the  rank  of 
major-general,  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of 
Shiloh,  and,  on  the  death  of  Gen.  Albert  Sydney 
Johnston,  he  was  promoted  general,  and  suc- 
ceeded General  Beauregard  as  commander  of  the 
department  of  the  Mississippi.  In  August,  1862, 
he  left  Chattanooga,  passed  through  east  Ten- 
nessee and  entered  Kentucky  at  the  head  of  forty- 
five  thousand  men,  expecting  to  capture  Louis- 
ville. General  Buell  reached  Louisville  in  ad- 
vance, and  compelled  him  to  retire  after  having 
fought  the  battle  of  Perryville.  This  was  the 
beginning  of  a series  of  reverses  that  befell  his 
command.  He  was  placed  under  arrest  for  a 
short  time,  but  was  restored  and  given  command 
of  the  army,  opposing  General  Rosecrans.  He 
was  defeated  at  Murfreesboro,  Jan.  2,  1863,  losing 
nine  thousand  men  killed  and  wounded.  On  Sept. 
19-20,  1863,  he  again  encountered  Rosecrans  at 
Chickamauga,  and,  though  he  won  the  victory, 
he  lost  fifteen  thousand  men  in  the  two  days  of 
the  battle.  In  November  of  the  same  year  he  met 
with  disastrous  defeat  in  the  battle  of  Cliatta- 


BRAGG. 


BRAINARD. 


nooga,  and  was  deprived  of  his  command  for  the 
loss  of  Mission  Ridge.  At  the  invitation  of  Presi- 
dent Davis  he  then  repaired  to  Richmond,  to  act 
as  military  adviser  to  the  president.  In  1864  he 
led  a small  force  from  North  Carolina  to  Georgia, 
in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  intercept  General 
Sherman.  After  peace  had  been  established,  he 
accepted  the  position  of  chief  engineer  for  the 
state  of  Alabama,  and  had  entire  charge  of  the 
improvements  in  Mobile  harbor.  He  died  in 
Galveston,  Texas,  Sept.  27,  1876. 

BRAGG,  Edward  Stuyvesant,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Unadilla,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  20,  1827.  His  early 
education  was  received  at  the  village  schools  and 
academy,  and  in  1843  he  entered  Geneva  college, 
where  he  pursued  the  classical  course  for  three 
years.  He  read  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Noble 
of  Upadilla,  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar 
in  1848,  and,  after  practising  for  a time,  re- 
moved to  Fond-du-Lac,  Wis.  From  1845  to  1856 
he  served  as  district-attorney  of  Fond-du-Lac 
county,  and  in  1860  was  sent  as  a Douglas 
Democrat  to  the  Charleston  convention.  He 
entered  the  Union  army  in  1861  as  captain, 
and  was  successively  commissioned  major,  lieu- 
tenant-colonel and  colonel,  being  mustered  out 
of  service  in  1865  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-gen- 
eral, after  having  borne  a gallant  part  during 
the  entire  war,  being  present  in  every  engage- 
ment of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  except  the 
Peninsular  campaign,  Gettysburg,  and  Five 
Forks.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  postmaster  of 
Fond-du-Lac  by  President  Johnson,  and  in  that 
same  year  was  sent  as  a delegate  to  the  loyalists’ 
convention  at  Philadelphia.  He  sat  in  the  state 
senate  for  one  term,  1867-’68,  and  in  1868  was  a 
delegate  to  the  soldiers’  and  sailors’  convention 
that  endorsed  the  nomination  of  Horatio  Seymour 
for  president.  In  1876  he  was  elected  a Demo- 
cratic representative  from  Wisconsin  to  the  45th 
Congress  and  was  re-elected  to  the  46th  and  47th 
congresses.  In  1884  he  presided  over  the  na- 
tional Democratic  convention  that  nominated 
Grover  Cleveland  for  president,  and  seconded  the 
nomination  in  a brilliant  speech.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  to  the  49th  Congress.  He 
served  as  delegate  to  the  Democratic  national 
conventions  which  nominated  Horatio  Seymour, 
Horace  Greeley,  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  W.  S.  Han- 
cock, Grover  Cleveland  and  W.  J.  Bryan  for  the 
presidency. 

BRAGG,  Thomas,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Warrenton,  Warren  county,  N.  C..  Nov.  9,  1810. 
He  was  a brother  of  Braxton  Bragg,  soldier. 
After  graduating  at  a local  academy,  he  took  a 
course  at  the  military  academy  at  Middletown, 
Conn.  He  then  studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1831,  and.  settling  in  Jackson,  N.  C., 
commenced  practice.  He  served  one  term  in  the 


popular  branch  of  the  state  legislature  in 
1842-’43,  was  elected  governor  of  the  state  in 
1854  and  re-elected  upon  the  expiration  of  his 
term.  In  1859  he  was  elected  as  U.  S.  senator 
from  North  Carolina,  and  in  July,  1861,  he  was 
expelled  from  the  senate,  having  meanwhile  ac- 
cepted the  position  of  attorney-general  in  the 
cabinet  of  Jefferson  Davis.  In  1863  he  resigned 
from  the  cabinet  and  returned  to  his  home  and 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  took  some 
interest  in  local  politics  after  the  establishment 
of  peace,  and  in  1870  took  an  active  part  in  the 
impeachment  of  Governor  Holden.  He  died  at 
Raleigh,  N.  C..  Jan.  21,  1872. 

BRAGG,  Walter  L.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Lowndes  comity,  Ala.,  Feb.  25,  1838.  He  was 
educated*  at  Harvard  college.  He  resided  at 
Camden,  Ark.,  where  he  practised  law.  When 
hostilities  began  between  the  states  in  1861  he 
entered  the  Confederate  army,  and  served 
throughout  the  war.  and  at  its  termination  set- 
tled in  Alabama,  and  resumed  the  practice  of 
law.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Democratic  state 
executive  committee  of  Alabama  in  1874-‘75  and 
’76.  In  1876  he  was  a delegate  to  the  national 
Democratic  convention  and  represented  Alabama 
on  the  national  committee.  In  1877  he  was 
appointed  commissioner  to  settle  the  bonded  debt 
of  the  city  of  Montgomery.  In  1878  he  was 
elected  the  first  president  of  the  Alabama  state 
bar  association.  In  1880  he  was  elector-at-large 
for  the  state  on  the  Hancock  and  English  ticket 
In  March,  1881,  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
Alabama  railroad  commission  by  the  legislature, 
to  which  office  he  was  again  elected  in  1883.  his 
second  term  expiring  in  March.  1885.  In  January, 
1889,  Mr.  Bragg  was  appointed  an  interstate  com- 
merce commissioner  by  President  Cleveland.  He 
died  at  Spring  Lake,  N.  J.,  Aug.  21,  1891. 

BRAINARD,  David  Legg,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Norway,  Herkimer  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  21. 
1856.  His  preliminary  education  was  acquired  at 
the  Norway  village  school,  and  he  afterwards 
attended  the  state  normal  school.  He  enlisted 
in  the  U.  S.  army  in  1876,  and  was  assigned  to 
Fort  Ellis,  Montana,  and  engaged  in  Indian  war- 
fare under  General  Miles,  being  wounded  at 
Muddy  Creek,  May  7.  1877.  In  July,  1879,  he  was 
promoted  sergeant,  and  in  18S1  was  ordered  to 
Washington  at  the  request  of  Lieutenant  Greely 
and  detailed  to  join  the  Lady  Franklin  Bay  ex- 
ploration party.  In  his  position  as  first  sergeant 
he  was  chief  of  the  enlisted  men  of  the  party,  and 
had  charge  of  provisions  and  of  all  out-door  or 
field  work.  He  assisted  Lieutenant  Lockwood 
in  his  geographical  expeditions,  and  was  one  of 
the  three  men  who  camped  for  two  days  on  the 
northwest  coast  of  Greenland,  in  latitude  83°  24' 
30"  and  longitude  40°  46'  30",  the  most  nortli- 
[3SSJ 


BRAINE. 


BRAINERD. 


erly  point  of  the  globe  ever  reached  by  man  up  to 
that  time  (1882).  They  discovered  the  vast  inlet, 
which  was  named  by  them  “ Greely  Fiord.” 
The  sufferings  of  the  party  at  Camp  Sabine  were 
indescribable.  An  unusually  severe  winter  set 
in  and  they  were  obliged  to  construct  a camp  out 
of  stones,  snow,  canvas  and  the  remains  of  an 
old  boat.  Their  food  supply  gave  out  and  the 
remnant  of  the  party  that  was  rescued  by  Captain 
Schley,  in  June,  1884,  was  only  kept  alive  by  the 
efforts  of  Brainard,  who  placed  nets  under  the 
ice,  and  thus  contrived  to  catch  a small  quantity 
of  fish  each  day.  When  the  rescuers  arrived, 
Lockwood  had  been  dead  seventy-three  days, 
and  Brainard  and  his  few  surviving  companions 
were  just  about  to  succumb.  Sergeant  Brainard 
kept  account  of  the  food  supplies  during  this  try- 
ing time  of  privation,  and  Lieutenant  Greely 
has  made  especial  mention  of  his  heroism  in  this 
connection:  “ I firmly  believe,”  wrote  he,  “ that 
not  one  ounce  of  unauthorized  food  passed  his 
lips  during  all  that  terrible  winter.  That  a starv- 
ing man  for  months  could  daily  handle  such 
amounts  of  food  and  not  take  for  himself  speaks 
volumes  for  his  moral  courage.”  The  Royal 
geographical  society  of  Great  Britain  awarded 
Sergeant  Brainard  a testimonial  in  the  form  of 
a gold  watch  with  accompanying  diploma,  while 
the  United  States  government  conferred  upon 
him  a commission  as  2d  lieutenant  of  cavalry 
“ in  recognition  of  the  gallant  and  meritorious 
services  rendered  by  him  in  the  arctic  expedition 
of  1881— ’84.  ” 

BRAINARD,  John  Gardiner  Calkins,  poet, 
was  born  at  New  London,  Conn.,  Oct.  21,  1796; 
son  of  Jeremiah  G.  Brainard,  judge  of  the  Con- 
necticut supreme  court.  He  was  graduated 
from  Yale  college  in  1815,  and  entered  the  law 
office  of  his  brother,  William  L.  Brainard.  In 
1819  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  opened  a 
law  office  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  but  was  unsuc- 
cessful in  practice,  and  in  February,  1822,  he  be- 
came editor  of  the  Connecticut  Mirror  in  Hart- 
ford. In  the  columns  of  this  paper  he  published 
many  of  his  early  poems,  but  while  the  literary 
tone  of  the  journal  was  of  a high  order,  treat- 
ment of  current  topics  in  his  editorial  column 
was  hasty  and  weak.  He  resigned  his  position  in 
1827.  and  resided  for  a time  on  Long  Island.  His 
publications  are:  “ Occasional  Pieces  of  Poetry  ” 
(1825),  and  “ Literary  Remains  of  John  G.  C. 
Brainard,”  with  a sketch  of  his  life,  by  J.  G. 
Whittier  (1832,  3d  ed.,  1846).  He  died  in  New 
London,  Conn.,  Sept.  26,  1828. 

BRAINE,  Daniel  Lawrence,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  May  18,  1829.  He  was 
educated  in  the  New  York  public  schools  and  in 
the  Newburg  seminary,  and  in  1846  was  appointed 
midshipman  from  the  state  of  Texas.  During 

[3891 


the  Mexican  war  he  was  attached  to  the  home 
squadron,  and  was  in  the  naval  engagements  at 
Alvarado,  Tabasco,  Tuspan,  Laguna,  Tampico,  anil 
Vera  Cruz.  In  1849-’50  he  was  attached  to  the 
Pacific  squadron;  in  1851-’52  he  studied  at  the 
naval  academy ; from  1852  to  1855  was  on  a cruise 
on  the  Mediterranean,  and  from  1858  to  1860  was 
engaged  in  the  suppression  of  the  slave  trade  on 
the  west  coast  of  Africa.  He  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  Monticello,  when,  in  April,  1861, 
she  was  fitted  out  by  the  New  York  union  defence 
committee  and  sent  to  provision  Fort  Monroe 
and  blockade  the  Virginia  ports.  The  Monticello , 
a month  later,  participated  in  the  first  naval  en- 
gagement of  the  war  at  Sewall’s  Point,  and  soon 
afterwards  led  successful  attacks  on  Forts  Hat- 
teras  and  Clark.  In  1862  he  was  commissioned 
lieutenant-commander,  and  was  in  command  of 
the  Pequot  in  the  expeditions  against  Fort  Fisher, 
Fort  Anderson,  and  the  Cape  Fear  river  forts. 
His  “ cool  performance  of  duty  ” in  these  engage- 
ments won  the  commendation  of  Rear-Admiral 
Porter,  at  whose  suggestion  he  was  promoted 
commander  in  1866.  Until  1868  he  was  on  duty 
in  the  New  York  navy  yard ; during  1868-'69  he 
commanded  the  Shcimokin,  and  from  1869  to  1873 
he  was  in  charge  of  the  equipment  department  of 
the  Brooklyn  navy  yard.  In  1873  he  commanded 
the  Juniata,  one  of  the  vessels  in  the  fleet  sent  in 
search  of  the  Polaris  expedition,  and  later  in  the 
same  year  he  secured  the  release  of  the  one  hun- 
dred and  two  Virginius  prisoners  confined  at 
Santiago  de  Cuba.  He  won  promotion  in  1874 
and  1885,  and  in  1886  he  reached  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral.  From  1886  to  1889  he  was  in  command 
of  the  South  Atlantic  squadron,  and  from  1889 
until  his  retirement  in  1891  he  was  in  command 
of  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard. 

BRAINERD,  Cephas,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Had- 
dam,  Conn.,  Sept.  8,  1831.  He  is  a descendant  of 
Daniel  Brainerd  who  was  one  of  the  original 
settlers  of  that  town  in  1668.  In  1853  he  began 
the  study  of  the  law  in  New  York  under  William 
E.  Curtis,  subsequently  chief  justice  of  the  supe- 
rior court,  and  two  years  later  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  that  city.  In  1861  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Lincoln  arbitrator  of  the  mixed 
court,  for  the  suppression  of  the  • slave  trade. 
While  acting  in  this  capacity  he  became  a close 
student  of  international  law,  and  subsequently 
joined  the  Society  for  the  codification  of  inter- 
national law,  whose  headquarters  were  in  Lon- 
don. For  about  ten  years  he  delivered  lectures 
on  that  branch,  in  the  law  department  of  the  uni- 
versity of  thecity  of  New  York.  He  participated 
from  the  beginning,  in  the  ten  years’  struggle  be- 
fore the  judiciary  committee  of  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives, between  the  uninsured  shipowners 


BRAINERD. 


BRAINERD. 


and  the  insurance  companies,  for  precedence  in 
the  distribution  of  the  Geneva  award,  and  a final 
victory  for  the  ship-owners  rewarded  his  efforts, 
and  those  of  Ixis  co-laborers.  His  legal  practice 
was  varied,  involving 
nearly  all  of  the  more 
important  branches  of 
the  law,  including 
those  affecting  rail- 
roads, and  corporations 
generally,  trusts,  wills, 
and  real  property.  His 
connection  with  cases 
involving  seizures 
under  the  Moiety  law 
led  to  his  preparation 
of  a series  of  amend- 
ments to  customs  reve- 
nue laws  regulating 
such  seizures,  which 
were  introduced  into 
Congress  in  1870.  No 
final  action  was  then  taken,  but  in  1874,  as 
one  of  the  counsel  for  the  committee  of  the 
chamber  of  commerce,  lie  engaged  in  the 
effort  made  before  Congress  to  secure  the  repeal 
of  the  whole  Moiety  system.  The  bill  then  pre- 
sented included,  among  other  propositions,  most 
of  those  originally  advocated  by  Mr.  Brainerd. 
This  effort  was  successful,  and  met  with  suitable 
recognition  from  the  entire  mercantile  com- 
munity. Mr.  Brainerd  was  an  active  member  of 
the  N.  Y.  prison  association  from  1864  to  1877,  and 
its  recording  secretary  for  the  ten  years  after 
1867.  He  was  also  connected  with  the  Young 
Men’s  Christian  association  from  1853,  and  was 
chairman  of  its  international  committee  almost 
from  its  organization  in  1866.  He  retired  from 
this  committee  in  1891,  after  twenty-five  years  of 
service. 

BRAINERD,  David,  missionary,  was  born  at 
Haddam,  Conn.,  April  20,  1718;  son  of  Hezekiah 
and  Dorothy  (Hobart)  Brainerd.  His  father  was 
a member  of  the  king's  council  for  the  colony,  and 
his  mother  was  a daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jeremiah 
Hobart.  Hereditary  ill-health  predisposed  him 
to  a melancholy  turn  of  mind,  and  when  seven  or 
eight  years  of  age  he  “ experienced  religion.”  In 
1739  he  entered  Yale  college,  but  his  career  was 
cut  short  by  an  unfortunate  occurrence.  While 
in  his  junior  year  he  was  asked  by  a fellow  stu- 
dent his  opinion  of  a tutor,  and  replied,  “ He  has 
no  more  grace  than  this  chair.”  The  remark  was 
repeated  to  the  faculty.  Brainerd  was  pro- 
nounced expelled  unless  he  “ should  make  a 
public  confession,  and  humble  himself  before  the 
college.”  which  he  declined  to  do.  He  after- 
wards complied  with  the  condition,  but  was  re- 
fused re-admission  to  the  college.  In  1742  lie  was 


licensed  to  preach,  and  in  1743  he  was  appointed 
missionary  to  the  Indians  at  Kaunameek,  near 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  by  the  society  for  propagating 
Christian  knowledge.  His  health  was  very  deli- 
cate, but  he  endured  uncomplainingly  all  the  hard- 
ships of  missionary  life.  The  Indians  being  few 
in  number,  Brainerd  persuaded  them  to  remove 
to  Stockbridge,  where  he  placed  them  under  the 
care  of  the  minister,  and  in  May,  1744,  started  for 
Newark,  N.  J.,  where  he  was  ordained  June  11. 
He  began  his  labors  at  an  Irish  settlement, 
twelve  miles  from  the  Forks  of  the  Delaware, 
and  preached  to  the  Indians  in  the  surrounding 
country.  His  ill-health  compelled  him  to  sit 
while  addressing  his  people.  In  1745  he  was 
sent  by  the  society  to  the  Indian  town  of  Cross- 
weeksung,  N.  J.,  and  there  conducted  a remark 
able  revival.  He  labored  there  until  1747,  bap- 
tizing nearly  seventy  persons.  On  May  28,  he 
visited  Northampton,  Mass.,  as  the  guest  of 
Jonathan  Edwards,  to  whose  daughter,  Jeruslia, 
he  was  betrothed.  He  remained  there  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  three  months  later.  He 
published  a journal  under  the  title  “ Mirabilia 
Dei  inter  Indicos  ” (1746).  (See  “ David  Brainerd, 
the  Apostle  of  the  North  American  Indians,”  by 
Jesse  Page;  “ The  Life  of  David  Brainerd,”  by 
John  Styles  (1842),  and  his  life  in  “The  School 
Library,”  vol.  iv.,  1839).  He  died  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1747. 

BRAINERD,  John,  missionary,  was  born  at 
Haddam,  Conn.,  Feb.  28,  1720,  son  of  Hezekiah 
and  Dorothy  (Hobart)  Brainerd.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  college  in  1746,  and  was  licensed  to 
preach  April  11,  1747,  by  the  New  York  presby- 
tery. He  began  his  labors  at  Bethel,  near  Cran- 
berry, N.  J.,  where  his  brother  David  had  been 
preaching.  In  February,  1748,  he  was  ordained, 
and  was  commissioned  to  take  the  place  of  David 
by  the  Society  for  the  propagation  of  Christian 
knowledge.  In  September,  1749,  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  A.M.  from  New  Jersey  college.  He  was 
enrolled  as  a member  of  the  presbytery  of  New 
York  in  1751.  In  his  work  among  the  Indians  he 
was  met  by  serious  obstacles,  and  misunderstand- 
ings arose  between  him  and  the  society.  Although 
the  troubles  arose  from  the  perturbed  state  of 
affairs  and  not  through  any  fault  of  his.  he  was 
requested  to  relinquish  the  work.  He  was  after- 
terwards,  however,  reinstated.  He  drew  largely 
from  his  private  resources  to  aid  the  Indians, 
advancing  over  two  thousand  dollars  that  should 
have  been  paid  by  the  society.  His  impaired  health 
forced  him  to  give  up  the  work,  and  he  took  charge 
of  a church  at  Newark,  N.  J.  He  later  preached 
at  Mount  Holly  and  in  the  country  towns  sur- 
rounding Egg  harbor,  N.  J.  From  1777  until  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  stationed  at  Deerfield 
N.  J.,  where  he  died  March  18.  1781. 


[390J 


BRAMAN. 


BRANCH 


BRAINERD,  Thomas,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Leyden,  N.  Y.,  June  17,  1804,  son  of  Jesse 
and  Mary  (Thomas)  Brainerd.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Lowville  academy,  taught  school  for  a 
time,  and  afterwards  read  law.  In  1828  he  en- 
tered Andover  theological  seminary,  and  was 
graduated  in  1831.  His  first  pastorate  was  at 
Cincinnati,  where  he  preached  with  great  success 
until  1833,  when  he  became  editor  of  the  Cincin- 
nati Journal,  at  the  same  time  preaching  occa- 
sionally. In  1830  he  was  appointed  commissioner 
to  the  general  assembly,  and  in  1837  was  called  to 
the  Pine  street  church  in  Philadelphia,  where  he 
remained  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  a 
supporter  of  the  so-called  “ new-school”  theologi- 
cal movement,  and  an  intimate  friend  of  its  leader. 
Dr.  Lyman  Beecher.  He  is  the  author  of  “Life 
of  John  Brainerd,  the  Brother  of  David  Brainerd, 
and  His  Successor  as  Missionary  to  the  Indians  of 
New  Jersey  ” (1866).  See  Mary  Brainerd’s 

“ Memoir  of  Thomas  Brainerd”  (1870).  He  died 
at  Scranton,  Pa.,  Aug.  21,  1866. 

BRAMAN,  Benjamin,  microscopist,  was  born  in 
Norton,  Mass.,  Nov.  23,  1831.  He  was  graduated 
at  Brown  university  in  1854,  was  tutor  in  the 
University  grammar  school  for  one  year,  instructor 
of  Latin  at  the  University  of  Michigan  the  follow- 
ing year,  and  was  graduated  at  Andover  theologi- 
cal seminary  in  1859.  He  became  pastor  of  the 
Congregational  church  at  Shutesbury,  Mass.,  in 
1860.  In  1862  he  was  the  principal  of  the  academy 
at  Westport,  Mass.  In  1863- ’64  he  taught  at 
Astoria,  N.  Y.,  and  subsequently  engaged  in 
teaching  drawing  in  the  Cooper  Union,  N.  Y.  He 
was  president  of  the  New  York  microscopical 
society,  corresponding  secretary  of  the  Torrey 
botanical  club,  member  of  the  New  York  academy 
of  science,  and  editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  New 
York  Microscopical  Society.  He  died  in  Norton, 
Mass.,  Jan.  20, 1889. 

BRAMLETTE,  Thomas  E.,  governor  of  Ken- 
tucky, was  born  in  Cumberland  county,  Ky.,  Jan. 
3,  1817.  He  received  his  education  in  the  county 
schools,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837,  became 
state’s  attorney  in  1848,  and  district  judge  in 
1856.  This  latter  office  he  resigned  in  1861$  and 
raising  the  3d  Kentucky  infantry,  he  entered  the 
Union  army  as  colonel  of  volunteers,  resigning 
his  commission  in  1863,  having  been  elected  gov- 
ernor of  the  state.  He  remained  in  office  until 
1867.  He  then  resumed  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he  died  Jan.  12, 
1875. 

BRANCH,  John,  statesman,  was  born  in  Hali- 
fax county,  N.  C.,  Nov.  4, 1782.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  University  of  North  Carolina  in  1801,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  soon  rose  to  eminence  in 
his  profession.  He  became  judge  of  the  superior 
court,  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1811,  and 


re-elected  each  year  until  1817,  when  lie  became 
governor  of  North  Carolina.  Upon  the  expiration 
of  his  term  he  was  again  returned  to  the  legis- 
lature, and  in  1823  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  senate,  where  he  remained  until  1829,  when 
he  was  appointed  by  President  Jackson  as  secre- 
tary of  the  navy.  On  the  dissolution  of  the 
cabinet  in  1831,  Mr.  Branch  was  elected  as  a 
representative  from  Carolina,  to  the22d  Congress, 
and  in  1834  was  again  elected  to  the  state  senate. 
In  1843  he  was  appointed  governor  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Florida,  and  after  serving  until  the 
election  of  a governor  under  the  new  state  con- 
stitution, he  retired  to  private  life.  He  died 
at  Enfield,  N.  C.,  Jan.  4,  1863. 

BRANCH,  Lawrence  O’Brien,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Halifax  county,  N.  C.,  July  7,  1820,  son 
of  John  Branch,  secretary  of  the  navy.  He  was 
graduated  from  Princeton  college  in  1838.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  North  Carolina  bar,  and  open- 
ed an  office  at  Raleigh,  whence  he  was  elected  in 
1854  a representative  in  the  34th  Congress  by  the 
Democrats.  He  was  twice  re-elected,  his  last 
term  of  office  ending  March  3,  1861,  When  North- 
Carolina  seceded  in  May,  1861,  he  joined  the  Con- 
federate army,  and  was  promoted  brigadier- 
general.  When  Newbern  was  taken  by  General 
Burnside,  General  Branch  was  commanding  offi- 
cer. He  then  opposed  the  advance  of  the  Federal 
troops  into  North  Carolina  and  afterwards  joined 
the  army  of  Northern  Virginia  under  General 
Lee.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Antietam, 
Sept.  17,  1862. 

BRANCH,  Mary  Lydia  Bolles,  poet,  was  born 
in  New  London,  Conn.,  June  13,  1840;  daughter 
of  John  R.  and  Mary  (Hempstead)  Bolles.  Her 
education  was  obtained  at  the  New  London  girls’ 
high  school  and  at  Lincoln  F.  Emerson’s  school 
in  Boston,  Mass.  She  subsequently  attended 
several  courses  of  lectures  by  Prof.  Louis  Agassiz 
to  the  Harvard  students  at  Cambridge,  where 
she  was  usually  the  only  lady  in  attendance  ex- 
cept Mrs.  Agassiz.  She  was  married  in  1870  to 
John  L.  Branch,  a lawyer  of  Plainsville,  Ohio, 
who,  in  1874,  removed  to  New  York  and  was 
editor  of  The  Surrogate.  Mrs.  Branch  was  a fre- 
quent contributor  of  short  stories  and  poems  to 
the  leading  literary  newspapers  and  magazines  of 
the  period  between  1870  and  1895.  She  was  a 
member  of  the  New  York  women’s  prison  associa- 
tion, of  the  Froebel  society,  Brooklyn,  and  of  one 
of  the  conferences  of  the  Brooklyn  bureau  of 
charity.  Her  poem,  “ The  Petrified  Fern,”  which 
was  suggested  by  the  fossil  ferns  in  the  Agassiz 
collection  at  Cambridge,  was  included  in  William 
C.  Bryant's  “ Library  of  Poetry  and  Song,” 
Rossiter  Johnson's  “Famous  Single  Poems,” 
Whittier’s  “Songs  of  Three  Centuries,”  and  in 
other  standard  collections. 


BRANDT. 


BRANNAN. 


BRANDT,  Carl  Ludwig,  artist,  was  born  near 
Hamburg,  in  Holstein,  Germany,  Sept.  22,  1831 ; 
son  of  an  eminent  physician.  His  first  drawing 
lessons  were  received  from  his  father,  and  he 
studied  in  the  best  schools  of  Europe  before  immi- 
grating to  the  United  States  in  1852.  He  estab- 
lished a studio  at  Hastings-on -the -Hudson  and 
another  at  Savannah,  Ga. , indulging  in  frequent 
extended  visits  to  Europe  for  study  and  in- 
spiration. He  was  chosen  a national  academician 
in  1872  and  in  1883  became  director  of  the 
Telfair  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  Sa- 
vannah, Ga.  He  has  been  especially  successful 
with  portraits,  and  numbered  among  his  sitters 
John  Jacob  Astor,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  William  B. 
Astor,  George  S.  Appleton,  Gen.  H.  R.  Jackson, 
Dr.  John  W.  Draper  and  others.  In  1881  he 
painted  a full-length  portrait  of  his  wife,  which 
was  exhibited  at  the  academy  in  1882  and  at  the 
International  Exhibition  in  1883.  Dr.  F.  Pecht, 
writing  of  this  portrait  in  his  “ Modern  Art  at 
the  International  Exhibition,”  says:  “The  most 
skilful  of  all  these  ladies'  portraits  is  the  one  in 
full  figure  by  Carl  L.  Brandt,  in  fact  a most 
charming  picture,  a masterpiece  good  enough  for 
Netsclier.”  Mr.  Brandt  has  done  some  creditable 
work  as  a sculptor,  a colossal  bust  of  Humboldt 
being  his  most  notable  work.  His  best  known 
paintings  are:  “ A Dish  of  Alpine  Strawberries  ” 
(1869);  “The  Fortune  Teller”  (1869);  “Return 
from  the  Alps  ” (1874) ; “ Monte  Rosa  at  Sunrise,” 
“ Bay  of  Naples  during  Eruption  of  Vesuvius  in 
1867,”  “Resignation,"  and  “ The  Golden  Treas- 
ures of  Mexico.  ” 

BRANNAN,  John  Milton,  soldier,  was  born 
in  the  District  of  Columbia  in  1819.  He  entered 
West  Point  in  1837,  was  graduated  in  1841,  served 
on  the  northern  frontier  during  the  border  dis- 
turbances, and  in  the  Mexican  and  Seminole 
wars,  winning  distinction  and  gradual  promotion 
for  meritorious  conduct.  He  entered  the  civil 
war  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  of  volun 
teers,  was  appointed  brevet  lieutenant-colonel 
for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  Jacksonville,  Fla., 
in  1862;  major  in  the  regular  army  in  August, 
1863,  and  brevet  colonel  in  September,  1863,  for 
meritorious  service  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga. 
He  was  active  in  the  Tennessee  and  the  Georgia 
campaigns,  being  present  at  the  most  important 
engagements  of  each,  and  receiving  two  brevets 
in  recognition  of  his  services.  He  was  mustered 
out  of  the  volunteer  service  in  1866,  and  after 
enjoying  a short  leave  of  absence  was  placed  in 
command  of  Fort  Trumbull,  Conn.  He  was  at 
Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  during  the  Fenian  disturb- 
ances of  1870,  and  at  Philadelphia  during  the  rail- 
road riots  of  1877,  commanding  United  States 
troops  at  both  places.  He  was  retired  from 
active  service  in  1882. 


BRANNAN,  Samuel,  pioneer,  was  born  at 
Saco,  Me.,  in  1819.  After  learning  the  printer's 
trade  he  travelled  through  the  country,  working 
as  a compositor.  He  became  a Mormon  elder  and 
preacher,  and  between  the  years  1842  and  1846 
he  published  two  Mormon  journals,  the  New 
York  Messenger  and  The  Prophet.  When  in  1845 
the  Mormons  determined  to  emigrate  beyond 
the  western  limits  of  “ this  wicked  nation,” 
Brannan  was  commissioned  to  act  as  leader  of 
the  battalion,  which  was  to  sail  from  New  York 
for  the  Mexican  province  of  California.  The 
party  arrived  at  San  Francisco  just  after  the  proc- 
lamation of  July,  1846,  and  were  much  vexed  at 
finding  the  flag  of  the  United  States  floating 
over  the  town.  They  had  hoped  that  by  being 
first  in  the  field  they  might  be  able  to  demand 
concessions  from  the  United  States,  should  she 
finally  gain  possession  of  the  territory.  Brannan 
soon  became  a leading  spirit  in  the  town,  and 
worked  zealously  for  its  growth  and  improve- 
ment. He  published  The  Star,  a Mormon  journal, 
the  first  newspaper  published  in  San  Francisco. 
He  opposed  the  abandonment  of  the  Mormon  set- 
tlements in  California,  and  thus  antagonized 
Brigham  Young.  This  caused  him  to  forsake 
the  Mormon  ranks,  and  he  established  himself  in 
a general  merchandise  business,  and  when  the 
discovery  of  gold  brought  thousands  to  the  west 
he  rapidly  acquired  wealth.  He  took  a con- 
spicuous part  in  the  efforts  to  quell  the  Sacra- 
mento squatter  riots  of  1850,  having  previously 
joined  in  the  attempts  to  prevent  the  movement. 
In  1851  lie  was,  however,  a prominent  member 
and  executive  leader  of  the  vigilance  committee 
in  San  Francisco,  going  to  the  farthest  extreme 
in  that  popular  movement  against  crime.  In 
1859  lie  purchased  an  estate,  known  as  “ Calis- 
toga,”  on  which  he  established  a distillery,  and 
he  expended  vast  amounts  of  money  on  the 
development  of  the  estate  and  the  country  sur- 
rounding it.  Late  in  life  misfortunes  came  upon 
him,  and  he  became  bankrupt.  In  his  prosperous 
days  he  had  espoused  the  cause  of  Mexico  in  her 
struggle  against  Maximilian  and  the  French  in- 
vaders, and  had  contributed  large  sums  of  money 
to  aid  her  in  her  defence.  In  recognition  of  his 
assistance  he  was  granted  a large  tract  of  lands 
in  Sonora.  His  attempts  at  colonizing  this  terri- 
tory after  his  failure  in  California  also  proved 
unsuccessful. 

BRANT,  Joseph  (Thayendanega),  Indian,  was 
born  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  in  1742;  son  of 
Mohawk,  chief  of  the  Wolf  tribe,  and  grandson  of 
one  of  the  five  sachems  or  Indian  kings  who 
visited  London  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne 
(1710).  Sir  Richard  Steele  mentions  them  in 
the  Tatler  of  May  13.  1710,  and  Addison  gives 
them  place  in  a number  of  the  Spectator.  His 


1392) 


BRANT. 


BRAWLEY. 


Indian  name  is  interpreted  Two-sticks-of-wood 
bound-together,  denoting  “the  strong.”  He 
fought  in  the  memorable  battle  of  Lake  George  in 
1755,  and  was  with  Sir  William  Johnson  in  the 
Niagara  campaign  of  1759.  Through  the  influ- 
ence of  Sir  William  he  was  sent  in  1759  to  the 
“Moor  Charity  School,”  Lebanon,  Conn.,  which 
school  later  (1770)  became  by  transfer  the  foun- 
dation of  Dartmouth  college.  In  1763  Brant  was 
in  the  Pontiac  war,  and  proved  himself  a skilful 
and  brave  warrior.  Soon  after,  he  married  the 
daughter  of  an  Oneida  chief  and  settled  at  Cana- 
joharie.  The  country  was  at  peace  for  about 
three  years,  and  Brant  was  at  home  helping  in 
mission  work,  in  translating  portions  of  the  Bible 
into  Mohawk,  and  acting  as  secretary  to  Guy 
Johnson,  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs.  When 
hostilities  broke  out  between  England  and  the 
colonies,  Brant  went,  at  the  head  of  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty  Indians,  to  Canada.  He 
went  wTith  Colonel  Johnson,  commander  of  the 
British  forces,  to  England  in  November,  1775,  and 
received  much  notice  in  London,  setting  forth 
the  grievances  of  the  Six  Nations  in  a speech 
before  Lord  George  Germain  in  March,  1776.  On 
his  return  in  1777,  he  joined  with  a company  of 
three  hundred  Hurons  and  Six  Nation  Indians 
the  expedition  of  General  St.  Leger  against  Fort 
Stanwix,  and  at  the  battle  of  Oriskany,  Aug.  6, 
1777,  he  surprised  and  almost  utterly  destroyed 
the  party  under  General  Herkimer.  In  the  at- 
tack on  Cherry  valley  he  has  been  accused  of  ex- 
treme cruelty,  but  there  are  numerous  instances 
of  his  kindness  to  captives,  to  those  especially 
who  were  brother  Free  Masons.  In  the  fall  of 
1779  he  accompanied  the  expedition  from  Fort 
Niagara  against  General  Sullivan,  and  then  took 
up  his  winter  quarters  at  Niagara.  Here  he  mar- 
ried his  third  wife,  according  to  the  ritual  of  the 
Episcopal  church,  she  having  been  bound  to  him 
at  the  time  only  by  the  ties  of  Indian  marriage. 

In  1780  he  captured  Captain  Harper  and  a small 
party  in  his  command.  When  peace  was  declared 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
in  1783,  the  Mohawks  went  to  Quebec  to  arrange 
for  a settlement  in  the  royal  dominions.  He 
visited  England  again  in  1785,  was  received  with 
much  consideration,  obtained  funds  reimbursing 
his  nation  for  losses  sustained  in  helping  the 
British  cause,  and  also  contributions  towards 
the  erection  of  an  Episcopal  church.  He  re- 
turned early  in  1786.  Despite  the  treaty  of  peace 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain, 
hostilities  between  the  United  States  and  the 
Indians  still  continued.  Brant  discouraged 
continuing  the  war,  and  with  one  hundred  and 
fifty  Mohawks  went  to  western  Ohio  and  helped 
defeat  General  St.  Clair.  He  visited  Philadelphia 
in  1792,  at  the  solicitation  of  high  officials,  and 

73931 


was  presented  to  President  Washington  and 
cordially  received.  A few  years  before  his  death 
he  built  a fine  dwelling  on  a tract  of  land  at  the 
head  of  Lake  Ontario,  presented  him  by  the 
British  government.  The  place  became  known 
as  Wellington  square.  He  translated  the  gospel 
of  St.  Mark  into  the  Mohawk  language,  and  as- 
sisted Col.  Daniel  Claus  in  translating  the  “ Book 
of  Common  Prayer.”  On  Oct.  13,  1886,  a fine 
statue  of  this  chieftain  was  unveiled  at  Brant- 
ford, Ontario.  He  died  Nov.  24,  1807. 

BRASTOW,  Lewis  O.,  educator,  was  born  at 
Brewer,  Me.,  March  23,  1834.  After  his  gradua- 
tion at  Bowdoin  in  1857,  and  at  the  Bangor  theo- 
logical school,  1860,  he  became  the  pastor  of  a 
church  at  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.  In  1873  he  ac- 
cepted a call  to  Burlington,  Vt.,  and  the  pastoral 
relation  continued  until  1885,  when  he  became 
professor  of  homiletics  in  Yale  theological  sem- 
inary. He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Bowdoin  in  1880. 

BRATTLE,  William,  loyalist,  was  born  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  about  the  year  1702;  son  of 
William  Brattle,  clergyman.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  in  1722,  studied  theology 
and  preached  for  a time,  after  which  he  studied 
law  and  practised  that  profession.  He  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature,  and  was  also  a 
member  of  the  governor’s  council ; captain  of  the 
artillery  in  1733;  a medical  practitioner,  and 
major-general  of  militia.  He  was  a loyalist,  and 
when  the  British  troops  withdrew  from  Boston  he 
repaired  with  them  to  Halifax,  N.  S.,  where  he 
died  in  October,  1776. 

BRAWLEY,  William  H.,  representative,  was 
born  at  Chester,  S.  C.,  in  1841.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  South  Carolina  college  in  1860,  and 
at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  he  entered  the  6th 
regiment  S.  C.  V.  as  a private.  While  serving 
in  the  ranks  he  lost  an  arm  at  the  battle  of  Seven 
Pines,  and  was  retired  from  military  service.  He 
then  went  to  Europe,  where  he  remained  until 
December,  1865,  when  he  returned  to  Chester, 
S.  C.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1866.  He 
was  elected  solicitor  of  the  6th  circuit  in  1868, 
was  re-elected  in  1872,  and  in  1874  he  resigned 
this  office  and  removed  to  Charleston,  where  he 
practised  law.  He  was  elected  to  the  state 
legislature  from  Charleston  county  in  1882.  His 
speeches  on  the  railroad  law  and  his  appeal  in 
1886  in  behalf  of  the  sufferers  from  the  Charleston 
earthquake  were  conceded  to  be  the  ablest  argu- 
ments ever  made  in  the  South  Carolina  legis- 
lature. In  1890  he  was  elected  as  representa- 
tive from  the  first  district  to  the  52d  Con- 
gress. He  was  re-elected  to  the  53d  Congress 
and  resigned  in  1894  to  accept  the  judgeship  of 
the  United  States  court  for  the  district  of 
South  Carolina. 


BRAXTON. 


BRAY. 


BRAXTON,  Carter,  statesman,  was  born  at 
Newington,  Va.,  Sept.  10,  1736.  His  father  was 
wealthy.  His  mother  was  the  daughter  of  one 
of  the  presidents  of  the  Royal  council  of  Virginia. 
He  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  college, 
and  at  the  age  of  nineteen  married  Judith  Robin- 
son. He  was  one  of  the  richest  men  in  the  county 
of  King  and  Queen.  He  lost  his  wife  within  two 
years  of  his  marriage,  and  went  to  England, 
where  he  remained  until  1760.  The  year  follow- 
ing he  married  the  daughter  of  Richard  Corbin 
of  Lanneville,  royal  receiver-general  of  the  cus- 
toms of  Virginia.  In  1765  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
house  of  burgesses.  He  was  present  when 
Patrick  Henry  presented  his  resolutions  on  the 
stamp  act,  and,  stirred  by  the  fiery  eloquence  of 
that  impetuous  orator,  unhesitatingly  supported 
them.  He  was  a member  of  the  Virginia  conven- 
tion in  1769,  and  when  it  was  suddenly  dissolved 
by  Lord  Botetourt,  signed  the  non-importation 
agreement.  Lord  Botetourt  died  in  1770,  and 
until  the  arrival  of  his  successor,  Braxton  acted 
as  high  sheriff  of  the  country,  but  refused  to 
serve  under  Lord  Dunmore.  In  1774  Dunmore 
dissolved  the  assembly,  and  Braxton  was  one  of 
the  eighty-nine  protesting  members  who  recom- 
mended the  general  convention  at  Williamsburg, 
which  was  held  in  August,  1774,  at  which  dele- 
gates were  elected  to  the  Continental  Congress. 
Mr.  Braxton  was  chosen,  Dec.  15,  1775,  delegate 
to  Congress,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
death  of  Peyton  Randolph,  and  as  such  voted  for 
and  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He 
was  in  Congress  only  one  session,  leaving  Aug. 
11.  1776,  Virginia  having  voted  to  reduce  the 
number  of  delegates  from  seven  to  five.  He  re- 
sumed his  seat  in  the  Virginia  legislature  and 
held  it  until  1786,  when  he  was  appointed  as 
member  of  the  council  of  state,  and  continued  as 
such  until  1791.  After  an  interval  of  two  years, 
he  was  again  elected  to  the  executive  council, 
and  served  until  his  death.  He  became  largely 
engaged  in  commerce,  and  during  the  revolution 
his  ships  were  captured,  and  his  last  years  were 
embittered  by  financial  troubles.  He  died  in 
Richnjond,  Va.,  Oct.  10,  1797. 

BRAY,  Thomas,  missionary,  was  born  in  Mar- 
ton.  Shropshire,  England,  in  1656.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  All  Souls,  Oxford,  in  1678,  and  after 
receiving  holy  orders  served  for  several  years  as 
curate  and  vicar  in  various  small  livings.  In 
1690  he  delivered  a course  of  “ Catechetical  Lec- 
tures,” which  were  published  by  the  ‘‘authorita- 
tive injunctions  ” of  Dr.  Lloyd,  bishop  of  Litchfield 
and  Coventry,  to  whom  the  volume  was  dedicated. 
This  work  brought  Bray  into  prominence  and  se- 
cured for  him  the  notice  of  Dr.  Compton,  bishop 
of  London,  who  in  1695  selected  him  to  act  as  his 
suffragan  in  the  territory  of  Maryland,  which  had 


been  divided  into  thirty-one  parishes  with  a pro- 
posed clergyman  in  each  parish,  and  a suffragan 
or  commissary  to  be  appointed  by  the  bishop  of 
London,  to  act  as  general  supervisor.  Complica- 
tions having  arisen  in  regard  to  the  law  establish- 
ing the  Church  of  England  in  the  colonies,  Mr. 
Bray  was  called  upon  to  assist  in  the  adjustment 
of  the  difficulty,  and  as  a result  of  investigations 
and  inquiries  he  addressed  the  following  com- 
munication to  the  bishops:  “ Since  none  but  the 
poorer  sort  of  clergy,  who  cannot  sufficiently 
supply  themselves  with  books,  can  be  persuaded 
to  leave  their  friends  and  change  their  country 
for  one  so  remote ; and  since  without  a compe- 
tent provision  of  books  they  cannot  answer  the 
ends  of  their  mission ; if  your  lordships  think  fit 
to  assist  me  in  providing  parochial  libraries  for 
the  ministers  that  may  be  sent,  I shall  be 
content  to  accept  the  commissary’s  office  in  Mary- 
land.” His  plans  at  once  received  the  counte- 
nance and  hearty  support  of  the  bishops,  and  he 
procured  a generous  supply  of  books  for  his  Mary- 
land undertaking,  Queen  Anne  having  donated 
four  hundred  pounds  for  the  establishment  of  a 
library  at  Annapolis,  and  he  had  also  succeeded 
in  urging  a number  of  young  curates  to  accom- 
pany him  to  the  new  world  as  missionaries,  the 
prospect  of  a helpful  supply  of  books  acting  as 
an  inducement  to  some  who  would  not  otherwise 
have  consented  to  face  the  hardships  and  sacri- 
fices involved.  Arriving  in  America  in  March 
1700,  Dr.  Bray  at  once  set  about  the  work  of  or- 
ganizing the  church,  and  providing  for  the  settle- 
ment and  maintenance  of  the  clergy.  Some 
thirty-nine  libraries,  some  of  them  containing  as 
many  as  a thousand  volumes,  were  established  by 
him  in  the  territory  extending  from  Massachu- 
setts to  the  Carolinas.  In  1706  he  accepted  the 
offer  of  the  living  of  St.  Bartolph,  Aldgate  With- 
out, which  he  had  refused  in  1696.  on  account  of 
his  Maryland  appointment.  “ The  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Christian  Knowledge,"  and 
“ The  Society  for  the  propagating  of  the  Gospel 
in  Foreign  Parts  ” were  the  outgrowth  of  his 
library  schemes,  and  to  the  latter  of  these  asso- 
ciations, which  was  chartered  by  the  king  in  1701, 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  in  America  owes 
its  early  growth  and  prosperity.  Dr.  Bray’s 
exertions  in  the  cause  of  Christianity  were  untir- 
ing, and  the  amount  of  good  he  accomplished  is 
inestimable,  since  its  effects  have  proved  peren 
nial.  He  was  the  author  of  “ An  essay  toward 
promoting  all  Necessary  and  LTseful  Knowledge, 
both  Human  and  Divine,  in  all  Parts  of  his 
Majesty’s  Dominions”  (1687):  ‘‘Bibliotheca 

Parochialis,  or  a Scheme  of  such  Theological 
Heads  as  are  Requisite  to  be  studied  by  every 
Pastor  of  a Parish  " (1697):  two  circular  letters 
to  the  clergy  of  Maryland,  “ A Memorial  on  the 


[394] 


BRAYMAN. 


BRECK. 


Present  State  of  Religion  on  the  Continent  of 
North  America,”  and  ” Acts  of  Visitation  at 
Annapolis”  (1700-1701);  “Bibliotheca  Cate- 
chetica  ” (1702) ; a sermon,  “ For  God  or  Satan  ” 
(1708) ; “ A Martyrology,  or  History  of  the 

Papal  Usurpation  ” (1712) ; “ Directorium  Mis- 
sionarium  ” (1726) ; “ Primordia  Bibliothecaria  ” 
(1727);  “ A Life  of  Mr.  John  Rawlet.”  See 
“ Public  Spirit  illustrated  in  the  Life  and  Designs 
of  Dr.  Bray”  (1769),  and  the  annual  reports  of 
the  association.  He  died  in  London,  England, 
Feb.  15,  1730. 

BRAYMAN,  Mason,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. , May  23,  1813.  He  was  reared  on 
a farm,  learned  the  printer's  trade  and  in  1834-'35 
edited  the  Buffalo  Bulletin.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1836,  and  removed  to  Monroe,  Mich. 
He  served  as  city  attorney  of  Monroe  in  1838,  and 
in  1841  edited  a newspaper.  In  1842  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  the  practice  of  law  at  Spring- 
field,  111.  In  1843,  as  a special  commissioner 
under  the  government,  he  adjusted  the  Mormon 
disturbances  at  Nauvoo  and  was  employed  as 
counsel  in  the  prosecution  of  the  offenders,  and 
conducted  the  negotiations  which  resulted  in  the 
withdrawal  of  the  Mormons  from  Illinois.  He 
revised  and  published  the  statutes  of  Illinois  in 
1844-'45.  He  became  the  attorney  of  the  Illinois 
Central  railroad  in  1851,  and  afterwards  a pro- 
moter of  railroad  enterprises  throughout  Missouri, 
Arkansas,  and  the  southwest.  He  joined  the  Fed- 
eral army  in  1861,  as  major  of  the  29th  Illinois 
volunteers,  became  colonel  in  the  following  year, 
and  fought  in  the  battles  of  Belmont,  Fort  Don- 
elson,  and  Shiloh.  For  especial  gallantry  at  these 
engagements  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers.  He  was  in  command  at  Bolivar, 
Tenn.,  when  General  Van  Dorn's  attack  was 
so  effectively  repulsed.  He  re-organized  the 
returned  Ohio  regiments  at  Camp  Dennison; 
was  in  command  at  Natchez  from  July,  1864,  to 
May,  1865 ; was  appointed  presiding  officer  of  the 
commission  which  met  to  examine  into  the 
cotton  claims,  and  was  mustered  out  of  service 
with  the  rank  of  major-general  of  volunteers  at 
the  close  of  hostilities,  when  he  revived  railroad 
interests  in  the  south.  In  1872-’73  he  edited 
the  Illinois  State  Journal ; in  1873  he  removed 
to  Ripon,  Wis.,  and  practised  law  until  1877, 
when  he  was  appointed  by  President  Hayes  gov- 
ernor of  Idaho.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term 
in  1880  he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession 
at  Ripon,  Wis.  He  subsequently  settled  in 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  where  he  died  Feb.  27,  1895. 

BREARLEY,  David,  jurist,  was  born  near 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  June  11,  1745.  He  practised  law 
at  Allentown,  N.  J.  He  was  arrested  for  high 
treason  against  the  king,  but  was  rescued  by  a 
mob  of  his  patriotic  fellow-townsmen ; joined  the 


revolutionary  army,  and  had  risen  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-colonel,  when,  in  1779,  he  resigned  the 
service  to  accept  an  appointment  as  chief  justice 
of  New  Jersey.  He  was  a member  of  the  con- 
stitutional convention  of  1787,  and  entered  a 
vigorous  protest  against  any  inequality  in  the 
representation  of  the  states  and  against  the  joint 
ballot  of  the  houses  of  Congress.  He  was  the 
presiding  officer  of  the  state  convention,  which 
ratified  the  Federal  constitution,  and  a member 
of  the  committee  appointed  to  determine  upon 
the  duties  and  powers  of  the  president  and  the 
length  of  liis  term  of  office.  In  1788  he  was  a 
presidential  elector,  and  in  1789  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  United  States  district  court  of  New 
Jersey.  He  was  one  of  the  compilers  of  the 
prayer-book  published  by  the  P.  E.  church  in 
1785.  He  died  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Aug.  16,  1790. 

BREBEUF,  Jean  de,  Jesuit  missionary,  was 
born  in  France,  March  25,  1593.  He  came  to 
America  with  Champlain  in  1626,  and  spent  his 
after  life  among  the  Huron  Indians,  learning 
their  language,  adapting  himself  to  their  mode 
of  living,  and  converting  numbers  of  them  to 
Christianity.  He  was  in  England  during  the 
years  1629  to  1632,  but  returned  in  the  latter  year 
and  penetrated  to  Lake  Huron.  He  founded  sev- 
eral Christian  villages,  notably  those  of  St. 
Ignatius  and  St.  Louis.  When  the  town  of  St. 
Louis  was  taken  by  the  Iroquois,  Brebeuf  and  his 
associate.  Lallemand,  were  besought  by  their 
Christian  converts  to  fly;  but  they  refused,  were 
taken  prisoners  and  put  to  death  by  the  most  ter- 
rible tortures.  Father  Brebeuf 's  writings  have 
great  historical  value.  In  the  “ Jesuit  Relation 
of  1635-'36  ” he  gives  a full  account  of  the 
Hurons,  their  customs,  l^pguage,  etc.,  which  has 
been  translated  by  Albert  Gallatin  and  published 
in  the  memoirs  of  the  American  antiquarian 
society.  Several  of  his  letters  were  published 
in  Paris  in  1870.  He  translated  Ledesma's 
catechism  into  the  Huron  tongue,  and  it  was 
printed  at  the  end  of  an  abridged  account  of 
Champlain’s  voyages,  published  about  1640,  the 
first  printed  specimen  of  the  Huron  language. 
He  met  his  death  in  the  country  of  the  Hurons, 
March  16,  1649. 

BRECK,  Daniel,  jurist,  was  born  in  Topsfield, 
Mass.,  Feb.  12,  1788;  son  of  Rev.  Daniel  Breck, 
chaplain  in  the  revolution,  and  brother  of  Samuel 
Breck,  merchant.  He  obtained  his  education 
under  difficulties,  and  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth college  in  1812.  In  1814  he  removed  to 
Richmond,  Ky,  where  he  practised  law  and  be- 
came judge  of  the  county  court.  He  was  elected 
to  the  state  legislature  from  1824  to  1834,  during 
which  time  he  originated  the  system  of  internal 
improvements,  the  Richmond  branch  of  the 
state  bank,  of  which  he  became  pi’esident,  and 


f 305 J 


BRECK. 


BRECKINRIDGE. 


was  interested  in  other  important  measures.  He 
was  appointed  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Kentucky  in  1843,  retiring  in  1849  to  serve  as  a 
representative  in  the  31st  Congress.  He  was 
then  re-elected  president  of  the  Richmond  bank. 
Transylvania  university  confei'red  on  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  in  1843.  He  died  Feb.  4,  1871. 

BRECK,  James  Lloyd,  missionary,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  June  27,  1818.  He  studied  under 
Dr.  Muhlenberg  at  Flushing,  N.  Y.,  was  graduated 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1838, 
and  at  the  General  theological  seminary,  New 
York,  in  1841.  With  William  Adams  and  John 
H.  Hobart,  two  of  his  divinity  school  classmates, 
he  engaged  in  mission  work  in  the  west,  under 
direction  of  Prior  Cadle,  an  army  chaplain  sta- 
tioned at  Fort  Crawford,  Wis.,  who  within  one 
year  left  them,  when  they  purchased  a large  tract 
of  land  on  the  shores  of  the  Nashotah  lakes,  and 
founded  the  Nashotah  theological  seminary  in 
1842.  The  ascetic  founders,  however,  made  the 
mistake  of  attempting  to  impose  their  own  too 
severe  code  of  regulations  upon  the  students,  and 
the  venture  proved  a failure.  In  1851  Mr.  Breck 
removed  to  Minnesota,  where  he  established  mis- 
sions for  work  among  the  Chippewas,  and  in  1858 
he  founded  a system  of  schools  for  both  sexes  at 
Faribault,  Minn.,  and  later  a theological  semi- 
nary at  the  same  place.  California  was  his  next 
field  of  labor,  and  upon  his  arrival  there  he  set  him- 
self to  the  work  of  establishing  schools.  He 
settled  at  Benicia,  and  St.  Augustine’s  college, 
grammar  school,  and  divinity  school  were  estab- 
lished and  placed  under  the  management  of  a 
board  of  trustees.  Work  was  then  begun  on  St. 
Mary’s  hall,  a young  ladies’  seminary,  but  Dr. 
Breck  did  not  live  to  see  its  completion.  He  was 
the  author  of  “A  Communication  on  Parish 
Sisterhoods”  (1863),  and  “ Disciplines,  Instruc- 
tive and  Devotional,  to  be  used  in  Preparation  fcr 
Baptism,  Confirmation  and  the  Communion.” 
He  died  at  Benicia,  Cal.,  March  30,  1876. 

BRECK,  Samuel,  soldier,  was  born  at  Middle- 
borough,  Mass.,  Feb.  25,  1834.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1855;  engaged  against  the 
Seminoles  in  1855-’56,  and  was  assistant  professor 
of  geography,  history  and  ethics  at  the  military 
academy  from  September,  1860,  to  Dec.  3,  1861, 
when  he  was  appointed  assistant  adjutant- 
general  on  the  staff  of  General  McDowell,  who 
was  in  command  of  a division  in  the  defence  of 
Washington.  He  was  later  appointed  to  the  de- 
partment of  the  Rappahannock,  being  present  at 
the  occupation  of  Fredericksburg,  and  taking 
part  in  the  Shenandoah  valley  expedition.  In 
1862  he  was  transferred  to  the  adjutant-general’s 
department  at  Washington,  and  placed  in  charge 
of  rolls,  returns  and  books,  of  all  business  relating 
to  the  enlisted  men  of  the  regular  and  volun- 


teer troops,  and  of  the  compilation  and  publica- 
tion of  the  “ Volunteer  Army  Register.”  From 
1870  to  1877  he  was  on  duty  as  assistant  adjutant- 
general  of  the  department  of  the  Pacific,  with 
headquarters  at  San  Francisco,  and  after  Dec. 
24,  1877,  acted  in  the  same  capacity  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  in  New  York  city,  and  at  various  posts 
in  the  western  states. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  Clifton  R.,  diplomatist, 
was  born  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  Nov.  22,  1846;  son 
of  John  C.  Breckinridge,  vice-president  of  the 
United  States.  He  received  a common  school 
education,  and  served  as  a private  in  the  Con- 
federate army,  and  as  midshipman  in  the  navy. 
At  the  close  of  the  civil  war  he  was  for  two  years 
a clerk  in  a commercial  house.  He  then 
attended  Washington  college,  Virginia,  for  three 
years,  and  subsequently  became  a cotton  planter 
in  Arkansas.  In  1882  he  was  elected  a represen- 
tative to  the  48th  Congress  from  the  state  at 
large,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  49th  and  four 
succeeding  congresses.  He  resigned  before  the 
close  of  the  term.  He  was  a prominent  member 
of  the  ways  and  means  committee,  and  an  advo- 
cate of  Wilson’s  tariff  bill.  In  July,  1894,  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  minister 
to  Russia,  to  succeed  Hon.  Theodore  Runyon, 
deceased. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  Janies,  statesman,  was 
born  near  Fincastle,  Va.,  March  7,  1763;  son  of 
Robert  Breckinridge,  and  grandson  of  a Scotch 
covenanter  who  escaped  to  America  upon  the 
restoration  of  the  Stuarts.  He  was  educated  at 
William  and  Mary  college,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1787.  He  was  leader  of  the  Federal 
party  in  Virginia,  and  was  a representative  in  the 
lltli  and  three  succeeding  congresses.  He  aided 
Jefferson  in  founding  the  University  of  Virginia, 
and  was  one  of  the  leading  promoters  of  the 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal.  His  brother,  John 
Breckinridge,  was  U.  S.  attorney-general  in  the 
cabinet  of  Jefferson.  He  died  near  Fincastle, 
Va.,  Aug.  9,  1846. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  John,  statesman,  was  born 
in  Augusta  county,  Va.,  Dec.  2,  1760;  son  of 
Robert  Breckinridge,  who  died  at  Fincastle, 
Botetourt  county,  in  1771.  He  entered  William 
and  Mary  college  in  1778,  where  he  con- 
tinued for  two  years,  and  he  was  about  to 
commence  his  third  year  when  he  was  apprised 
of  his  election  to  represent  his  county  in  the 
Virginia  house  of  delegates.  He  was  but  nine- 
teen years  of  age;  the  people  had  selected  him 
despite  his  youth,  but  the  house  of  delegates  set 
aside  the  election  because  he  was  not  of  legal  age. 
The  hardy  frontiersmen  promptly  re-elected  him. 
and  the  house  of  delegates  again  annulled  the 
choice,  but  when  the  people  a third  time  de- 
manded his  admission,  the  " selected  wisdom  of 


[39GJ 


BRECKINRIDGE. 


BRECKINRIDGE. 


Virginia  " gave  him  a seat  despite  his  nonage. 
His  constituents  kept  him  in  the  house  of  dele- 
gates until  1785,  when,  having  been  admitted  to 
the  bar,  he  moved  to  Albemarle  county,  and 
began  to  practise  in  the  courts  of  Charlottesville. 
He  rose  rapidly  in  his  profession,  was  elected 
representative  to  the  3d  U.  S.  Congress  in  1792, 
and  resigned  his  seat  the  same  year,  having 
decided  to  remove  his  residence  to  the  newly 
admitted  state  of  Kentucky.  He  located  on  a 
tract  of  about  twenty-five  hundred  acres,  some 
six  miles  north  of  Lexington,  which,  in  honor  of 
his  wife,  Mary  Cabell,  he  called  “ Cabell's  Dale,” 
and  opened  there  a law  office  and  also  one  in 
Lexington,  intending  to  devote  himself  to  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  From  1797  to  1800  he 
was  a member  of  the  legislature,  and  during  his 
last  term  speaker  of  the  house.  He  was  defeated 
as  candidate  for  U.  S.  senator  by  the  Federalist 
candidate,  Humphrey  Marshall,  by  a few  votes; 
and  Governor  Shelby,  in  1795,  appointed  him 
attorney -general  of  Kentucky.  The  criminal 
code  of  Kentucky  at  this  time  prescribed  the 
death  penalty  to  no  less  than  one  hundred  and 
sixty  crimes,  extending  it  to  some  trivial  offences, 
juries  could  not  be  found  to  convict  an  offen- 
der except  in  cases  of  aggravated  criminality; 
and  while  in  the  legislature  Mr.  Breckinridge 
seemed  a revision  of  the  code  so  as  to  abolish  the 
death  penalty  for  all  crimes  except  murder  in  the 
first  degree.  He  introduced  in  the  Kentucky  house 
of  representatives  on  Nov.  8,  1798,  certain  reso- 
lutions strongly  condemnatory  of  the  obnoxious 
alien  and  sedition  laws,  which,  being  passed  by  the 
house  on  the  10th  of  that  month,  concurred  in  by 
the  senate,  and  approved  of  by  the  governor, 
were  forwarded  to  the  state  and  general  govern- 
ments as  the  protest  of  Kentucky  against  those 
enactments,  and  in  the  following  year  the  Ken- 
tucky legislature  passed  another  resolution  — also 
introduced  by  Mr.  Breckinridge  — affirming  that 
“ any  state  might  rightfully  nullify  any  act  of 
Congress  which  it  regarded  as  unconstitu- 
tional.” The  authorship  of  the  original  resolu- 
tions is  almost  unanimously  attributed  to  Thomas 
Jefferson,  but  President  Ethelbert  D.  Warfield, 
in  His  volume,  “ Kentucky  Resolutions  of  1798  ” 
(1887),  makes  it  clear  that  while  the  basis  of  the 
paper  was  from  the  hand  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  its 
more  important  portions  were  the  work  of  Mr. 
Breckinridge.  He  was  elected  to  the  senate  of 
the  United  States  in  1800,  and  he  took  his  seat 
March  4,  1801,  upon  the  inauguration  of  President 
Jefferson,  who  made  him  his  intermediary  with 
that  body,  and  he  became  the  leader  of  his  party 
in  the  senate.  In  December,  1805,  President 
Jefferson  appointed  him  as  attorney-general  in 
his  cabinet.  He  died  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  Dec. 
14,  1806. 


BRECKINRIDGE,  John,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Cabell’s  Dale,  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  July 
4,  1797;  son  of  John  and  Mary  (Cabell)  Breckin- 
ridge. He  was  educated  at  Nassau  hall,  Prince- 
ton, N.  J.,  and  was  graduated  from  the  college  in 
1818,  where  he  was  for  a short  time  a tutor,  and 
served  for  eleven  years  as  one  of  its  trustees. 
In  1822  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presby- 
tery of  New  Brunswick,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
chosen  chaplain  of  the  house  of  representatives  in 
the  17th  Congress.  He  then  for  four  years  served 
as  pastor  to  a church  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  and 
founded  the  Western  Luminary  there.  He 
was  called  to  the  second  Presbyterian  church  of 
Baltimore  in  1826,  and  in  1831  removed  to  Phila- 
delphia to  act  as  secretary  of  the  Presbyterian 
board  of  education.  In  1836  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  pastoral  theology  in  the  Theological 
seminary  at  Princeton,  and  while  holding  this 
position  he  had  an  extended  public  controversy 
with  Archbishop  Hughes  of  New  York.  In  1838 
he  was  made  secretary  and  general  agent  of  the 
Presbyterian  board  of  foreign  missions,  and  he 
served  in  that  capacity  until  1841,  when  he  was 
appointed  to  the  presidency  of  Oglethorpe  college 
in  Georgia.  He  was  much  interested  in  the 
project  of  colonizing  the  colored  people  of  this 
country  in  Africa,  and  for  several  years  was 
president  of  a society  organized  to  promote  that 
object.  His  controversy  with  Archbishop 
Hughes  as  to  the  bearing  of  the  teachings  of  the 
Presbyterian  and  Roman  Catholic  churches, 
respectively,  on  civil  or  religious  liberty,  was 
published  in  1836,  and  in  1839  lie  published  a 
“Memorial  of  Mrs.  Breckinridge.”  His  labors 
were  mostly  confined  to  the  pulpit  and  the  plat- 
form, and  he  exercised  a commanding  influence 
in  his  denomination.  He  died  while  on  a visit 
to  Cabell's  Dale,  Ky.,  Aug.  4,  1841. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  John  Cabell,  vice-president 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  at  Cabell’s  Dale, 
Ky.,  Jan.  16,  1821;  son  of  John  Cabell  and  Mary 
C.  (Smith)  Breckinridge,  grandson  of  John  Breck- 
inridge, U.  S.  district  attorney,  and  a nephew  of 
John  and  Robert  J.  Breckinridge,  distinguished 
Presbyterian  divines.  He  was  graduated  at 
Centre  college  in  1838,  and  in  law  at  Transylvania 
university  in  1840.  He  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Frankfort,  Ky. , then  removed  to  Bur 
lington,  Iowa.  He  returned  to  his  native  place  in 
1843  and  opened  an  office  at  Georgetown,  remov- 
ing in  1845  to  Lexington,  where  he  speedily  ac- 
quired a lucrative  practice.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  with  Mexico  he  served  as  major  of  a 
regiment  of  Kentucky  volunteers,  and  also  as  at- 
torney for  General  Pillow  in  his  numerous 
litigations  with  his  fellow  officers.  On  returning 
to  his  home  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house 
of  the  Kentucky  legislature,  and  in  1851  and  ’53 


BRECKINRIDGE. 


BRECKINRIDGE. 


to  the  United  States  house  of  representatives, 
where  he  served  in  the  32d  and  33d  congresses. 
In  1856  he  was  nominated  and  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States.  Before  the 
expiration  of  his  term  as  vice-president  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  senate  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  Kentucky,  and  nominated  by  the  southern 
wing  of  the  Democratic  convention,  which 
convened  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1860,  as  their 
candidate  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States. 
In  the  election  that  followed  he  received  seventy- 
two  electoral  votes,  against  one  hundred  and 
eighty  cast  for  Mr.  Lincoln,  thirty-nine  for  John 
Bell  and  twelve  for  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  He 
took  his  seat  in  the  United  States  senate  on 
March  4,  1861,  where  he  announced  the  election 
of  Abraham  Lincoln  to  the  presidency  before 
both  houses  of  Congress,  spurning  a proposition 
made  by  southern  members  that  he  should  join 
in  a plot  to  prevent  the  counting  of  the  electoral 
votes,  defended  the  course  of  the  people  of  the 
southern  states  in  protecting  their  property, 
and  then  left  the  senate  to  join  the  Confederate 
army.  In  September,  1861,  he  went  to  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  where  he  was  appointed  brigadier - 
general,  and  on  November  16  assumed  command 
of  the  1st  Kentucky  brigade.  On  March  2,  1862, 
he  was  placed  in  command  of  a division  of  Gen. 
A.  S.  Johnston’s  army,  and  led  it  in  the  battle  of 
Shiloh,  for  which  he  was  advanced  to  the  rank 
of  major-general.  He  commanded  the  Confed- 
erate troops  at  the  battle  of  Baton  Rouge,  Aug. 

5,  1862.  He  participated  in  the  engagements  at 
Stone  River,  Murfreesboro,  Chickamauga,  Look- 
out Mountain  and  Mission  Ridge.  In  February, 
1864,  he  was  sent  to  Virginia,  and  on  May  15 
fought  against  General  Sigel  at  New  Market. 
He  was  with  General  Early  during  his  campaign 
in  Maryland,  and  at  Monocaey,  Cold  Harbor, 
and  Bull  Gap.  In  March,  I860,  President  Davis 
appointed  him  secretary  of  war,  and  after  the 
surrender  he  assisted  the  president  in  his 
flight  and  accompanied  by  a few  friends  escaped 
in  an  open  boat  to  Cuba,  whence  he  sailed  for 
England.  He  remained  in  Europe  till  1868,  when 
he  returned  to  the  United  States  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  the  law  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  in 
which  he  continued  until  his  death  on  May  17, 
1875. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  Joseph  Cabell,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Jan.  14,  1842;  son  of 
Robert  Jefferson  Breckinridge,  and  grandson 
of  John  Breckinridge,  statesman.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Virginia  in 

1860,  and  the  following  year  entered  the  U.  S. 
army  as  aide-de-camp,  joining  Gen.  William 
Nelson  at  Camp  Dick  Robinson,  Ky.,  Aug.  30, 

1861.  He  was  aide-de-camp  to  Gen.  George  II. 
Thomas  during  the  advance  toward  east  Tennes- 

[39 


see,  and  after  serving  through  the  siege  of  Corinth, 
Miss.,  he  was  made  -2d  lieutenant  of  artillery  in 
April,  1862.  He  was  on  duty  at  Pensacola  and 
at  Fort  Barrancas,  Fla.,  commanding  boat  and 
scouting  expeditions  and  performing  local  staff 
duties.  On  Aug.  1,  1863,  he  was  promoted  1st 
lieutenant,  and  in  1864  lie  served  in  the  Atlanta 
campaign,  was  captured  and  confined  at  Macon. 
Ga.,  and  at  Charleston,  S.  C.  For  gallant  service 
during  this  campaign  he  received  the  brevet 
rank  of  captain.  He  was  exchanged  in  Septem- 
ber, 1864,  and  in  January  of  the  following  year 
served  as  mustering  officer  for  the  eastern  district 
of  Kentucky.  In  March,  1865,  he  was  brevetted 
major  for  meritorious  services,  and  in  September, 
1865,  he  went  with  his  regiment  to  California. 
The  following  year  he  was  aide-de-camp  on  the 
staff  of  Gen.  H.  W.  Halleck,  served  on  recruiting 
duty,  and  in  1868  was  on  leave  of  absence.  From 
1870  to  1874  he  was  adjutant  of  the  artillery 
school;  in  June,  1874,  was  promoted  captain, 
serving  from  1875  to  1878  at  Fort  Foote,  Md. ; in 
1876  at  Petersburg,  Va.,  and  in  1877  was  with  his 
command  during  the  strike  and  riots  at  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.  For  three  years  following  he  was 
stationed  at  the  Washington  arsenal,  and  was 
promoted  major  and  assistant  inspector-general 
on  Jan.  19.  1881.  In  February,  1885,  he  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant-colonel  and  inspector-general, 
and  in  September  of  the  same  year  became 
colonel.  His  next  promotion  occurred  in  Jan- 
uary, 1889,  when  he  was  made  brigadier-general. 
Later  he  was  stationed  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
as  brigadier-general  of  the  army. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  Robert  Jefferson,  clergy- 
man, was  born  at  Cabell’s  Dale,  Ky.,  March  8, 
1800;  son  of  John  Breckinridge,  author  of  the 
Kentucky  resolutions  of  1798.  He  studied  at 
Princeton  and  Yale  and  was  graduated  at  Union 
college  in  1819;  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823; 
practised  law  in  Kentucky  until  1831 ; was  a 
member  of  the  state  legislature  in  1825,  '26,  '27 
and  '28 ; united  with  the  Presbyterian  church  in 
1829,  and  was  soon  after  elected  ruling  elder,  and 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
church,  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  1832;  president  or 
principal  of  Jefferson  college,  Cannonsburgh, 
Pa.,  and  pastor  of  the  church  there  in  1845: 
pastor  First  Presbyterian  church,  Lexington. 
Ky. ; state  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, 1847  ; and  professor  of  exegetic,  didactic  and 
polemic  theology  in  the  Presbyterian  theological 
seminary  at  Danville  in  1853.  Dr.  Breckinridge 
was  a man  of  commanding  influence  in  both 
church  and  state.  He  was  an  early  advocate  of 
the  emancipation  of  the  slaves,  and  when  Ken- 
tucky refused  to  adopt  the  measure  he  aban- 
doned political  life.  From  his  first  public 
appearance  in  ecclesiastical  matters  in  the 
sj 


BRECKINRIDGE. 


BREED 


Cincinnati  convention,  in  1830,  he  was  one  of  the 
leading  minds  in  the  Presbyterian  church  and 
in  his  later,  as  well  as  his  earlier,  years  he  took 
an  active  interest  in  civil  affairs.  He  was  a 
voluminous  writer;  published  "Papism  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century  in  the  United  States  ” 
(1841);  "Travels  in  France  and  Germany” 
(1841) ; ” Memoranda  of  Foreign  Travel  ” (1845) ; 

“ Internal  Evidence  of  Christianity  ” (1852) ; 

“ The  Knowledge  of  God  Objectively  Consid- 
ered ” (1857);  and  “The  Knowledge  of  God 

Subjectively  Considered”  (1859),  and  innumer- 
able pamphlets  on  slavery,  temperance,  popery, 
Universalism,  Presbyterianism,  education,  agri- 
culture, politics.  The  value  of  his  six  years  of 
service  as  superintendent  of  pul  die  instruction  of 
Kentucky  was  gratefully  acknowledged  by  his  suc- 
cessors in  that  office.  While  opposed  to  slavery, 
he  sought  to  remove  it  by  peaceful  methods;  yet 
when  the  war  came  he  sided  zealously  with  the 
Union,  though  one  of  his  sons,  his  nephew  and 
others  of  his  kindred  gave  their  support  to  the 
Confederacy.  He  was  chairman  of  the  national 
Republican  convention  at  Baltimore,  which,  in 
1864,  gave  Abraham  Lincoln  his  second  nomina- 
tion for  the  presidency.  He  died  at  Cabell's  Dale, 
Ky.,  Dec.  27,  1871. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  Samuel  Miller,  jurist,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.  3,  1828;  son  of  John 
and  Margaret  (Miller)  Breckinridge.  He  received 
a classical  education  at  Centre  college,  Ky. , 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  Union  college,  N.  Y. ; was 
graduated  at  the  law  school  of  the  Transylvania 
college,  and  in  1850  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
where  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
He  occupied  a seat  in  the  Missouri  legislature  in 
1854  and  1855,  and  on  the  circuit  bench  in  1859. 
He  was  a strong  Republican,  and  his  wise  coun- 
sels were  of  inestimable  value  to  his  party.  He  was 
a leader  in  the  Presbyterian  chujich,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  committee  which  was  occupied 
from  1878  to  1882  in  revising  the  “ Book  of  Dis- 
cipline,” and  was  frequently  a delegate  to  the 
general  assemblies.  In  the  first  Detroit  assembly 
of  1891  he  took  a conspicuous  part  in  supporting 
the  report  of  President  Patton’s  committee  against 
the  Rev.  Charles  A.  Briggs,  D.D.,  and  being 
pressed  to  give  a legal  opinion  on  the  controversy 
delivered  a most  able  speech  on  the  subject. 
Feeling  ran  high,  and  the  passionate  excitement 
in  that  body  of  divines  was  most  intense  when 
Judge  Breckinridge  reached  his  concluding  sen- 
tence: “Now,  gentlemen,  I feel  that  I have  dis- 
charged my  duty,  and  wish  to  be  excused  from 
further  speaking.”  With  the  concluding  word 
he  fell  to  the  floor,  expiring  instantly,  the  tragic 
event  producing  the  most  intense  excitement  in 
the  assembly.  The  death  occurred  at  Detroit, 
Mich.,  May  28, 1891. 

[399] 


BRECKINRIDGE,  William  Campbell  Pres 
ton,  representative,  was  born  near  Baltimore,  Md. , 
Aug.  28,  1837 ; son  of  Robert  J.  and  Sophonisba 
(Preston)  Breckinridge.  He  was  graduated  from 
Centre  college,  Ky.,  April  26,  1855,  and  from  the 
law  department  of  the  University  of  Louisville, 
Feb.  27, 1857.  He  entered  the  Confederate  service 
in  1861,  as  a captain  of  cavalry,  was  soon  promoted 
to  a colonelcy,  and  was  in  command  of  the  9th 
Kentucky  cavalry  up  to  the  close  of  the  civil  war. 
Then  for  two  years  he  edited  the  Observer  and 
Reporter  of  Lexington,  Ky. , when  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  in  the  law  department  of  the 
Kentucky  university.  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Cumberland  university  in  1870.  In 
1884  he  was  elected  a representative  to  the  49th 
Congress  and  was  re-elected  to  the  four  succeed- 
ing congresses,  but  was  defeated  in  his  can- 
didacy for  the  54th  and  55th  congresses,  by  rea- 
son of  a revulsion  of  public  opinion  growing  out 
of  a breach  of  promise  of  marriage  suit. 

BRECKINRIDGE,  William  Lewis,  educator, 
was  born  at  Cabell’s  Dale.  Kv.,  July  22,  1803,  son 
of  John  and  Mary  Hopkins  (Cabell)  Breckinridge. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Transyl- 
vania, and  began  life  as  a farmer,  but  afterwards 
entered  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  church, 
his  first  pastoral 
charge  being  at 
Maysville,  Ky.,  from 
1831  to  1832,  during 
which  time  he  also 
held  the  professor- 
ship of  ancient  lan- 
guages at  Centre 
college,  Kentucky, 
declining  a call 
to  the  Second  church 
at  Baltimore.  He 
was  pastor  of  the 
First  church  in 
Louisville  from  1836 
to  1859,  and  in  the 
latter  year  served  as  moderator  of  the  2d  general 
assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  council.  He  was 
president  of  Oakland  college,  Miss.,  from  1860  to 
1863,  and  of  Centre  college,  Danville,  Ky.,  from 
1863  to  1868.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 
For  some  years  before  his  death  he  was  a min- 
ister-at-large in  Cass  county,  Mo.  He  married,  in 
1824,  Frances  C.,  daughter  of  Judge  Prevost. 
His  second  wife  was  Mrs.  Sarah  A.  Garnett,  a 
daughter  of  Judge  Christopher  Tompkins.  He 
died  in  Cass  county,  Mo.,  Dec.  26,  1876. 

BREED,  David  Riddle,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  June  10,  1848.  He  was  graduated 
at  Hamilton  college  in  1867,  and  from  Auburn 
theological  Seminary  in  1870.  From  1870  to  1885 
he  was  pastor  of  a Presbyterian  church  in  St. 


BREESE. 


BREIDENBAUGH. 


Paul,  Minn.,  and  from  1885  to  1894  he  was  in  pas- 
toral charge  in  Chicago,  In  1894  he  took  the 
pastorate  of  the  Old  First  Presbyterian  church  in 
Pittsburg.  He  published  “More  Light,”  which 
had  an  extensive  circulation  in  several  languages. 
He  also  published,  “History  of  the  Preparation  of 
the  World  for  Christ”  (1891) ; and  “ Heresy  and 
Heresy”  (1891). 

BREED,  William  Pratt,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Greenbusli,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  23,  1816,  son  of  Allen 
and  Joanna  (Pratt)  Breed.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  New  York  City  in  1843,  and  from 
Princeton  theological  seminary  in  1846.  He  was 
pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  Steubenville, 
Ohio,  from  1847  to  1856.  when  he  assumed  charge 
of  the  West  Spruce  street  church,  Philadelphia. 
He  took  a leading  part  in  the  movement  to  erect 
a monument  to  Witherspoon,  in  Fail-mount  Park, 
Philadelphia,  and  on  the  occasion  of  the  unveil, 
ing,  in  1876,  he  delivered  an  address  on  “Presby- 
terians in  Revolution,”  which  he  afterwards  re- 
peated in  upwards  of  seventy  pulpits.  The  Uni- 
versity of  the  city  of  New  York  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1864.  He  was  a member  of  the 
various  Presbyterian  societies  and  boards,  and  of 
the  Philadelphia  academy  of  natural  sciences.  He 
published,  “Presbyterianism  Three  Hundred 
Years  Ago,”  “Presbyterians  and  the  Revolution,’’ 
“British  Reformers,”  “Abroad  and  Abroad  in 
Eighteen  Hundred  and  Eighty-Four  ” (1885) . He 
died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  14,  1889. 

BREESE,  Kidder  Randolph,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  14,  1831.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  as  a midshipman  in  1846,  served 
through  the  Mexican  war  on  the  Saratoga  under 
Commander  Farragut;  in  the  Japan  expedition 
on  the  Macedonian  under  Commodore  Perry ; in 
the  Paraguayan  expedition  under  Commodore 
Preble,  and  was  on  the  San  Jacinto,  Captain 
Wilkes,  engaged  in  suppressing  the  slave  trade 
on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  when  Mason  and 
Slidell  were  captured  on  board  the  Trent,  in 
November,  1861.  He  then  was  in  command  of 
the  third  division  of  Porter’s  mortar  flotilla,  in 
the  engagements  at  Fort  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip,  and  at  New  Orleans  and  Vicksburg.  In 
July,  1862,  he  was  promoted  lieutenant,  and  in 
command  of  the  flagship  Black  Hawk  joined 
Porter’s  Mississippi  squadron  and  took  part  in 
the  engagements  along  the  Mississippi  and  Red 
rivers.  In  1864  he  was  selected  by  Admiral  Por- 
ter as  fleet  captain  of  the  North  Atlantic  squad- 
ron, and  headed  a storming  party  at  Fort  Fisher. 
In  recognition  of  his  gallantry  on  this  occasion  he 
was  promoted  commander  July  25, 1866.  Afterthe 
war  he  was  on  duty  in  the  ordnance  department 
and  was  then  assigned  to  the  European  squadron 
in  command  of  the  Plymouth.  He  was  promoted 
captain  in  August,  1874,  and  died  Sept.  13.  1881. 


BREESE,  Samuel  Livingston,  naval  officer, 

was  born  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1794.  He  began  his 
naval  career  as  midshipman  in  1810,  was  commis- 
sioned lieutenant  in  1816,  and  captain  in  1841.  Iu 
1845  he  was  attached  to  the  Mediterranean  squad- 
ron in  command  of  the  frigate  Cumberland,  and 
during  the  Mexican  war  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Tuspan,  Tabasco,  and  Vera  Cruz.  He  was  assigned 
to  special  duty  on  the  great  lakes  in  1848 ; had 
command  of  the  Norfolk  navy  yard  from  1853  to 
1855 ; of  the  Mediterranean  squadron  from  1856  to 
1859;  and  of  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard  from  1859  to 
1861.  In  July,  1862,  he  was  commissioned  com- 
modore. He  was  created  rear-admiral  on  the 
retired  list  in  September,  1862,  and  appointed 
light-house  inspector.  In  1869  he  was  port  ad 
miral  at  Philadelphia,  and  died  at  Mount  Airy, 
Pa.,  Dec.  17,  1870. 

BREESE,  Sidney,  jurist,  was  born  in  Whites- 
boro,  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.,  July  15,  1800.  He 
graduated  at  Union  college  in  1818,  studied 
law,  and  removed  to  Illinois  in  1821,  where  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  successively  filled 
the  offices  of  town  postmaster,  assistant  secre- 
tary of  state,  state’s  attorney,  and  United  States 
attorney  for  Illinois.  He  was  a commissioned 
officer  in  the  state  militia  and  served  as  lieutenant 
of  volunteers,  during  the  Black  Hawk  war.  He 
was  appointed  circuit  judge  in  1835,  and  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  state  in  1841.  In  1843  he 
was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  as  a 
democrat,  serving  until  1849,  and  during  his  sen- 
atorship,  while  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
public  lands,  he  made  a report  favoring  the 
establishment  of  a transcontinental  railway.  He 
was  a member  of  the  house  of  representatives  of 
Illinois,  and  in  1850  was  elected  its  speaker.  In 
1855  he  was  again  appointed  judge  of  the  circuit 
court  and  was  chief  of  the  court.  In  1857  he  was 
elected  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state, 
and  in  1873  became  chief  justice,  holding  the 
office  during  his  lifetime.  He  was  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  Illinois  Central  railroad,  and 
from  1845  to  1849  regent  of  the  Smithsonian 
institution.  He  published  a volume  of  “ Decisions 
of  the  Supreme  Court  ” (1829) ; a work  on 
“ Illinois  ” (1869) ; and  another  on  the  “ Origin  and 
History  of  the  Pacific  Railroad”  (1869).  He  died 
at  Pinckneyville,  111..  June  27,  1878. 

BREIDENBAUGH,  Edward  Swoyer,  chemist, 
was  born  in  Newville,  Cumberland  county,  Pa., 
Jan.  13,  1849.  He  was  graduated  at  Pennsylvania 
college  in  1868,  and  after  studying  chemistry  for 
two  years  at  the  Sheffield  scientific  school, 
teaching  that  branch  in  the  school  during  his 
second  year,  he  was  professor  of  natural 
sciences  at  Carthage  college,  Illinois,  for  a year, 
and  in  1874  became  professor  of  mineralogy  and 
chemistry  in  Pennsylvania  college.  He  pub- 


BRENTANO. 


BREVARD. 


lished  an  “ Analysis  of  Connecticut  Tobacco  Ash  ” 
(1872);  “The  Minerals  of  Tilley  Foster  Mine” 
(1873) ; “ Fermentation  and  Germ  Theory  ” (1877) ; 
“Concerning  Certain  Misconceptions  in  Consider- 
ing the  Relations  between  Science  and  Religion  ” 
(1880);  “The  Nitrogenous  Element  of  Plant 
Food”  (1880)  and  “Mineralogy  of  the  Farm” 
(1881).  He  was  the  author  of  the  Pennsylvania 
college  book  of  1882. 

BRENT,  Henry  Johnson,  author,  was  born  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  in  1811.  He  was  a descend- 
ant of  one  of  the  Carroll  family,  among  the  earli- 
est settlers  of  Maryland.  Under  the  pen  name  of 
“ Stirrup”  he  contributed  to  Porter’s  Spirit  of  the 
Times,  and  he  assisted  Lewis  Gaylord  Clark  in 
founding  and  editing  the  Knickerbocker  (1833-’64) ; 
“ Life  Almost  Alone,”  a serial  published  in  the 
Knickerbocker,  and  “ Was  It  a Ghost,”  published 
in  1868,  in  which  he  deduced  a theory  to  account 
for  the  murder  of  the  Joyce  children,  were  his 
most  popular  works.  He  died  Aug.  3,  1880. 

BRENTANO,  Lorenzo,  journalist,  was  born  at 
Mannheim,  Baden,  Germany,  Nov.  4,  1813.  After 
thorough  preparation  in  the  schools  of  the  grand 
duchy,  he  studied  law  at  Heidelberg  and  Frei- 
burg, was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  commenced  to 
practise  at  Baden.  In  1834  he  became  a member 
of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  where  he  allied  him- 
self with  the  Liberal  party,  and  in  1848,  upon  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  was  a member  of 
the  Frankfort  parliament.  He  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  provisional  republic  established  in 
1849,  and  when  the  grand  duke  was  re-established 
through  the  intervention  of  Prussia,  he  fled  to 
the  United  States,  learning  upon  his  arrival  that 
he  had  been  sentenced  to  life  imprisonment. 
After  ten  years  of  farming  in  Kalamazoo  county, 
Mich.,  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  his  profession,  at  the  same  time 
editing  The  Illinois  Staats- Zeitung,  and  tak- 
ing an  active  interest  in  local  politics,  and  was 
for  five  years  president  of  the  Chicago  board  of 
education.  In  1862  he  became  a member  of  the 
popular  branch  of  the  state  legislature,  and  in 
1868  presidential  elector  on  the  Grant  and  Colfax 
ticket.  The  amnesty,  which  in  1869  was  ex 
tended  to  the  revolutionists  of  1849.  removed  the 
ban  that  had  been  placed  upon  him,  and  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  land  to  visit  his  old  home 
and  friends.  In  1872  he  was  made  United  States 
consul  at  Dresden  by  President  Grant,  and  served 
until  1876,  when  he  was  elected  a representative 
to  the  45th  Congress.  He  afterwards  devoted 
himself  to  literary  work  along  legal  and  historical 
lines.  He  published  a report  of  the  trial  of  Gui- 
teau,  the  assassin  of  President  Garfield,  and  a his- 
tory of  “King  versus  Missouri”  (United  States 
supreme  court  reports,  107).  He  died  in  Chicago, 
111.,  Sept.  18,  1891. 


BRENTON,  William,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  born  at  Hammersmith,  county  of 
Middlesex,  England,  in  the  early  part  of  the  sev- 
enteenth century.  He  immigrated  to  Boston  in 
1634,  and  held  important  offices  of  trust  in  Massa- 
chusetts and  in  Rhode  Island,  where  he  settled  in 
1639.  He  was  deputy-governor  of  Portsmouth  and 
Newport,  R.  I.,  from  1640  to  1647;  president  of 
the  colony  from  1660  to  1663,  and  governor  from 
1666  to  1669,  under  the  new  charter  granted  by 
Charles  II.  He  was  one  of  the  nine  original  pro- 
prietaries of  Rhode  Island,  surveyed  and  selected 
for  his  home  Newport,  and  built  his  house  where 
Fort  Adams  was  afterwards  located.  His  grant 
gave  him  the  privilege  of  claiming  a certain 
amount  of  land  for  every  mile  surveyed,  and  in 
this  way  he  acquired  vast  possessions.  Brenton’s 
Reef  and  Brenton’s  Point,  Narragansett  Bay,  take 
their  name  from  him.  He  died  at  Newport,  R.  1., 
in  November,  1674. 

BREVARD,  Ephraim,  patriot,  was  born  in 
North  Carolina  about  1750,  and  graduated  from 
the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1768.  He  studied 
medicine  and  practised  at  Charlotte,  N.  C.  He  de- 
voted much  study  to  the  history  and  principles  of 
the  Presbyterian  dissenters  of  Scotland,  and  while 
living  among  the  bold  freemen  of  Mecklenburg 
county,  N.  C.,  he  ripened  into  a leader  in  that 
southern  colony.  He  was  a member  of  that 
memorable  assembly  which  passed  the  celebi-ated 
act  of  separation  from  the  authority  of  the  crown 
of  Britain,  and  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  com- 
mittee on  resolutions.  The  famous  Declaration 
was  written  under  the  direction  of  Ephraim 
Brevard  by  his  nephew,  Adam  Brevard.  The 
Mecklenburg  Declaration  passed  the  assembly 
May  31,  1775,  thirteen  months  before  the  Declar- 
ation of  Independence  was  adopted  by  the  general 
congress  at  Philadelphia.  Brevard,  with  six 
brothers,  joined  the  Continental  army,  and  at  the 
capture  of  Charleston  in  1780  he  was  taken 
prisoner  and  suffered  a long  confinement,  which 
destroyed  his  health,  and  he  died  at  Hopewell, 
S.  C.,  about  1783. 

BREVOORT,  James  Carson,  bibliophile,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  N.  Y.,  July  10,  1818.  He 
studied  in  American  schools  for  a number  of  years 
and  was  graduated  as  a civil  engineer,  in  1837,  at 
the  ecole  centrale  des  arts  et  manufactures  in  Paris. 
He  afterwards  engaged  in  engineering  enterprises 
in  the  United  States,  and  accepted  an  appoint- 
ment as  private  secretary  of  Washington  Irving, 
minister  to  Spain.  In  1844  he  returned  to 
America,  settling  permanently  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.  He  served  on  the  boards  of  education  and 
water  commissioners  for  a number  of  years,  was 
president  for  ten  years  of  the  Long  Island  his- 
torical society,  and  a member  of  the  New  York, 
Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin  and  other 
[toil 


BREYOORT. 


BREWER. 


state  historical  societies.  He  was  a trustee  and 
some  time  superintendent  of  the  Astor  library,  a 
regent  of  the  University  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  a member  of  the  entomological  societies  of 
New  York,  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia,  honorary 
and  corresponding  member  of  the  Archaeological 
society  of  Madrid,  member  of  the  American  an- 
tiquarian society,  of  the  American  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science,  of  the  Philadelphia 
numismatic  society,  and  of  various  other  literary, 
historical,  and  scientific  organizations.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Williams  college 
in  1873.  Before  his  death  he  distributed  his  valu- 
able collection  of  books,  manuscripts,  coins  and 
medals  among  the  various  museums  and  colleges 
in  which  he  was  interested.  Among  his  contri- 
butions to  historical  and  scientific  journals  were 
a series  of  illustrated  papers  on  “Early  Spanish 
and  Portuguese  Coinage  in  America,”  and  a paper 
on  the  “Discovery  of  the  Remains  of  Columbus.” 
His  “ Yerrazano,  the  Navigator,”  was  published 
in  1874.  Hedied  in  Brooklyn.  N.  Y..  Dec.  7,  1887. 

BREVOORT,  James  Fenwick,  painter,  was 
born  in  Westchester  county,  N.  Y.,  July  20,  1832. 
After  receiving  preliminary  instruction  in  draw- 
ing under  good  masters  in  America  he  studied  in 
various  European  schools,  and  afterwards  en- 
joyed the  advantage  of  sketching  tours  through 
the  most  picturesque  parts  of  England  and  the 
continent.  He  was  admitted  as  an  associate  of  the 
National  academy  of  design  in  1861,  an  academi- 
cian in  1863,  and  a professor  in  perspective 
drawing  at  that  institution  in  1872.  He  won 
especial  praise  in  the  treatment  of  landscape  in 
low  color  tones,  his  most  notable  examples  being 
a “ Scene  in  Holland, " “ Lake  Como,"  “Storm  on 
an  English  Moor,”  “ May  Morning,  Lake  Como,” 
“New  England  Scene,”  “Morning  in  Early 
Winter,”  “ The  Wild  November  Comes  at  Last,” 
“Windy  Evening  on  the  Moors,”  and  “ Windy 
Day  on  a Moor.” 

BREWER,  David  Josiah,  jurist,  was  born  in 

Smyrna,  Asia  Minor,  June  20, 1837 ; son  of  Josiah 
and  Emilia  (Field)  Brewer.  His  father  was  an 
American  missionary,  stationed  at  Smyrna,  and 
his  mother  was  a daughter  of  the  Rev.  David 
Dudley  Field  of  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  and  a sister 
of  David  Dudley,  Stephen  J.,  Cyrus  W.  and 
Henry  Martyn  Field.  Shortly  after  his  birth  his 
parents  returned  to  America  and  settled  in 
Wethersfield,  Conn.  He  studied  for  a time  at  the 
Wesleyan  university  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  and 
then  entering  the  junior  class  of  Yale  college  was 
graduated  in  1856.  He  read  law  in  the  office  of  his 
uncle,  David  Dudley  Field,  and  was  graduated  at 
the  Albany  law  school  in  1858.  He  removed  to 
Kansas  City,  Mo. , and  commenced  practice  there, 
removing  later  to  Leavenworth.  Kan.,  where  he 
attained  a distinguished  rank  in  his  profession. 


In  1861  he  was  appointed  United  States  commis- 
sioner of  the  circuit  court  for  the  district  of 
Kansas : in  1862  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  pro- 
bate and  criminal  courts  of  Leavenworth  county; 
in  1864  he  became 
judge  of  the  first  judi- 
cial district  of  Kan- 
sas, and  in  1870  he  was 
elected  to  the  su- 
preme bench  of  Kan- 
sas, being  re-elect- 
ed in  1876  and  1882. 

In  1884  he  was  select- 
ed by  President  Ar- 
thur as  judge  of  the 
eighth  judicial  cir- 
cuit. On  Dec.  18, 1889, 
by  appointment  of 
President  Harrison, 
he  was  commissioned 
associate  justice  of 
the  United  States  su- 
preme court,  to  succeed  Justice  Stanley  Matthews, 
deceased.  One  of  his  decisions,  as  affecting  the 
state  of  Kansas,  resulted  in  the  acknowledgment 
of  woman's  eligibility  to  the  office  of  county  super- 
intendent of  public  instruct  ion,  and  another  recog- 
nized and  sustained  the  right  of  married  women 
to  money  possessed  by  them  prior  to  marriage  or 
earned  by  them  after  marriage.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  library  association ; member  of  the 
city  board  of  education ; superintendent  of  schools 
of  Leavenworth,  and  president  of  the  state  teach- 
ers' association.  In  1890  he  accepted  a professor- 
ship as  lecturer  on  corporation  law  in  the  Columbia 
law  school.  On  Jan.  1,  1896.  Justice  Brewer  was 
selected  by  President  Cleveland  to  serve  on  the 
board  of  commissioners  appointed  to  investigate 
the  boundary  line  between  Yenezuela  and  British 
Guiana,  and  on  the  organization  of  the  board  he 
was  elected  its  presiding  officer.  In  1897  Justice 
Brewer,  with  Chief  Justice  Fuller,  was  chosen  an 
arbitrator  on  behalf  of  Yenezuela  in  the  matter 
of  the  settlement  of  the  boundary  line  dispute 
between  that  country  and  Great  Britain.  Iowa. 
Washburn  and  Yale  colleges  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D. 

BREWER,  James  Rawlings,  editor,  was  born 
at  Annapolis,  Md.,  Dec.  28,  1840.  When  four- 
teen years  old  he  began  to  write  political  and 
poetic  articles  for  the  press,  and  when  eighteen 
he  became  editor  of  the  Maryland  Bejjubliean. 
In  1862  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  and  continued 
his  newspaper  work.  His  expression  of  southern 
views  in  the  columns  of  his  journal  incurred  the 
hostility  of  the  military  authorities,  and  three  of 
his  newspapers  were  suppressed.  In  1864  Mr. 
Brewer  went  to  New  York  to  accept  an  editorial 
position  on  the  New  York  World,  which  he 


O' 


BREWER. 


BREWER. 


continued  to  occupy  till  1863,  when  he  returned  to 
Baltimore  and  became  editor  of  The  Sunday  Tele- 
gram. He  was  one  of  tine  originators  of  the  anti- 
registry convention  and  sought  a modification  of 
the  registry  law,  so  obnoxious  to  many  of  the  citi- 
zens. On  Feb.  9,  1874,  he  became  editor  of  the 
Baltimore  Daily  News. 

BREWER,  John  Hyatt,  musical  composer, 
was  born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  18,  1836,  of 
Scotch-English  parents.  In  1862  he  made  his 
debut  as  boy  soloist,  and  continued  to  sing  until 
he  was  fourteen  years  old.  A year  later  he 
became  an  organist  in  Brooklyn,  and  gave  vocal 
and  instrumental  lessons,  at  the  same  time  carry- 
ing on  his  musical  education,  his  instructors 
being  Rafael  Navarro  and  Dudley  Buck.  In 
187S  he  became  the  second  tenor  and  accom- 
panist of  the  Apollo  club,  and  later  conducted 
the  Cecilia  ladies’  vocal  society  of  sixty  voices, 
for  which  last  he  wrote  several  cantatas.  Among 
these:  “Hesperus,”  “The  Herald  of  Spring,” 
“ The  Sea  and  the  Moon,”  and  “The  Birth  of 
Love.”  Among  the  better  known  of  his  songs 
are:  “ Bashfulness,”  " Seasliine, " “Treachery,” 
“ The  Katydid,”  and  “ Sensible  Serenade.”  His 
instrumental  work  consists  chiefly  of  pieces  for 
the  organ. 

BREWER,  Josiah,  missionary,  was  born  at 
South  Tyringham,  Mass.,  June  1,1796.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1821,  after  which  he  studied 
theology  at  Andover  fora  time,  interspersing  his 
studies  with  missionary  labors  in  jails  and  hospi- 
tals and  among  the  Indians.  From  1824  to  1826 
he  was  a tutor  at  Yale,  continuing  his  theological 
studies  under  the  Yale  professors,  and  in  1S26  he 
was  licensed  to  preach.  In  the  same  year  he  was 
sent  by  the  American  board  of  foreign  missions 
as  a missionary  to  Smyrna.  He  made  a tom-  of 
the  Archipelago,  preaching  and  distributing 
Bibles,  and  in  1828  returned  to  America  and  sev- 
ered his  connection  with  the  American  board. 
He  was  married  in  December,  1829,  to  Emilia  A. 
Field,  daughter  of  Dr.  David  Dudley  Field  of 
Stockbridge,  Mass.,  and  with  his  young  bride 
started  for  Smyrna,  in-  February,  1830,  having 
been  employed  by  the  New  Haven  ladies'  Greek 
association  to  establish  female  schools  for  Greeks 
in  Asia  Minor.  The  destruction  of  the  Turkish 
fleet  by  the  allied  naval  forces  of  England, 
France  and  Russia  at  the  battle  of  Navarino,  in 
1827.  had  opened  the  door  of  Turkey  to  the  mes- 
sengers of  civilization,  and  Mr.  Brewer  was  a 
pioneer  in  the  introduction  of  female  schools  and 
of  the  printing  press.  In  1831  he  published  in 
Smyrna  the  first  religious  newspaper  printed  in 
the  Greek  language.  After  eight  years  of 
arduous  labor  he  returned  to  the  United  States, 
settling  in  Connecticut,  where  he  was  appointed 
chaplain  of  the  penitentiary  at  Wethersfield. 


From  1841  to  1850  he  lectured  and  preached  in 
the  anti-slavery  cause,  and  edited  various  anti- 
slavery journals;  from  1850  to  1857  he  taught 
school  at  Middletown,  Conn. , and  from  1857  to 
1866  was  officiating  pastor  of  the  church  in  Housa- 
tonic,  Mass.  His  published  works  include,  “Resi- 
dence in  Constantinople  ” (1827),  and  “ Patmos 
and  the  Seven  Churches  of*  Asia”  (1851).  He 
died  at  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  Nov.  19,  1872. 

BREWER,  Leigh  Richmond,  1st  missionary 
bishop  of  Montana  and  126th  in  succession  in 
the  American  episcopate,  was  born  in  Berk- 
shire, Vt.,  Jan.  20,  1839.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Hobart  college  in  1863,  and  com- 
pleted his  course  at  the  General  theological 
seminary  in  1866.  He  was  admitted  to  deacon's 
orders  by  Bishop  Potter,  July  1, 1866,  and  ordained 
to  the  priesthood  by  Bishop  Coxe,  June  16,  1867. 
He  was  for  six  years  rector  of  Grace  church, 
Carthage,  N.  Y.,  and  then  took  charge  of  Trinity, 
Watertown,  N.  Y.,  where  he  served  up  to  the 
time  of  his  advancement  to  the  episcopacy.  He 
received  the  degree  of  S.T.D.  from  Hobart  college 
in  1881.  He  was  consecrated  bishop  to  the  mis- 
sionary district  of  Montana,  Dec.  8,  1880,  his 
residence  being  ht  Helena. 

BREWER,  Mark  S.,  representative,  was  born 
in  Addison,  Oakland  county,  Mich.,  Oct.  22,  1837. 
Having  received  an  academic  education  he 
worked  on  his  father's  farm  until  nineteen  years 
of  age,  when  he  read  law  with  ex-Governor 
Wisner  at  Pontiac,  Mich.,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1864.  He  was  circuit  court  commis- 
sioner for  Oakland  county  from  1866  to  1869;  city 
attorney,  1866-'67,  and  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate  in  1872,  serving  two  years.  He  was  elected 
a representative  from  the  6th  congressional  dis- 
trict to  the  45th  and  46th  congresses,  and  in  18S1 
was  appointed  by  President  Garfield  consul- 
general  at  Berlin.  On  his  return  to  the  United 
States  in  1885  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law, 
and  was  elected  representative  to  the  50th  and 
51st  congresses  as  a Republican. 

BREWER,  Susan,  educator.  (See  Thomas, 
Mrs.  Susan.) 

BREWER,  Thomas  Mayo,  naturalist,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  21,  1814.  He  was  a 
grandson  of  James  Brewer,  one  of  the  leaders  in 
the  " Boston  tea  party.”  In  1835  he  was  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard,  and  three  years  later  from  the 
Massachusetts  medical  school,  after  which  he 
practised  medicine  for  two  years;  in  1840  be- 
came editor  of  the  Boston  Atlas,  and  in  1857  a 
member  of  the  publishing  house  of  Brewer  and 
Tileston.  In  1840  he  prepared  and  published  a 
new  edition  of  “ Wilson’s  American  Ornithol- 
ogy,” to  which  he  appended  a complete  synopsis 
of  the  then  known  birds  of  North  America.  In 
1859  the  first  volume  of  his  “ North  American 
1103  J 


BREWERTON. 


BREWSTER. 


Oology  ” was  published  for  him  by  the  Smith- 
sonian institution,  but  the  cost  of  the  work  was  so 
great  that  the  later  volumes  were  not  issued.  In 
collaboration  with  Spencer  F.  Baird  and  Robert 
Ridgway  he  spent  several  years  in  preparing 
“ A History  of  North  American  Birds,”  of  which 
three  volumes  were  published  in  1874,  and  “ The 
Water  Birds  of  North  America  ” (2  vols.,  1884). 
In  1875-'76  he  made  a visit  to  the  principal 
museums  of  Europe  and  Great  Britain,  inspecting 
the  oological  collections  and  meeting  many 
celebrated  scientists.  On  this  tour  he  wrote 
“ A Run  through  the  Museums  of  Europe,”  which 
was  published  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly 
for  1877  (vol.  xi. ),  and  he  translated  Sumichrast’s 
“ The  Geological  Distribution  of  the  Native  Birds 
of  the  Department  of  Vera  Cruz,  with  a list  of 
the  Migrating  Species  ” (1869).  He  died  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  June  23,  1880. 

BREWERTON,  George  Douglas,  author,  was 
born  in  Rhode  Island  about  1820 ; son  of  Henry 
Brewerton,  brigadier -general  of  engineers,  U.  S.  A. 
He  joined  Stephenson’s  regiment  of  “ California 
volunteers  ” in  1846,  and  was  commissioned  2d 
lieutenant  in  the  regular  army  in  1847,  and  1st 
lieutenant  in  1850.  He  resigned  from  the  service 
in  1852  and  devoted  himself  to  literature.  His 
publications  include:  “ The  War  in  Kansas,”  “ A 
Rough  Trip  to  the  Border  Among  New  Homes 
and  a Strange  People”  (1856);  “ Fitzpoodle  at 
Newport”  (1869),  and  “ Ida  Lewis,  the  Heroine 
of  Lime  Rock  ” (1869).  During  the  civil  war  he 
published  a series  of  books,  “ The  Automaton 
Regiment  ” (1862);  “ The  Automaton  Company  ” 
(1863),  and  “ The  Automaton  Battery”  (1863), 
intended  for  the  instruction  of  recruits  in  the 
rudiments  of  military  tactics. 

BREWERTON,  Henry,  soldier,  was  born  in 
New  York  city.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1819,  and  after  some  months’  service  as 
2d  lieutenant  of  the  corps  of  engineers  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  professor  of  engineering  at  the 
military  academy.  From  1821  to  1861  he  was 
engaged  in  engineering  work  on  fortifications, 
being  regularly  promoted  for  faithful  service,  and 
reaching  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  Au- 
gust, 1861.  He  was  engineer-in-chief  of  the  forti- 
fications and  defences  of  Baltimore  harbor  from 
1861  to  1864,  when  he  was  promoted  colonel  of 
engineers,  and  given  charge  of  the  construction 
of  defences  at  Hampton  Roads,  Va..  and  at  New 
\ ork  city.  In  March,  1865,  he  was  brevetted 
brigadier-general  for  “long,  faithful,  and  meri- 
torious services,”  and  was  retired  in  1867,  ac- 
cording to  law,  having  served  for  a continuous 
period  of  over  forty-five  years.  Dickinson  col- 
lege conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D 
m 1847.  He  died  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  April 
17,  1879. 


BREWSTER,  Benjamin  Harris,  cabinet  offi- 

cer,  was  born  in  Salem  county,  N.  J.,  Oct.  13, 
1816;  son  of  Francis  E.  and  Maria  Hampton 
Brewster.  His  first  American  ancestor  was  Wil- 
liam Brewster,  the  pilgrim,  and  on  his  mother's 
side  he  descended  from  the  Hamptons  of  South 
Carolina.  He  was  graduated  an  A.M.  from 
Princeton  in  1834,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1838,  and  in  1846  was  appointed  by  President  Polk 
commissioner  to  settle  the  Cherokee  Indian 
claims.  He  gained  a high  position  as  a lawyer,  and 
especially  as  an  advocate  at  the  bar.  In  1867  he 
was  appointed  attorney -general  for  Pennsyl- 
vania, by  Governor  Geary,  and  was  instrumental 
in  exposing  and  defeating  the  Gettysburg  lottery 
scheme.  On  Dec.  19,  1881,  President  Arthur  ap- 
pointed him  to  his  cabinet  as  attorney-general 
of  the  United  States.  Upon  him  devolved  the 
prosecution  of  the  postoffice  officials  charged 
with  conspiring  to  rob  the  government,  known  as 
the  “ Star  Route  ” trials.  Dickinson  college  gave 
him  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  as  did  Princeton  in 
1867.  His  life  was  written  by  Eugene  C.  Sav- 
idge.  M.D.,  of  Philadelphia.  He  died  April  4, 1888. 

BREWSTER,  Charles  Warren,  journalist, 
was  born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Sept.  13.  1802. 
He  was  a descendant  of  Elder  Brewster,  of  May- 
flower memory.  His  education  was  acquired  in 
the  public  schools,  and  on  Feb.  16,  1818,  he  found 
employment  in  the  office  of  the  Portsmouth 
Oracle,  which  a few  years  later  became  the 
Journal.  He  was  soon  promoted  to  foreman,  and 
in  July,  1825,  became  joint  proprietor.  In  1835 
he  bought  out  his  partner,  assuming  sole  editor- 
ship ami  proprietorship  of  the  paper.  For  nearly 
thirty  years  he  was  secretary  of  the  Howard 
benevolent  society,  and  treasurer  of  the  Ports- 
mouth Bible  society.  He  was  a trustee  of  the 
Portsmouth  savings  bank,  and  president  of  the 
mechanics  and  manufacturers  association.  He 
held  local  offices,  and  was  twice  representative  in 
the  state  legislature.  He  published  “ Rambles 
about  Portsmouth  ” (2  vols.,  1869).  He  died 
Aug.  3,  1868. 

BREWSTER,  Frederick  Carroll,  was  born  in 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May  25.  1825;  son  of  Francis 
Enoch  Brewster,  a well-known  Philadelphia  law- 
yer; a lineal  descendant  of  William,  known 
among  the  pilgrim  fathers  as  Elder  Brewster. 
He  received  his  early  education  at  Philadelphia, 
and  was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1841.  He  pursued  the  study  of  the  law 
in  his  father's  office,  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
Sept.  20.  1844.  and  achieved  marked  success  in  his 
profession.  In  1862  lie  was  made  city  solicitor,  and 
in  this  capacity  sustained  the  validity  of  the  Girard 
bequest.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  was 
re-elected,  and  before  his  second  term  expired  was 
chosen  one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of  Phila- 


[404] 


BREWSTER. 


BREWSTER. 


delphia,  serving  with  great  ability  on  the  bench 
for  three  years.  He  was  appointed  attorney-gen- 
eral by  Governor  Geary  in  1869,  serving  until  1872. 

Judge  Brewster  ac- 
quired fame  as  a law 
preceptor  and  as  a 
law  writer,  being  au- 
thor of  a digest,  of 
four  volumes  of  Re- 
ports, of  “ Brewster’s 
Blackstone,”  and 
“ Treatise  on  Rule  in 
Shelly’s  Case,”  of 
“ Brewster’s  Prac- 
tice,” “ Molibre  in 
Outline,”  “ Disraeli’s 
<3? ■Som.s-Z#  Life  and  Works.” 

He  received  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1870. 

BREWSTER,  Henry  C.,  representative,  was 
born  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  7,  1845,  and  was 
educated  at  the  public  schools.  In  1863  he  be- 
came a bank  clerk,  in  1868  was  made  cashier,  and 
in  1894  became  first  vice-president  of  the  Traders 
national  bank.  He  was  made  a director  and 
vice-president  of  the  Rochester  trust  and  safe 
deposit  company ; of  the  Alliance  bank ; president 
of  the  Rochester  clearing-house  association ; 
director  in  the  Rochester  and  Genesee  valley 
railroad  company;  in  the  Rochester  and  Lake 
Ontario  railway  company ; in  the  Eastman  kodak 
company;  in  the  Ward  natural  science  establish- 
ment ; a governor  of  the  Rochester  homoeopathic 
hospital;  a trustee  of  St.  Peter’s  Presbyterian 
church;  a commissioner  of  Mt.  Hope  cemetery; 
vice-president  of  the  New  York  state  bankers 
association;  vice-president  and  president  of  the 
Rochester  chamber  of  commerce;  vice-president 
of  the  New  York  state  league  of  Republican 
clubs,  and  president  of  the  Monroe  county  league. 

In  1894  he  was  elected  as  representative  to  the 
54th  Congress,  and  was  in  1896  elected  to  the 
55th  Congress. 

BREWSTER,  James,  manufacturer,  was  born 
in  Preston,  Conn.,  Aug.  6,  1788.  He  was  a direct 
descendant  of  William  Brewster,  the  pilgrim. 

He  acquired  an  ordinary  education,  learned  the 
/trade  of  carriage  building,  and  started  in  busi- 
ness for  himself  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  in  1810, 
ultimately  amassed  wealth  and  attained  celebrity 
as  the  builder  of  “ Brewster  ” wagons,  and  of  fine 
carriages.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of 
1812  he  enlisted  and  was  appointed  lieutenant, 
but  soon  after  obtained  a discharge  from  the 
army,  and  returned  to  his  commercial  opera- 
tions. In  1833  the  Hartford  and  New  Haven 
railroad  was  projected,  and  Mr.  Brewster  was  one 
of  the  eight  men  to  procure  a charter,  and  was 

[405] 


chosen  president  of  the  corporation.  The  neces- 
sary funds  were  generously  advanced  by  him,  as 
a disastrous  fire  in  New  York  in  1835  prevented 
the  collection  of  moneys  which  had  been 
subscribed  in  that  city.  After  seeing  the 
project  fairly  started,  he  resigned  the  presi- 
dency. He  was  in  the  habit  of  addressing 
his  employees  in  the  evenings  on  subjects  of  a 
practical  and  reformatory  nature;  he  built  and 
fitted  up  a fine  hall  for  their  use,  and  also  spent 
many  thousand  dollars  each  year  in  maintaining 
courses  of  scientific  lectures  by  Professors  Silli- 
man,  Olmsted  and  Shepard  of  Yale  college,  for 
their  benefit.  He  also  contributed  largely  to  the 
orphan  asylum  erected  in  New  Haven  in  1855, 
was  a generous  subscriber  to  the  home  for  the 
friendless,  and  was  instrumental  in  erecting  many 
public  buildings  and  in  making  much-needed  im- 
provements in  the  city.  See  “ Address  upon  the 
Life  and  Character  of  the  Late  James  Brewster,” 
by  James  T.  Babcock  ( 1866) . He  died  Nov.  23, 1866. 

BREWSTER,  Osmyn,  publisher,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1797.  He  was  for  fifty  years  a 
partner  in  the  widely-known  firm  of  Crocker  & 
Brewster,  book-sellers.  He  held  many  public 
offices,  served  five  years  in  the  Massachu- 
setts house  of  representatives  and  one  year  in 
the  senate,  and  was  a member  of  the  board  of 
aldermen  of  Boston  in  1856,  1857  and  1858.  He 
was  treasurer  of  the  Massachusetts  charitable 
mechanics  association  for  twenty-five  years,  and 
a member  of  the  Bunker  Hill  monument  associa- 
tion. He  died  Aug.  16,  1889. 

BREWSTER,  William,  pilgrim,  was  born 
about  1560,  probably  in  England.  He  attended 
Cambridge  university,  and  then  held  a sectarial 
position  under  William  Davison,  ambassador  to 
the  Netherlands,  whose  influence  on  their  return 
to  England,  obtained  for  Mr.  Brewster  the 
place  of  postmaster  of  Scrooby.  (See  William 
Bradford's  “ Memoir  of  Elder  Brewster.  ”)  But 
religious  toleration  was  growing  more  and  more 
rare,  and  Brewster,  pious,  devout,  and  conscien 
tious,  but  a Protestant,  found  himself  unable  to 
remain  longer  in  England.  Accordingly  in  the 
fall  of  1607  he  attempted  to  go  to  Holland.  All 
preparations  were  made;  the  goods  were  on 
board  the  chartered  vessel  at  Boston,  and  the 
party  was  ready  to  start,  when,  through  the 
treachery  of  the  captain,  they  were  seized  by 
officials,  their  money,  goods  and  books  confis- 
cated, and  they  themselves  taken  before  the 
magistrates.  In  the  summer  of  1608,  he  succeeded 
in  reaching  Holland,  where  he  was  chosen  the 
ruling  elder  of  the  colony,  and  also  an  instructor 
of  English  in  the  University  of  Leyden.  In 
addition  to  this  he  started  a printing-office  on 
a very  small  soale,  where  he  brought  out  a num- 
ber of  works  during  1617  and  1618.  In  1619  he 


BRICE. 


BRICE. 


returned  to  London,  where,  through  the  influ- 
ence of  a friend,  Sir  Edwin  Sandys,  who  was  at 
that  time  treasurer  of  the  Virginia  company,  he 
was  granted  a patent  of  land  in  North  America. 
Returning  to  his  flock  at  Leyden,  lie  told  them 
of  his  plans  and  took  them  back  to  England, 
whence  they  sailed  on  Sept.  6,  1620,  for  America. 
They  entered  Cape  Cod  Harbor,  Nov.  11,  1620, 
settling  at  Plymouth,  where  during  the  winter 
they  bravely  bore  the  indescribable  hardships  of 
scanty  food,  raiment  and  shelter,  in  a cold  and 
barren  land.  Brewster  was  beyond  a doubt  the 
foremost  of  the  pilgrims.  The  only  reason  that 
he  was  not  chosen  governor,  says  Hutchinson, 
was  that  “he  was  their  ruling  elder,  and  civil 
and  ecclesiastical  office  in  the  same  person  was 
deemed  incompatible.”  For  nearly  a quarter  of 
a century  Brewster  shared  the  perils  and  troubles 
of  the  little  colony,  teaching,  comforting  and 
helping  them  in  every  possible  way.  The  date  of 
his  death  is  not  exactly  known ; Bradford  says 
“ about  the  18th  day  of  April,  1643,”  and  Morton, 
secretary  of  the  colony,  more  probably  correct, 
wrote  in  the  church  records,  “ April  16,  1644.” 

BREWSTER,  William,  ornithologist,  was 
born  in  South  Reading,  Mass.,  July  5,  1851.  He 
received  a public-school  education,  being  gradu- 
ated at  the  Cambridge  high  school  in  1869.  His 
taste  for  science  manifested  itself  in  his  youth, 
and  after  his  graduation  he  devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  ornithology,  for  which  he  had  an 
especial  predilection.  In  1880  he  was  appointed 
assistant  custodian  of  the  collection  of  birds  and 
mammals  belonging  to  the  Natural  history 
society  of  Boston,  and  in  1885  became  assistant  in 
charge  of  the  department  of  mammals  and  birds 
at  the  Cambridge  museum  of  comparative 
zoology.  Mr.  Brewster  was  elected  a member 
of  several  scientific  associations;  in  1876  presi- 
dent of  the  Nuttall  ornithological  club  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  in  1895  president  of  the  American 
ornithologists’  union  and  of  the  Audubon  society. 
He  contributed  numbers  of  articles  to  scientific 
periodicals;  published  “ Bird  Migration  ” (1886), 
and  edited  the  second  edition  of  H.  D.  Minot’s 
“ The  Land  Birds  and  Game  Birds  of  New  Eng- 
land ” (1895). 

BRICE,  Benjamin  W.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1809.  He  was  graduated  from  West 
Point  in  1829,  and  served  on  frontier  duty  at 
Jefferson  barracks,  Mo.,  in  1829-’30,  at  Fort  Arm- 
strong, 111.,  1830-’31,  . and  on  the  expedition 
against  the  Sac  Indians  in  1831.  He  resigned 
Feh.  13,  1832,  and  from  1835  to  1839  was  brigade 
major  of  the  Ohio  militia.  In  1845  he  was  coun- 
sellor-at-law  and  associate  judge  of  common 
pleas,  Licking  county,  Ohio.  In  1846  he  was  ad- 
jutant-general of  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  on  March 
3,  1847.  he  was  re-appointed  in  the  U.  S.  army 


with  the  rank  of  major  and  paymaster.  He 
served  in  the  pay  department  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
and  later  in  the  war  with  Mexico  at  Camargo, 
Monterey,  Saltillo  and  Brazos  Island,  Mexico,  and 
at  Fort  Brown,  Texas,  during  1847,  '48  and  ’49. 
The  army  disbanded  March  4,  1849,  and  in  1852 
he  was  again  re-appointed  in  the  army  with  the 
same  rank  as  before,  serving  in  the  pay  depart- 
ment in  New  Mexico,  Louisiana,  Florida,  and 
Kansas.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  paymaster 
at  various  places,  and  in  October,  1864,  was  placed 
over  the  pay  department  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
He  was  appointed  paymaster-general  with  the 
rank  of  colonel  in  November,  1864,  and  in  Decem- 
ber was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel,  colonel,  and 
brigadier-general.  In  March,  1865,  he  was  brev- 
etted major-general  for  “ faithful,  meritorious 
and  distinguished  services  in  the  pay  depart- 
ment ” during  the  war,  and  in  July.  1866,  he  was 
promoted  brigadier-general.  He  was  retired  from 
active  service  at  his  own  request  Jan.  1,  1872, 
being  over  sixty-two  years  of  age. 

BRICE,  Calvin  Stewart,  senator,  was  born  at 
Denmark,  Ohio,  Sept.  17,  1845;  son  of  William  K. 
and  Elizabeth  (Stewart)  Brice.  His  father  was  a 
Presbyterian  minister.  He  was  sent  to  the  pre- 
paratory school  of  Miami  university  in  1861.  and 
at  the  end  of  the  year  he  volunteered  in  a com- 
pany of  “ three  months  men  ” that  was  formed 
from  among  the  students  of  the  university.  At 
the  expiration  of  his  term  of  service  he  returned 
to  Miami  to  complete  his  course  of  study,  but  in 
April,  1862,  again  volunteered  in  the  86th  Ohio 
regiment,  and  served  with  that  regiment  in  the 
Virginia  campaign.  Returning  to  the  university 
in  the  following  year,  he  was  graduated  with 
honor  in  June,  1863,  and  soon  afterwards  he 
recruited  a company  for  the  180tli  regiment  Ohio 
volunteers,  and  served  in  Tennessee.  Georgia,  and 
the  Carolinas,  until  the  close  of  the  civil  war, 
rising  by  succession  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant - 
colonel.  In  1865  he  entered  the  law  department 
of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  in  1866  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Cincinnati.  Ohio. 
He  acquired  special  distinction  as  a corporation 
lawyer,  and  in  1870  was  employed  by  the  Lake 
Erie  and  Louisville  railroad  to  secure  in  Europe 
a loan  in  aid  of  its  construction.  In  this  under- 
taking he  was  successful;  the  road  was  con\. 
pleted  under  the  name  of  the  Lake  Erie  and 
Western,  and  in  1887  Mr.  Brice  was  elected  its 
president.  He  largely  interested  himself  in  vari- 
ous other  western  and  southern  roads,  and  be 
came  one  of  the  most  successful  railway  managers 
in  the  country.  In  1876  he  was  a presidential 
elector  on  the  Tilden  ticket,  and  in  1884  a 
Cleveland  elector.  In  1888  he  was  a delegate- 
at-large  from  Ohio  to  the  Democratic  national 
convention,  and  was  selected  to  represent  Ohio  on 
| 406] 


BRICHER. 


BRIDGE. 

* 


the  national  Democratic  committee,  and  on  the 
death  of  William  H.  Barnum  was  unanimously 
elected  chairman  of  the  committee.  In  January, 
1890,  he  was  elected  to  the  U . S.  senate  from 
Ohio,  to  succeed  Senator  Henry  B.  Payne,  whose 
term  expired  March  3,  1891.  He  was  re-elected, 
and  upon  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office  in 
1897  was  succeeded  by  Joseph  B.  Foraker.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  Pacific  railroad  committee, 
member  of  the  committee  on  appropriations,  in- 
terstate commerce,  pensions,  irrigation,  public 
buildings  and  grounds,  and  member  of  the  select 
committee  on  corporations  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.  In  1892  Maine  state  college  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

BRICHER,  Alfred  Thompson,  artist,  was  born 
at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  April  10, 1839.  When  only 
an  infant  his  family  removed  to  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  where  he  studied  the  English  branches  at 
the  academy.  When  quite  young  he  removed  to 
Boston,  where  he  engaged  as  a clerk  in  a dry- 
goods  store,  but  de- 
voting his  leisure  time 
to  unassisted  essays  in 
painting  and  to  studies 
in  drawing  at  the 
jp,  Lowell  institute  of  that 

Z'/jljjk  % city.  At  twenty  years 

of  age  he  opened  a stu- 
dio in  Newburyport. 
His  first  order  for  a 
!>J  painting  was  fro  m 
Caleb  Cushing,  the 
picture  after w ards 
coming  into  the  pos- 
& session  of  Harriet  Pres- 

cott Spofford,  who  had 
been  a school-mate  of  the  artist.  He  opened  a 
studio  in  Boston  early  in  the  civil  war,  and  soon 
made  a reputation  by  his  paintings  of  autumn 
scenery,  which  were  extensively  reproduced  by 
Prang  and  others.  In  1868  he  removed  his  studio 
to  New  York  city,  and  turned  his  attention  to 
marine  painting,  in  which  specialty  he  contin- 
ued, producing  only  an  occasional  landscape. 
In  1879  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the 
National  academy  of  design,  and  in  1874  a mem- 
ber of  the  American  water  color  society.  His 
marine  water  colors  became  famous,  and  to  be 
near  the  sea,  in  1882  he  built  a cottage  and 
studio  at  Southampton,  N.  Y.  He  afterwards 
built  a more  permanent  residence  at  New  Dorp, 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  which  became  a favorite 
gathering  place  for  marine  painters  and  literary 
men.  His  better  known  works  are:  “Sunset  in 
October,”  “ St.  Michael’s  Mount,”  “ Off  Halifax 
Harbor,”  “On  the  Misopus,”  “A  Lift  in  the 
Fog,”  “What  the  Tide  Left,”  “Low  Tide  at 
Nahant.” 


BRICKELL,  William  D.,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Steubenville,  Ohio,  Nov.  19,  1852;  son  of 
David  Z.  and  Anna  M.  Brickell.  His  father  was 
a prominent  business  man  and  capitalist  of  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.  The  son’s  early  education  was  ac- 
quired at  the  best  schools  of  Pittsburgh,  and  he 
was  graduated  from  the  Western  university  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1873.  He  then  entered  the  print- 
ing office  of  the  Pittsburgh  Post,  where  he  ac- 
quired the  details  of  newspaper  work,  and  in  1876 
purchased  the  Columbus  Dispatch,  which  was 
not  then  in  a thriving  condition.  He  at  once 
introduced  new  machinery,  and  by  adding  to  its 
mechanical  plant,  and  infusing  progressive  ideas 
into  its  editorial  and  business  columns,  he  built 
up  a newspaper  property  that  not  only  kept  pace 
with  the  growth  of  the  section,  but  made  the 
Dispatch  a leader  in  thought  and  enterprise 
throughout  the  state. 

BRIDGE,  Horatio,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Augusta,  Me.,  April  8,  1806.  He  was  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  in  the  class  of  1825,  studied  at  the 
Northampton  law  school,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1828,  and  engaged  for  some  ten  years 
in  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Skowliegan 
and  at  Augusta.  He  received  the  appointment 
of  purser  in  the  ,U.  S.  navy  in  1838,  and  was 
assigned  to  duty  on  the  Cyane  during  a three 
years’  cruise  in  the  Mediterranean.  His  next 
service  was  in  African  waters,  and  upon  his 
return  he  gave  his  notes  of  the  voyage  to 
Nathaniel  Hawthorne  to  be  edited.  The  work 
was  published  in  1845,  under  the  title,  “ The 
Journal  of  an  African  Cruise,”  and  its  authorship 
is  usually  attributed  to  Hawthorne.  Duty  in 
the  Mediterranean  and  on  the  African  coast  oc- 
cupied the  years  1846-'48,  and  was  followed  by 
an  interval  at  the  Portsmouth  navy  yard, 
1849-'51.  In  1851  he  was  ordered  to  the 
Pacific  squadron,  but  while  on  his  first  cruise  in 
the  Portsmouth,  he  was  recalled  and  assigned  to 
duty  as  chief  of  the  bureau  of  provisions  and 
clothing.  He  resigned  in  1869,  and  was  ap- 
pointed chief  inspector  of  provisions  and  clothing, 
a position  which  he  held  until  1873,  when  he  was 
retired  with  the  rank  of  commodore.  He  is  the 
author  of  “ Personal  Reminiscences  of  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne,”  published  in  1893.  He  died  at 
Athens,  Pa.,  March  20,  1893. 

BRIDGE,  Samuel  James,  philanthropist,  was 
born  at  Dresden,  Me.,  June  1,  1809.  He  was  a 
direct  descendant  of  John  Bridge,  who  was  super- 
visor of  the  first  public  school  in  the  colony, 
located  at  Cambridge,  and  who  seconded  John 
Harvard  in  founding  Harvard  college.  He 
entered  business  as  a commission  merchant  in 
Boston,  and  in  1841  was  appointed  custom-house 
appraiser  of  the  port  of  Boston,  which  position 
lie  held  for  twelve  vears.  In  1853  he  removed 


[4071 


BRIDGES. 


BRIDGMAN. 


to  California,  where  he  filled  the  office  of 
appraiser-general  at  San  Francisco,  being  at  the 
head  of  the  Pacific  coast  customs  department. 
He  was  also  commissioner,  having  charge  of  the 
erection  of  the  custom-house  and  of  the  U.  S. 
mint  and  Marine  hospital  at  San  Francisco.  In 
1871  he  retired  from  public  life,  having  become 
well  known  as  an  authority  on  all  tariff  and 
revenue  matters.  He  accumulated  a fortune,  of 
which  he  gave  generously  for  the  public  good. 
He  gave  to  Harvard  college  the  statue  of  John 
Bridge,  the  Puritan,  Sept.  20,  1882,  and  that  of 
John  Harvard,  founder  of  Harvard  college,  June 
17,  1883.  In  1880  Harvard  conferred  upon  him 
the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  He  was  a member 
of  the  Harvard  church  society  in  Charlestown  for 
nearly  half  a century,  and  was  a wide  traveller. 
He  liberally  endowed  many  educational  institu- 
tions and  helped  many  young  men  through  col- 
lege. He  died  Nov.  8,  1893. 

BRIDGES,  Fidelia,  artist,  was  born  at  Salem, 
Mass.,  May  19,  1835.  She  enjoyed  the  advantage 
of  an  excellent  training  under  William  T.  Rich- 
ards, marine  and  landscape  painter,  and  made 
her  first  appearance  at  the  National  academy  of 
design  in  New  York  city,  in  1869,  with  two  oil 
paintings,  “Winter  Sunshine,”  and  “Wild 
Flowers  in  Wheat.”  In  1870  she  exhibited  at 
the  academy  “ Blackberry  Bushes  ” and  “ Views 
on  the  Ausable  ”;  in  1873  “ Thistles  and  Yellow 
Birds,”  and  in  1874  “Cornfield”  and  “Salt 
Marshes.”  She  was  elected  an  associate  aca- 
demician in  1873,  and  a member  of  the  water- 
color  society  in  1874.  In  1871  she  turned  her 
attention  to  water -color,  and  her  success  with 
that  medium  was  so  great  that  after  1874  she 
rarely  used  any  other.  Her  “ Flock  of  Snow 
Birds,”  “ King  Fisher  and  Catkins,”  and  “ Corner 
of  a Rye  Field,  ’ ’ were  exhibited  in  Philadelphia 
at  the  Centennial  (1876)  ; and  a picture  of  spar- 
rows in  the  snow,  entitled,  “ Crumbs  of  Com- 
fort,” was  sold  at  the  Royal  academy  in  London 
at  the  spring  exhibition,  1879.  Among  her  other 
works  in  water-color  may  be  noted:  “ Daisies  and 
Clover  ” (1874)  ; “ Lily  Pond  ” (1875) ; “ Mouth 
of  a River”  (1876);  “Rye  Field”  (1877); 
“ Morning  Glories  ” (1878)  ; “ East  Hampton  Pas- 
tures ” (1884),  and  “ Pastures  by  the  Sea  ” 
(1885),  the  last  two  being  painted  during  a visit 
to  England  in  1878-’79. 

BRIDGES,  George  Washington,  lawyer,  was 
born  at  Athens,  Tenn.,  Oct.  9,  1821.  He  received 
a classical  education  at  the  East  Tennessee  uni- 
versity, was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  elected,  in 
1848,  attorney -general  of  the  state.  To  this  office 
he  was  re-elected  each  year  until  1859,  when  he 
resigned.  In  1860  he  was  presidential  elector  on 
the  Douglas  and  Johnson  ticket.  He  was  elected  a 


1861,  and  started  for  Washington,  but  the  Con- 
federates arrested  him  on  his  way,  and  he  was  for 
more  than  a year  held  captive  in  Tennessee ; man- 
aging to  effect  his  escape,  he  took  his  seat  Feb.  25, 
1863;  his  term  expiring  March  3,  1863,  a week 
later.  He  then  entered  the  Federal  army  as 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  10th  Tennessee  cavalry, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  war  was  elected  a circuit 
judge.  He  died  March  16,  1873. 

BRIDGES,  Robert,  educator,  was  bom  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1806.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1828,  with  the  degree  of  M.D., 
and  afterwards  became  assistant  to  Professor 
Bache  in  the  Philadelphia  college  of  pharmacy. 
From  1842  to  1879  he  occupied  the  chair  of  chem- 
istry in  that  institution,  and  from  1879  to  the 
time  of  his  death  was  professor  emeritus.  He 
edited,  “ A Manual  of  Elementary  Chemistry, 
Theoretical  and  Practical,”  from  the  10tli  revised 
and  corrected  English  edition,  by  George  Townes 
(1875) ; also  “ Wood  and  Baehe's  United  States 
Dispensary,”  after  Professor  Baclie’s  death  in 
1864;  and  assisted  in  editing  the  “American 
Journal  of  Pharmacy  and  Chemistry.”  He  died 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  20,  1882. 

BRIDGMAN,  Frederic  Arthur,  painter,  was 
born  at  Tuskegee,  Ala.,  Nov.  10,  1847.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  the  American  bank-note  company 
in  New  York  as  an  engraver,  from  1863  to  1866, 
giving  his  leisure  to  the  study  of  drawing  and 
painting.  He  went  to  Paris  in  1866,  and  became 
a pupil  in  the  ecole  des  beaux  arts,  under  direct 
tuition  of  the  famous  Gtirome ; the  influence  of 
the  master  on  the  pupil’s  style  was  for  a long 
time  very  manifest.  While  a student  at  the 
beaux  arts,  Mr.  Bridgman  made  frequent  visits 
to  Brittany,  for  sketching  “ nature  and  human 
nature”  in  that  picturesque  province;  later 
lie  made  many  sketching  tours  in  the  Pyrenees, 
in  southeast  Europe,  in  Algeria  and  elsewhere 
in  Africa,  in  Egypt,  etc.  The  first  of  his 
works  to  be  exhibited  was  the  “ Jeu  Breton,”  at 
the  Paris  salon,  1868.  Besides  his  annual  pic- 
ture at  the  salon,  he  was  a frequent  contributor 
to  American  art  exhibitions.  His  trip  to  Algeria 
was  made  in  1872;  in  1873  he  visited  Cairo,  and 
went  up  the  Nile  to  the  second  cataract.  The 
fruit  of  these  wanderings  under  southern  skies 
was  a change  of  style  and  color.  His  salon 
pictures  for  1873  were  “ The  Return  from  the 
Harvest-Field”  and  an  “Arab  Villa.”  In  1874 
he  exhibited:  “A  Diligence  in  the  Pyrenees” 
(1873);  “A  Calm  Day  in  Upper  Egypt,”  “A 
Nubian  Story-Teller  at  the  Harem.  Cairo,"  and 
the  “ Prayer  in  the  Mosque  ” (1876) ; “ Prepara- 
tions for  the  Departure  of  the  Sacred  Rug, 
Cairo  ” (1877) ; “ Funeral  of  a Mummy  ” (1878) ; 
“Diversions  of  an  Assyrian  King”  (1880); 


representative  to  the  37th  Congress  in  August, 

[108] 


BRIDGMAN. 


BRIDGMAN. 


“ Procession  of  the  Bull  Apis  and  the  Women  of 
Biskra."  In  1881  he  was  elected  an  academician 
by  the  National  academy  of  design  of  New  York. 
The  great  majority  of  his  salon  pictures  after 
1881  were  of  oriental  or  southern  subjects,  as: 
“ The  Embroiderer  ” (1886) ; “ On  the  Terraces, 
Algiers  ” (1887) ; “ In  a Country  Villa,  Algiers  ” 
(1888);  “ Bal  chez  le  Gouverneur  d’Alger”; 
(1889);  “Cairo  Horse-Market"  (1889).  Mr. 
Bridgman  exhibited  about  three  hundred  studies 
of  his  paintings  in  New  York  in  1881.  He 
opened  in  Paris  a large  studio  for  women  in 
October,  1890. 

BRIDGMAN,  Laura  Dewey,  blind  deaf-mute, 
was  born  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  Dec.  21,  1829.  Up 
to  her  second  year  her  faculties  had  all  been 
normal,  when  an  attack  of  scarlet  fever  left  her 
a deaf-mute  with  sight,  taste  and  smell  almost 
totally  destroyed.  Having  regained  her  health 
after  two  years  of  suffering  she  became,  by  slow 
degrees,  able  to  feel  her  way  about  the  house 
and  neighborhood.  By  arbitrary  tactual  signs  of 
the  crudest  sort  she  was  taught  by  her  mother  to 
knit  and  sew,  and  to  perform  light  household 
duties.  In  her  eighth  year.  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Howe 
visited  her  and  persuaded  her  parents  to  place 
her  in  the  Perkins  institution  for  the  blind,  of 
which  he  was  the  superintendent.  Up  to  this 
time  her  right  eye  had  given  evidence  of  a slight 
sensitiveness  to  light,  but  this  was  now  lost,  and 
she  became  totally  blind.  She  had  been  not  only 
deprived  of  the  principal  media  through  which 
ideas  are  acquired,  but  the  association  tracts  in 
her  brain  were  blocked  and  permitted  none  of 
those  cross  references  between  the  senses  which 
so  facilitate  the  process  of  acquiring  knowledge, 
and  had  it  not  been  for  her  abnormally  keen 
sense  of  touch  and  her  extraordinary  inquisitive- 
ness, the  task  of  educating  her  would  have  been 
hopeless.  To  teach  her  the  names  of  objects  with 
which  she  was  already  familiar  was  the  first  step, 
and  in  order  to  do  this  a number  of  articles,  such 
as  knives,  keys,  spoons  and  forks,  on  each  of 
which  was  pasted  its  name  in  raised  letters,  were 
given  her  to  examine,  after  she  had  previously 
examined  its  name  printed  in  raised  type  on  a 
slip  of  paper.  Having  so  far  mastered  words, 
she  was  given  the  individual  letters  and  taught 
to  form  them  into  words,  and  it  was  while 
engaged  in  this  step  of  the  work  that  she  first 
realized  that  the  manoeuvres  she  hail  been  so  stu- 
pidly performing  had  for  their  ultimate  object 
the  interchange  of  thought  between  herself  and 
her  fellow  beings.  Hitherto  the  process  had 
been  with  her  purely  mechanical,  and  had  in- 
volved only  her  imitative  and  memorizing  facul- 
ties, but  when  the  truth  flashed  upon  her,  her  face 
became  radiant,  her  soul  awoke  and  her  intellect 
was  enlisted  on  the  side  of  her  teachers.  The 


manual  alphabet  used  in  communicating  with 
deaf-mutes  was  next  taught  her,  and  after  that 
her  progress  was  phenomenal.  Every  thought 
that  flashed  through  her  ever-active  brain  seemed 
to  connect  itself  with  the  signs  for  its  expression 
through  her  fingers.  Even  the  fugitive  ideas 
that  jumbled  through  her  brain  when  she  was 
asleep  were  reflected  on  her  fingers,  and  so  swift 
and  fleeting  were  these  motions  that  they  could 
not  be  followed  by  the  most  expert  reader  of  the 
finger  language.  She  learned  nothing  by  intu- 
ition or  imitation,  as  other  children  do,  and  each 
word  had  to  be  taught  to  her  separately ; but  step 
by  step,  with  infinite  patience  on  her  own  part 
and  on  that  of  her  devoted  teachers,  she  pro- 
gressed until  she  had  learned  to  read  and  write 
and  to  converse  intelligently  with  any  one  who 
understood  her  finger  language.  She  at  times 
assisted  in  teaching  other  children  similarly 
afflicted,  and  in  a diary  which  she  kept  she  has 
recorded  her  great  joy  at  the  success  of  her  efforts 
in  this  direction.  She  became  a good  seamstress, 
could  operate  a sewing  machine,  and  make  all 
her  own  clothing ; and  the  sale  of  various  fancy 
articles  which  she  crocheted,  and  to  which  she 
attached  her  autograph,  netted  her  a neat  little 
sum  each  year.  She  experienced  all  the  various 
passions  and  emotions,  being  especially  subject 
to  fits  of  anger  in  her  younger  days ; she  had  a 
high  moral  sense,  was  tractable,  extremely 
modest,  cheerful,  sociable  and  very  fond  of  fun. 
Her  ability  to  read  character  by  touching  persons 
with  her  fingers  was  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
of  her  special  gifts.  She  was  very  devout,  and 
after  the  nature  of  God  and  his  relations  to  man 
and  the  universe  were  explained  to  her,  she 
became  a sincere  and  earnest  Christian,  joining 
the  Baptist  church,  to  which  her  parents  be- 
longed. There  is  little  room  for  doubt  in  the 
light  of  to-day’s  improvements  in  the  pedagogical 
methods  employed  with  deaf-mutes,  that  Laura 
might  have  been  taught  the  art  of  speech,  for 
“ by  accident,  ” she  frequently  uttered  words. 

“ I can  say  father,  mother,  doctor,  baby,  pie  and 
ship  with  my  mouth,”  wrote  she  to  Mrs.  Julia 
Ward  Howe,  and  this  testimony  is  corroborated 
by  that  of  her  teachers.  She  was  visited  by 
many  distinguished  persons,  and  her  case  was 
watched  with  the  keenest  interest  by  people  in 
all  parts  of  the  world,  especially  after  the  appear- 
ance of  Dickens's  “ American  Notes,”  in  which  lie 
described  his  impressions  upon  visiting  her. 
After  her  death  her  brain  was  submitted  to  scien- 
tific examination,  for  the  purpose  of  determining, 
so  far  as  possible,  the  effect  of  her  peculiar  afflic- 
tion upon  its  shape,  size  and  structure.  See 
articles  by  H.  H.  Donaldson,  Ph.D. , in  volumes  iii. 
and  iv.  of  the  “ American  Journal  of  Psychol- 
ogy,” also  “ Life  and  Education  of  Laura  Dewey 


[4091 


BRIGGS. 


BRIGGS. 


Bridgman  ” (Boston,  1879),  by  Mary  Swift  Lam- 
son.  She  died  at  the  Perkins  institute,  Boston, 
Mass.,  where  the  greater  part  of  her  life  had  been 
spent,  May  24,  1889. 

BRIGGS,  Charles  Augustus,  theologian,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  15,  1841.  He  was  a 
studious  boy,  and  entered  the  University  of 
Virginia  in  1856,  and  the  Union  theological 
seminary  New  York  city,  graduating  in  1863.  In 
1861  he  joined  the  7tli  regiment  N.  Y.  S.  M.,  and 
went  to  the  defence  of  Washington.  He  took 
a post-graduate  course  in  the  University  of  Ber- 
lin, Germany,  studying  under  Dr.  Isaac  Dorner 
and  Dr.  Aemilius  Rordiger,  1866-’69.  On  return- 
ing to  America  he  assumed  the  pastorate  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  at  Roselle,  N.  J.  His 
eminent  abilities  in  scholarship,  in  criticism  and 
teaching  power,  attracted  the  attention  of  leading 
biblical  scholars,  and  justified  the  invitation 
extended  to  him  by  Union  theological  seminary 
to  fill  the  chair  of  Hebrew  in  1874,  his  selection 
meeting  with  the  cordial  endorsement  of  the  pro- 
fessors of  Berlin.  Within  two  years  his  pro- 
fessorship included  languages  cognate  with 
Hebrew;  and  afterwards,  biblical  literature. 
His  reputation  as  a scholar  grew  steadily ; 
he  was  diligent  and  exact  in  his  investiga- 
tions, enthusiastic  and  outspoken  in  making 
known  the  results  of  his  studies.  At  the 
centenary  celebration  of  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  in  1884,  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
divinity  was  conferred  upon  him.  This  dis- 
tinguished honor  — granted  to  only  three  Amer- 
icans besides  himself  — was  a recognition  not 
only  of  the  rank  he  had  attained  in  his  own 
seminary,  but  of  that  also  which  he  held  in  the 
estimation  of  world-renowned  theologians.  In 
1891,  by  the  munificence  of  Mr.  Charles  Butler, 
a chair  of  biblical  theology  in  the  Union  theo- 
logical seminary  was  endowed,  in  which  Dr. 
Briggs  was  installed.  While  the  duties  of  his 
position  were  substantially  the  same  as  they  had 
been,  yet  his  investiture  as  professor  of  biblical 
theology  gave  rise  to  the  veto  of  the  Presby- 
terian general  assembly,  Dr.  Briggs  having  for 
some  time  provoked  the  criticism  of  his  fellow- 
presbyters  by  his  utterances  in  regard  to  the 
verbal  inspiration  of  the  Bible.  Before  the  veto 
there  had  been  indications  of  conflict.  Dr. 
Briggs  was  a recognized  power;  he  represented 
opinions  widely  held  among  Presbyterians,  and 
as  widely  denounced  by  others  of  the  same  sect. 
Respected  as  an  original  thinker  and  conscienti- 
ous student,  some  were  disinclined  to  reject  his 
utterances;  others  were  more  cautious  in  their 
acceptance  of  his  judgment.  Dr.  Briggs,  with  a 
dignified  self-respect  not  inconsistent  with  entire 
modesty,  in  reply  to  strictures  made  upon  him 
by  Dr.  Shedd,  prior  to  the  meeting  of  the  pres- 


bytery of  New  York,  before  which  he  had  been 
summoned,  said : “ There  are  two  things  in  which 
I may  claim  to  be  a specialist;  one  of  them  is  in 
the  theology  of  the  Old  Testament,  and  the  other, 
the  Westminster  Confession.  I have  studied  the 
Westminster  documents  repeatedly  in  all  the 
great  libraries  of  Great  Britain.  I have  gathered 
in  the  library  of  the  Union  theological  seminary, 
the  best  library  of  the  Westminster  divines  out- 
side the  British  museum.  I have  studied  these 
divines  with  enthusiastic  devotion  for  many 
years.”  On  the  basis  of  such  preparation  he 
asserted  his  right  to  speak  with  authority,  and 
he  claimed  that  new  doctrines  had  come  into  the 
field,  new  questions  had  arisen,  with  which  the 
Westminster  Confession  could  not  have  had  any- 
thing to  do,  and  “ The  thoughts  of  men  had 
widened  by  the  process  of  the  sun.”  Dr.  Briggs 
published  several  works  in  which  his  views  were 
presented  without  hesitation  and  with  vigor. 
His  lectures  before  his  classes  made  a profound 
impression,  but  for  some  years  no  vigorous  out- 
spoken protest  was  made.  In  January,  1891.  Dr. 
Briggs  delivered  an  inaugural  address  before  the 
Union  theological  seminary.  In  it  he  declares 
“ there  are  historically  three  great  fountains  of 
divine  authority  — the  Bible,  the  church  and  the 
reason.”  He  contended  that  the  “majority  of 
Christians  from  the  apostolic  age  have  found 
God  through  the  church."  He  declared  reason 
to  be  “ Tire  Holy  of  Holies  of  human  nature,”  in 
which  “ God  presents  himself  to  those  who  seek 
him."  He  cited  Newman  as,  “ finding  God  in  the 
church.”  and  Martineau  as  “one  who  could  not  find 
God  in  the  church  or  the  Bible,  but  did  find  him 
enthroned  in  his  own  soul  ” ; and  Spurgeon  who 
“ assails  the  church  and  reason  in  the  interests 
of  the  authority  of  scripture.  ” These  furnished 
the  three  charges  brought  against  him.  He  was 
summoned  before  the  New  York  presbytery 
which  dismissed  the  case.  In  the  general  as- 
sembly, May,  1893.  the  decision  of  the  presbytery 
of  New  York  was  reversed,  and  he  was  suspended 
from  the  ministry,  but  he  continued  his  work 
at  the  Union  theological  seminary.  Among  his 
published  works  are : “ Biblical  Study,  itsMethods 
and  History  " (1883);  “American  Presbyterian- 
ism, its  Origin  and  Growth  " (1885) ; “ Messianic 
Prophecy  " (1886) ; “ Study  of  Higher  Criticism 
with  special  reference  to  the  Pentateuch  " (1883) ; 
“Hebrew  Poems  of  the  Creation”  (1884); 
“ Poem  of  the  Fall  of  Man;  Series  of  Articles  on 
Hebrew  Poetry  ” (1886) ; “ Opening  address  on 
Biblical  History  ” (1889) ; “ Schaff-Lange  Com- 
mentary on  Ezra  ” (1876) : “ Address  on  Exeget- 
ical  Theology"  (1876);  article  in  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica  on  “ Presbyterianism  in  the  United 
States;"  the  “ Right.  Duty  and  Limits  of  Biblical 
Criticism”  (1881);  “Whither?  A Theological 


[410J 


BRIGGS. 


BRIGHAM. 


Test  of  the  Time  ” (1889) ; “ How  ? A Series  of 
Essays  on  the  Revision  Question  ” (1890) : inaug- 
ural address,  the  “ Authority  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
ture ” (1891) ; “ The  Bible,  the  Church  and  the 
Reason,  the  three  Great  Fountains  of  Divine 
Authority”  (1892);  “The  Higher  Criticism  of 
the  Hexateuch  ” (1893);  “The  Messiah  of  the 
Gospels”  (1894);  and  “The  Messiah  of  the 
Apostles”  (1895).  In  connection  with  Prof. 
Driver  and  Dr.  Plummer,  he  edited  “ Interna- 
tional Critical  Commentary,”  five  volumes  of 
which  had  been  published  in  1896. 

BRIGGS,  Charles  Frederick,  author,  was  born 
at  Nantucket,  Mass.,  in  1804.  Though  following 
a journalist's  life  from  his  early  youth,  his  first 
business  venture  on  his  own  responsibility  was 
in  his  fortieth  year,  when  he  became  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  Broadway  Journal , in  New  York 
city,  of  which  Edgar  Allan  Poe  became  associate 
editor  in  1845.  Mr.  Briggs  was  later  associated 
with  Parke  Godwin  and  George  William  Curtis 
in  editing  Putnam's  Magazine.  He  contributed 
to  several  of  the  more  prominent  New  York  jour- 
nals, and  wrote  many  very  popular  letters  over 
the  name  of  “ Fernando  Mendez  Pinto.  ” His  last 
position  was  on  the  staff  of  the  New  York  Inde- 
pendent, which  he  held  from  1874  until  his  death. 
His  published  works  include:  “ Harry  Franco;  a 
Tale  of  the  Great  Panic  ” (1839) ; “ The  Haunted 
Merchant,”  one  of  a series  of  “ Bankrupt  Stories,” 
written  under  the  pseudonym  “ Harry  Franco  ” 
(1843);  “Working  a Passage”  (1844);  “Trip- 
pings of  Tom  Pepper  ” (1847),  and  in  conjunction 
with  Augustus  Maverick,  “ The  Story  of  the  Tele- 
graph, and  the  History  of  the  Atlantic  Cable  ” 
(1858).  He  assisted  G.  P.  Palmer  in  editing 
“ Homes  of  American  Authors  ” (1853),  and  also 
wrote  a volume  of  poems  entitled,  “ Seaweed 
from  the  shores  of  Nantucket.”  He  died  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  June  20,  1877. 

BRIGGS,  George  Nixon,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  at  Adams,  Mass.,  April  13, 
1796.  His  father  was  a soldier  under  Stark  at 
Bennington,  and  when  the  son  was  seven  years 
of  age,  he  removed  to  Vermont.  Later  the  fam- 
ily went  to  White  Creek,  Washington  county, 
N.  Y.,  where  George  learned  the  hatter's  trade. 
Returning  to  his  native  place  he  studied  law, 
and  in  1818  was  admitted  to  the  Berkshire  bar, 
where  he  won  especial  renown  as  a criminal  law- 
yer. In  1824  he  was  chosen  registrar  of  deeds  for 
Berkshire  county,  and  held  the  office  seven  years. 
He  was  elected  a Whig  representative  to  the  22d 
Congress  and  was  five  times  re-elected,  serving 
from  Dec.  5,  1831,  to  March  3, 1843.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
and  remained  in  office  by  successive  re-elections 
from  1843  to  1851,  when  he  was  made  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas,  remaining  in  this  posi- 


tion until  1856.  He  was  also  a member  of  the 
Massachusetts  constitutional  convention,  1853. 
In  1861  he  was  appointed  a commissioner  to  adjust 
differences  between  the  United  States  and  New 
Granada.  He  held  many  positions  of  trust,  and 
was  universally  respected  by  the  people  of  the 
state.  For  sixteen  years  he  was  a trustee  of 
Williams  college,  and  he  declined  the  chancellor- 
ship of  Madison  university.  Governor  Briggs 
was  a prominent  advocate  of  total  abstinence. 
He  was  one  of  the  foremost  laymen  in  the  Baptist 
denomination,  holding  the  presidency  of  the  Mis- 
sionary union  of  the  American  tract  society,  and 
of  the  American  temperance  union.  He  was  acci- 
dentally killed  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Sept.  12,  1861. 

BRIGGS,  Joseph  William,  postal  reformer, 
was  born  in  Clermont,  N.  Y.,  July  5,  1813.  He 
was  a nephew  of  Gov.  Geo.  Nixon  Briggs,  and 
being  left  an  orphan  while  very  young  was 
brought  up  with  his  uncle’s  family.  After  serv- 
ing an  apprenticeship  to  a harness-maker  he  fol- 
lowed the  trade  for  many  years.  In  1838  he 
patented  a stitching  machine  which  he  had 
invented,  and  he  claiined  to  have  been  the  first 
to  make  a lockstitch  by  using  a pointed  needle 
with  a grooved  eye.  He  became  interested  in  the 
free  delivery  of  letters,  and  obtaining  from  Post- 
master-general Blair  in  1861  the  appointment  of 
superintendent  of  the  system,  he  established 
free  delivery  stations  in  some  fifty  cities  through- 
out the  United  States.  He  died  in  Cleveland, 
Ohio.  Feb.  23,  1872. 

BRIGHAM,  Amariah,  physician,  was  born  at 
New  Marlborough,  Mass.,  Dec.  26,  1798.  Having 
fitted  himself  to  practise  medicine  he  settled  first 
at  Enfield.  Mass.,  in  1821.  Two  years  later  he  went 
to  Greenfield,  where  he  established  a large  prac- 
tice, devoting  his  attention  especially  to  surgery. 
He  practised  in  Greenfield  eight  years,  with  the 
exception  of  one  year  spent  in  Europe,  where 
he  studied  and  travelled.  From  1831  to  1842  he 
practised  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  where  he  be- 
came distinguished  in  his  profession,  acting 
as  superintendent  of  the  Hartford  retreat  for 
the  insane  during  the  last  two  years  of  his 
residence  there.  In  1842  he  went  to  Utica,  N.  Y., 
where  he  was  made  superintendent  of  the  New 
York  state  lunatic  asylum.  Among  his  published 
writings  are:  “Influence  of  Mental  Cultivation 
on  the  Health”  (1832);  “Influence  of  Religion 
upon  the  Health  and  Physical  Welfare  of  Man- 
kind ” (1835);  “Treatise  on  Epidemic  Cholera” 
(1835);  “Diseases  of  the  Brain”  (1836),  and 
“Asylum  Souvenir”  (1849).  He  was  founder 
and  editor  of  the  “Journal  of  Insanity.”  He 
died  in  Utica,  N.  Y..  Sept.  8,  1849. 

BRIGHT,  Edward,  editor,  was  born  near 
Kington,  Herefordshire,  England,  Oct.  8,  1808, 
son  of  Edward  Bright,  who  when  the  son  was 


BRIGHT. 


BRINKERHOFF. 


eleven  years  old,  immigrated  to  America  and 
settled  in  Utica,  N.  Y.  Hei'e  Edward  learned  the 
trade  of  a printer  and  afterwards  engaged  in  the 
publishing  business,  the  firm  name  being  Bennett 
& Bright.  At  this  time  he  was  a prominent 
Sunday  school  worker,  and  he  became  a Baptist 
minister,  taking  pastoral  charge  of  the  Bethel 
church  in  Utica,  organized  in  1838.  In  1839 
lie  sold  his  share  in  the  publishing  business, 
resigned  the  Utica  pastorate,  and  removed  to 
Homer,  N.  Y.,  where  he  took  charge  of  the 
historic  First  church.  In  1846,  he  was  elected 
secretary  of  the  American  baptist  missionary 
union,  editing  in  connection  with  his  other  duties 
the  Missionary  Magazine.  In  1855  he  removed 
to  New  York  city,  purchased  the  Recorder  and 
Register,  and  changed  the  name  to  The  Examiner. 
Two  papers  called  the  Chronicle,  one  published  in 
New  York  and  the  other  in  Philadelphia,  were 
afterwards  merged  in  The  Examiner,  and  Dr. 
Bright  ably  filled  the  editorial  chair  until  June, 
1893,  when  failing  health  compelled  him  to  relin- 
quish the  responsible  post.  Dr.  Bright  was  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  University  of 
Rochester,  a trustee  of  Vassar  college,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  New  York  state  missionary  conven- 
tion. He  died  in  New  York  city,  May  17,  1894. 

BRIGHT,  Jesse  D.,  senator,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich, Chenango  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  18,  1812. 

He  removed  to  Indiana  with  his  parents  in  1820, 
where  he  received  an  academic  education  and 
began  the  practice  of  law.  He  was  elected  pro- 
bate judge  in  1834,  but  resigned  in  1838  to  become 
United  States  marshal.  He  was  sent  to  the  state 
legislature  as  a representative  in  1836;  chosen  a 
state  senator  in  1841 ; lieutenant-governor  in  1843, 
and  in  1845  was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate  as 
a Democrat.  He  was  twice  re-elected  to  the 
senate,  serving  nearly  eighteen  years.  In  1862,  a 
letter  addressed  to  President  Davis,  dated  March, 
1861,  recommending  to  him  a friend  who  had  an 
improved  firearm,  and  signed  by  Senator  Bright, 
fell  into  the  possession  of  the  senate,  and  for  this 
he  was  charged  with  disloyalty  and  expelled.  In 
1864  he  removed  to  Kentucky,  where  he  served 
for  several  terms  in  the  state  legislature.  He 
died  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  May  20,  1875. 

BRIGHT,  Jonathan  Brown,  genealogical 
writer,  was  born  at  Waltham,  Mass.,  April  23, 
1800.  He  received  an  academic  education  in  his 
native  state,  and  in  1816  went  to  Missouri,  remain- 
ing there  and  in  Alabama  for  several  years.  From 
1823  to  1849  he  was  engaged  in  business  in  New 
York  city,  where  he  accumulated  a considerable 
fortune.  The  last  thirty  years  of  his  life  were 
passed  in  Waltham,  where  he  wrote  a clear  and 
comprehensive  work  entitled:  “ The  Brights  of 
Suffolk,  England,  represented  in  America  by  the 
Descendants  of  Henry  Bright,  Jr.,  who  settled  at 

[412] 


Watertown,  Mass.,  about  1630  ” (1858).  A legacy 
of  §50,000  was  left  to  Harvard  college  at  his 
death,  one  half  of  the  income  to  provide  books  for 
the  library,  and  the  other  to  pay  for  scholarships, 
of  which  the  lineally  descended  Brights,  from 
Henry  Bright,  Jr.,  should  have  the  preference.  He 
died  in  Waltham,  Mass. , Dec.  17,  1879. 

BRIGHT,  Marshal  Huntington,  journalist, 
was  born  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  in  1834.  He  received 
an  academical  training  and  then  took  a chemical 
course  in  the  Lawrence  scientific  school,  Harvard 
university,  from  1852  to  1854.  He  became  asso- 
ciate editor  of  the  Albany  Argus  in  1854.  He 
entered  the  Union  service  in  thecivil  war  in  1861, 
serving  as  aide-de-camp  and  as  commissary  on 
the  staffs  successively  of  Generals  Robert  Ander- 
son, Don  Carlos  Buell  and  George  H.  Thomas. 
For  distinguished  service  he  was  promoted  major 
in  1864,  and  resigned  in  November,  1865.  He 
was  engaged  in  mining  and  banking  from  1865  to 
1873,  when  he  became  associate  editor  of  the 
Christian  at  Work,  and  in  1880  principal  editor. 
He  was  president  of  the  Quill  club,  New  York,  in 
1890.  In  1894  he  wrote,  in  connection  with 
Hamilton  W.  Mabie,  “ The  Memorial  Story  of 
America.” 

BRIGNOL1,  Pasquale,  singer,  was  born  in 
Naples,  Italy,  in  1824.  He  displayed  remarkable 
musical  talent  in  his  early  childhood,  and  wrote 
several  compositions  of  merit  when  he  was  very 
young.  He  possessed  a beautiful  tenor  voice,  but 
did  not  begin  to  have  it  trained  until  1845.  Ten 
years  later,  after  winning  much  favorable  com- 
ment as  a concert  and  opera  singer,  he  came  to 
America,  where  he  remained  during  the  rest  of 
his  life,  making  but  few  visits  to  Europe.  He  re- 
tained the  remarkable  sweetness  of  his  voice  as 
long  as  he  lived,  and  was  always  greeted  by  large 
and  enthusiastic  audiences.  Among  the  notable 
singers  with  whom  he  appeared  may  be  named 
Nilsson.  Patti.  Parepa  and  Titiens.  He  died  in 
New  York  city,  Oct.  30.  1884. 

BRINKERHOFF,  Roeliff,  philanthropist,  was 
born  at  Owasco,  Cayuga  county,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  28, 
1828,  son  of  George  R.  Brinkerhoff,  an  officer  of 
the  war  of  1812.  His  first  American  ancestor. 
Joris  Dericksen  Brinkerhoff,  emigrated  from 
Holland  in  1638  and  settled  on  Long  Island,  N.  Y.. 
upon  the  site  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn.  Roeliff 
was  educated  at  the  academies  of  Auburn  and 
Homer,  N.  Y.  In  1844  he  taught  school  in  his 
native  town ; in  1846  he  was  a tutor  in  the  family 
of  Andrew  Jackson,  Jr.,  at  the  Hermitage  in 
Tennessee:  in  1850  he  removed  to  Mansfield.  Ohio, 
studied  law  with  the  Hon.  Jacob  Brinkerhoff. 
and  in  1852  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  During  four 
years  he  was  one  of  the  editors  and  proprietors  of 
the  Mansfield  Herald.  In  September.  1861,  he 


BRINKMAN. 


BRINTON. 


entered  the  Union  army  as  lieutenant  and  regi- 
mental quartermaster  of  the  64th  Ohio  volunteer 
infantry.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
colonel,  June,  1865,  and  made  inspector  of  the 
Quartermaster’s  department,  Washington,  D.  C., 
until  November,  when  he  was  ordered  to  Cincin- 
nati as  chief  quartermaster  of  that  department. 

He  was  mustered  out  of  the  army,  Oct.  1,  1865. 

In  September,  1866,  he  was  bre vetted  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  and  declined  a commission 
in  the  regular  army.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
“ Volunteer  Quartermaster,”  a standard  guide  in 
the  quartermaster’s  department.  In  1873,  upon 
the  organization  of  the  Mansfield  savings  bank, 
he  became  its  vice-president.  In  1878  he  was  ap- 
pointed a member  of  the  Ohio  board  of  state 
charities.  He  was  made  a member  of  the 
national  conference  of  charities  and  correction, 
and  in  1880  its  president.  He  was  vice-president 
of  the  national  prison  congress  from  its  re-organi- 
zation, and  was  elected  its  president  in  1893.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Mansfield  lyceum 
and  library,  of  the  Mansfield  public  park,  of  the 
soldiers’  and  sailors’  memorial  library,  and  of  the 
Ohio  archaeological  and  historical  society,  which 
was  organized  under  liis  institution,  and  of  which 
he  became  president  in  1893.  He  was  a Democrat  in 
politics  and  in  1875  was  associated  with  David  A. 
Wells,  William  Cullen  Bryant,  Prof.  A.  L.  Perry, 
and  other  pioneers  in  tariff  reform.  He  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  government  one  of  the  delegates 
to  represent  the  United  States  at  the  inter- 
national prison  congress  in  Paris  in  1895,  where 
he  was  made  the  chairman  of  the  American  dele- 
gation. He  spent  several  weeks  in  visiting  prisons 
and  reformatories  in  western  Europe  and  the 
British  islands,  and  on  his  return  to  America 
made  a report  of  his  observations  and  conclusions 
in  regard  to  European  methods,  which  was  pub- 
lished by  Congress  as  an  appendix  to  the  report 
of  the  American  delegation  upon  the  Paris  con- 
gress. He  served  as  chairman  of  the  board  of 
state  charities  of  Ohio  from  1879,  completing  his 
seventh  term  in  1897. 

BRINKMAN,  Mary  A.,  physician,  was  born  in 
Massachusetts  in  1845,  daughter  of  Alexander 
and  Lauritta  (Lincoln)  Clapp.  Having  acquired 
a common-school  education,  she  visited  Europe, 
where  she  spent  some  time  in  study,  and  after  re- 
turning to  the  United  States  she  entered  the  New 
\ ork  city  medical  college  and  hospital  for  women 
in  1871.  She  was  graduated  with  valedictory 
honors  in  1874,  and  her  medical  thesis  was  pub- 
lished in  the  North  American  Journal  of  Homoeo- 
pathy.  She  continued  to  take  clinical  instruction 
at  the  hospital  and  dispensary  for  a year  after  re- 
ceiving her  diploma,  and  in  1875  was  married  to 
James  G.  Brinkman  of  New  York  city.  In  1874 
she  was  appointed  lecturer  on  diseases  of  children 

r4i3i 


in  the  New  York  medical  college  and  hospital  for 
women,  holding  this  position  until  1881,  when  she 
accepted  the  chair  of  gynaecology  in  the  same  in- 
stitution, an  honor  then  first  accorded  to  a 
woman.  In  1889  illness  compelled  her  to  resign, 
and  she  became  consulting  physician  to  the  hos- 
pital in  gynaecology.  In  1876  she  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  New  York  dispensary  for  women 
and  children,  and  later  to  the  college  dispensary. 
In  1 884  she  was  elected  secretary  of  the  faculty 
of  the  New  York  medical  college  and  hospital  for 
women,  which  office  she  held  for  five  years. 
Dr.  Brinkman  was  a contributor  to  medical 
literature,  a lecturer  to  working  girls,  and 
actively  engaged  in  philanthropic  work,  looking 
to  the  advancement  of  the  cause  of  woman,  to 
opening  wider  the  avenues  of  her  usefulness,  and 
to  giving  medical  service  to  such  as  were  unable 
t > pay  for  it.  She  was  the  first  woman  elected  to 
the  vice-presidency  of  the  New  York  State  homoe- 
opathic medical  society. 

BRINLEY,  George,  book-collector,  was  born 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  May  15,  1817.  He  was  a man 
of  wealth  and  cultivated  tastes,  and  devoted  his 
time  to  collecting  valuable  books.  His  library  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  contained  about  twelve  thou- 
sand rare  volumes,  and  was  third  in  rank  in  the 
value  of  its  collection  of  Americana  in  the  United 
States.  He  bequeathed  to  various  American  col- 
leges from  this  collection  volumes  valued  at  over 
twenty-five  thousand  dollars.  Yale  college  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  in 
1868.  He  died  in  Bermuda.  May  14,  1875. 

BRINTON,  Daniel  Garrison,  ethnologist,  was 
born  in  Chester  county,  Pa.,  May  13,  1837.  He 
was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1858,  and  from  Jef- 
ferson medical  college  in  1861.  He  then  passed  a 
year  in  study  and  travel  in  Europe,  entered 
the  army  in  1862,  as  assistant  surgeon,  and  was 
commissioned  surgeon  in  February,  1863,  serving 
as  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  2d  division,  2d  corps. 
He  was  at  Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburg,  and 
was  appointed  medical  director  of  the  corps 
October,  1863.  He  received  a sunstroke  about 
this  time,  which  made  it  impossible  for  him  to  re- 
sume active  service  in  the  field,  and  he  therefore 
accepted  the  position  of  superintendent  of  the 
army  hospitals  at  Quincy  and  Springfield,  111. 
He  was  honorably  discharged  in  August,  1865, 
with  the  brevet  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  He 
took  up  his  residence  in  Philadelphia,  and  assumed 
the  editorship  of  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Re- 
porter, and  of  the  Compendium  of  Medical  Science. 
He  was  a diligent  student  of  American  ethnology, 
gathering  during  his  winter  visits  in  Florida 
material  used  in  his  books.  He  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  ethnology  and  archaeology  in 
the  Academy  of  natural  sciences  in  Philadelphia 
in  1884,  and  professor  of  American  linguistics  and 


BRISBANE. 


BRISTED. 


archaeology  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1886.  He  was  elected  president  of  the  numismatic 
and  antiquarian  society  of  Philadelphia;  was 
the  first  American  to  receive  the  medal  of  the 
• ' Society  Americaine  in  France  ” ; revised  a treatise 
by  Professor  Gerland,  of  Strasburg,  on  ethno- 
graphy, and  was  made  a member  of  the  American 
society  for  the  advancement  of  science.  Among 
his  works  are:  “ The  Floridian  Peninsula  ” (1859) ; 

The  Myths  of  the  New  World  ” (1868) ; “ Essays 
of  An  Americanist”  (1870);  “American  Hero 
Myths”  (1882);  “The  American  Race”  (1892); 

• ■ The  Library  of  Aboriginal  American  Litera- 
ture” (ed.  8 vols). 

BRISBANE,  Abbott  Hall,  military  engineer, 
was  born  in  South  Carolina.  He  was  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1825,  with  the  rank  of  2d  lieu- 
tenant of  artillery,  and  served  on  topographical 
duty  from  December,  1825,  until  his  resignation. 
Jan.  1,  1828.  In  1835-36  he  engaged  in  the  Florida 
war  as  colonel  of  South  Carolina  volunteers.  In 
1836  he  was  assistant  engineer  of  a projected 
railroad  from  Charleston  to  Cincinnati,  and  in 
that  same  year  was  made  brigadier-general  of  the 
South  Carolina  militia.  He  was  chief  engineer  of 
Georgia  for  the  examination  of  mountain  passes 
for  the  location  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic  rail- 
road, and  from  1840  to  1844  was  chief  engineer  of 
the  Ocmulgee  and  Flint  railroad  in  that  state. 
In  1847-’48  he  superintended  the  engineering  of 
the  artesian  well  which  furnished  the  water  for 
Charleston,  S.  C.  In  1848  he  was  made  professor 
of  belles  lettres  and  ethics  in  the  state  military 
academy,  and  held  the  position  for  five  years. 
He  died  Sept.  28,  1861. 

BRISBIN,  James  S.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Boalsburg,  Pa.,  May  23,  1837.  He  received  a 
classical  education,  was  editor  of  the  Centre  Dem- 
ocrat, Bellefonte,  Pa.,  studied  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war,  he  enlisted  in  the  army  as  a private,  and 
soon  afterwards  received  a commission  as  2d  lieu- 
tenant. In  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  July,  1861,  he 
was  severely  wounded,  and  in  August,  1861,  was 
promoted  captain  in  the  6th  U.  S.  cavalry.  In 
May,  1862.  he  was  with  the  army  of  the  Potomac, 
serving  bravely  at  Malvern  Hill  and  the  other 
battles  of  the  Peninsular  campaign,  and  also  in 
the  Blue  Ridge  expedition.  For  action  at  Beverly 
Ford,  Va.,  June  9,  1863,  he  was  promoted  brevet 
major  U.  S.  A.  In  July,  at  Gettysburg,  he  com- 
manded the  Pennsylvania  state  cavalry,  and 
joined  Banks’s  Red  river  expedition  as  chief 
of  cavalry  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  A.  L.  Lee.  He 
was  wounded  at  Sabine  cross  roads,  April  8,  1864, 
returned  north  and  was  chief  of  staff  to  General 
S.  G.  Burbridge  in  his  operations  in  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee.  He  was  made  brigadier  - gen- 
eral of  volunteers  for  gallantry  at  Marion,  Tenn., 


and  shortly  afterward  commanded  the  depart- 
ment of  Kentucky.  In  1865  he  operated  against 
Jeff  Thompson  in  Arkansas  as  commander  of  a 
brigade  of  cavalry.  In  1866  he  was  mustered  out 
of  the  volunteer  service  with  the  rank  of  major- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  rejoined  the  6tli  U.  S. 
cavalry  as  captain.  In  January,  1868,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  major  of  the  2d  cavalry, 
in  1885  to  that  of  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  9th 
cavalry,  and  on  Aug.  20,  1889,  to  that  of  colonel  of 
1st  cavalry.  On  April  22,  1891,  he  was  transferred 
to  the  8th  cavalry.  He  contributed  letters  and 
articles  on  topics  relating  to  the  far  west  to  many 
leading  periodicals.  He  died  at  Philadelphia.  Pa., 
Jan.  14,  1892. 

BRISTED,  Charles  Astor,  author,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  Oct.  6,  1820,  son  of  John  Bristed, 
clergyman.  His  mother  was  a daughter  of  John 
Jacob  Astor,  2d.  After  his  graduation  from  Yale 
college  with  honors  in  1839,  he  entered  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  England,  in  1840,  and  was 
graduated  a foundation  scholar  of  the  college  in 
1845.  He  spent  several  years  in  European 
travel,  and  became  a contributor  to  various 
journals  under  the  pseudonym  “ Carl  Benson.” 
When  the  Astor  library  was  founded  he  was 
appointed  a trustee,  retaining  the  position  dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  his  life.  Mr.  Bristed 
moved  in  society  of  the  highest  culture  both  in 
Europe  and  America,  and  aside  from  his  literary 
talent  he  was  a conversationalist  of  rare  bril- 
liancy. His  American  home  was  in  Washington. 
Among  his  published  works  are:  “Letters  to 
Horace  Mann”  (1850);  “The  Upper  Ten  Thou- 
sand ” (1852) ; “ Five  Years  in  an  English  Univer- 
sity ” (1852);  “Interference  Theory  of  Govern- 
ment” (1867);  and  “Pieces  of  a Broken-Down 
Critic”  (1874).  He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
Jan.  15,  1874. 

BRISTED,  John,  clergyman,  was  born  at  Dor- 
setshire, England,  in  1778.  He  was  educated  at 
Winchester  college,  and  first  studied  for  the  med- 
ical profession,  but  abandoned  this  for  the  law. 
practising  in  New  York  city,  whither  he  had 
removed  in  1806.  He  became  an  able  and  well- 
known  lawyer.  In  1807  he  conducted  the  Monthly 
Magazine,  a high-class  literary  monthly.  Not 
long  after  his  marriage,  in  1820.  to  a daughter  of 
John  Jacob  Astor,  he  began  to  study  divinity, 
and  was  ordained  to  the  Episcopal  ministry  in 
1828.  The  following  year  he  was  made  rector  of 
St.  Michael’s  church  in  Bristol.  R.  I.,  where  he 
preached  for  nearly  fifteen  years.  Among  his 
published  writings  are  ; “ A Pedestrian  Tour 
through  part  of  the  Highlands  in  Scotland  in 
1801  ” (2  vols..  1804) ; “The  Adviser,  or  the  Moral 
and  Literary  Tribunal  ” (4  vols..  1802);  “Critical 
and  Philosophical  Essays”  (1804);  “The  System 
of  the  Society  of  Friends  Examined”  (1805); 


BRISTOL. 


BRISTOW. 


“Edward  and  Anna”  (1805);  “Hints  on  the 
National  Bankruptcy  of  Great  Britain  ” (1809) ; 
“Resources  of  the  British  Empire”  (1811); 
“Resources  of  the  United  States”  (1818); 
“Thoughts  on  the  Anglican  and  Anglo-American 
Churches”  (1823).  He  died  in  Bristol,  R.  I., 
Feb.  22,  1855. 

BRISTOL,  Augusta  Cooper,  educator,  was 
born  at  Croydon,  N.  H.,  April  17,  1835.  When  a 
mere  child  she  wrote  graceful  verses.  She  was 
especially  precocious  in  mastering  mathematical 
problems,  and,  after  obtaining  an  academical 
education,  she  began  teaching  when  only  fifteen 
years  old.  She  was  married  to  Louis  Bristol  in 
1866,  became  prominently  identified  with  so- 
cial questions,  and  wrote  and  lectured  exten- 
sively. She  went  to  Europe  in  1880  to  make  a 
more  careful  study  of  sociology,  and  while  there 
represented  America  at  the  international  conven- 
tion of  Freethinkers  at  Brussels.  For  three  years 
following  her  visit  to  Europe  she  acted  as  lec- 
turer for  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry  in  New 
Jersey,  and  afterwards  travelled  extensively  as 
lecturer  for  the  national  organization.  Among 
her  published  works  are:  “The  Relation  of  the 
Maternal  Function  to  the  Woman's  Intellect  ” 
(1876) ; “ The  Philosophy  of  Art  ” (1878) ; 

“Science  and  its  Relations  to  Human  Charac- 
ter ” (1878) ; and  “ The  Present  Phase  of  Woman’s 
Advancement”  (1880). 

BRISTOL,  Charles  Lawrence,  educator,  was 
born  at  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  29,  1859;  son 
of  Lawrence  W.  and  Caroline  (Hawkins)  Bristol. 
He  was  graduated  from  the  University  of  the 
city  of  New  York  in  1883,  and  in  1884  attended 
the  Harvard  college  summer  school.  From  1884 
to  1887  he  was  teacher  of  science  at  Riverview 
academy,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  and  from  1887  to 
1891  was  professor  of  zoology  in  the  state  uni- 
versity of  South  Dakota.  During  the  summers 
of  1890,  ’91  and  '92  he  was  at  the  Marine  biological 
laboratory,  and  in  1891— "92  was  fellow  of  morphol- 
ogy at  Clark  university.  In  1892  he  was  made 
senior  fellow  in  biology  in  the  University  of 
Chicago,  which  institution  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  M.D.  in  1888. 

BRISTOL,  John  Bunyan,  artist,  was  born  at 
Hillsdale,  N.  Y. , March  14,  1826.  Three  or  four 
weeks’  tuition  from  Henry  Ayrat  Hudson,  N.  Y., 
constituted  all  the  instruction  he  received  from 
teachers.  He  began  his  early  life  as  an  artist,  by 
painting  portraits,  but  eventually  became  a land- 
scape painter.  In  1859  he  went  to  Florida,  where 
he  fathered  material  for  a number  of  semi-tropi- 
cal pictures,  which  brought  him  into  notice.  He 
was  elected  associate  of  the  National  academy 
in  1861,  and  in  1875  became  an  academician. 
He  made  sketching  tours  through  the  Berkshire 
Hills  in  Massachusetts;  to  lakes  George  and 


Champlain,  and  to  the  mountains  in  Vermont. 
His  “ View  of  Mount  Oxford  ” received  the 
medal  of  honor  at  Philadelphia  in  1876.  Among 
his  best  paintings  may  be  noted:  “ Adirondacks 
from  Lake  Champlain,”  “ On  the  St.  John's 
River,  Florida”  (1862);  “In  the  Housatonic 
Valley  ” (1875) ; “ Mount  Equinox,  Vermont  ” 
(1878);  “ Lake  Memphremagog  ” (1878),  and 

“ Haying-time  near  Middlebury,  Vermont  ” 
(1886.) 

BRISTOW,  Benjamin  Helm,  statesman,  was 
born  at  Elkton,  Todd  county,  Ky.,  June  20,  1832. 
He  obtained  his  education  at  Washington  and 
Jefferson  college,  Pa.,  where  lie  was  graduated  in 
1851.  On  leaving  college  he  entered  the  law 
office  of  his  father  at  Elkton,  and  continued  the 
study  and  practice  of  law  there  until  1857,  when 
lie  removed  to  Hopkinsville,  where  he  practised 
his  profession  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil 
war.  He  entered  the  Union  army  as  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  25tli  Kentucky  volunteers.  He 
distinguished  himself  for  bravery  at  the  battles 
of  Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donelson,  and  Shiloh,  being 
wounded  at  the  last-named  battle.  He  returned 
home  in  1862  and  after  recruiting  the  8th  Ken- 
tucky cavalry,  lie  again  entered  the  service  as  its 
lieutenant-colonel,  soon  receiving  promotion  as 
colonel.  He  was  with  the  division  that  captured 
the  Confederate  raider,  Gen.  John  Morgan.  In 
1863  he  was  elected  state  senator,  but  resigned  in 
1865  to  resume  his  practice,  settling  in  Louisville, 
Ky.,  where,  in  1869,  lie  was  appointed  United 
States  district  attorney,  and  held  the  office  for 
one  year.  On  the  organization  of  the  department 
of  justice  in  October,  1870,  lie  was  made  solicitor- 
general,  organized  the  office,  and  during  the 
absence  of  the  attorney -general  performed  his 
duties  and  filled  his  place  in  cabinet  meetings. 
He  resigned  after  two  years’  service  to  become 
attorney  of  the  Texas  Pacific  railroad,  but  soon 
after  resigned  to  resume  the  practice  of  law  at 
Louisville.  In  1873  he  was  nominated  by  Presi- 
dent Grant  U.  S.  attorney-general,  but  the  ap- 
pointment was  rejected  by  the  senate.  In  June, 
1874,  he  was  appointed  by  President  Grant  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury,  which  office  he  resigned  in 
1876.  He  was  a prominent  candidate  at  the  Re- 
publican national  convention  at  Cincinnati  in 
1876  for  the  presidential  nomination,  receiving 
one  hundred  and  thirteen  votes.  He  afterwards 
settled  in  New  York  city,  taking  up  his  practice 
as  senior  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Bristow, 
Peake  & Opdyke.  He  died  in  New  York  city, 
June  22,  1896. 

BR1TTAN,  Nathan,  inventor,  was  born  at 
Spencer,  Mass.,  Sept.  2,  1808.  He  was  graduated 
from  Brown  university  in  1837  with  the  degree 
of  A.M.,  and  for  eight  years  following  his  gradu- 
ation he  was  associate  principal  at  the  Collegiate 


BRITTON. 


BROADHEAD. 


institute  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.  He  then  removed 
to  Lyons,  N.  Y. , where  he  taught  for  five  years. 
In  1851  he  invented  the  continuous  copper  strip 
for  use  as  lightning  rods,  and  was  afterwards 
engaged  in  the  business  connected  with  his  in- 
vention at  Lockport  and  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
Detroit  and  Adrian,  Midi.,  and  Chicago,  111.  He 
died  in  Adrian,  Jan.  3,  1872. 

BRITTON,  Alexander  Thompson,  financier, 
was  born  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  29,  1835.  He 
was  graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1857,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Rhode  Island,  where 
he  practised  law  until  1860,  when  he  removed  to 
Madison,  Fla.  Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war  he  went  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  and 
volunteered  in  the  national  rifles,  the  first  Union 
company  to  cross  the  Potomac  river.  In  1864  he 
organized  the  legal  firm  of  Britton  & Gray  in 
Washington,  D.  C.  In  1877  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Hayes  a commissioner  to  codify  the 
public  land  laws,  published  by  authority  of  Con- 
gress. He  was  president  of  the  board  of  police 
commissioners  and  director  in  numerous  chari- 
table and  banking  institutions  and  street  railroads. 
As  chairman  of  the  committee  in  charge  of  the 
inauguration  of  President  Harrison,  he,  by 
economical  management,  turned  over  to  the 
district  an  inaugural  poor-fund  of  twenty -six 
thousand  dollars.  In  1890  he  organized  and  was 
made  president  of  the  American  security  and 
trust  company.  He  was  appointed  by  President 
Harrison  one  of  four  commissioners  to  represent 
the  district  at  the  Columbian  exposition,  1893. 
He  edited  the  Financial  Review,  and  “ U.  S.  Land 
Laws  ” (1880). 

BROADHEAD,  Garland  Carr,  geologist,  was 
born  in  Albemarle  county,  Va.,  Oct.  30,  1827. 
His  father  was  a soldier  in  the  war  of  1812,  a self- 
made  man,  who,  educating  himself,  rose  to  be  a 
magistrate.  In  1836  he  settled  in  St.  Charles 
county,  Mo.,  where  the  son  received  his  early 
education,  first  under  his  father,  afterward 
under  a tutor,  while  he  worked  at  intervals  upon 
his  father’s  farm.  He  early  showed  a fondness 
for  mathematics,  and  was  familiar  with  Latin 
grammar  before  his  tenth  year.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-three  he  entered  the  University  of 
Missouri,  and  two  years  later,  the  Western  mili- 
tary institute  at  Drennon  Springs,  Ky.  He 
studied  geology  under  Prof.  Richard  Owen, 
formerly  of  Edinburgh.  In  1852  he  engaged  as  a 
civil  engineer  and  superintendent  of  construction 
of  a division  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroad.  In 
1857  he  was  appointed  assistant  geologist  of  Mis- 
souri, which  position  he  retained  four  years. 
From  1862  to  1864  he  was  United  States  deputy 
collector  in  St.  Louis,  and  in  1866  he  was  United 
States  assessor  for  the  5th  Missouri  district.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  assistant  geologist  of 


Illinois,  and  in  1873  state  geologist  of  Missouri, 
and  he  held  the  office  until  the  survey  was  sus 
pended  in  1875.  In  1875  Mr.  Broadhead  made  a 
collection  for  the  Smithsonian  insitution.  and 
for  the  Missouri  department  of  the  Centennial 
exhibition,  and  in  the  following  year  was  one  of 
the  jurors  at  the  exhibition,  and  wrote  out  the 
report  on  petroleum  and  other  hydrocarbons,  as 
well  as  brief  memoirs  of  state  and  other  exhibits. 
In  1881  he  was  appointed  special  agent  of  the 
tenth  census  for  investigating  and  obtaining  data 
and  specimens  of  rock  quarries  for  the  states  of 
Missouri  and  Kansas.  In  the  same  year  he 
visited  North  Park.  Colorado.  Fi-om  November, 
1883,  to  April,  1884,  he  was  engaged  in  arranging 
specimens  in  the  museum  of  the  State  university 
at  Columbia,  Mo.  In  July,  1884,  he  was  ap- 
pointed a member  of  the  Missouri  river  commis- 
sion. In  July,  1885,  in  company  with  the  other 
members  of  the  commission,  lie  visited  Yellow 
Stone  park  and  the  upper  streams  tributary  to 
the  Missouri.  In  July,  1887,  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  geology  and  mineralogy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri.  He  was  made  a member  of 
various  scientific  societies,  and,  besides  the 
volumes  incidental  to  his  geological  surveys,  he 
has  written  several  hundred  articles  of  scientific 
interest,  chiefly  geological,  published  in  various 
pamphlets. 

BROADHEAD,  James  O.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Albemarle  county,  Va.,  May  19,  1819.  He  was 
educated  at  the  high  school,  and  when  sixteen 
years  of  age  studied  for  one  year  at  the  Uni- 
versity  of  Virginia.  In  June,  1837,  he  removed 
to  Missouri,  where  he  studied  law  in  the  office 
of  Edward  Bates  for  three  years.  In  1841  he 
began  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Pike  county, 
Mo.,  and  in  1845  was  elected  as  a delegate  to  the 
constitutional  convention  of  the  state.  In  1846 
he  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  from  Pike 
county,  and  in  1850  to  the  state  senate,  and  served 
in  that  capacity  four  years.  In  1859  he  located 
in  St,  Louis,  and  in  February,  1861,  he  was  ap- 
pointed U.  S.  district  attorney  of  Missouri,  but 
resigned  when  he  found  it  interfered  with  hi- 
duties  as  a delegate  to  the  state  convention. 
“ for  vindicating  the  sovereignty  of  the  state, 
and  the  protection  of  its  institutions.”  Under 
the  provisions  of  resolutions  offered  by  Mr. 
Broadhead,  this  convention  abolished  the  exist 
ing  state  government,  and  established  a provis- 
ional government,  which  for  the  first  three  years 
of  the  civil  war  managed  its  affairs,  raising  and 
organizing  a military  force  in  support  of  the 
United  States  government.  He  was  commis- 
sioned lieutenant -colonel  of  the  3d  Missouri 
cavalry,  and  was  assigned  to  duty  on  the  staff  of 
General  Schofield,  as  provost  marshal-general  of 
the  department  of  Missouri.  In  1876  he  was 


[416J 


BROCK. 


BROCKETT. 


appointed  by  President  Grant  as  counsel  on  the 
part  of  the  government  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
••  whisky  frauds."  In  1878  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent of  the  American  bar  association,  which  met 
at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.  In  1882  he  was  elected  a rep- 
resentative to  the  48th  Congress  as  a Democrat, 
and  in  1883  was  appointed  by  the  government  as 
special  agent  to  make  preliminary  search  of  the 
record  of  the  French  archives  in  the  matter  of 
the  French  spoliation  claims.  He  spent  four 
months  in  France,  and  in  October,  1885,  he  made 
an  elaborate  report  of  the  labors  performed  on 
this  commission,  which  was  printed  by  order  of 
the  U.  S.  senate. 

BROADUS,  John  Albert,  educator,  was  born 
in  Culpeper  county,  Va.,  Jan.  24,  1827;  son  of  a 
prominent  member  of  the  Virginia  legislature. 
He  was  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Virginia  in  1846,  and  was  appointed  assistant 
professor  of  ancient  languages  in  that  institution 
in  1851,  holding  the  position  for  two  years.  In 
1851  he  entered  the  ministry,  and  for  the  follow- 
ing four  years  preached  in  the  Baptist  church  at 
Charlottesville,  Va.  He  resigned  his  pastorate 
to  accept  the  chaplaincy  of  the  university,  and 
after  two  years  returned  to  his  church.  In 
1859  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  New  Testa- 
ment interpretation  and  homiletics  at  the 
Southern  Baptist  theological  seminary,  and 
subsequently  was  for  several  years  president 
of  that  institution.  In  1863  he  preached  as  mis- 
sionary in  General  Lee's  army  of  northern  Vir- 
ginia. Among  his  published  writings  are:  “ The 
Preparation  and  Delivery  of  Sermons  ” (1870) ; 
“ Recollections  of  Travel  ” (1872-’73) ; “ Lectures 
on  the  History  of  Preaching"  (1877);  “Three 
Questions  as  to  the  Bible  ” (1884);  “ Commentary 
on  Matthew  ” (1886),  and  “Sermons  and  Ad- 
dresses ” (1886).  He  was  a member  of  the  inter- 
national Sunday-school  lesson  committee.  He 
died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  March  16,  1895. 

BROCK,  Sidney  G„  statistician,  was  born  at 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  April  10,  1837.  He  received  his 
elementary  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Cleveland,  and  was  graduated  at  Allegheny  col- 
lege in  1859,  receiving  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  in 
1889.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Cleveland 
in  1861,  and  in  October  of  that  year  he  entered 
the  Union  service  in  the  67th  Ohio  volunteers. 
He  was  successively  promoted  to  be  captain  and 
major,  and  remained  in  the  service  until  the  close 
of  the  civil  war,  taking  part  in  twenty-one  en- 
gagements, and  being  twice  wounded.  In  1865 
he  returned  to  the  practice  of  the  law,  making 
his  home  at  Macon,  Mo.,  where  he  became 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Macon  Republican. 
He  was  mayor  of  the  city  of  Macon  for  three 
terms,  in  1884  was  presidential  elector  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  and  in  1888  a candidate  for  rep- 


resentative in  Congress.  In  1889  he  was  appointed 
chief  of  the  bureau  of  statistics  in  the  U.  S.  treas- 
ury  department.  As  a contributor  to  the  journals 
of  America  and  England  on  economic  questions, 
his  writings  received  favorable  consideration. 
While  statistician  of  the  treasury  department  lie 
issued  a number  of  valuable  reports,  including: 
“ Commerce  of  the  United  States  with  the  Coun- 
tries of  North  and  South  America,"  “ History  of 
the  Commerce  of  the  United  States  with  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,"  “ The  Internal  Commerce  of 
the  Pacific  Slope,"  “ The  Commerce  of  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  Mississippi  River  and  its  tribu- 
taries,” “The  Immigration  movement  to  the 
United  States  from  1792  to  1892,"  “ History  of 
Wool  and  Woolen  Manufacture  in  the  United 
States."  He  also  edited  the  current  reports  of 
the  bureau  of  statistics,  such  as  “ Commerce 
and  Navigation,”  “ Statistical  Abstract,"  “ Inter- 
nal Commerce." 

BROCKETT,  Linus  Pierpont,  author,  was 
born  at  Canton,  Conn.,  Oct.  16,  1820.  He  studied 
at  Brown  university,  and  then  entered  Yale 
medical  college,  where  he  was  graduated  as  M. D. 
in  1843.  In  1844  and  1845  he  was  professor  of 
physiology  and  anatomy  at  Georgetown  college, 
Ky.  Compelled  by  failing  health  to  give  up  the 
practice  of  medicine,  he  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture, and  engaged  in  the  publishing  business  in 
Hartford,  Conn.,  from  1847  to  1858.  In  1854  he 
was  appointed  a commissioner  to  investigate 
idiocy  in  Connecticut,  and  finished  his  report  in 
1856.  He  wrote  a study  in  church  history, 
entitled,  “The  Bogomile,”  and  epitomized  the 
history  of  the  Bassein  Karen  mission  with  enthu- 
siastic appreciation  of  the  spirit  of  sacrifice  mani- 
fested in  that  field.  He  was  editor  at  different 
periods  of  the  Brooklyn  Monthly,  and  the  Brook- 
lyn Advance,  and  contributed  largely  to  cyclo- 
pedias and  periodicals.  He  published  over 
forty  works  on  historical,  religious  and  other 
subjects,  among  which  are:  “Geographical 

History  of  New  York " (1847) ; “ Pioneer 

Preacher”  (1856);  “History  of  Education" 
(1859);  “Eighty  Years’ Progress  of  the  United 
States  ” (1861);  “ Life  of  Lincoln  ” (1865);  “ His- 
tory of  the  Civil  War  ” (1866);  “ Woman’s  Work 
in  the  Civil  War"  (1867);  “Men  of  Our  Day," 

“ Our  Great  Captains”  (1868);  “Woman:  Her 
Rights,  Wrongs,  Privileges,  and  Responsibilities  ” 
(1869);  “ The  Year  of  Battles”  (1871);  “Epi- 
demic and  Contagious  Diseases”  (1873);  “Una 
and  her  Paupers”  (1874);  “Our  Country’s 
Wealth  and  Influence"  (1881);  “Our  Western 
Empire”  (1881-’82);  “Descriptive  America” 
(1884-’85);  and  “ The  Great  Metropolis”  (1888). 
Amherst  college  conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  A.M.  in  1857.  He  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y„  Jan.  13,  1893. 

[417] 


BROCKLESBY. 


BRODERICK. 


BROCKLESBY,  John,  educator,  was  born  at 
West  Bromwich,  England,  Oct.  8,  1811.  In  his 
childhood  he  was  brought  to  America,  where  he 
was  educated,  receiving  his  diploma  from  Yale 
college  in  1835.  He  accepted  a position  as  tutor 
at  Yale  in  1838,  and  remained  there  until  1840. 
In  1842  he  was  Called  to  the  chair  of  mathe- 
matics and  natural  philosophy  at  Trinity  college, 
Hartford,  which  he  held  for  more  than  thirty 
years,  and  for  the  following  ten  years  was  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy  and  natural  philosophy  in 
Hie  same  institution,  and  was  acting  president  of 
the  college  five  times  between  1860  and  1874. 
Hobart  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  in  1868.  His  published  works  include: 
“ Elements  of  Meteorology  ” (1848) ; “ Views  of 
the  Microscopic  World  ” (1850) ; “ Elements  of 
Astronomy  ” (1865) ; “ Elements  of  Physical 

Geography”  (1868),  and  “The  Amateur  Micro- 
scopist  ” (1871).  He  died  June  21,  1889.* 

BROCKWAY,  Zenas  R.,  penologist,  was  born 
at  Lyme,  Conn.,  in  1827.  From  1848  to  1851  he 
was  a clerk  at  the  Connecticut  state  prison ; from 
1851  to  1854,  a warden's  assistant  at  the  Albany 
penitentiary,  and  from  1854  to  1861,  manager  and 
superintendent  of  the  Monroe  county  (N.  Y. ) 
penitentiary.  The  eleven  years  following  were 
spent  in  prison  management  in  Detroit,  where  lie 
completed,  opened,  and  superintended  the  house 
of  correction.  In  1876  lie  laid  before  the  New 
York  prison  commission  an  original  plan  for  the 
reform  of  criminals,  and  when  it  was  presented 
to  the  legislature,  that  body  at  once  appropriated 
funds  sufficient  to  establish  a reformatory  on  the 
lines  proposed.  The  result  of  this  appropriation, 
the  Elmira  reformatory,  became  a model  for 
similar  institutions,  while  the  Brockway  system  of 
dealing  with  criminals  was  adopted  in  prisons 
both  in  America  and  in  Europe. 

BRODERICK,  Case,  representative,  was  born 
in  Grant  county,  Ind.,  Sept.  23,  1839.  In  1858  he 
removed  to  Douglas,  Jackson  county,  Kansas, 
and  engaged  in  farming.  He  enlisted  in  the  2d 
Kansas  battery  in  1862,  and  was  mustered  out  of 
the  volunteer  army  in  August,  1865.  He  was 
elected  probate  judge  of  Jackson  county  in  1868, 
and  was  twice  re-elected.  In  1870  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  Holton,  and  in  1876  was 
elected  county  attorney  of  Jackson  county,  to 
which  office  he  was  re-elected  in  1878.  In  1880 
he  was  made  state  senator,  and  in  March,  1884, 
was  appointed  by  President  Arthur  associate 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Idaho  for  the  term 
of  four  years.  On  his  election  to  this  office  he 
removed  to  Boisd  City,  Idaho,  and  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  term  returned  to  Holton.  In  1890  he 
was  elected  a representative  from  the  first 
Kansas  district  to  the  52d  Congress,  and  was 
re-elected  to  the  three  succeeding  congresses. 


BRODERICK,  David  Colbreth,  senator,  was 
born  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  4,  1820.  He 
was  taken  by  his  parents  to  the  city  of  New  York 
when  three  years  of  age,  and  there  obtained  his 
education  at  the  public  schools,  after  which  he 
learned  his  father's  trade  of  stone  cutting.  His 
connection  with  the  volunteer  fire  department 
brought  him  into  contact  with  political  men,  and 
he  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic  candidate 
for  representative  to  Congress  in  1846.  In  1849 
he  removed  to  California,  where  he  served  the 
same  year  as  a member  of  the  state  constitu- 
tional convention.  He  was  elected  as  a state 
senator  in  1850,  and  was  president  of  the  senate 
in  1851.  He  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
senate  in  1856,  where  he  acquired  a national 
reputation  as  a debater.  He  severed  his  con- 
nection with  the  Democratic  party  on  the  slavery 
issue,  and  when  the  admission  of  Kansas  as  a 
state  was  proposed,  under  the  Lecompton  con- 
stitution, he  vehemently  opposed  it  in  the  senate 
A political  quarrel  between  Mr.  Broderick  and 
David  S.  Terry,  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  California,  in  which  both  parties  were 
equally  to  blame,  resulted  in  a duel  with  pistols, 
in  which  Broderick  fell  mortally  wounded,  Sept. 
16,  1859. 

BRODHEAD,  Daniel,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1736.  He  was  a lineal  descendant  of 
Capt.  Daniel  Brodhead,  a British  officer  in  the 
famous  expedition  against  the  New  Netherlands 
in  1664.  He  was  elected  as  a deputy  from 
Berks  county,  Pa.,  to  a provincial  meeting 
which  met  at  Philadelphia,  July  15,  1774,  and 
served  on  a committee  which  reported  sixteen 
resolves,  one  of  which  recommended  the  calling 
of  a Continental  Congress.  He  was  chosen  by 
the  Pennsylvania  assembly  in  May,  1775,  to  the 
command  of  the  8th  regiment  of  Pennsylvania 
riflemen.  In  June,  1778,  with  his  regiment  he 
rebuilt  Fort  Muncy,  which  had  been  destroyed 
by  the  Indians.  On  March  5,  1779,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  General  Washington  military  com- 
mandant of  the  western  department,  with  head- 
quarters at  Fort  Pitt,  Pa.  In  this  capacity  he 
conducted  several  successful  campaigns  against 
the  Indians,  and  made  numerous  treaties  with 
them.  His  services  extended  throughout  the 
entire  revolutionary  war,  and  at  its  close  lie  was 
selected  by  the  officers  assembled  at  the  “Can 
tonments  of  the  American  Army  on  Hudson 
River,  May  10,  1783,”  as  one  of  a committee  to 
prepare  the  necessary  papers  for  the  incorpora- 
tion of  “The  Society  of  the  Cincinnati."  On 
Nov.  3,  1789.  he  was  elected  dv  the  general  as- 
sembly of  Pennsylvania,  surveyor-general  of  the 
commonwealth,  and  was  continued  in  that  office 
for  about  twelve  years.  His  death  occurred  at 
Milford,  Pa.,  Nov.  15,  1809. 


T41SJ 


BRODHEAD. 


BROMFIELD. 


BRODHEAD,  John  Romeyn,  historian,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  2,  1814;  son  of 
Rev.  Dr.  Jacob  Brodhead.  He  received  a liberal 
education,  and  was  graduated  from  Rutgers  in 
1831.  In  1835  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  New 
York.  The  profession  was  not  to  his  liking,  and 
in  1837  he  settled  in  Saugerties,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
engaged  in  literary  pursuits.  In  1839  he  was 
attached  to  the  American  legation  in  Holland, 
where  his  purpose  of  writing  a history 
of  New  York  was  greatly  facilitated  by 
his  being  commissioned  by  Governor  Seward, 
in  1841,  to  make  investigations  in  regard 
to  land-grants  and  other  colonial  records  in 
Europe.  He  was  for  three  years  pursuing  his 
researches  in  the  archives  of  England,  France, 
and  Holland  and  obtained  a large  mass  of  impor- 
tant historical  material.  These  documents,  at 
the  instance  of  the  New  York  historical  society 
were  translated  and  published  in  eleven  quarto 
volumes,  by  order  of  the  state  legislature.  In 
1846  he  went  to  England  as  secretary  of  legation, 
George  Bancroft  being  U.  S.  minister.  He  was 
commissioned  by  President  Pierce  as  naval 
officer  of  the  port  of  New  York.  He  gave  much 
time  to  his  investigations  regarding  the  Dutch 
rule  in  New  York  for  his  “ History  of  the  State 
of  New  York,”  of  which  he  published  two  vol- 
umes, one  in  1858  and  the  other  in  1871.  A third 
volume  concluding  the  narrative  would  have  been 
added  had  not  his  health  failed.  He  also  pub- 
lished an  “ Oration  on  the  Conquest  of  New 
Netherland,  ” and  “ Government  of  Sir  Edmund 
Andros  over  New  England.”  He  died  in  New 
York  city,  May  6,  1873. 

BRODHEAD,  Richard,  senator,  was  born  in 
Lehman  township,  Pike  county,  Pa.,  Jan.  5, 
1811.  He  was  graduated  from  Lafayette  college, 
and  was  admitted  to  practise  at  the  bar  in  1836. 
The  year  following  he  took  his  seat  in  the  state 
legislature.  He  acted  as  treasurer  of  Northamp- 
ton county  in  1841,  and  in  1842  was  elected  a 
representative  to  Congress,  serving  by  re-election 
from  1843  to  1849.  In  1849  he  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  senate  as  a Democrat,  serving 
through  the  32d,  33d  and  34th  congresses  as  a 
senator.  He  died  in  Easton,  Pa.,  Sept.  16,  1863. 

BROGDEN,  Curtis  Hooks,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  was  born  in  Goldsboro,  Wayne  county, 
N.  C.,  Dec.  6,  1816.  In  early  life  he  followed  the 
occupation  of  farming,  and  attained  to  the  rank 
of  major-general  in  the  state  militia,  at  the  same 
time  becoming  prominent  in  political  life. 
From  1838  to  1856  he  sat  in  the  state  legislature, 
successively  in  the  lower  and  upper  houses,  and 
from  1857  to  1867  filled  the  office  of  comptroller 
of  the  state ; and  in  1868  was  again  elected  to  the 
state  senate,  and  also  served  as  presidential 
elector.  In  1870  he  was  re-elected  to  the  state 


senate,  and  in  1869  was  appointed  collector  of 
internal  revenue.  In  1872  he  was  elected  lieu- 
tenant-governor, becoming  governor,  July  14, 
1874,  upon  the  death  of  Governor  Caldwell.  He 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  45tli  Con- 
gress in  1876  on  the  Republican  ticket,  and  in 
1886  was  again  elected  to  the  state  legislature. 
He  was  a trustee  of  the  State  university,  a state 
director  of  the  Wilmington  and  Weldon  railroad, 
and  represented  his  state  at  the  centennial  cele- 
bration at  Philadelphia  in  1876. 

BROMBERG,  Frederick  George,  representa- 
tive, was  born  in  New  York  city,  June  19,  1837. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1858, 
and  engaged  in  teaching  at  Mobile,  Ala.  When 
the  civil  war  began  he  went  north  and  studied 
in  the  Lawrence  scientific  school;  and  during 
1864-'65  was  employed  as  a tutor  in  mathematics 
at  Harvard  college.  He  returned  to  Mobile  in 
1865,  where  in  1867  he  was  elected  a delegate  to 
the  first  Republican  state  convention  held  in 
Alabama.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed 
city  treasurer  of  Mobile  by  General  Pope,  com- 
manding the  district,  and  in  1868  was  elected  to 
the  Alabama  state  senate,  where  he  served  until 
1872,  as  a member  of  the  judiciary  committee, 
when  he  was  elected,  as  a liberal  Republican,  a 
representative  to  the  43d  Congress.  He  there 
introduced  the  resolution  instructing  the  com- 
mittee on  banking  to  inquire  into  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Freedman's  saving  bank,  which  led 
to  the  closing  up  of  that  institution.  In  the 
election  of  1874  he  was  defeated  by  a colored 
man,  and  in  that  of  1876  he  was  “ counted  out.” 
In  1876  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  retired  from  public  life  to 
devote  himself  to  his  profession.  He  was  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  correspondence  of  the 
Alabama  state  bar  association,  and  the  author  of 
the  reports  of  that  committee.  He  was  elected  a 
vice-president  of  the  National  bar  association,  and 
was  a commissioner  from  Alabama  of  the  World’s 
Columbian  commission,  and  member  of  the  com- 
mittees on  mining,  science  and  world's  con- 
gresses of  that  body.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Law 
of  National  Quarantine,”  “ A Report  on  Legal  Ed- 
ucation,” “ Admission  to  the  Bar,”  and  various 
articles  for  the  Alabama  Law  Journal. 

BROMFIELD,  John,  merchant,  was  born  at 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  April  11,  1779.  His  first 
American  ancestor,  Edward  Bromfield,  came 
from  England  in  1675,  and  was  a member  of  the 
council;  his  son  Edward  (1695-1756)  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  general  court,  and  his  grandson  Edward 
( 1723— '46)  was  an  inventor,  and  constructed  an 
organ  and  improved  the  microscope.  John 
Bromfield,  having  made  a fortune  in  Europe  as 
agent  for  American  houses  and  in  the  China 


[419] 


BRONDEL. 


BRONSON. 


trade  as  a merchant  at  Canton,  invested  his 
money  in  Boston,  where  he  liberally  dispensed  it 
in  assisting  worthy  charitable  institutions.  He 
endowed  the  Boston  A then  ami  n with  the  sum  of 
twenty -five  thousand  dollars.  His  memoir, 
written  by  Josiah  Quincy,  was  published  in  1850. 
He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  8,  1849. 

BROMWELL,  Jacob  H.,  representative,  was 
born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  May  11,  1847.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  high  school  in  1864,  and 
subsequently  taught  in  that  city  for  seventeen 
years.  In  1870  he  was  graduated  from  the  Cin- 
cinnati law  college,  and  for  four  years  was  as- 
sistant solicitor  of  Hamilton  county.  In  1894  he 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  53d  Congress, 
on  the  Republican  ticket,  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  of  John  A.  Caldwell  who  resigned,  and  at 
the  same  time  and  by  the  same  vote  was  elected 
to  the  54th  Congress.  In  1896  he  was  elected  to 
the  55th  Congress. 

BRONDEL,  John  Baptiste,  first  R.  C.  bishopof 
Helena,  Montana,  was  born  in  the  municipality 
of  Bruges,  Belgium,  in  1842.  He  received  his 
preliminary  education  at  schools  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  his  native  place,  and  later  continued 
his  studies  in  the  American  college  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Louvain,  and  was  elevated  to  the 
priesthood  in  1864  at  Mechlin.  In  1866  he  volun- 
teered for  the  missions  in  America,  and  went  to 
Washington  territory.  The  Rt.  Rev.  A.  M.  A. 
Blanchet  was  then  bishop  of  Nesqually,  and  took 
the  young  priest  under  his  charge.  In  1867  he 
was  appointed  rector  at  Steilacoom.  He  re- 
mained at  this  post  for  ten  years,  acting  as  mis- 
sionary for  all  the  surrounding  country.  In  1877 
Father  Brondel  was  transferred  to  Walla  Walla, 
but  after  a year’s  service  in  this  place  was  re- 
turned to  Steilacoom.  About  this  time  there 
was  a vacancy  in  the  see  of  Vancouver  Island, 
and  Father  Brondel  was  elected  by  the  Pope  to 
fill  the  vacancy.  He  was  consecrated  on  Dec.  14, 
1879,  and  served  in  this  field  until  1883,  when  he 
was  appointed  administrator  of  the  vicariate 
apostolic  of  Montana,  and  in  1884  was  made  first 
bishop  of  Helena.  He  was  particularly  successful 
with  the  Indians  under  his  charge,  who  came  to 
look  up  to  him  as  a father.  His  great  popularity 
among  the  different  tribes  was  of  inestimable 
benefit,  not  only  to  the  Catholic  church,  but  to 
the  United  States  government.  He  established 
various  Indian  schools  scattered  throughout  his 
diocese,  and  placed  them  under  the  care  of  the 
Jesuit  fathers,  the  sisters  of  charity,  and  the 
Ursuline  sisters,  while  the  sisters  of  Providence 
and  the  sisters  of  the  Good  Shepherd  engaged  in 
hospital  and  charitable  work.  Bishop  Brondel 
placed  his  see  in  the  city  of  Helena,  and  officiated 
at  the  cathedral  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  where  he 
had  two  assistants. 

[*! 


BRONSON,  Greene  Carrier,  jurist,  was  born 

at  Oneida,  N.  Y..  in  1789.  He  practised  law  at 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  for  many  years,  was  elected  surro 
gate  of  Oneida  county  in  1819,  sat  in  the  assembly 
in  1822,  and  from  1829  to  1836  filled  the  office  of 
attorney-general.  In  1836  he  was  made  a justice 
of  sessions.  In  1845  he  was  raised  to  the  chief 
justiceship  of  the  supreme  court,  and  in  1847  be- 
came one  of  the  judges  of  the  newly  established 
court  of  appeals.  He  afterwards  removed  to  New 
York,  where  he  practised  his  profession,  and  en- 
gaged in  speculations  which  proved  disastrous. 
In  1853  President  Pierce  made  him  collector  of  the 
port  of  New  York.  In  1856  he  was  the  unsuccess- 
ful Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  the  state, 
and  from  1856  to  1863  he  was  corporation  counsel 
of  the  city.  He  died  in  Saratoga.  N.  Y.,  Sept.  3, 
1863. 

BRONSON,  Isaac  H.,  jurist,  was  born  at  Rut- 
land, N.  Y.,  Oct.  16,  1802.  After  his  admission 
to  the  bar  in  1822,  he  practised  his  profession  at 
Watertown,  N.  Y.  In  1836  he  was  elected  a rep- 
resentative to  the  25th  Congress  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket,  and  served  as  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  territories.  He  failed  of  an  elec- 
tion to  the  26th  Congress,  and  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  fifth  judicial  district  of  New  York, 
and  afterwards  territorial  judge  for  Florida; 
and  upon  the  admission  of  Florida  as  a state  in 
1845,  judge  for  the  northern  district  of  the  state. 
He  died  at  Palatka,  Fla.,  Aug.  13,  1855. 

BROOKE,  Francis  J.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1802,  son  of  Francis  J.  Brooke,  jurist. 
He  was  a cadet  at  West  Point,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1826.  He  was  appointed  on  frontier 
duty  in  Louisiana  and  Iowa,  as  lieutenant  in  the 
6th  infantry,  and  served  in  garrison  in  Missouri, 
on  an  expedition  to  upper  Arkansas,  and  in  1832 
in  the  “ Black  Hawk  ” war  against  the  Sac  In- 
dians. In  May,  1835,  he  was  promoted  1st  lieu- 
tenant, and  in  1837  fought  in  the  Florida  war 
against  the  Seminole  Indians.  He  was  killed  in 
the  battle  of  Okeechobee.  Dec.  25,  1S3T. 

BROOKE,  Francis  Key,  1st  missionary  bishop 
of  Oklahoma  and  Indian  territory,  and  165th 
in  succession  in  the  American  episcopate,  was 
born  in  Gambier,  Ohio,  Nov.  2,  1852,  son  of 
John  Thomas  Brooke,  D.D.  He  was  graduated 
from  Kenyon  college  in  1874 ; was  ordained  a 
deacon  Nov.  21,  1875,  and  admitted  to  the  priest- 
hood May  6,  1877.  The  early  portion  of  his  cleri- 
cal life  was  passed  in  his  native  state,  where  he 
served  successively  at  Grace  church.  College  Hill : 
Christ  church,  Portsmouth ; St.  James’s.  Piqua ; 
and  Grace  church,  Sandusky.  From  1886  to  1888, 
he  was  rector  of  St.  Peter’s,  St.  Louis,  when  he 
moved  to  Kansas,  accepting  the  charge  of  Trinity 
parish,  Atchison,  where  he  remained  until  1892. 
He  was  a lecturer  on  ethics  and  apologetics  in  the 

o] 


BROOKE. 


BROOKINGS. 


Kansas  theological  school,  and  a trustee  of  Ken- 
yon and  of  Bethany  colleges.  At  the  time  of  his 
elevation  to  the  Episcopal  office,  he  was  dean  of 
the  Northeast  convocation  of  Kansas,  and  an  hon- 
orary canon  of  the  cathedral.  In  1892  the  Kansas 
theological  school  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.  He  was  consecrated  the  first  mis- 
sionary bishop  of  Oklahoma  on  the  feast  of  the 
Epiphany,  1893.  His  earnest  and  unwearied 
efforts  for  the  advancement  of  the  church  in  a 
new  country,  where  the  conditions  were  adverse, 
laid  the  foundations  for  a brilliant  episcopate. 
The  style  of  his  title  was  changed  by  the  general 
convention  of  1895,  to  that  of  missionary  bishop  of 
Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory. 

BROOKE,  George  Mercer,  soldier,  brother  of 
Francis  J.  Brooke,  jurist,  w7as  born  in  Virginia. 
In  1808  he  joined  the  army  as  a lieutenant,  from 
which  rank  he  was  two  years  later  promoted  to 
that  of  captain.  In  1814  he  fought  bravely  at 
Fort  Erie  as  major  of  infantry,  and  in  acknowl- 
edgment of  his  services  received  the  brevet  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel.  In  1824  he  was 
brevetted  brigadier-general.  In  July,  1831,  he  was 
made  colonel  of  the  5th  infantry.  Fort  Brooke, 
Fla.,  was  named  in  his  honor.  He  served  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  on  May  30,  1848,  was  made 
major-general  by  brevet.  He  was  then  given 
command  of  the  8tli  military  department,  and 
died  at  San  Antonio,  Texas,  March  9,  1851. 

BROOKE,  John  R.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Penn- 
sylvania, July  21,  1838.  He  volunteered  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  entering  the  4th 
Pennsylvania,  a three  months’  regiment,  as 
captain,  in  April,  1861,  and  in  the  following 
November  he  re-enlisted  as  colonel  of  the  53d 
Pennsylvania.  He  served  in  the  army  of  the 
Potomac,  and  was  engaged  in  nearly  all  the 
battles.  In  1864  he  was  commissioned  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  “for  distinguished  services 
during  the  recent  battles  of  the  Old  Wilderness 
and  Spottsylvania  Court  House.”  On  Aug.  1, 1864, 
he  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers  for 
Tolopotomy  and  Cold  Harbor,  and  three  years  later 
he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general  in  the  regular 
army.  At  the  reorganization  of  the  army,  he 
was  made  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  37th  infantry, 
in  1869  was  transferred  to  the  3d,  in  1879  was 
promoted  to  be  colonel  of  the  13th,  and  later  re- 
turned to  the  3d.  On  May  5, 1888,  he  was  assigned 
to  the  command  of  the  Rialto,  and  in  1896  was 
brigadier-general,  commanding  the  department 
of  Dakota,  his  headquarters  being  at  St.  Paul, 
Minn. 

BROOKE,  Walker,  senator,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, Dec.  13,  1813.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Virginia  in  1835,  and  subsequently 
practised  law*  in  Lexington,  Miss.  In  1852  he  was 
elected  a United  States  senator  to  fill  out  the  term 


of  Henry  S.  Foote,  who  had  resigned,  his  term 
closing  March  3,  1853.  In  1861  he  was  a promi- 
nent secessionist,  and  was  made  a member  of  the 
provisional  Confederate  congress,  serving  until 
Feb.  18,  1862.  He  was  then  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  Confederate  states  senator.  He 
died  in  Vcksburg,  Miss.,  Feb.  19,  1869. 

BROOKE  RAWLE,  William,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Aug.  29,  1843,  the  eld- 
est son  of  Charles  Wallace  Brooke,  grandson  of 
Edward  Tilghman,  jurist,  and  great-grandson  of 
Chief-Justice  Benjamin  Chew.  He  was  educated 
in  his  native  city,  entering  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1859,  and  was  graduated  in  1863, 
having  received  during  his  senior  year  leave  of 
absence  from  college  to  enter  the  army,  and 
taking  his  degree  while  actually  engaged  in  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg.  He  served  continuously 
with  the  army  of  the  Potomac  from  early  in  1863 
until  some  time  after  the  close  of  the  war,  at- 
taining the  lineal  rank  of  captain,  being  bre- 
vetted major  and  lieutenant-colonel  for  gallant 
services  at  the  battle  of  Hatcher’s  Run,  and  in 
the  campaign  terminating  with  Lee’s  surrender 
at  Appomattox  Court  House.  His  battles  include : 
Brandy  Station,  Aldie,  Middleburg,  Westmin- 
ster, Md„  Gettysburg,  Shepherdstown,  Culpeper, 
Yates’s  Ford  and  the  Occoquan  River,  New  Hope 
Church,  Mine  Run,  the  Wilderness,  Spottsylvania 
Court  House,  North  Anna,  Tolopotomy  and  Cold 
Harbor,  Petersburg,  Boydton  Plank-Road  and 
Hatcher’s  Run.  He  entered  Petersburg,  April  3, 
1865,  as  escort  of  Generals  Grant  and  Meade,  and 
was  escort  to  General  Meade  at  the  surrender  of 
General  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court  House,  April  9, 
1865.  He  was  mustered  out  of  service,  Aug.  7, 
1865.  Upon  his  discharge  from  the  army  lie 
studied  law  with  his  uncle,  William  Henry  Rawle, 
and  was  admitted  to  practise  May  18, 1867,  shortly 
before  which,  on  May  11,  1867,  by  legal  authority, 
he  assumed  the  name  of  William  Brooke -Rawle  in 
lieu  of  William  Rawle  Brooke.  He  was  associated 
in  practice  with  his  uncle  until  his  death  in  1889, 
when  he  succeeded  him  at  the  head  of  the  family 
office,  which  had  been  established  in  1783  by  his 
great-grandfather  William  Rawle  (the  elder). 
He  had  in  his  fiduciary  charge  several  of  the 
old  colonial  estates,  one  of  them  being  that  of 
the  Penn  family.  He  was  made  secretary  of 
the  Historical  society  of  Pennsylvania,  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Law  association  of  Philadelphia. 

BROOKINGS,  Wilmot  W.,  pioneer,  was  born 
at  Woolwich,  Me.,  Oct.  23,  1830.  He  was 
graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  1855.  While 
reading  law  he  taught  in  schools  at  Litchfield, 
North  Anson  and  Wiscasset,  and  in  May.  1857,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  Portland.  Me.  In  August, 
1857,  he  removed  to  Sioux  Falls,  then  a part 
of  Minnesota  territory.  He  helped  to  organize 


[421] 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS. 


a county,  and  was  appointed  district-attorney. 
In  1859  lie  was  elected  to  the  upper  house  and  by 
the  same  legislature  was  appointed  governor  of 
Dakota  territory.  In  1861  he  was  elected  to  the 
council  for  two  years  and  then  for  three  succes- 
sive terms  as  a representative  from  Yankton 
county.  In  1864  he  was  speaker  of  the  house. 
In  1865  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  a 
United  States  military  wagon  road  from  Minne- 
sota to  Montana.  In  1866  he  was  nominated  as  a 
delegate  to  Congress  by  the  anti-Johnson  branch 
of  the  Republican  party.  He  was  chosen  member 
of  the  council  from  Yankton  county  in  1867  for 
two  years;  elected  president  of  the  council  in 
1868,  and  he  served  as  district-attorney  for  Yank- 
ton county  in  1867  and  1868.  In  1869  President 
Grant  appointed  him  associate  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Dakota,  and  lie  served  until 
1873.  From  1883  to  1885  he  was  a member  of  the 
state  constitutional  convention.  In  1871  he  was 
the  prominent  organizer  of  the  Dakota  Southern 
Railroad  — the  first  railroad  to  enter  Dakota  — 
and  was  either  president,  vice-president  or  solici- 
tor of  the  Dakota  Southern,  Sioux  City  & Pem- 
bina, and  the  Sioux  City  and  Dakota  railroads, 
afterward  part  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  & St. 
Paul  system  during  the  ten  following  years.  He 
conducted  the  Sioux  Falls  Leader  from  1883  to 
1885;  was  president  of  the  Minnehaha  Trust  com- 
pany and  a director  of  the  Sioux  Falls  national 
bank,  national  realty  company,  and  safe  deposit 
company. 

BROOKS,  Arthur,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  July  11,  1845,  the  fifth  son  of 
William  Gray  and  Mary  Ann  (Phillips)  Brooks, 
and  a brother  of  Phillips  Brooks.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Boston  Latin  school  and  at  Harvard 
college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1867.  He 
pursued  his  theological  course  at  Andover  for  one 
year,  and  at  the  divinity  school  at  Philadelphia 
for  two  years  when  he  was  ordained  deacon  at 
Trinity  church,  Boston,  in  1870.  He  accepted  the 
rectorship  of  Trinity  church,  Williamsport,  Pa., 
and  was  there  advanced  to  the  priesthood  by 
Bishop  Stevens.  In  1872  he  accepted  a call  to 
St.  James  parish,  Chicago,  111.,  where  he  rebuilt 
the  church  destroyed  in  the  great  fire,  and  greatly 
advanced  the  growth  of  the  parish.  On  Oct.  17, 
1872,  he  was  married  to  Elizabeth  M.  P.  Willard 
of  Williamsport,  Pa.  In  the  summer  of  1874  he 
accompanied  his  brother,  Phillips,  on  a visit  to 
Europe,  and  during  the  next  winter  delivered  a 
lecture  before  the  Anonymous  club  in  Chicago, 
on  stained  glass,  the  result  of  his  observations  in 
the  English  cathedrals.  In  the  spring  of  1875  he 
accepted  a call  from  the  Church  of  the  Incarna- 
tion in  New  York  city.  The  obligations,  amount- 
ing to  §54.500  resting  upon  the  church  property, 
were  liquidated,  missions  were  instituted,  and 


countless  charities  aided,  and  in  the  spring  of 
1882,  when  the  prosperity  of  the  parish  seemed 
assured,  the  church  was  destroyed  by  fire,  involv- 
ing a loss  of  §75.000.  In  this  emergency  he  ac- 
cepted the  use  of  the  Temple  Emmanuel  syna- 
gogue, proffered  by  Rabbi  Gottheil.  and  there  he 
celebrated  the  festival  of  Easter.  The  Church  of 
the  Incarnation  was  rapidly  rebuilt,  and  a mag- 
nificent bronze  bas-relief  of  Bishop  Brooks  was 
one  of  the  works  of  art  added  to  its  adornments. 
In  1886,  when  the  work  of  rebuilding  was  com- 
pleted, Mr.  Brooks,  accompanied  by  his  wife, 
visited  Italy,  Greece,  Arabia,  Palestine,  Asia 
Minor  and  Egypt,  and  he  preached  on  Christmas 
day  of  that  year  in  the  American  church  in 
Rome.  He  also  traversed  the  desert  of  Arabia  on 
camel  and  horseback  and  visited  Mt.  Sinai.  He 
returned  to  his  parish  in  1887.  He  took  an  active 
interest  in  the  founding  of  Barnard  college  for 
women,  lending  to  it  his  countenance  and  support. 
He  was  present  at  the  church  congresses  from 
their  institution,  and  his  addresses  were  listened 
to  with  great  interest.  His  last  prominent  public 
appearance  was  at  the  eighty-second  anniversary 
meeting  of  the  Virginia  bible  society,  where  he 
made  the  annual  address.  In  1891  he  was  selected 
to  conduct  a retreat  for  the  clergy  in  the  pre- 
lenten  season  at  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.  The  death 
of  Bishop  Brooks  in  1893  was  a severe  bereave- 
ment, and  it  fell  upon  him  to  prepare  such  biog- 
raphies of  his  brother  as  were  needed  for  imme- 
diate publication.  Meditating  the  accomplish- 
ment of  a more  considerable  work,  he  labored 
upon  it  incessantly  until  his  last  illness,  when  it 
had  neared  its  completion.  A volume  of  his  ser- 
mons, entitled,  “The  Life  of  Christ  in  the 
World,”  was  published  in  1893.  The  University 
of  the  city  of  New  York  conferred  upon  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  D.D.  in  1891,  and  he  was 
elected  to  the  membership  of  the  Victoria  insti- 
tute. On  June  26, 1895,  he  embarked  on  a voyage 
to  England,  hoping  thereby  to  recuperate  his 
health,  but  growing  worse,  he  sailed  for  home  on 
the  same  steamer,  July  9,  and  died  July  10.  1895. 

BROOKS,  Caroline  Shawk,  sculptor,  was 
born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  April  28,  1840,  daughter 
of  Abel  Shawk.  inventor  of  the  steam  fire-engine. 
She  inherited  from  her  father  ability  to  design. 
Her  tastes  grew  with  her  years,  and  she  gave 
much  attention  to  drawing  and  painting.  After 
graduating  at  the  St.  Louis  Normal  school  in 
1862  she  married  Samuel  Brooks.  At  the  Cen- 
tennial exhibition,  Philadelphia,  in  1876,  she 
gained  wide  renown,  by  a bust  in  alto-relievo  of 
the  “Dreaming  Iolanthe.”  The  material  of 
which  it  was  modelled  resembled  in  color  and 
apparent  consistency,  ordinary  butter.  From  the 
same  material  she  executed  a life-size  statue  of 
the  “ Dreaming  Iolanthe”  which  was  shipped  to 


D22] 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS. 


Paris,  and  exhibited  in  1878  at  the  international 
exposition.  In  her  studio  in  New  York  she 
made  portrait  marbles  of  Swedenborg,  Garfield, 
Carlyle,  Thurlow  Weed,  George  Eliot  and  several 
family  groups. 

BROOKS,  Charles,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Medford,  Mass.,  Oct.  30,  1795.  After  his  gradua- 
tion from  Harvard  college  in  1816,  he  was  a 
lay-reader  in  the  Episcopal  church,  and  in  1821 
was  installed  as  pastor  of  the  3d  Congregational 
church  at  Hingliam,  Mass.  This  pastorate  he 
retained  for  seventeen  years,  resigning  in  1838 
to  accept  the  chair  of  natural  history  at  the 
University  of  the  city  of  New  York.  The  following 
year  he  went  to  Europe,  where  he  remained  until 
1843,  devoting  his  time  to  the  study  of  natural 
history.  He  resigned  the  professorship  at  the 
university  in  1844  on  account  of  failing  eyesight. 
He  was  an  interested  and  intelligent  worker  in 
improving  the  schools  of  New  England,  both  in 
the  common  and  normal  departments,  introduc- 
ing suggestions  from  the  Prussian  educational 
system.  Among  his  publications  are : “History 
of  Medford,”  published  in  1855;  biographical 
works  embraced  in  ten  volumes;  “ The  Christian 
in  his  Closet  ” ; “ Elements  of  Ornithology  ” ; “ In- 
troduction to  Ornithology  ”;  “ Peace,  Labor  and 
Education  in  Europe  ”;  and  many  short  articles, 
essays  and  sermons.  He  died  July  7,  1872. 

BROOKS,  Charles  Timothy,  clergyman  and 
author,  was  born  at  Salem.  Mass.,  June  20,  1813. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1832, 
and  pursued  a course  of  theology  at  the  Cam- 
bridge divinity  school,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1835.  He  preached  in  various  Unitarian 
churches  in  New  England,  his  first  sermon  being 
delivered  at  Nahant,  Mass.  On  June  4,  1839,  he 
was  ordained  as  pastor  of  the  Unitarian  church 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  where  he  remained  for  forty- 
six  years.  In  1853  he  made  a visit  to  India,  and 
in  1865  visited  England  and  the  continent.  He 
was  distinguished  as  a translator  of  German 
works,  his  renderings  of  some  of  the  modern  Ger- 
man poets  being  unsurpassed  for  fidelity  and 
flowing  grace.  He  made  many  contributions  to 
contemporary  literature.  He  published  a trans- 
lation of  Schiller’s  “William  Tell”  (1837); 
“ German  Lyrics  ” (1838) ; “ Schiller’s  Homage 
of  the  Arts”  (1846);  “ Aquidneck  ” and  other 
poems  (1848) ; “ The  Old  Stone  Mill  Contro- 
versy ” (1851) ; “ German  Lyrics  ” (1853) ; 

“Songs  of  Field  and  Flood”  (1853);  Goethe's 
“Faust”  (1856);  “The  Simplicity  of  Christ’s 
Teachings,”  and  other  sermons  (1859);  Jean 
Paul  Richter’s  “ Titan  ” (1862) ; Kortum’s 

“The  Jobsiad  ” (1863);  Jean  Paul  Richter’s 
“Hesperus”  (2  vols.,  1864);  Leopold  Schef- 
er's  “Layman’s  Breviary”  (1867);  “Roman 
Rhymes”  (1869);  “Puck’s  Nightly  Pranks” 


(1871);  M.  Busch’s  “Max  and  Maurice”  (1871); 
M.  Busch’s  “ The  Tall  Student  ” (1873) ; Leopold 
Schefer’s  “World  Priest"  (1873);  “A  History 
of  the  Unitarian  Church  in  Newport,  R.  I.” 
(1875) ; Auerbach's  “ Poet  and  Merchant,”  “ The 
Convicts,”  and  “ Lorley  and  Reinhard  ” (1877); 
“ Channing,”  a centennial  memory,  (1880); 
Riickert's  “ The  Wisdom  of  the  Brahmin”  (1882) ; 
M.  Busch’s  “ Plish  and  Plum  ” (1883) ; “ Augustus 
Story,”  a memorial  (1883) ; Richter’s  “ Invisible 
Lodge  ” (1883).  In  his  latter  days  he  also  issued 
several  children’s  books,  and  he  left  unpublished : 
“Hans  Sachs,”  a drama:  Jean  Paul  Richter’s 
“Selina,”  “ Jubel  Senoir  ” and  “ HSsthetik,” 
“ The  Last  of  the  Tulifants,  ” “ The  Life  of  Claus 
Harms,”  Grillparzer’s  drama  “ The  Ancestress, ” 
and  books  seven  and  eighteen  of  Riickert's 
“Wisdom  of  the  Brahmin,”  a great  number  of 
poems,  etc.,  translated  from  the  German,  French, 
Latin,  Greek  and  Italian.  He  died  in  Newport, 
R.  I.,  June  14,  1883. 

BROOKS,  David,  soldier,  was  born  in  1756. 
After  receiving  a public-school  education  he 
entered  the  Continental  army,  in  1776,  as  a lieu- 
tenant in  the  Pennsylvania  line.  He  was  taken 
captive  at  Fort  Washington,  and  after  two  years’ 
imprisonment  was  exchanged.  While  holding 
the  office  of  assistant  clothier-general  at  army 
headquarters,  to  which  he  was  promoted  after  his 
release  in  1778,  he  won  the  friendship  of  General 
Washington.  After  the  war  he  removed  to  Dutch- 
ess county,  N.  Y.  He  was  elected  to  the  state 
assembly  from  each  district.  In  1796  he  was 
elected  representative  to  the  5th  Congress,  and 
was  subsequently  made  a commissioner  to 
arrange  the  first  treaty  with  the  Seneca  Indians. 
He  afterwards  held  the  position  of  first  judge  of 
Dutchess  county  for  sixteen  years,  and  died 
Aug.  30,  1838. 

BROOKS,  Edward,  educator,  was  born  at 
Stony  Point,  on  the  Hqdson,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  16,  1831. 
He  received  an  academic  education,  and  in  1846 
went  into  his  father’s  factory,  where  he  remained 
for  three  years  in  order  to  learn  something  of 
business  methods,  continuing  his  studies  in  his 
spare  time.  In  1849  he  taught  first  a singing  and 
afterward  a district  school,  and  in  the  following 
year  attended  one  session  of  the  Liberty  normal 
institute,  and  was  graduated  valedictorian  of  his 
class.  He  then  entered  the  University  of  North- 
ern Pennsylvania  as  an  assistant  teacher,  with 
the  opportunity  of  continuing  his  studies  in 
higher  mathematics  and  literature.  Before  the 
end  of  the  year  he  was  made  tutor  of  the  classes 
in  higher  mathematics,  and  in  the  following 
year  was  elected  professor  of  the  department. 
The  next  year  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
department  of  literature,  and  aided  in  introduc- 
ing a new  system  of  grammatical  analysis. 


[4-23] 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS. 


<r 


In  1854  lie  accepted  the  chair  of  literature 
and  mathematics  in  the  Monticello  academy, 
N.  Y.,  and  in  the  following  year  the  professorship 
of  mathematics  in  the  state  normal  school  at 

Millersville,  Pa.,  a 
position  which  he 
held  for  eleven  years, 
during  which  time  he 
developed  a new  sys- 
tem of  mathematical 
instruction  that 
gave  the  school  a 
national  reputation. 
He  published  a series 
' of  m a t h e m a ti  c a 1 
text-books,  w h i c h 
became  models  for 
many  other  works 
upon  the  subject. 
In  1866  he  was  elect- 
ed president  of  the 
school  to  succeed 
Prof.  James  P.  Wickersham.  As  he  was  thorough- 
ly acquainted  with  its  workings  the  promotion 
was  in  the  line  of  services.  In  1858  the  degree 
of  M.  A.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Union  college. 
In  1868  he  was  unanimously  elected  to  the  presi- 
dency of  the  Pennsylvania  state  teachers’  associ- 
ation. In  1876  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  three  different  institu- 
tions. At  the  Centennial  exposition  in  Philadel- 
phia he  had  charge  of  the  normal  department  of 
the  Pennsylvania  exhibit,  and  his  mathematical 
works  on  exhibition  were  favorably  noticed  by  the 
French  commissioners  of  education  in  their  report 
to  their  government.  In  1883  he  resigned  his 
position  at  Millersville  and  settled  in  Philadelphia. 
The  following  year  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  National  school  of  oratory,  which  position  he 
resigned  at  the  end  of  a year  to  devote  himself  to 
general  educational  work.  He  gave  courses 
of  lectures  in  connection  with  the  various  sum- 
mer schools  for  the  education  of  teachers,  and 
for  two  years  had  charge  of  the  normal  depart- 
ment of  the  Florida  Chautauqua.  In  the  spring 
of  1891  he  was  elected  superintendent  of  public 
schools  in  Philadelphia.  In  1893  lie  was  presi- 
dent of  the  department  of  superintendence  of  the 
National  educational  association.  His  published 
works  include,  besides  his  well-known  mathema- 
tical text-books:  “Philosophy  of  Arithmetic” 
(1876);  “Normal  Methods  of  Teaching”  (1879); 
‘‘  Elocution  and  Reading  ” (1882) ; “ Mental 

Science  and  Culture”  (1882);  “Plane  and  Solid 
Geometry”  (1889);  “The  Story  of  the  Iliad” 
(1890) ; “ The  Story  of  the  Odyssey  ” (1891) ; “ Plane 
and  Spherical  Trigonometry”  (1891);  “ The  Normal 
Rudiments  of  Arithmetic”  (1895);  “The  Normal 
Standard  Arithmetic”  (1895). 


[4241 


BROOKS,  Elbridge  Streeter,  author,  was  born 

in  Lowell,  Mass. , April  14,  1846 ; son  of  Elbridge 
Gerry  and  Martha  Fowle  (Monroe)  Brooks.  His 
father  was  a prominent  Universalist  minister. 
He  removed  to  New  York  city  in  1859,  and  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  and  in  the  College 
of  the  city  of  New  York.  In  1865  he  entered  the 
publishing  house  of  D.  Appleton  & Co.,  and 
was  afterwards  employed  ty  Sheldon  & Co.,' 
Henry  Holt  & Co.,  and  E.  Steiger,  until  1880, 
when  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  Publishers' 
Weekly.  Three  years  later  he  became  literary 
and  dramatic  writer  on  the  Brooklyn  Times,  and 
from  November,  1884,  to  February,  1887,  was 
associate  editor  of  the  St.  Nicholas.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1887,  he  removed  to  Boston,  and  entered 
the  corporation  of  D.  Lothrop  Co.,  as  editor  and 
literary  adviser.  In  1879  he  began  to  write 
sketches,  stories,  verses  and  plays  for  the  young, 
which  appeared  in  St.  Nicholas,  Wide  Awake, 
Harper's  Young  People,  Golden  Days,  and  the 
Independent.  A series  of  histories  entitled  “ The 
Story  of  the  States  ” was  edited  by  him,  and  he 
is  the  author  of  one  of  that  series,  “ The  Story  of 
New  York  ” (1888).  In  1887  Tufts  college  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  On  Jan.  1, 
1892,  he  became  editor-in-chief  of  Wide  Awake, 
and  the  other  Lothrop  magazines.  He  was  made 
a member  of  the  Authors’  club  of  New  York,  and 
achieved  especial  success  in  the  field  of  historical 
studies  and  stories  popularly  told.  A list  of  his 
published  volumes  include : “Life  Work  of  El- 
bridge Gerry  Brooks”  (1881);  “Historic  Boys; 
their  Endeavors,  their  Achievements,  and  their 
Times”  (1885);  “In  No-Man's  Land”  (1885); 
“ Chivalric  Days,  and  the  Boys  and  Girls  who 
Helped  to  Make  Them”  (1886);  “Historic 
Girls  ” (1887) ; “ Storied  Holidays  ” (1887);  “The 
Story  of  the  American  Indian”  (1887);  “The 
Story  of  the  American  Sailor”  (1888);  “The 
Story  of  the  American  Soldier  ” (1889) ; “ A Son 
of  Issachar  ” (1890) ; “ Historic  Happenings,  told 
in  Verse  and  Story  ” (1893) ; “ The  True  Story  of 
Christopher  Columbus”  (1893);  “Heroic  Hap- 
penings told  in  Verse  and  Story”  (1893);  “The 
Century  Book  for  Young  Americans”  (1894); 
“A  Boy  of  the  First  Empire”  (1895);  “Great 
Men’s  Sons:  Who  They  Were,  What  They  Did, 
and  How  They  Turned  Out  ” (1895);  “The  Cen- 
tury Book  of  Famous  Americans  ” (1896) ; “ The 
Story  of  Abraham  Lincoln  ” (1896),  and,  with 
John  Alden,  “The  Long  Walls:  An  American 
Boy’s  Adventures  in  Greece”  (1896). 

BROOKS,  Erastus,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Portland,  Me.,  Jan.  31,  1815;  son  of  James 
Brooks,  who  commanded  The  Yankee,  which 
sailed  from  Portland  in  the  war  of  1812— ’14.  He 
was  chiefly  self-educated,  save  a short  term  at 
Brown  university,  and  a session  at  Haverhill 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS. 


academy,  Mass. , partly  as  teacher  and  partly  as 
student.  He  learned  the  trade  of  a printer,  and 
in  early  life  published  the  Gazette  at  Haverhill, 
Mass.,  and  edited  the  Portland  Advertiser  in  the 
Harrison  campaign,  when  lie  was  selected  to 
take  the  electoral  vote  to  Washington.  For  a 
number  of  years  he  was  a correspondent  of  New 
York  and  Boston  journals  at  Washington,  and  an 
occasional  contributor  to  the  magazines,  and 
with  his  brother  James  became  joint  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  New  York  Express  in  1836,  con- 
tinuing with  the  paper  until  1877.  He  was  active 
in  benevolent  and  educational  works,  being 
trustee  and  director  of  the  institution  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  Cornell  university,  and  the  nurs- 
ery and  child’s  hospital.  He  was  an  old-line 
Whig;  chairman  of  the  Whig  young  men's 
general  committee  for  several  years,  and  was 
elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1853  and  1855.  He 
became  prominent  by  His  discussion  with  Arch- 
bishop Hughes;  was  a member  of  the  con- 
stitutional convention  of  1866-’67,  and  of  the 
constitutional  commission  in  1871-’73.  He  was 
the  “ Native  American  ” candidate  for  governor 
of  New  York  in  1856,  and  was  a delegate  to  the 
national  conventions  which  nominated  Fillmore, 
Bell,  and  Seymour.  In  the  state  senate  he 
served  on  the  committees  on  commerce  and 
cities,  and  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
charities  in  the  constitutional  convention.  He 
was  a member  of  the  state  assembly  in  1878-’79- 
'81,  serving  on  the  committee  on  ways  and 
means.  In  May,  1880,  he  was  made  a member  of 
the  state  board  of  health.  He  died  Nov.  25,  1886. 

BROOKS,  Horace,  soldier,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  Aug.  14,  1814;  son  of  Maria  Gowen  Brooks. 
In  1831  he  was  appointed  a cadet  at  West  Point, 
and  after  his  graduation  in  1835  he  engaged  in 
the  Florida  war  against  the  Seminole  Indians  in 
1835— ’36,  for  which  service  he  was  brevetted  1st 
lieutenant.  In  November,  1836,  lie  was  appointed 
assistant  professor  of  mathematics  at  West 
Point,  and  remained  in  that  position  for  three 
years.  From  1839  till  1846  he  was  on  frontier, 
recruiting  and  garrison  duty,  and  for  the  next 
two  years  was  engaged  in  the  war  with  Mexico, 
having  the  rank  of  captain  of  artillery.  For 
bravery  in  the  battles  of  Contreras  and  Churu- 
busco  he  received  the  brevet  of  major,  Aug.  20, 
1847,  and  on  Sept.  8,  1847,  he  was  brevetted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel for  gallantry  at  the  battle  of 
Molino  del  Rey.  In  1848  he  was  on  garrison 
duty,  and  in  1849  and  1850  was  on  leave  of 
absence.  He  was  afterwards  on  frontier  duty  in 
New  Mexico  and  Colorado,  and  in  1855  was  a 
member  of  the  Utah  expedition.  From  1855  to 
1857  he  was  in  garrison  in  Maryland  and  Louisi- 
ana, and  until  1861  was  on  frontier  duty  in  Kan- 
sas. In  April,  1861,  he  was  promoted  major,  and 


in  October  lieutenant-colonel.  He  served 
throughout  the  civil  war  on  southern  defences 
and  as  chief  mustering  and  pay  officer;  was 
promoted  colonel  in  1883,  and  brevetted  brigadier- 
general  in  1865.  From  1866  to  1868  he  was  in 
command  of  a regiment  at  Fort  McHenry,  Md., 
and  returned  there  in  1869,  after  being  at  Wash- 
ington on  military  boards.  From  1872  to  1877  he 
was  in  command  of  the  garrison  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal.,  and  retired  from  service  Jan.  10,  1877. 
He  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  March  26,  1890. 

BROOKS,  James,  journalist,  was  born  at 
Portland,  Me.,  Nov.  10,  1810;  son  of  Capt.  James 
Brooks,  who  lost  his  life  on  board  the  Yankee, 
while  engaged  in  the  war  of  1812-‘14.  He  was 
graduated  at  Waterville  college  in  1828,  and 
afterwards  engaged  in  teaching  school,  and 
became  a regular  correspondent  to  the  Portland 
Advertiser.  He  travelled  among  the  Indian 
tribes  of  the  southern  states,  giving  an  account 
of  his  experience  in  well-written  newspaper 
letters.  Soon  after  his  return  to  Portland,  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  house  of  representatives, 
in  which  he  served  one  term.  He  travelled  ex- 
tensively in  Europe,  finding  much  interesting 
material  for  his  newspaper  letters.  Returning  to 
America  in  1836,  he,  in  connection  with  his  brother 
Erastus,  established  the  New  York  Daily  Express, 
of  which  he  was  editor-in-chief  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  During  the  campaign  of  1840 
he  took  the  stump  in  favor  of  the  Whigs.  In  1848 
he  was  elected  to  the  31st  Congress  as  a represen- 
tative from  New  York,  and  was  re-elected  to  the 
32d  Congress.  He  was,  in  1862,  elected  to  the 
38th  Congress,  and  re-elected  to  each  following 
Congress,  including  the  43d.  He  was  appointed 
a government  director  of  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
road in  1869,  and  while  holding  this  office  was 
condemned  with  other  members  of  Congress  for 
his  connection  with  the  Credit  Mobilier.  He 
was  the  author  of  “ A Seven  Months’  Run,  Up 
and  Down  and  Around  the  World  ” (1872).  He 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  April  30,  1873. 

BROOKS,  James  Gordon,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Claverack,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  3,  1801;  son  of  David 
Brooks,  revolutionary  soldier.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Union  college  in  1819,  and  soon  after 
took  up  his  residence  in  Poughkeepsie.  In  1823 
lie  began  his  journalistic  work  in  New  York 
city,  first  as  editor  of  the  Minerva,  then  as 
founder  and  editor  of  the  Literary  Gazette, 
afterwards  the  Athenaeum,  and  later  on  the  edi- 
torial staff  of  the  Morning  Courier.  He  wrote, 
in  connection  with  his  wife,  Mary  Elizabetli 
Aiken,  a book  of  poems  called,  “ The  Rivals  of 
Este  and  other  Poems  ” (1829).  For  eight  years 
Mr.  Brooks  edited  a paper  at  Winchester,  Va., 
but  in  1838  he  returned  to  New  York  state. 
He  died  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  20,  1841. 


14251 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS,  James  Wilton,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  April  19,  1854;  son  of  James 
Brooks,  editor  of  the  New  York  Express.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1875,  and  after  study- 
ing at  the  Columbia  law  school  was  admitted  to 
the  New  York  bar  in  1881.  He  M as  a member  of 
the  state  assembly  during  the  session  of  1882-'83. 
The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
St.  John's  college,  Annapolis,  in  1890.  He  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  New  York  newspaper 
press,  and  in  1895  became  the  editor  of  the  Uni- 
versity Magazine.  He  published  in  1896  a volume 
entitled,  “ The  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  of  New  York  city.” 

BROOKS,  John,  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
was  born  at  Medford.  Mass.,  May  31.  1752.  He 
worked  on  his  father’s  farm,  attending  the  village 
school  at  irregular  intervals,  until  his  fourteenth 
year,  when  he  was  taken  into  the  home  of  Dr. 
Simon  Tufts,  the  family  physician,  to  be  educated 

for  the  medical 
profession.  He  be- 
gan the  practice  of 
medicine  at  Read- 
ing, Mass.,  in  1773. 
Upon  hearing  of  the 
march  of  the  Britisli 
to  Lexington  and 
Concord  he  ordered 
out  a militia  com- 
pany, which  he  had 
been  drilling  for  some- 
time and  proceeded 
to  the  scene  of  battle 
where  he  so  dis- 
tinguished himself  by 
his  bravery  and  effi- 
ciency that  he  re- 
ceived a major’s 
commission  in  the  provincial  army.  He  was  ac- 
tive during  the  night  preceding  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill,  but  was  not  present  at  the  battle, 
having  been  sent  with  a despatch  from  Colonel 
Prescott  to  General  Ward.  In  1777  he  was 
made  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  8th  Massachu- 
setts regiment,  and.  as  commander  of  the  regi- 
ment, took  an  active  and  gallant  part  in  all 
the  battles  and  manoeuvres  of  the  northern 
army,  which  terminated  in  Burgoyne’s  surren- 
der. He  was  with  Washington  at  Valley  Forge. 
Early  in  1778  he  was  promoted  to  a colonelcy, 
and  in  June  of  that  year  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  Monmouth.  As  a tactician 
he  was  second  only  to  Baron  Steuben,  and  after 
that  officer  became  inspector-general.  Colonel 
Brooks  was  associated  with  him  in  establishing 
in  the  army  a uniform  system  of  drill  and 
exercise.  After  the  disbanding  of  the  army,  he 
returned  to  the  practice  of  his  profession,  estab- 


lishing himself  at  Medford,  where  he  served  for 
many  years  as  major-general  of  the  militia.  He 
was  a member  of  the  state  convention  which  met 
in  1788  to  ratify  the  Federal  constitution,  and  in 
1795,  by  appointment  of  General  Washington, 
became  marshal  of  his  district  and  inspector  of 
revenues.  From  1812  to  1815  he  served  as  adju- 
tant-general of  the  state,  and  in  1816  was  elected 
governor.  He  was  elected  seven  consecutive 
years,  and  then  declining  to  be  again  a candidate 
he  retired  to  his  Medford  home  and  resumed  his 
practice.  Harvard  college  gave  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  A.  M.,  and  in  1816  those  of  M.D.  and 
LL.D.  He  was  president  of  the  Massachusetts 
medical  society  from  1817  until  his  death,  and  in 
his  will  he  bequeathed  his  library  to  the  society. 
A discourse  delivered  before  the  society  of  the 
Cincinnati  (1787),  one  before  the  Humane  society 
(1795),  a eulogy  on  Washington  (1800),  and  a dis- 
course on  pneumonia,  delivered  before  the  Massa- 
chusetts medical  society  (1808),  have  been 
published.  He  died  March  1,  1825. 

BROOKS,  John,  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
Lycoming  county.  Pa.,  June  17,  1814,  the  eldest 
son  of  Benjamin  Brooks,  a soldier  of  the  revolu- 
tion, who  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Germantown 
and  Brandywine.  He  acquired  a knowledge  of 
surveying,  and  practised  it  for  many  years,  be- 
coming  also 
largely  interested 
in  lumbering 
operations.  In 
1843  he  was  elect- 
ed one  of  the  first 
commissioners  of 
Elk  county,  Pa., 
for  a term  of  three 
years,  and  served 
in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania legislature 
in  1877-’78and  ’79. 

He  was  a zealous 
advocate  of  tem- 
perance and  edu- 
cation, erected 
school  buildings, 
and  at  his  own 
expense  maintained  a high  school  for  several 
years,  employing  capable  instructors.  He  also 
gave  frequent  lectures  on  topics  of  general  in- 
terest, some  of  which  have  been  published ; 
notably,  a “ Lecture  on  Skulls,”  “ Thesis  on  Evo- 
lution.” “Prelection,  or  Thesis  on  Jesus  — 
the  World’s  Redeemer,”  and  “The  Status  of 
Women.”  He  wrote  a brief  history  of  Cameron 
county,  and  he  also  furnished  data  for  the  histor- 
ies of  McKean.  Potter,  Elk.  and  Cameron  coun- 
ties, which  greatly  enhance  the  value  of  those 
works.  He  died  March  26.  1893. 


-mwm 

,v.  JL  y 


r«e] 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS,  Joseph,  governor  of  Arkansas,  was 
born  in  Butler  county,  Ohio,  Nov.  1,  1821.  He  was 
ordained  in  the  Methodist  church  in  1840,  went 
to  Iowa  in  1846,  and  ten  years  later  became  editor 
of  the  Central  Christian  Advocate,  an  anti-slavery 
paper,  published  in  St.  Louis.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  war  he  was  elected  chaplain  of  the 
1st  Missouri  artillery,  commanded  by  Col.  Frank 
P.  Blair.  He  helped  raise  the  lltli  and  33d  Mis- 
souri regiments,  and  was  chaplain  of  the  33d. 
He  early  in  the  war  advocated  the  enlistment  of 
colored  troops,  and  when  it  was  proposed  to  raise 
a division  was  offered  a major-general’s  commis- 
sion, but  refused  it.  After  the  war  he  removed 
to  Arkansas.  During  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention of  1868  he  was  a leader,  and  an  attempt 
was  made  to  assassinate  him  in  November  the 
same  year,  but  he  escaped  with  a severe  wound, 
his  companion.  Representative  C.  C.  Hines,  being 
killed.  He  that  year  made  his  home  in  Little 
Rock,  and  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in 
1870.  He  was  a candidate  for  governor  in  1872, 
and  when  his  opponent,  Elisha  Baxter,  was  de- 
clared elected,  he  contested  the  election,  and  the 
state  court  decided  in  his  favor,  when  he  took  pos- 
session of  the  state  house,  holding  it  from  April  13, 
1874,  to  May  23,  1874,  when  he  was  removed  by 
proclamation  of  President  Grant,  who  afterwards 
appointed  him  postmaster  of  Little  Rock,  which 
office  he  held  from  March,  1875,  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  April  30,  1877. 

BROOKS,  Kendall,  educator,  was  born  at 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  Sept.  3,  1821.  He  was  graduated 
from  Brown  university  in  1841,  and  was  a tutor 
at  Columbian  university  until  1843,  when  lie  went 
to  Newton,  Mass.,  where  he  studied  theology. 
He  was  graduated  in  1845,  and  for  the  seven 
years  following  he  preached  in  the  Baptist  church, 
Eastport,  Me.  Afterwards  he  was  associate  sec- 
retary of  the  American  Baptist  publication  soci- 
ety. In  1853  he  accepted  the  chair  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy  at  Waterville  college, 
where  he  remained  two  years.  In  1855  he  re- 
moved to  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  to  take  charge  of  a 
Baptist  church,  and  successfully  filled  the  pastor- 
ate for  ten  years.  From  1865  to  1868  he  was  edi- 
tor of  the  National  Baptist,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
and  from  1868  to  1887  was  president  of  Kalamazoo 
college,  Mich.  In  1888  he  resigned  to  accept  the 
chair  of  mathematics  at  Alma  college.  Michigan. 

BROOKS,  Lewis,  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
New  Milford,  Conn.,  in  1793.  He  removed  to 
Rochester,  N.  Y. , in  1822,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
woolen  manufacturing  business  for  eleven  years, 
when  he  retired,  having  acquired  a large  fortune. 
Among  the  numerous  charitable  bequests  ex- 
pressed in  his  will  were:  §10,000  to  the  Rochester 
city  hospital;  §10.000.  to  St.  Mary’s  Hospital; 
§5,000  to  the  industrial  school;  §5,000  to  the  fe- 

14: 


male  charitable  society,  all  of  the  city  of  Roches- 
ter;  §70,000  to  endow  a professorship  in  the  Wash- 
ington and  Lee  university,  and  §120,000  to  the 
University  of  Virginia.  These  constitute  only  a 
small  part  of  his  benefactions,  as  it  was  a condi- 
tion of  his  giving  that  no  record  or  knowledge  of 
the  donor  or  amount  be  communicated.  He  died 
at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  9.  1877. 

BROOKS,  Maria  Oowen,  poet,  was  born  at 
Medford,  Mass.,  about  1795.  She  was  of  Welsh 
descent.  She  displayed  great  talent  in  childhood, 
but  did  not  become  known  until  after  her  mar- 
riage, when  business  troubles  deprived  her  hus- 
band of  his  property.  ‘ ‘ Judith.  Esther,  and  Other 
Poems,”  published  in  1820,  excited  much  favorable 
comment,  and  won  Mrs.  Brooks  a reputation  as  a 
poet  of  much  talent.  After  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band, three  years  later,  she  made  her  home  with 
an  uncle  in  Cuba,  afterwards  visiting  England  as 
the  guest  of  Robert  Southey,  and  in  1834  returned 
to  the  United  States,  where  she  remained  until 
1843,  when  she  returned  to  Cuba.  Her  most  nota- 
ble writings  are:  “Zophiel,  or  the  Bride  of 
Seven”  (1833).  and  “ Idomen,  or  the  Vale  of  the 
Yumuri”  (1843).  Southey,  who  greatly  admired 
her  genius,  styled  her  “Maria  del  Occidente.” 
She  died  at  Matanzas,  Cuba,  Nov.  11.  1845. 

BROOKS,  Nathan  Covington,  educator,  was 
born  in  Cecil  county,  Md.,  Aug.  12,  1819.  He 
was  graduated  at  St.  John’s  college  in  1837.  He 
removed  to  Baltimore  in  1839,  where  he  accepted 
the  principalship  of  the  high  school,  remaining 
in  that  position  for  nine  years,  when  he  resigned 
to  establish  the  Baltimore  female  college.  He  is 
the  author  of  “ Scripture  Anthology”  (1837) : “The 
Literary  Amaranth”  (1840);  “History  of  the 
Church”  (1841) ; “Complete  History  of  the  Mex- 
ican War”  (1865);  “ Viri  America?  ” (1864),  and 
“Passion  Week,  with  an  Horology  of  the  Pas- 
sions” (1886).  He  is  author  of  the  prize  poem, 
“ The  South  Sea  Islander.” 

BROOKS,  Noah,  author,  was  born  at  Castine, 
Me.,  Oct.  30,  1830.  He  removed  to  Boston  when 
he  was  twenty  years  old  and  obtained  work  on  a 
newspaper.  He  remained  in  that  city  four  years, 
going  thence  to  Illinois  and  Kansas,  and  later  to 
California.  Here  he  aided  Benjamin  P.  Avery 
in  establishing  the  Appeal  at  Marysville,  Yuba 
county.  Subsequently  he  returned  to  the  east, 
settling  in  Washington  as  a newspaper  corres- 
pondent. In  1865,  having  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  naval  officer  of  the  port  of  San 
Francisco  by  President  Lincoln,  he  returned  to 
California,  where  he  also  assumed  the  editorial 
management  of  the  Alta-California.  In  1871  he 
removed  to  New  York  and  became  connected 
with  the  New  York  Trilnine,  changing  to  the 
Times  in  1875.  In  1884  he  became  managing 
editor  of  the  Advertiser,  published  in  Newark, 
n 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS. 


N.  J.,  which  position  he  filled  for  ten  years. 
In  1894  he  went  to  Castine,  Me.,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  literary  work.  He  spent  the 
winter  of  1894-'95  in  travelling  in  Europe 
and  the  East.  Among  his  published  works 
are:  “ The  Boy  Emigrants”  (1877);  ‘‘The  Fair- 
port  Nine”  (1880);  "Lost  in  the  Fog  (1884); 

“ Our  Base  Ball  Club  ” (1884)  ; “ Abraham  Lin- 
coln ” (1888);  "Tales  of  the  Maine  Coast” 
(1894);  "Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  Downfall  of 
American  Slavery"  (1894);  “Short  Studies  in 
American  Party  Politics”  (1895),  “How  the. 
Republic  is  Governed  ” (1895) ; “ Washington 
in  Lincoln’s  Time”  (1896);  “The  Mediter- 
ranean Trip”  (1896),  and  a “Continuation  of 
W.  C.  Bryant’s  Popular  History  of  the  United 
States  ” (1896). 

BROOKS,  Peter  Chardon,  underwriter,  was 
born  in  North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  Jan.  6,  1767;  son 
of  Edward  Brooks,  a clergyman,  native  of  Med- 
ford, Mass.  In  1769  His  parents  removed  to 
Medford,  and  in  1781  his  father  died.  The  son 
worked  on  the  farm  for  a few  years,  and  was 
then  apprenticed  to  a merchant  in  Boston.  In 
1787  he  engaged  in  the  insurance  business; 
became  secretary,  and  later  manager  and  owner 
of  a broker's  office,  and  in  1803  he  retired  from 
business,  having  accumulated  a large  fortune. 
He  later  accepted  the  position  of  president  of  the 
New  England  insurance  company,  which  he  held 
for  some  years.  He  also  was  president  of  the 
savings  bank  of  Boston,  and  of  the  Massachu- 
setts hospital  life  insurance  company,  and  treas- 
urer of  the  Washington  monument  society.  He 
at  different  times  served  in  both  branches  of  the 
state  legislature,  where  he  was  influential  in 
the  suppression  of  lotteries,  was  a member  of  the 
first  municipal  council  of  Boston  after  its  in- 
corporation as  a city,  and  was  a member  of  the 
state  constitutional  convention  of  1820.  Three  of 
his  daughters  married  distinguished  men,  Ed- 
ward Everett,  Charles  Francis  Adams,  and  Rev. 
N.  L.  Frothingham.  He  died  Jan.  1,  1849. 

BROOKS,  Phillips,  6th  bishop  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  158th  in  succession  in  the  American 
episcopate,  was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  13, 
1835,  son  of  William  Gray  and  Mary  Ann  (Phillips) 
Brooks.  He  was  descended  from  Puritan  clergy- 
men on  both  the  paternal  and  maternal  side;  from 
Rev.  John  Cotton  on  his  father's  side,  and  from 
the  Phillips  family,  the  founders  of  the  two 
Phillips  academies,  on  his  mother’s.  His  father 
was  for  forty  years  a hardware  merchant  in 
Boston.  Phillips  was  one  of  four  brothers  or- 
dained to  the  Episcopal  ministry,  and  was  sent 
first  to  the  Adams  school  and  afterwards  to  the 
Boston  Latin  school;  entered  Harvard  and  was 
graduated  with  the  class  of  1855,  after  which  he 
was  for  a time  a tutor  in  the  Boston  Latin  school. 


Determining  to  enter  the  ministry  he  chose  the 
theological  seminary  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  as  the 
place’  of-  his  preparation,  went  there  in  the  fall 
of  1856,.  and  was  graduated  in  1859.  It  was  at 
the  seminary  that  he 
gave  the  first  indica- 
tions of  that  compel - 
ling  power  and 
genius  of  evangelism 
which  were  to  render 
his  course  as  a 
preacher  of  the  gos- 
pel so  splendid  and 
so  marked  a one.  He 
was  a leader  even 
then.  His  first 
preaching  was  done 
among  the  poor 
whites  in  a small, 
mean  building  at 
Sharon,  a few  miles 
from  the  seminary,  where  numbers  flocked  to 
hear  him,  as  throngs  did  later  in  churches  and 
cathedrals.  After  his  ordination  as  a deacon 
in  the  chapel  of  the  seminary,  July  1,  1859, 
he  accepted  the  rectorship  of  the  Church  of 
the  Advent  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  ordained 
to  the  priesthood  in  his  own  church,  May  27,  1860, 
by  Bishop  Alonzo  Potter.  Two  years  later,  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Alex.  H.  Vinton  as  rector  of  the 
church  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Philadelphia.  Dr. 
Vinton  had  been  the  rector  of  St.  Paul’s,  Boston, 
the  church  home  of  Phillips  Brooks  in  his  younger 
days,  and  his  influence  and  advice  had  done 
much  to  mould  the  religious  character  of  the  boy. 
During  these  years  in  Philadelphia  — years  of  the 
civil  war  — many  of  Mr.  Brooks’s  discourses 
awakened  in  the  minds  of  his  hearers  the  most 
ardent  patriotic  feeling,  for  he  did  not  hesitate  to 
touch  upon  the  larger  political  questions  of  that 
stormy  time ; and  in  recognition  of  his  brilliant 
efforts  in  behalf  of  the  cause  of  the  Union  lie 
was  made  a member  of  the  Loyal  Legioq,  His 
sermon  on  Abraham  Lincoln,  preached  in  Phila- 
delphia when  the  body  of  the  murdered  President 
was  lying  in  state  in  that  city,  illustrates  very 
aptly  the  nature  of  these  discourses  and  the  ful- 
ness and  balance  of  the  character  which  blended 
so  fitly  the  citizen  and  the  man  of  God.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  Mr.  Brooks  was  called  upon  to 
take  a prominent  part  in  two  public  recognitions 
of  the  re-establishment  of  peace;  he  made  the 
prayer  at  a great  mass  meeting  held  in  front  of 
Independence  hall,  Philadelphia,  and  performed 
the  same  office  at  the  commemoration  at  Harvard 
college.  His  utterance  on  this  latter  occasion 
was  so  inspired  and  inspiring  that  it  evoked  in 
some  of  his  audience  a desire  that  he  should  be 
identified  with  Boston,  and  eventually  resulted 


f 4'2S1 


The  Cyclopaedia  Publishing  Company. 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS. 


in  liis  call  to  Trinity  church  in  that  city  in  1869. 
Having  a very  hearty  love  for  his  family,  and  for 
the  city  of  his  birth,  he  was  nothing  loath  to 
accept  the  charge,  though  it  involved  certain  sac- 
rifices on  his  part,  and  he  commenced  a ministry 
which  lasted  for  twenty  years,  during  which  he 
proved  a true  pastor  to  his  Hock,  caring  for  and 
serving  the  humblest  and  lowliest  among  them. 
A new  church  edifice  was  built  for  him  at  a cost  of 
over  81,000,000,  where  he  preached  to  the  largest 
congregation  gathered  in  any  single  church  in  Bos- 
ton. Many  beautiful  anecdotes  are  told  of  his  ten- 
der ministrations,  of  his  love  for  the  children,  and 
of  his  great-hearted  humility.  His  influence  was 
outreaching  and  extended  farther  than  the  limits 
of  the  church.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D. 
in  1870  from  Union  college;  in  1877  from  Harvard 
university ; in  1885  from  Oxford  university,  Eng- 
land ; and  in  1887  from  Columbia  college.  In  1886 
he  was  nominated  as  assistant  bishop  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  was  also  offered  the  chaplaincy  of 


/* -Vv.fi' 

j , ■ 


jYin'ty  (U^ky 


Harvard  university,  but  he  declined  both  offices. 
He  was  for  some  years  one  of  the  favorite 
preachers  at  Harvard ; he  held  the  keynote  of 
sympathy  with  young  men.  and  his  love  for  his 
alma  mater  was  very  deep  and  strong.  * 

During  his  vacations  he  travelled  both  in  Eng- 
land and  on  the  continent,  and  he  spent  one 
winter  in  India.  In  England,  where  he  became 
a close  friend  of  Dean  Stanley,  he  made  a very 
deep  impression,  preaching  many  times  in  differ- 
ent churches  and  once  before  the  Queen.  Certain 
of  the  English  clergy  said  of  him  that  he  was 
the  greatest  preacher  the  church  had,  in  England 
or  America.  On  October  14,  1891.  he  was  conse- 
crated as  bishop  of  Massachusetts  in  Trinity 
church,  Boston.  Some  of  theclergy  thought  that 
he  was  unfitted  for  the  routine  cares  and  duties  of 
the  episcopate,  that  he  was  too  great  a man; 
some  were  afraid  that  his  large  liberality,  his 
broadness,  would  imperil  the  dignity  and  conser- 
vatism of  the  church.  The  high-churcli  party 


was  opposed  to  him,  questioning  the  soundness 
of  his  theology,  and  after  his  election  in  Massa- 
chusetts a confirming  majority  was  barely 
reached  in  both  the  house  of  bishops  and  the 
standing  committees  of  the  dioceses.  His  epis- 
copate was  a brief  one,  but  it  was,  in  its  wisdom, 
in  its  grand  simplicity,  a fitting  termination,  a 
crystallization  of  his  whole  life.  In  his  sermon 
on  Lincoln,  he  said : “The  more  we  see  of  events 
the  less  we  come  to  believe  in  any  fate  or  destiny 
except  the  destiny  of  character.”  This  was  the 
destiny  of  his  character  — that  he  should  be  the 
greatest  bishop  Massachusetts  had  yet  known. 
His  writings  are  characterized  by  their  rhetorical 
excellence,  their  close  reasoning,  the  tenderness 
of  their  poetic  imagery,  and  their  deep  spiritual 
power.  They  are  eagerly  read  by  all  classes  of 
people.  Some  few  of  them  were  published  after  his 
death.  The  following  is  the  order  of  publication 
of  his  chief  works:  “Our  Mercies”  (1863); 

“Sermons”  (1875);  “Lectures  on  Preaching” 
(1877);  “Influence  of  Jesus”  (Bohlen  Lectures, 
1879) ; “ The  Pulpit  and  Popular  Skepticism  ” 
(1879);  “Alexander  Hamilton  Vinton,”  “Me- 
morial Sermon”  (1881);  “Candle  of  the  Lord” 
and  Other  Sermons ” (1881) ; “Sermons  preached 
in  English  Churches ” (1885);  “Oldest  School  in 
America  ” (an  Oration  at  the  celebration  of  the 
250th  Anniversary  of  the  Boston  Latin  School 
1885) ; “ Twenty  Sermons  ” (1886) ; “ Tolerance  ” 
(1887) ; “O,  Little  Town  of  Bethlehem  ’’(Christmas 
carol,  1887);  “A  Christmas  Sermon”  (1890); 
“The  Light  of  the  World,  and  Other  Sermons” 
(1890) ; “ The  Spiritual  Man  and  Other  Sermons  ” 
(1891);  “The  Symmetry  of  Life”  (reprinted 
1892);  “Christmas  Once  is  Christmas  Still” 
(1892,  a carol) ; “The  Living  Christ”  (an  Easter 
sermon);  “Baptism  and  Confirmation”  (1893); 
“Address”  (with  introduction  by  Julius  H. 
Ward,  1893);  “Letters  of  Travel”  (1893); 
“Phillips  Brooks’  Year  Book”  (1893);  “Es- 
says and  Addresses”  (edited  by  John  Cotton 
Brooks,  1894);  “The  Life  Here  and  the  Life 
Hereafter”  (1894);  “Sermons  for  the  Principal 
Festivals  and  Fasts  of  the  Church  Year”  (1895). 
He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  23,  1893. 

BROOKS,  Preston  Smith,  representative,  was 
born  in  Edgefield  district,  S.  C.,  Aug.  4,  1819. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  South  Carolina  college 
in  1839,  and  in  1843  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  elected  to  the  South 
Carolina  legislature,  and  in  1846  served  with  dis- 
tinguished bravery  in  the  Mexican  war  as  captain 
of  company  D,  Palmetto  regiment.  He  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  33d  Congress  in 
1852  as  a state-rights  Democrat,  and  was  re- 
elected to  the  34th  and  35th  congresses.  Senator 
Sumner  in  his  speech  on  “the  crime  against 
Kansas  ” in  the  U.  S.  senate,  May  22,  1856,  by  a 


[429] 


BROOKS. 


BROOKS. 


personal  reference  to  Senator  A.  P.  Butler,  uncle 
of  Brooks,  greatly  offended  the  people  of  South 
Carolina,  and  after  the  adjournment  of  both 
houses  Brooks  entered  the  senate-chamber,  and, 
while  Senator  Sumner  was  writing  at  his  desk, 
approached  him  and  struck  him  rapid  blows 
across  his  head  and  shoulders  until  the  assaulted 
senator  fell  to  the  floor.  Meantime  the  south- 
ern congressmen  had  gathered  around  the  desk, 
and  with  force  and  intimidation  for  a time  pre- 
vented Mr.  Sumner's  friends  from  coming  to  his 
rescue.  Mr.  Brooks  was  not  expelled  from  the 
house,  as  his  accusers  failed  to  obtain  a two- 
thirds  vote,  one  hundred  and  twenty-one  voting 
for  expulsion  and  ninety-five  opposing  it.  Mr. 
Brooks  then  resigned  his  seat,  and  at  a special 
election  was  unanimously  returned  by  his  con- 
stituents. Subsequently  a debate  in  the  house 
led  to  words  from  Representative  Anson  Bur- 
lingame of  Massachusetts  to  which  Mr.  Brooks 
took  exception,  and  Ire  at  once  challenged  Bur- 
lingame to  mortal  combat.  As  the  challenged 
party,  Burlingame  named  rifles  as  the  weapons, 
and  Canada  as  the  place  of  meeting.  Mr.  Brooks 
failed  to  appear,  excusing  his  breach  of  the  code 
by  stating  that  lie  could  not  reach  the  grounds 
without  “ passing  through  the  enemy’s  country.  ” 
The  incident  of  the  assault  on  Senator  Sumner 
greatly  widened  differences  between  the  two 
sections  of  the  Union.  Mr.  Brooks  soon  after 
died,  anti  his  monument  in  the  cemetery  at  Edge- 
field,  S.  C.,  an  obelisk  some  twelve  feet  high,  is 
the  most  conspicuous  object  in  the  quiet  inclos- 
ure. Each  of  its  four  sides  has  an  inscription. 
One  of  them  records  the  few  facts  given  above 
as  his  history.  On  another  are  carved  designs 
of  a palmetto  tree  and  shields  with  the  words: 
“ Animis  Opibusque  parati.”  “ Dum  spiro, 
spero.  Spes.”  On  another,  the  words,  “ Pres- 
ton S.  Brooks  will  be  long,  long  remembered  as 
one  in  whom  the  virtues  love  to  dwell ; though 
sad  to  us  and  dark  the  dispensation,  we  know 
God’s  wisdom  orders  all  things  well.”  He  died 
suddenly  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  27,  1857. 

BROOKS,  Thomas  Benton,  engineer,  was 
born  at  Monroe,  Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  June  15, 
1836.  He  studied  engineering  at  Union  college, 
and  finished  the  required  course  in  that  branch 
in  1858.  He  volunteered  in  the  Union  army  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  and  served  first 
as  captain  of  engineers,  later  as  major  and  aide 
on  General  Gillmore’s  staff,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  war  was  brevetted  colonel.  In  1869  he  was 
appointed  on  the  geological  surveys  at  Lake 
Superior,  and  in  this  connection  wrote  vols.  i. 
and  ii.  of  “Geological  Survey  of  Michigan” 
(1873),  and  a portion  of  the  third  volume  of 
“Geology  of  Wisconsin  ” (1879).  He  resigned 
his  position  in  1879. 


BROOKS,  William  Keith,  naturalist,  was 
born  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  March  25,  1848.  He 
was  graduated  at  Williams  college  in  1870,  and 
then  pursued  a scientific  course  at  Harvard, 
receiving  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  in  1874.  He  was 
then  employed  in  the  Boston  society  of  natural 
history.  On  the  founding  of  the  Johns  Hopkins 
university  he  was  elected  a fellow;  upon  its 
opening  he  was  made  an  associate;  in  1883 
was  advanced  to  the  position  of  assistant  profes- 
sor, and  in  1891  to  that  of  full  professor  of  mor- 
phology. In  1878  Professor  Brooks  established 
the  Chesapeake  marine  laboratory,  as  an  annex 
to  the  laboratory  of  the  university.  This  insti- 
tution, under  his  supervision,  furnished  op- 
portunities and  material  for  many  valuable 
investigations  in  marine  zoology,  several  of 
which  have  been  incorporated  in  standard 
German  text-books.  In  1882  Professor  Brooks 
presented  a memoir  on  Lucifer  to  the  Royal 
society  of  England,  through  Professor  Hux- 
ley, which  was  published  in  the  “ Philosophi- 
cal Transactions.”  In  1886  his  report  of  the 
Stomatopoda  collected  during  the  Challenger 
deep-sea  explorations,  was  published  by  the  Eng- 
lish government,  and  in  1893  his  memoir  on  the 
genus  Salpa  was  published  by  the  Johns  Hopkins 
university.  He  was  elected  member  of"  the 
National  academy  of  science  in  1884,  and 
received  one  of  its  medals  for  his  work,  “ The 
Development  and  Protection  of  the  Oyster  in 
Maryland.”  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Williams  college  in  1893. 

BROOKS,  William  Myron,  educator,  was  born 
at  La  Porte,  Ind.,  March  5,  1835;  son  of  Samuel 
and  Sophia  (Johnson)  Brooks,  and  grandson  of 
Capt.  James  Brooks,  one  of  General  Washing- 
ton’s guards  during  three  years  of  the  revolu- » 
tionary  war.  He  was  graduated  from  Oberlin 
college  in  1857,  and  until  1866  was  principal 
of  the  Tabor  (Iowa)  literary  institute.  In  1866 
lie  was  ordained  to  the  Congregational  min- 
istry, and  in  the  same  year  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  Tabor  college.  In  1876  he  was  a 
presidential  elector  on  the  Republican  ticket, 
and  from  1876  to  1878  he  was  a member  of  the 
Iowa  house  of  representatives.  In  1868  he  was 
made  president  of  the  Iowa  state  teachers’  asso- 
ciation. He  was  twice  chosen  moderator  of  the 
state  Congregational  association,  and  for  many 
successive  years  was  made  a member  of  the 
national  council  of  Congregational  churches.  In 
1896  he  resigned  the  presidency  of  Tabor  college, 
and  was  chosen  president  emeritus.  In  the  same 
year  he  became  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  na- 
tional council  of  Congregational  churches  in  the 
United  States.  Oberlin  college  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1861  and  that  of  D D. 
in  1893. 


BROOKS. 


BROSIUS. 


BROOKS,  William  R.,  astronomer,  was  born 
in  Maidstone,  England,  in  1844.  His  father,  a 
Baptist  minister,  came  to  America  in  1857,  and 
settled  near  Darien,  X.  Y.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
he  made  his  first  telescope  — a crude  wooden 
affair,  which  he  finished  just  in  time  to  observe 
Donati’s  great  comet  of  1858.  At  seventeen  he 
delivered  at  his  father’s  church  his  first  astro- 
nomical lecture,  which  he  illustrated  by  means 
of  charts.  His  inventive  genius  manifested  itself 
..very  strongly  in  this  period  of  his  life,  and  he 
employed  every  spare  moment  in  ingenious 
inventions  and  experiments  of  a scientific 
nature.  Photography  occupied  much  of  his  at- 
tention, and  he  afterwards  used  it  extensively  in 
his  astronomical  observations.  He  gained  a 
practical  knowledge  of  mechanics  and  mechani- 
cal drawing  by  three  years’  service  in  the  Shep- 
herd iron  works  at  Buffalo.  He  married  at  the 
age  of  twenty- four,  and  in  1870  he  removed  to 
Phelps,  N.  Y.,  where  he  became  the  village 
photographer,  employing  his  spare  moments  in 
manufacturing  an  achromatic  telescope,  with  a 
two-inch  aperture.  With  this  he  observed  the 
transit  of  Mercury  in  1878.  He  next  constructed 
a five-inch  diameter  reflecting  telescope,  and  it 
was  with  this  that  he  discovered  his  first  comet, 
on  Oct.  4,  1881.  A third  telescope  with  a nine- 
inch  aperture  he  made,  as  before,  with  tools  and 
appliances  of  his  own  manufacture,  and  this  he 
used  with  success  and  satisfaction  until  1888. 

His  observatory  was  also  built  with  his  own 
hands;  it  consisted  of  a rude  staging  or  platform, 
and  became  known  all  over  the  world  as  the  Red 
House  observatory.  Here  Brooks  discovered 
eleven  comets,  the  most  noted  of  which  are  the 
Pons-Brooks  comet,  of  Sept.  1,  1883;  and  the 
Olbers-Brooks  comet,  of  Aug.  25,  1887.  These 
were  returns  of  the  comets  discovered  by  Pons 
and  Olbers  in  1812  and  1815,  and  they  are  two  of 
the  only  three  known  long-period  comets.  For 
one  comet  discovered  in  1885  he  was  awarded  a 
prize  of  two  hundred  dollars.  On  April  17,  1888, 

Mr.  Brooks  left  the  Red  House  observatory  to 
take  charge  of  the  Smith  observatory  at  Geneva 
on  Seneca  lake.  Here  up  to  1894  he  had  dis- 
covered eight  comets,  four  of  them  within  a 
period  of  less  than  one  year,  making  the  total 
number  of  his  discoveries  at  that  time  nineteen. 
The  most  famous  of  his  later  discoveries  is  the 
one  made  on  July  G,  1889,  and  is  known  as 
Brooks's  multiple  comet.  It  was  attended  by 
several  companions.  On  March  19,  1890,  he  dis- 
covered a comet  for  which  he  was  awarded  a 
medal  by  the  Astronomical  society  of  the  Pacific 
— the  first  medal  ever  awarded  by  that  society. 

He  received  the  highest  honors  possible  in  the 
astronomical  world ; won  a large  number  of  the 
Warner  gold  prizes  for  cometary  discoveries; 

[431] 


was  elected,  by  his  English  colleagues,  fellow  of 
the  Royal  astronomical  society,  of  the  Liverpool 
astronomical  society,  and  in  1890  a member  of  the 
British  astronomical  association.  He  was  made  a 
fellow  of  the  American  association  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  science ; and  in  1891  Hobart  college 
gave  him  the  degree  of  M.A. 

BROOKS,  William  Thomas  Harbaugh,  sol- 
dier, was  born  at  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  Jan.  28, 
1821.  He  was  appointed  a cadet  at  West  Point 
in  1837,  and  was  graduated  in  1841,  serving  im- 
mediately afterwards  in  the  Florida  war.  In 
1842  he  was  made  2d  lieutenant  and  was  in  garri- 
son at  Fort  Stansbury,  Fla.,  in  1843.  From  1843 
to  1845  he  was  on  frontier  duty  at  Fort  Leaven- 
worth, Kan.  He  served  during  the  military 
occupation  of  Texas  in  1845-’46,  and  for  the  two 
years  following  was  engaged  in  the  war  with 
Mexico,  having  been  promoted  1st  lieutenant  in 
1846.  He  especially  distinguished  himself  at 
Monterey,  Contreras,  and  Churubusco,  receiving 
the  brevet  ranks  of  captain  and  major  for  his 
conduct  in  these  engagements.  In  1847-’48  he 
was  acting  adjutant -general  of  General  Twiggs's 
division,  and  aide-de-camp  for  the  three  years 
following.  He  was  promoted  captain  in  1851, 
and  from  1852  to  1858  was  on  duty  in  New  Mex- 
ico. After  a two  years’  sick  leave  of  absence  he 
served  during  the  civil  war  as  brigadier-general 
of  volunteers,  being  present  at  the  principal 
engagements  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac.  He 
was  wounded  at  Savage  station  and  at  Antietam. 
Commanded  a division  in  the  Rappahannock 
campaign,  1862-'63,  and  was  in  command  of  the 
department  of  the  Monongahela,  1863-'64,  and  of 
the  10th  army  corps  in  1864.  He  resigned  July 
14,  1864,  on  account  of  failing  health,  and  re- 
moved to  Huntsville,  Ala.,  in  1866,  where  he 
engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  July  19,  1870. 

BROOME,  John  L.,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  March  8,  1824.  He  entered  the 
marine  corps  when  twenty-four  years  of  age, 
and  rose  by  various  promotions  from  the  rank  of 
2d  lieutenant  to  that  of  lieutenant -colonel.  He 
served  in  the  Mexican  war  and  in  the  civil  war 
with  distinguished  gallantry.  He  was  especially 
conspicuous  in  the  gunboat  engagements  on  the 
western  waters,  and  notably  in  the  upper 
Mississippi  and  Red  river  expeditions  under 
Admirals  Porter,  Farragut  and  Walke.  For  his 
services  in  the  civil  war  he  was  brevetted  major 
and  lieutenant-colonel. 

BROSIUS,  Marriott,  representative,  was  born 
in  Coleraine  township,  Lancaster  county,  Pa., 
March  7,  1843.  He  received  an  academic  educa- 
tion, and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war 
enlisted  as  a private  in  the  Union  army.  In 
March,  1863,  he  was  promoted  sergeant,  and  in 


BROSNAHAN. 


BROUGH. 


1864  re-enlisted  as  a veteran,  served  with  gal- 
lantry', and  in  a brilliant  charge  at  Green  Plains 
he  received  a severe  wound,  from  the  effects  of 
which  he  ever  after  was  a sufferer.  In  1865  he 
was  commissioned  2d  lieutenant  for  bravery 
on  the  battlefield.  After  the  war  he  finished  his 
education,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1868,  and 
practised  his  profession  iix  his  native  town.  In 
1888  he  was  elected  a representative  from  the 
tenth  Pennsylvania  district  on  the  Republican 
ticket  to  the  51st,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  four 
succeeding  coxxgresses. 

BROSNAHAN,  Timothy,  educator,  was  born 
in  Alexandria,  Va.,  Jan.  8,  1856.  He  was 

brought  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  by  bis  parents  in 
1862,  and,  after  studying  in  private  preparatory 
schools,  and  in  Gonzaga  college,  entered  the 
novitiate  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  at  Frederick, 
Md.,  in  1872.  He  made  his  first  vows  in  1874;  for 
the  next  three  years  studied  philosophy,  mathe- 
matics and  the  sciences  at  the  Jesuits’  house  of 
studies,  Woodstock,  Md.,  taught  literature  and 
mathematics  for  the  five  years  following  — four 
years  in  Boston  college  and  one  year  at  George- 
town ; returned  to  Woodstock  for  his  theological 
course,  and  was  there  ordained  to  the  priest- 
hood in  1887.  After  ordination  he  taught 
literature  again  for  a short  time  at  Boston  col- 
lege, and  returned  to  Frederick  for  “ the  last 
probation.”  In  1890  he  was  sent  to  Woodstock 
as  professor  of  philosophy.  Here  he  made  his 
final  vows.  After  two  years’  service,  was  as- 
signed to  the  same  professorship  at  Boston  col- 
lege, and  appointed  president  (rector)  of  that 
institution  in  1894.  Father  Brosnahan  con- 
tributed to  the  Messenger  of  the  Sacred  Heart, 
and  edited  for  a year  the  “ Woodstock  Letters,” 
a record  of  the  work  of  the  Society  of  Jesus, 
in  detail  for  the  United  States,  and  summarized 
for  foreign  countries. 

BROSS,  William,  journalist,  was  born  at 
Montague,  Sussex  county,  N.  J.,  Nov.  4,  1813. 
He  acquired  an  academic  education,  was  gradu- 
ated from  Williams  college  in  1838,  and  taught 
school  until  1848,  when  he  took  up  his  residence 
in  Chicago,  111.,  where  he  was  a bookseller  and 
publisher.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Daily  Democratic  Press  in  1852,  which  was  con- 
solidated with  the  Chicago  Tribune  in  1858,  axxd 
at  the  time  of  his  death  was  president  of  the 
Tribune  association.  From  1865  to  1869  he  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  Illinois,  and  in  that 
capacity  signed  the  thirteenth  amendnxent  to  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  on  behalf  of 
the  state,  which  was  the  first  of  all  the  states  to 
adopt  that  amendment.  He  was  a staunch  ad- 
herent of  the  Republican  party  and  a speaker  of 
some  prominence  in  its  behalf.  He  made  gener- 
ous gifts  to  Lake  Forest  university,  and  was  a 


trustee  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  president  of 
the  council  of  that  institution.  He  travelled 
extensively,  and  was  a member  of  various  sci- 
entific and  other  bodies,  including  the  Chicago 
historical  society.  He  published:  “ A History  of 
Chicago”  (1876);  “Immortality”  (1877);  “A 
History  of  Camp  Douglas  ” (1878) ; “ Punish- 
ment,” “Chicago,  and  Her  Future  Growth” 
(1880);  “The  Winfield  Family”  (1882),  and 
“ Illinois,  and  the  Thirteenth  Amendment  ” 
(1884).  He  died  in  Chicago,  111..  Feb.  22,  1889. 

BROUGH,  John  , governor  of  Ohio,  was  born  at 
Marietta,  Ohio,  Sept.  17,  1811.  His  father  died 
when  he  was  eleven  years  old,  and  he  worked 
in  a composing  room  and  attended  the  Ohio 
university,  without  leaving  his  position  as  com- 
positor. He  studied  law,  but  abandoned  this  pro- 
fession for  journalism,  becoming  editor  and  later 
taking  full  business  charge  of  the  Washington 
County  Republican , in  Marietta,  Ohio.  He  sold 
the  paper  in  1833,  and  with  his  brother,  Charles  H. 
Brough,  purchased  the  Ohio  Eagle  of  Lancaster, 
assuming  the  editorial  management,  and  writing 
strong,  direct  and  forcible  articles,  which  made 
the  journal  influential  for  Democratic  interests  in 
Ohio.  From  1835  to  1838  he  acted  as  clerk  of  the 
state  senate,  and  in  the  latter  year  he  was  made 
a member  of  the  state  house  of  representatives. 
In  1839  he  was  elected  auditor  of  the  state  and 
held  the  office  for  six  yeai-s.  His.  able  financial 
management  of  the  affairs  of  this  office  redeemed 
the  state  from  bankruptcy.  While  holding  his 
public  offices  he  did  not  abandon  journalism,  but 
devoted  his  leisure  time  to  the  writing  of  letters 
and  editorials.  In  1845,  in  partnership  with  his 
brother  Charles,  he  purchased  the  Phoeni.r  of 
Cincinnati,  changing  the  name  to  the  Enquirer, 
and  making  it  the  leading  Democratic  paper  of 
the  state.  He  became  active  in  politics  and  ex- 
ceedingly popular  as  a speaker.  His  double 
duties  as  politician  and  journalist  were  continued 
until  1848,  when  he  abandoned  both,  and  became 
interested  in  railroads.  From  1849  to  1853  he  was 
president  of  the  Madison  and  Indiana  railroad 
company,  his  home  being  in  Madison.  He  was 
afterwards  elected  to  the  same  position  in  the 
Bellefontaine  company.  He  removed  to  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  in  1861,  was  a pronounced  “war” 
Democrat,  and  in  1863  was  elected  governor  of 
the  state  by  a majority  of  101,099.  in  a total  vote 
of  471,6.43.  His  administi'ation  was  distinguished 
by  his  prompt  and  efficient  action  in  prosecuting 
the  war,  and  he  became  classed  as  one  of  the 
great  war  governors  of  that  period.  He  died 
in  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Aug.  29.  1865. 

BROUGHAM,  John,  playwi-ight,  was  born  in 
Dublin,  Ireland,  May  9,  1810.  His  father  was 
of  a superior  family,  and  his  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  a French  Huguenot,  who  had 
f432] 


BROUGHAM. 


BROWN. 


refugeed  in  Dublin.  After  a preparatory  course 
at  the  Trim  academy  lie  entered  Trinity  college, 
Dublin,  where  he  acquired  considerable  knowl- 
edge, to  use  his  own  words,  “ more  by  absorp- 
tion than  by  application.”  One  of  his  chief 
amusements  while  at  college  was  to  attend  the 
theatre,  where  he  saw  such  actors  as  Kean, 
Garrick,  and  the  elder  Booth.  He  also  took 
inferior  parts  in  amateur  theatricals,  and  was 
invariably  seized  with  stage-fright.  After  leav- 
ing college  he  was  uncertain  what  profession 
to  choose.  Chance  led  him  to  the  theatre 
where  Madam  Vestris  was  playing,  and  at  the 
age  of  twenty  he  made  his  debut  at  the  Totten- 
ham theatre  in  London,  where  she  was  engaged, 
in  the  play  “ Tom  and  Jerry.”  He  later  became 
a member  of  Madam  Vestris's  stock  company 
at  the  Olympic  theatre,  and  also  played  in  her 
company  at  Covent  Garden.  Meanwhile  he 
wrote  several  plays  of  more  or  less  merit,  and 
assisted  in  the  preparation  of  “ London  Assur- 
ance ” (1841),  the  sole  authorship  of  which  is 
usually  credited  to  and  claimed  by  Dion  Bouci- 
cault.  After  leaving  Covent  Garden  he  was  for 
a time  manager  of  the  lyceum,  and  wrote  “ Life 
in  the  Clouds,”  “ Enthusiasm,”  “ Love’s  Livery,” 
“ Tom  Thumb  the  Second,”  and,  in  connection 
with  Mark  Lemon,  “The  Demon  Gift.”  In 
October,  1842,  he  came  to  America,  playing  first 
in  the  Park  theatre,  New  York,  in  an  Irish 
comedy,  with  poor  financial  results.  He  was 
more  successful  in  a starring  tour  through  the 
country,  and  on  his  return  to  New  York  was 
engaged  in  Burton's  theatre  as  stage  manager, 
at  a salary  of  fifty  dollars  per  week.  About  this 
time  he  wrote  several  plays,  some  original  and 
some  dramatizations:  “ Bunsby’s  Wedding,” 
“The  Confidence  Man,”  “Don  Cassar  de  Bas- 
soon," “Vanity  Fair,”  “The  Irish  Yankee,” 
“Benjamin  Franklin,”  “All's  Fair  in  Love,” 
“ Irish  Emigrant,”  and  “ Dombey  and  Son,”  the 
last  named  of  which  was  decidedly  successful 
and  brought  him  a goodly  sum  of  money.  He 
subsequently  managed  Niblo's  Garden,  and  Dec. 
23,  1850,  opened  Brougham's  lyceum.  This  met 
with  success  at  first,  but  later  the  adjacent 
building  was  destroyed,  which  created  a fear 
that  the  lyceum  might  be  unsafe.  The  failure 
of  this  theatre  left  him  involved  in  debt,  from 
which  it  took  him  nine  years  to  free  himself. 
For  a time  he  managed  the  Bowery  theatre,  and 
in  1860  went  to  Europe,  remaining  there  until 
the  close  of  the  civil  war.  On  his  return  to 
America  he  had  a successful  star  engagement, 
and  in  1869  Brougham's  theatre  began  its  short 
life.  From  the  closing  of  this  theatre  until  his 
death  Mr.  Brougham  played  in  various  places, 
drawing  large  houses.  On  Oct.  25,  1879,  he 
made  his  last  appearance  on  the  stage,  in  the 


character  of  Felix  O’Reilley,  in  Boucicault's 
“Rescued,”  played  at  Booth’s  theatre,  New 
York.  He  was  the  author  of  about  one  hundred 
plays,  many  of  which  were  exceedingly  popular. 
Among  these  are : “Columbus,”  “Pocahontas,” 
“ The  Lily  of  France,”  and  “ The  Emerald 
Ring.”  He  was  a member  and  some  time  presi- 
dent of  the  Lotus  club  of  New  York,  and  with 
John  Elderkin  edited  “Lotus  Leaves.”  He 
wrote  two  books,  “ A Basket  of  Chips”  (1855), 
and  “ The  Bunsby  Papers,  ” besides  many  short 
sketches  and  poems.  Mr.  Brougham  was  an 
actor  of  great  popularity.  As  a man  he  was 
beloved  by  hosts  of  friends,  being  genial,  fun- 
loving,  witty,  hospitable,  and  generous  to  a fault. 
An  autobiography  edited  by  William  Winter 
gives  a good  account  of  his  life.  He  died  in  New 
York  city,  June  7,  1880. 

BROWN,  Aaron  Venable,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Brunswick  county,  Va.,  Aug.  15,  1795. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  in  1814,  and  the  following  year  changed 
his  residence  to  Nashville,  Tenn.,  where  he  sub- 
sequently practised  the  law.  He  was  at  one 
time  a partner  of  James  K.  Polk.  After  serving 
several  terms  in  the  Tennessee  legislature  he 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  26th  Con- 
gress in  1838,  and  served  by  re-election  in  the 
27th  and  28th  congresses.  In  1845  he  was  elected 
governor  of  Tennessee  for  two  years,  and  in  1857 
was  made  postmaster-general  in  the  cabinet  of 
President  Buchanan.  He  died  in  Washington, 
D.  C„  March  8,  1859. 

BROWN,  Addison,  jurist,  was  born  at  West 
Newbury,  Mass.,  Feb.  21,  1830.  He  was  prepared 
for  college  at  Bradford,  Mass.,  and  entered 
Amherst  as  freshman  in  1848,  and  Harvard  as 
sophomore  in  1849,  graduating  at  Harvard  as 
A.B.  in  1852,  and  as  LL.B.  from  Harvard  law 
school  in  1854.  In 
1855  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.,  and  was 
engaged  in  active 
practice  in  the  city 
of  New  York  from 
1855  until  1881,  when 
he  was  appointed  by 
President  Garfield 
district  judge  for  the 
southern  district  of/ 

New  York,  and  in 
October  following 
was  re-appointed  by 
President  Arthur, 
which  appointment 
was  confirmed  by  the  senate.  Though  occa- 
sionally sitting  in  the  U.  S.  circuit  court  and 
court  of  appeal,  his  work  was  chiefiy  in  the  U.  S. 


[433] 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


district  court,  where  the  great  shipping  and 
admiralty  business  of  New  York  is  centred,  and 
where  the  determination  of  questions  of  mari- 
time, commercial  and  international  law,  and  of 
revenue  and  bankruptcy  cases  are  brought  to 
trial.  His  reported  decisions  exceed  fifteen  hun- 
dred. Those  made  in  shipping  and  admiralty 
cases  are  held  in  high  regard  in  the  U.  S.  su- 
preme court.  Among  his  notable  opinions  are 
those  in  the  cases  of  The  Ambrose  Light  (25  Fed- 
eral Reporter,  408),  and  of  Charles  A.  Dana  (68 
Federal  Reporter,  886).  He  was  elected  a mem- 
ber of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society,  of  the  Century 
association,  and  of  numerous  other  societies  in 
New  York,  and  president  of  the  Torrey  botanical 
club  of  New  York.  He  took  a prominent  part 
in  founding  and  carrying  on  the  New  York 
botanical  garden,  and  devised  and  maintained 
the  publication  of  Britton  & Brown's  “ Illus- 
trated Flora,”  of  the  northern  part  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada  (3vols.,  1896-"98) ; an 
important  botanical  work,  being  the  first  com- 
plete work  of  the  kind  published  in  the  United 
States. 

BROWN,  Albert  Gallatin,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Chester  district,  S.  C.,  May  31,  1813.  He 
removed  with  his  parents  to  Mississippi,  where 
he  received  an  academic  education.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1834,  in  1835  was 
elected  a member  of  the  state  house  of  represen- 
tatives, and  was  returned  to  that  body  by  suc- 
cessive elections  until  1839,  when,  having  been 
elected  a representative  in  the  26th  Congress, 
he  took  his  seat  in  that  body.  During  the 
years  1841-’43  he  was  judge  of  the  circuit 
superior  court.  In  1843  he  was  elected  governor 
of  Mississippi,  and  held  the  office  by  continuous 
re-election  for  five  years.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
as  representative  in  the  31st  Congress,  and  was 
re-elected  to  the  32d  and  33d  congresses.  In  1853 
he  was  elected  to  the  U nited  States  senate.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  the  District  of 
Columbia  in  the  35tli  Congress,  and  a member 
of  the  committee  on  Indian  affairs  and  that  on 
enrolled  bills.  He  was  re-elected  in  1859,  but 
served  only  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil 
war,  when  he  was  expelled  and  entered  the  Con- 
federate army,  where  he  was  given  the  rank  of 
captain,  and  in  1862  was  elected  a Confederate 
states  senator,  serving  in  the  1st  and  2d  con- 
gresses. His  speeches  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  1859.  He  died  at  Jacksonville,  Miss., 
June  12,  1880. 

BROWN,  Alexander,  banker,  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  25,  1858;  son  of  George  S. 
Brown,  banker.  He  was  graduated  from  Prince- 
ton college  in  1878.  and  passed  the  following  two 
years  in  European  travel.  In  1880  he  returned 
to  the  United  States  and  entered  the  banking 


house  of  Alexander  Brown  & Sons,  established  in 
1811,  and  in  1882  was  admitted  into  the  firm.  In 
May,  1890,  his  father  died,  and  Alexander  became 
head  of  the  firm,  with  William  G.  Bowdoin  as 
his  only  partner.  Among  the  many  important 
offices  held  by  him  at  various  times  were: 
treasurer  of  the  Reform  league;  president  of 
the  Canton  company,  of  the  Maryland  athletic 
association,  of  the  Macon  and  Northern  railroad 
company ; director  of  the  National  mechanics^ 
bank,  of  the  Baltimore  trust  and  guarantee  com- 
pany, of  the  Savings  bank  of  Baltimore,  of  the 
Norfolk  national  bank,  of  the  Annapolis,  Wash- 
ington and  Baltimore  railroad  company,  of  the 
Maryland  trust  company,  of  the  Title  insurance 
and  trust  company,  of  the  Bonding  and  trust  com- 
pany, of  the  Baltimore  and  Lehigh  railway  com- 
pany, of  the  Baltimore  storage  and  lighterage 
company,  and  a member  of  the  committee  on 
banking  and  currency  of  the  Merchants’  and 
manufacturers’  association.  In  1892  he  was  ap- 
pointed inspector-general  of  the  state  of  Mary- 
land with  the  rank  of  brigadier-general. 

BROWN,  Allan  D.,  educator,  was  born  at 
Batavia,  N.  Y.,  in  1843.  He  was  educated  at  the 
military  school  at  Hampden,  Conn.,  and  at  the 
U.  S.  naval  academy  at  Annapolis,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1863,  and  received  his  appoint- 
ment as  ensign.  He  served  in  the  United  States 
navy  in  South  American  and  Chinese  waters, 
and  in  various  cruises,  besides  acting  as  in- 
structor at  the  naval  academy.  He  was  retired 
in  1891,  and  took  up  his  residence  in  Brattleboro, 
Vt,  In  1892  he  was  ordained  as  a deacon  of  the 
Episcopal  church  by  Bishop  Bissell,  and  as  a 
priest  by  Bishop  Hall  in  1895.  He  preached  at 
Barre,  Vt.,  until  July,  1896,  and  in  December, 
1896,  he  assumed  his  duties  as  president  of  Nor- 
wich university,  at  Northfield,  Vt.,  to  succeed 
George  Nichols,  acting  president. 

BROWN,  Andrew,  soldier,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
about  1744.  After  his  graduation  from  Trinity 
college  in  Dublin,  he  entered  the  British  army, 
and  in  1773  came  to  America.  He  soon  after 
resigned  his  commission,  and  his  sympathies 
being  with  the  colonists,  entered  the  Continental 
army  at  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution.  At  the 
end  of  the  war  he  received  the  rank  of  major  for 
his  efficient  service.  He  founded  a school  for 
young  ladies  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  which  was  after- 
wards removed  to  Philadelphia.  Failing  in 
securing  expected  patronage,  lie  became  a jour- 
nalist, and  established  the  Federal  Gazette  in 
October,  1788,  which,  in  1793,  was  changed  to 
the  Philadelphia  Gazette.  Under  his  manage 
ment  it  was  an  able  and  prosperous  paper,  pub 
fishing  the  congressional  reports  and  sustaining 
the  Federal  constitution.  He  died  in  Philadel 
phia,  Pa.,  Feb.  4,  1797. 


[434] 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


BROWN,  Arthur,  senator,  was  born  in 
Prairie  Ronde,  Mich.,  March  8,  1843.  He  was 
brought  up  on  a farm,  attended  the  district 
school,  fitted  himself  for  college,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Antioch  college  in  1862.  He  then  took  a 
post-graduate  literary  course  at  the  University 
of  Michigan,  received  theA.M.  degree  in  1863, 
and  was  graduated  at  the  law  school  in  1864. 
He  practised  law  at  Kalamazoo  until  1879,  when 
he  removed  to  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  Upon  the 
admission  of  the  state  into  the  Union  he  was 
elected  as  a Republican  to  the  United  States 
senate,  Jan.  22,  1896,  at  the  same  time  and  by 
the  same  vote  that  elected  his  colleague,  Frank 
J.  Cannon.  In  drawing  lots  in  the  presence  of 
the  senate,  he  drew  the  short  term,  to  expire 
March  3,  1897. 

BROWN,  Arthur  Newton,  librarian,  was 
born  in  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  in  1857.  His  parents 
removed  to  Springfield,  Mass.,  in  1861,  where  he 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools.  He  was  a 
student  in  the  Massachusetts  institute  of  tech- 
nology, Boston,  Mass.,  1876-'78.  In  1874,  while 
a school-boy,  he  began  occasional  work  as  a page 
in  the  Springfield  city  library,  and  in  1878  was 
made  an  assistant  librarian.  He  joined  the 
American  library  association^ and  in  1885  became 
a life  member.  In  January,  1883,  he  went  to 
the  city  of  Mexico  to  take  a position  in  the  aud- 
itor’s office  of  the  Mexican  central  railroad.  He 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  August,  1884, 
and  in  February,  1885,  became  executive  assist- 
ant to  the  chief  librarian  of  Columbia  college 
library,  New  York.  In  October,  1885,  he  was 
elected  assistant  manager  of  the  library  bureau 
at  Boston.  He  was  appointed  librarian  of  the 
U.  S.  naval  academy  in  August,  1886,  and  in  Sep- 
tember, 1895,  he  was  made  professor  of  English  in 
the  same  institution. 

BROWN,  Bartholomew,  musical  composer, 
was  born  at  Sterling,  Mass.,  Sept.  8,  1772.  He 
received  his  diploma  from  Harvard  college  in 
1799  and  practised  the  law  with  indifferent  suc- 
cess. His  musical  talent  was  of  a high  order, 
and  besides  composing  many  popular  and  beau- 
tiful pieces  he  assisted  in  editing  the  “ Bridge- 
water  Collection  of  Sacred  Music,”  published  in 
1812.  He  was  also  the  author  of  the  calendars 
used  in  the  “ American  Farmer’s  Almanac,”  for 
upwards  of  sixty  years.  He  died  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  April  14,  1854. 

BROWN,  Bedford,  senator,  was  born  in  Cas- 
well county,  N.  C.,  in  1795.  In  1815  he  was 
elected  to  the  North  Carolina  house  of  commons, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1816,  1817,  and  1823.  In 
1828  he  was  made  a state  senator,  serving  a sec- 
ond term  by  re-election.  He  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  senate  in  1829,  as  successor  to 
Senator  Branch,  who  resigned  to  accept  the  port- 


folio of  the  navy  in  Jackson's  cabinet.  He  was 
re-elected  in  1835,  and,  resigning  his  seat  in  1840, 
because  of  his  inability  to  conscientiously  obey 
the  instructions  of  the  general  assembly  of  North 
Carolina,  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in 
1842,  and  in  1843  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate 
for  U.  S.  senator.  For  a time  he  resided  in 
Missouri,  but  afterwards  returned  to  Caswell 
county,  N.  C.,  where  he  died  Dec.  6,  1870. 

BROWN,  Benjamin  Qratz,  senator,  was  born 
in  Lexington,  Ky.,  May  28,  1826;  son  of  Mason 
Brown,  jurist,  and  grandson  of  John  Brown, 
U.  S.  senator  from  Kentucky.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  Transylvania  university  in  1845, 
and  received  a diploma  from  Yale  college  in  1847. 
He  studied  law  in  Louisville,  obtained  admission 
to  the  bar,  and  began  practice  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
whence  he  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature 
in  1852.  He  retained  his  seat  for  five  years, 
meanwhile  rousing  violent  opposition  from  the 
advocates  of  slavery  by  his  firm  and  fearless 
opposition  to  its  extension.  Through  the  columns 
of  the  Missouri  Democrat,  which  he  helped  to 
found,  and  of  which  he  was  the  editor,  he  ex- 
pressed his  Free  Soil  views  openly.  This  course 
made  him  many  enemies,  who  threatened  his 
life.  When  the  civil  war  broke  out  he  volun- 
teered and  raised  a regiment,  which  aided  in 
the  capture  of  Camp  Jackson,  which  lie  after- 
wards commanded.  He  led  a brigade  of  militia 
against  Price  and  Van  Dorn,  and  organized 
the  movement  in  the  state  that  led  to  the 
new  constitution  of  1864.  In  1863  he  was  elected 
to  the  United  States  senate,  as  successor  to 
Robert  Wilson,  appointed  in  1861,  and  held  his 
seat  from  November,  1863,  until  March  3,  1867. 
In  1871  he  was  elected  governor  of  Missouri  as  a 
liberal  Republican,  and  in  the  ensuing  year,  was 
the  Democratic  candidate  for  vice-president  on 
the  ticket  with  Horace  Greeley,  and  after  his 
defeat  again  practised  his  profession  in  St. 
Louis,  where  he  died  Dec.  13,  1885. 

BROWN,  Buckminster,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  July  13,  1819.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  Harvard  medical  school  in  1844,  and  then 
studied  in  London,  Paris,  and  Germany.  On  his 
return  to  America  he  gave  his  attention  to 
orthopaedic  surgery,  in  which  he  was  very  suc- 
cessful. In  one  case  where  no  cotyloid  cavities 
existed,  he  succeeded  in  inducing  their  forma- 
tion, so  that  all  motion  became  normal.  He  was 
a member  of  the  Boston  medical  association,  of 
the  Suffolk  district  medical  society,  and  of  the 
Massachusetts  medical  society.  He  made  many 
valuable  contributions  to  various  publications, 
in  the  shape  of  scientific  treatises,  among  them 
a paper  entitled,  “ The  Poetry  of  Anatomy,”  for 
the  North  American  Review  in  1856.  He  died 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec,  24,  1891. 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


BROWN,  Chad  or  Chadd,  colonist,  was  born 
in  England.  The  date  of  his  birth  is  not  known. 
He  came  to  America  in  July,  1638,  on  board  the 
“ good  ship  Martin , ” landing  in  Boston  with  his 
wife  and  one  child,  a son.  One  of  the  first  public 
acts  he  performed  was  to  witness  to  an  unwrit- 
ten will  made  by  a fellow  voyager,  who  died  on 
the  passage.  He  soon  became  involved  in  the  so- 
called  “anabaptist  heresy.”  Roger  Williams, 
who  evidently  was  his  friend,  had  been  sent  out- 
side of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  colony  after 
repeated  “ laborings  with,  ” and  as  Mr.  Brown, 
with  clear  convictions,  could  not  hide  his  faith, 
he  was  also  ordered  to  leave  the  colony.  This 
was  probably  in  the  autumn  of  1638,  as  it  was  in 
that  year  that  the  “ initial  deed  ” to  the  planta- 
tion acquired  by  purchase  from  the  Indians  was 
executed  by  Roger  Williams  and  twelve  associ- 
ates. Williams  was  leader  and  minister  of  the 
colony,  but  his  views  seem  to  have  grown 
erratic ; and  he  finally  seceded,  and  Mr.  Brown 
was  elected  his  successor.  In  order  to  qualify 
for  the  office,  he  went  to  England,  was  ordained 
elder  in  1642,  and  on  his  return  assumed  the 
duties  of  pastor.  He  thus  became  the  first  elder 
in  the  first  Baptist  church  in  America.  His 
work  was  by  no  means  perfunctory,  for  besides 
acting  as  minister  he  served  in  various  public 
capacities.  He  was  one  of  a committee  ap- 
pointed to  make  peace  with  Massachusetts,  and 
as  a land  surveyor  assisted  largely  in  compiling 
a list  of  original  divisions  or  grants  of  land.  This 
list,  bearing  date  1660,  has  been  carefully  pre- 
served in  the  office  of  the  city  clerk  of  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.  During  his  pastorate  a controversy 
arose,  concerning  the  “ laying  on  of  hands”  which 
gave  birth  to  the  “ Five  Principle  Baptists.”  Dur- 
ing King  Philip's  war  the  plantation  records  were 
destroyed,  and  historians  have  had  no  means  of 
arriving  at  the  exact  date  of  his  death.  He  was 
buried  in  his  home  lot.  He  left  five  sons,  all  of 
whom  took  an  important  part  in  public  life,  and 
helped  in  many  ways  to  forward  the  prosperity 
of  the  Providence  plantations,  and  the  deeds  of 
their  descendants  in  Rhode  Island  are  a large 
part  of  its  history.  In  1792  an  appropriation  was 
made  by  the  town  of  Providence  to  remove  his 
remains  to  the  North  burying-ground  and  erect 
a simple  tombstone  over  the  grave,  on  which  is 
inscribed:  “Exiled  from  Massachusetts  for  Con- 
science Sake.  He  was  a good  citizen;  a faithful 
friend;  a devout  minister;  in  all  things  blame- 
less.” He  died  probably  in  1665. 

BROWN,  Charles  Brockden,  novelist,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  17,  1771.  He  was 
descended  from  Quakers,  who  came  to  America 
with  Penn.  His  delicate  and  precocious  child- 
hood was  passed  in  study,  mainly  under  the 
tutelage  of  Robert  Proud,  the  historian.  At  the 


age  of  sixteen  his  education  was  considered  com- 
pleted, and  he  began  to  write  essays  and  poems, 
invented  a species  of  shorthand,  and  studied  un- 
ceasingly. He  determined  to  make  the  law  his 
profession,  and  began  to  read  it  in  the  office  of  a 
Mr.  Wilcox,  For  recreation  he  joined  the  Belles 
lettres  club,  of  which  he  soon  became  the  ac- 
knowledged leader,  and  began  to  write  for  the 
Columbus  Magazine , the  result  of  which  was  that 
he  determined  to  abandon  the  law,  and  become 
the  pioneer  of  what  was  then  a new  and  untried 
field  in  America,  namely,  the  pursuit  of  literature 
as  a profession.  His  desire  for  the  society  of  men 
of  congenial  tastes  led  him  to  New  York,  and  in 
1797  he  published  his  first  work.  In  1798  he  wrote 
a series  of  articles  for  the  Weekly  Magazine, 
under  the  title,  “ The  Man  at  Home,”  and  began 
to  write  the  novels  which  laid  the  basis  of  his 
fame.  He  made  several  abortive  attempts  to 
establish  a magazine,  and  in  1803  a more  fortu- 
nate one,  which  resulted  in  the  establishment  at 
Philadelphia  of  the  Literary  Magazine  and 
American  Register , which  had  an  existence  of 
some  five  or  six  years.  The  American  Register, 
a semi-annual  publication,  was  originated  in  1803, 
and  published  by  him  until  his  death.  Mr.  Brown 
did  not  confine  himself  to  the  production  of 
fiction,  but  employed  his  pen  on  political  sub- 
jects, translations,  memoirs,  etc.,  and  he  left  un- 
finished at  his  death  a geographical  work  of  large 
scope,  and  a work  entitled,  “ Rome  during  the 
Age  of  the  Antonines.”  A sequential  list  of  his 
works  is  as  follows:  “ Alcuin  ” (a  dialogue, 
1797) ; “ Wieland,  or  The  Transformation  ” (1798; 
reprinted  in  London,  1811) ; “ Ormund,  or  The 
Secret  Witness  ” (1799) ; “ Arthur  Mervyn  ” 

(1799-’80) ; “Jane  Talbot”  (1801);  “Edgar 
Huntley,  or  the  Memoirs  of  a Sleep-Walker  ” 
(1801) ; “ Clara  Howard  ” (1801) ; “ An  Address 
to  Congress  on  the  Utility  and  Justice  of  Restric- 
tions on  Foreign  Commerce,”  a translation  of 
Volney's  “Travels  in  the  U.  S. ” (1804).  Bio- 
graphies of  him  have  been  written  by  William 
Dunlap,  William  H.  Prescott  and  others.  Most 
of  his  novels  were  reprinted  in  London  soon  after 
they  appeared  in  America;  a second  edition  of 
the  whole  series  was  issued  in  Boston.  1827 ; and 
a third  edition  in  Philadelphia,  in  1857.  Always 
of  a feeble  constitution,  he  fell  an  easy  prey  to 
consumption,  and  died  Feb.  22,  1810. 

BROWN,  D.  Russell,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  born  at  Bolton,  Conn.,  March  28,  1848. 
son  of  Arba  Harrison  and  Harriet  Marilla  (Dart) 
Brown.  He  received  an  academical  education, 
and  was  for  some  time  engaged  as  clerk  in  busi 
ness  at  Rockville  and  later  at  Hartford,  Conn. 
In  1870  he  settled  in  Providence,  forming  the  firm 
of  Butler.  Brown  & Co.  From  1880  to  1884  he 
served  as  a member  of  the  common  council.  In 
!J 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


1888  he  accepted  the  office  of  presidential  elector, 
and  in  1892  was  elected  governor  of  Rhode  Island 
by  the  Republican  party.  He  was  re-nominated 
in  1893,  but  the  votes  cast  at  the  election  were  not 

counted,  owing  to  a 
dispute  between  the 
two  houses  of  the 
general  assembly  as 
to  the  legality  of  cer- 
tain actions  of  the 
lower  body,  and 
Governor  Brown  re- 
mained in  office.  At 
the  next  spring  elec- 
tion, the  first  under 
the  plurality  law,  he 
was  re-elected  by  a 
larger  vote  than  had 
ever  before  been 
cast  for  governor  in 
the  state  of  Rhode 
Island.  Governor 
Brown  proved  himself  able  in  his  administration 
of  the  executive  office.  Though  an  ardent  sup- 
porter of  the  party  with  which  he  was  connected, 
he  promoted  with  commendable  fidelity  the  in- 
terests of  the  people  and  the  general  welfare. 
He  held  many  public  offices,  and  was  affiliated 
with  numerous  social,  educational,  and  political 
organizations. 

BROWN,  David  Paul,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  28,  1795,  son  of  Paul 
Brown,  a Quaker.  He  received  a classical  educa- 
tion, and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1816.  He 
devoted  some  time  to  literary  work,  but  continued 
to  practise  the  law  until  his  death.  He  is  the 
author  of  “The  Forum,  or  Forty  Years’  Full 
Practice  at  the  Philadelphia  Bar”  (2  vols.,  1856), 
which  contains  “Golden  Rules  for  Examination 
of  Witnesses,”  and  “Capital  Hints  in  Capital 
Cases.”  He  published,  in  pamphlets,  “The  Press, 
the  Politician,  the  People,  and  the  Judiciary  ” 
(1869);  and  “The  Forensic  Speeches  of  David 
Paul  Brown  ” was  edited  and  published  by  his 
son,  Robert  Eden  Brown,  in  1873.  He  died  July 
11,  1872. 

BROWN,  Edward,  educator,  was  born  at 
Colebrook,  Conn.,  Nov.  1,  1814,  son  of  Frederick 
and  Chloe  S.  (Pettibone)  Brown.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Wadsworth,  Ohio,  academy,  and  at 
the  Western  Reserve  college.  In  1840  he  became 
a professor  at  Miami  collegiate  institute  at  Peru, 
Ind.,  where  he  remained  two  years,  and  from  1842 
to  1844  was  a teacher  at  Logansport  and  Ontario. 
He  then  studied  law,  and  in  1845  began  to  practise 
in  Michigan,  later  opening  a law  office  in  White- 
water,  Wis.  He  was  ordained  to  the  ministry 
Jan.  11,  1853.  and  until  1866  was  home  missionary 
in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  From  1866  to  1868 

1431 


he  was  district  secretary  of  the  American  tract 
society.  From  1870  to  1874  he  preached  at  Med- 
ford, Minn.,  and  for  the  next  two  years  was  pas- 
tor at  Wadsworth,  Ohio.  He  afterwards  held 
charges  in  South  Dakota  and  in  Wisconsin,  and 
from  1892  till  the  time  of  his  death  was  honorary 
pastor  of  Hope  church,  West  Superior,  Wis. 
Western  Reserve  and  Beloit  colleges  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  In  1848 
he  edited  the  Lagrange  Whig,  in  1875-76  the 
Home  Scientist , and  in  1886  The  Thanksgiving. 
His  publications  include  the  following  : “ Games 
of  Chance  and  Gambling,”  “The  Illustrious 
Resuirection,”  “From  the  Gossamer  Thread  to 
the  Cart  Rope,  or,  Progress  in  Vice,”  “ Prayer  for 
Blessing,  Dependent  on  Natural  Forces,”  “ Me- 
morial Address  on  the  Death  of  Gov.  L.  P. 
Harvey,”  “Death  of  President  Garfield,”  “ Our 
Patriot  Dead,”  “Philosophy  of  the  Power  of 
Habit,”  and  “The  Origin  of  Man;  His  Work  in 
Creation  and  Geologic  Time.”  He  died  March 
23,  1895. 

BROWN,  Egbert  Benson,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Brownsville,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  24,  1816.  He  was 
thrown  upon  his  own  resources  at  an  early  age, 
and  having  acquired  the  rudiments  of  an  educa- 
tion at  Tecumseh,  Mich.,  he  was  employed  first  as 
helper  on  a whaling  voyage  around  the  world,  and 
afterwards  in  various  occupations  in  Toledo,  Ohio, 
where,  in  1849,  he  was  chosen  mayor  of  the  city. 
In  1852  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Mo. , and  became 
a railroad  manager,  resigning  his  position  in  1861  to 
organize  a regiment  of  infantry.  He  rendered 
effective  service  in  saving  the  state  from  secession, 
and  in  May,  1862,  was  appointed  brigadier-general 
of  Missouri  volunteers,  becoming  brigadier-general 
of  United  States  volunteers  in  1863,  after  the 
battle  of  Springfield,  Mo.,  in  which  he  was  se- 
verely wounded.  The  troops  under  his  command 
were  officially  complimented  by  the  Missouri 
legislature  for  their  gallantry  at  Springfield.  He 
never  recovered  from  the  effects  of  his  wounds, 
served  for  a time  as  pension  agent  at  St.  Louis, 
and  in  1869  engaged  in  farming  at  Hastings,  111. 
He  was  a member  of  the  Illinois  board  of  equali- 
zation from  1881  to  1884. 

BROWN,  Ethan  Allen,  statesman,  was  born 
at  Darien,  Conn.,  July  4,  1776.  He  received  a 
classical  education,  and  after  studying  law  with 
Alexander  Hamilton  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1802.  Two  years  later  he  removed  to  Cincinnati 
and  commenced  practice.  He  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Ohio  in  1810,  re- 
maining on  the  bench  until  his  election  as 
governor  of  the  state  in  1818.  In  1822  he  was 
chosen  United  States  senator  to  fill  a vacancy 
caused  by  the  death  of  W.  A.  Trimble,  and  re- 
signed the  governorship  of  the  state  to  go  into  the 
senate.  He  was  succeeded  in  1825  by  William 

1 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


Henry  Harrison.  From  1825  to  1830  he  was  canal 
commissioner  of  Ohio.  In  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  minister  to  Brazil  by  President  Jack- 
son.  holding  the  office  four  years.  In  1835  he  was 
made  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office  at 
Washington,  and  in  1836  he  removed  to  Indiana, 
where  he  served  in  the  state  assembly  in  1842.  He 
died  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Feb.  24,  1852. 

BROWN,  Fletcher,  educator,  was  born  in 
Guernsey  county,  Ohio,  August  2,  1850,  and  when 
fourteen  years  old  removed  to  Jasper  county, 
Iowa,  with  his  father,  who  settled  on  a farm. 
He  attended  Central  university  of  Iowa  at  Pella, 
and  Simpson  college,  Indianola,  Iowa,  where  he 

was  graduated  A.B.. 
in  1877.  receiving  the 
Master’s  degree  pro 
merito  in  1880.  Dur- 
ing his  junior  year 
in  college  he  was 
given  license  to 
preach,  and  upon 
graduating  became 
a student  of  Drew 
theological  semin- 
ary, Madison,  N.  J.. 
where  he  received 
the  B.D.  degree. 
T '/  He  then  returned  to 

by  the  Des  Moines  conference  to  Cai-lisle  charge, 
where  he  served  the  people  with  marked  success 
for  three  years.  His  next  work  was  at  Dunlap, 
where  he  remained  two  years;  next  at  Carson, 
three  years ; then  at  Adel  one  year.  From  Adel 
he  was  called  to  the  vice-presidency  of  Simpson 
college.  He  was  chosen  a member  of  the  execu- 
tive board,  and  on  the  resignation  of  President 
Holmes  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy.  He  was 
married  in  1880  to  Ervilla  Holmes,  a graduate  of 
Simpson  college,  sister  of  President  Holmes,  and 
daughter  of  Elder  Holmes.  President  Brown, 
when  called  to  take  charge  of  the  finances  of  the 
college,  found  but  one  building  on  the  grounds; 
in  the  second  year  of  his  vice-presidency,  Science 
hall  was  built  and  equipped,  costing  §25.000, 
and  in  two  years  more  Ladies’  hall  was  com- 
pleted and  occupied.  Two  other  buildings  soon 
followed  and  the  success  of  the  institution  was 
assured. 

BROWN,  Foster  Vincent,  representative,  was 
born  in  White  county,  Tenn.,  Dec.  24,  1854;  was 
graduated  at  Burritt  college,  Van  Buren  county, 
Tenn.,  in  1871,  and  in  law  at  the  Cumberland 
university  in  1873.  He  located  in  the  practice  of 
his  profession  at  Jasper,  Tenn.,  was  elected 
attorney-general  of  the  fourth  judicial  district  in 
I860,  and  held  the  office  for  eight  years.  In  1890 

[43. 


lie  removed  to  Chattanooga,  where  he  became  a 
partner  with  Charles  D.  Clark,  U.  S.  district 
judge.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  Republican 
national  convention  of  1884,  and  voted  for  James 
G.  Blaine  for  President.  In  1894  he  was  elected 
a representative  to  the  54th  Congress  from  the 
third  Tennessee  district  and  declined  a re-nom- 
ination in  1896. 

BROWN,  Francis,  educator,  was  born  at  Han- 
over, N.  H.,  Dec.  26,  1849.  He  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college  in  1870,  and  from  the  Union 
theological  seminary  in  1877.  He  spent  two 
years  in  Germany,  taking  university  training  in 
biblical  literature.  In  1881  he  became  associate 
professor  in  biblical  philology  in  the  Union  theo- 
logical seminary.  In  1890  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  Hebrew  and  cognate  languages  in  the 
same  institution,  where  he  was  an  acknowledged 
leader  in  his  department  of  learning  in  America. 
His  principal  published  work  is,  “ Assyriology, 
its  Use  and  Abuse  in  Old  Testament  Study  ” 
(1885). 

BROWN,  Frank,  governor  of  Maryland,  was 
born  at  “ Brown's  Inheritance,”  Carroll  county, 
Md. ; son  of  Stephen  Thomas  Cockey  Brown. 
His  first  American  ancestor.  Abel  Brown,  came 
from  Dumfries,  Scotland,  and  settled  near  An- 
napolis, Md.  Several  of  his  sons  served  in  the 
revolutionary  war  and  some  of  his  grandsons  in 
the  war  of  1812-’ 14.  Frank  Brown  was  educated 
at  Springfield  academy,  and  at  private  academies 
in  Baltimore  city.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  to 
a clerkship  in  one  of  the  state  tobacco  ware- 
houses, a position  which  he  held  for  the  ensuing 
six  years.  In  1875  he  was  elected  a member  of 
the  house  of  delegates  from  Carroll  county,  and 
was  re-elected  in  1877.  He  inherited  large 
estates  from  his  father  and  his  uncle,  George 
Patterson,  to  the  care  of  which  he  devoted  much 
of  his  time.  He  was  president  of  the  Maryland 
state  agricultural  and  mechanical  association 
from  1880  to  1892.  He  took  a prominent  part  in 
the  presidential  campaign  of  1884,  and  in  1886 
was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  post- 
master of  Baltimore  city;  during  his  term  in  this 
office  lie  was  instrumental  in  initiating  various 
postal  reforms.  In  the  fall  of  1887  he  was  a can- 
didate for  gubernatorial  honors,  and  failed  of 
nomination.  In  1891  he  was  the  unanimous 
nominee  of  the  Democratic  convention,  and  was 
elected  governor  by  a majority  of  thirty  thou- 
sand votes.  In  addition  to  his  duties  as  the  chief 
executive  of  the  state,  he  was  e.v -officio  president 
of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Maryland  agricul- 
tural college;  president  of  the  board  of  trustees 
of  the  house  of  correction ; of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees of  St.  John’s  college,  Annapolis,  Md. ; presi- 
dent of  the  state  board  of  education,  and  of  the 
board  of  public  works, 
d 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


BROWN,  George,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Indiana,  June  19,  1835.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he 
joined  the  navy  as  midshipman  and  made  his 
first  cruise  on  the  Cumberland.  After  two  years’ 
service  on  this  vessel  he  was  transferred  to 
the  St.  Lawrence.  He  received  promotion  to 
passed  midshipman,  June  12,  1855,  and  in  Sep- 
tember of  the  same  year  became  master.  In  1856 
he  was  promoted  lieutenant,  and  for  four  years 
was  with  the  African  and  Brazilian  squadrons. 
He  served  in  1860  on  the  Powhatan  on  special 
service,  and  was  transferred  in  1861  to  the  gun- 
boat Octorora,  the  flagship  of  Commodore  Por- 
ter's mortar  flotilla.  He  accompanied  Admiral 
Farragut  when  he  opened  up  the  Mississippi 
river,  and  was  present  at  the  engagement  at 
Vicksburg  in  June,  1862,  receiving  commenda- 
tion in  the  official  report.  The  following  month 
he  was  ordered  to  blockade  duty  off  Wilming- 
ton, N.  C.,  attached  to  the  Octorora,  and  was 
promoted  lieutenant-commander  July  16,  1862. 
He  then  commanded  the  Indianola,  an  ironclad 
of  the  Mississippi  squadron,  and  after  passing 
the  Confederate  batteries  at  Vicksburg  and  War- 
renton  he,  on  Feb.  24,  1863,  engaged  four  of  the 
enemy’s  gunboats,  manned  by  one  thousand 
men.  The  Indianola  held  her  own  bravely  for 
ninety  minutes,  but  the  tremendous  odds  against 
her  forced  her  commander,  who  was  severely 
wounded,  to  surrender.  On  being  exchanged,  a 
few  months  later,  he  took  command  of  the 
Itasca.  He  rendered  good  service  in  the  action 
of  Mobile  bay,  Aug.  5,  1864,  and  in  the  opera- 
tions against  the  defences  of  that  city,  March 
and  April,  1865.  He  was  given  the  rank  of  com- 
mander July  25,  1866,  and,  after  a year  of  service 
in  the  navy  yard  at  Washington,  was  for  a time 
commander  of  an  ironclad  man-of-war,  which 
the  Japanese  had  bought  from  the  United 
States,  he  having  obtained  leave  of  absence  for 
the  purpose.  On  April  25,  1877,  he  was  pro- 
moted captain,  and  in  1886  was  appointed  com- 
mandant of  the  Norfolk,  Va.,  navy  yard.  He 
was  promoted  commodore  Sept.  4,  1887,  and 
rear-admiral  Sept.  27,  1893.  In  1897  he  was 
senior  rear-admiral  on  the  active  list  and  was 
stationed  at  the  Norfolk  navy  yard. 

BROWN,  George  Loring,  painter,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  2,  1814.  When  a lad  he 
amused  himself  with  his  pencil,  and  so  clever 
were  the  sketches  that  he  was  advised  to  make 
a study  of  art.  As  a beginning  he  entered  the 
office  of  a wood-engraver,  and  derived  much 
practical  help  from  his  work  there.  He  made 
very  acceptable  drawings  which  were  used  to 
illustrate  children's  stories  in  magazines.  He 
attended  the  Franklin  school  for  a time,  and 
ther-e  was  awarded  a medal  for  drawing.  Up 
to  this  time  he  had  confined  himself  to  black  and 


white,  put  after  visiting  the  studios  of  various 
artists  he  made  some  attempts  with  colors,  and 
painted  a landscape  in  which  an  artist  friend 
saw  not  a little  merit.  Mr.  Cushman,  a gentle- 
man of  wealth  and  benevolence  in  Boston,  took 
an  interest  in  the  young  man  and  offered  to 
send  him  to  Europe.  Modestly  asking  for  one 
hundred  dollars,  the  budding  artist  started 
out.  Seventy-five  dollars  of  this  paid  his 
expenses  to  Antwerp,  and  he  would  have  fared 
poorly  had  not  an  American  friend  in  London 
given  him  necessary  assistance.  On  his  return 
to  America,  at  the  end  of  two  years,  he  was 
able  to  earn  enough  by  his  pictures  to  pay 
for  instruction  from  Washington  Allston.  He 
studied  under  the  best  instructors  of  Europe, 
and,  from  1840  to  1860.  followed  his  profes- 
sion in  Antwerp,  Rome,  Florence.  Paris,  and 
London.  Among  the  more  noteworthy  of  his 
pictures  are:  “The  Bay  of  New  York  ” (1860); 
“ The  Crown  of  New  England  ” (1861) ; “ Niag- 
ara by  Moonlight  ” (1876) ; “ Capri  ” (1878) ; 

“Doge's  Palace  at  Sunset”  (1881);  “Sunrise, 
Venice  ” (1882) ; “ Doge's  Palace  at  Sunrise  ” 
(1885) ; “ Palermo,”  “ Atrani, ” “ Bay  of  Naples,” 
“Fountain  of  Trevi,”  “A  Moonlight’  Scene,” 
“Arriccia  near  Rome,”  and  “Sunset,  Genoa.” 
The  Prince  of  Wales  during  his  visit  to  America 
was  presented  with  “ The  Bay  of  New  York  ” by 
a few  New  York  merchants,  and  afterwards 
purchased  the  “ Crown  of  New  England.”  Mr. 
Brown  died  in  Malden,  Mass.,  June  25,  1889. 

BROWN,  George  William,  jurist,  was  born  in 
1815.  In  i860  he  was  nominated  as  a reform  can- 
didate for  mayor  of  Baltimore  against  the  regular 
nominee  of  the  Know-Nothing  party,  and  was 
elected.  During  his  administration  the  6th 
Massachusetts  regiment  was  assaulted  in  the 
streets  of  Baltimore,  April  19,  1861.  When  the 
detachment  arrived,  fearing  trouble  from  the 
angry  mob.  Mayor  Brown  rode  beside  the  com- 
manding officer  through  the  city,  and  saw  the 
troops  safely  in  the  cars  at  Camden  station.  He 
was  later  imprisoned,  with  members  of  the  Mary- 
land state  legislature,  in  Fort  McHenry,  Fort 
Warren,  Fort  Monroe  and  Fort  Lafayette. 
From  1872  to  1888  he  served  as  chief  judge  of  the 
supreme  bench  of  Maryland,  the  age  limitation 
having  been  removed  by  the  legislature  to 
enable  him  to  serve  out  his  term.  In  1885  he 
was  nominated  as  reform  candidate  for  mayor, 
and  claimed  to  have  been  elected,  but  was 
counted  out.  He  was  the  author  of  “ The  Rela- 
tion of  the  Legal  Profession  to  Society  ” (1868) , 
“ Address  to  the  Medical  Graduates  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland”  (1872);  “Baltimore  and 
the  19th  of  April,  1861,”  and  “A  Study  of  the 
War  ” (1887).  He  died  at  Lake  Mohonk,  N.  Y., 
Sept,  6,  1890. 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


BROWN,  Goold,  grammarian,  was  born  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  March  7,  1791.  After  receiv- 
ing an  academic  education  he  taught  school,  first 
in  his  native  state,  and  in  1811  in  a Friends’  board- 
ing school  in  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.  In  1813  he 
accepted  a position  as  principal  of  an  academy 
in  New  York  city,  and  finding  no  English  gram- 
mar which  satisfied  him  lie  prepared  a new  one, 
which  was  adopted  by  instructors  all  over  the 
country.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Institutes  of  Eng- 
lish Grammar  ” (1823,  '32,  ’46);  “ First  Lines  of 
English  Grammar  ” (1823,  '27);  “A  Grammar 
of  English  Grammars  ” (1850-’51),  and  other 
grammatical  treatises.  He  died  in  Lynn,  Mass., 
March  31,  1857. 

BROWN,  Harvey,  soldier,  was  born  at  Rah- 
way, N.  J.,  in  1795.  He  was  graduated  from 
West  Point,  July  24,  1818,  and  was  promoted  2d 
lieutenant  of  light  artillery.  He  served  in  gar- 
rison at  Boston  and  at  New  London,  Conn.,  and 
later  was  placed  on  commissary  duty  at  St.  Au- 
gustine, Fla.  He  was  also  aide-de-camp  to 
Major-General  Brown.  In  1821,  when  the  army 
was  re-organized,  he  was  made  2d  lieutenant  of 
the  1st  artillery,  and  on  August  23  was  pro- 
moted 1st  lieutenant.  In  1831  he  was  given  the 
brevet  rank  of  captain  for  ten  years’  faithful 
service.  He  served  in  the  Florida  war,  in  camp 
near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  on  the  northern  frontier,  on 
garrison  duty,  and  was  present  at  the  principal 
engagements  during  the  war  with  Mexico, 
receiving,  for  gallantry  in  the  battle  of  Con- 
treras, the  brevet  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  In 
September,  1847,  he  was  brevetted  colonel  for 
services  at  the  Gate  of  Belen,  city  of  Mexico, 
and  from  1849  to  1851  he  had  command  of  the 
general  depot  for  recruits  at  Fort  Columbus, 
New  York  harbor.  In  January,  1851,  he  was 
promoted  major  of  2d  artillery,  and  in  1852  was 
on  duty  in  Florida,  remaining  there  until  1857. 
From  then  until  the  civil  war  he  was  on  garrison 
an  l other  duty,  and  in  April,  1861,  was  promoted 
lieutenant-colonel  of  4th  artillery.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  was  made  colonel,  and  in  September 
declined  a promotion  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  receiving  this  rank  by  brevet,  however, 
a few  months  later.  He  was  engaged  in  the 
repulse  of  the  Confederate  attack  on  Santa  Rosa 
Island,  Fla.,  October  9,  and  in  the  bombard- 
ment of  Fort  Pickens,  Nov.  22-23,  1861,  and  Jan. 
1,  1862.  As  military  commander  of  New  York 
city,  he  was  active  in  suppressing  the  draft  riots 
of  1863.  He  retired  from  active  service  Aug.  1, 

1863,  and  the  next  day  was  brevetted  major- 
general  in  the  regular  army.  From  June  29, 

1864,  to  Nov.  9,  1866,  he  was  in  waiting  orders, 
and  then  served  as  superintendent  of  the 
recruiting  service  until  April  5,  1867.  He  died 
in  Clifton  (S.  I.),  N,  Y.,  March  31,  1874. 


BROWN,  Henry  Armitt,  orator,  was  born  in 

Philadelphia.  Pa.,  Dec.  1,  1844.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Yale  college  in  1865,  and  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1869.  He  made  an  extended  trip 
through  Europe.  On  his  return  to  America  he 
settled  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  acquired  a large 
practice  and  a wide  reputation  as  an  eloquent 
speaker.  He  was  much  sought  as  a campaign 
and  memorial  orator,  and  delivered  addresses  at 
various  anniversaries  and  centennials.  Several 
of  these  orations  were  collected  by  J.  M.  Hoppin, 
professor  of  Yale  college,  and  published  in  1880. 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Aug.  21,  1879. 

BROWN,  Henry  Billings,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Lee,  Mass.,  March  2,  1836;  son  of  Billings  Brown, 
a manufacturer.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in 
1856,  and  spent  a year  in  Europe,  studying  lan- 
guages and  travelling  extensively  on  the  con- 
tinent. He  began  his  law  studies  at  the  law 
school  in  New  Haven 
and  finished  them  at 
Harvard,  where  he 
received  his  degree. 

In  1859  he  went  to  De- 
troit, and  in  1861  was 
appointed  deputy  U.  S. 
marshal  and  assistant 
district  attorney.  He 
held  the  latter  office 
until  1868,  when  Gov- 
ernor Crapo  appointed 
him  to  fill  a vacancy  in 
the  Wayne  circuit 
court.  In  1875  Presi- 
dent Grant  appointed 
him  U.  S.  district 

judge.  As  an  admiralty  lawyer  he  became  a 
recognized  authority  and  compiled  a volume  of 
“Admiralty  Reports”  (1875).  Upon  the  death 
of  Mr.  Justice  Miller  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court. 
Oct.  14,  1890,  President  Harrison  appointed 
Judge  Brown  as  his  successor,  and  he  was  com- 
missioned, Dec.  29,  1890.  In  1887  the  Lhii versify 
of  Michigan  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
LL.D. 


isUnAmr. 


BROWN,  Henry  Kirke,  sculptor,  was  born  at 
Leyden,  Mass.,  Feb.  24,  1814.  He  received  the 
ordinary  training  of  a farmer's  boy,  and  made  his 
first  attempt  in  art  when  a lad  of  twelve  years. 
The  materials  used  were  of  the  coarsest  descrip- 
tion', but  his  portrait  of  an  old  man  was  a suc- 
cess. His  mother  encouraged  his  love  for  art. 
In  1832  he  went  to  Boston  and  studied  portrait 
painting  under  Chester  Harding.  He  then 
engaged  as  a civil  engineer  on  the  Illinois 
Central  railroad,  and  afterwards  studied  an- 
atomy in  Cincinnati.  For  his  own  amusement 
he  modelled  the  head  of  a lady  in  clay,  and  his 
success  determined  him  to  become  a sculptor.  In 


[440] 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


1840  he  went  to  Albany,  where  he  executed 
portrait  busts  of  local  statesmen  and  two  ideal 
statues.  Through  the  aid  of  friends  he  was  en- 
abled to  spend  several  years  in  Italy,  where  he 
executed  his  “Ruth,”  a group  consisting  of  a 
boy  and  a dog  which  is  in  the  possession  of 
the  New  York  historical  society,  and  studied 
faithfully  and  profitably  from  1842  to  1846, 
when  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  and 
opened  a studio  in  New  York,  and  with  the  aid  of 
skilled  workmen  from  Europe  made  the  first 
bronze  casts  ever  attempted  in  America.  He 
executed  an  altar  piece  for  the  Church  of  the 
Annunciation,  and  portrait  busts  of  William 
Cullen  Bryant  and  Dr.  Willard  Parker.  He 
then  settled  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  where  he  exe- 
cuted many  commissions  for  monumental  art 
and  he  perfected  the  casting  in  bronze.  He 
spent  1848  among  the  Indians,  where  he  obtained 
some  excellent  life  casts.  In  1850-’52  he  was 
engaged  on  the  statue  of  DeWitt  Clinton  for 
Greenwood  cemetery,  Brooklyn,  the  first  bronze 
statue  ever  executed  in  the  United  States.  He 
executed  the  equestrian  statue  of  Washington 
in  Union  square,  N.  Y.,  finished  in  1855,  when  he 
went  to  Columbia,  S.  C.,  to  execute  a group  for 
the  pediment  of  the  state  house.  Of  this  group 
he  had  finished  the  ideal  figure  of  South  Caro- 
lina, when  rumors  of  the  civil  war  determined 
him  to  return  to  his  home.  This  figure  was 
destroyed  by  Sherman’s  troops  in  1865.  He 
served  as  a member  of  the  national  art  commis- 
sion, appointed  by  President  Buchanan,  1859-’60, 
in  the  U.  S.  sanitary  commission  through  the  civil 
war;  and  was  sculptor  of  state  statues  of  Lin- 
coln, in  Prospect  Park,  Brooklyn,  and  Union 
square,  New  York,  Gens.  George  Clinton,  Winfield 
Scott  and  Philip  Kearny;  equestrian  statues  of 
Gens.  Winfield  Scott  and  Nathanael  Greene,  and 
statues  of  Dr.  George  W.  Bethune  and  Richard 
Stockton,  and  “ The  Resurrection.  ” He  died  at 
Newburg,  N.  Y.,  July  10,  1886. 

BROWN,  Isaac  Van  Arsdale,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Somerset  county,  N.  J.,  Nov.  4,  1784. 
He  was  graduated  from  Princeton  college  in 
1802,  and  studied  for  the  Presbyterian  ministry. 
His  first  pastorate  was  at  Lawrence ville,  N.  J., 
where  in  1810  he  founded  a classical  school.  In 
1842  lie  engaged  in  literary  work  at  Mt.  Holly, 
and  subsequently  removed  to  Ti’enton,  N.  J.  He 
became  a member  of  the  American  Bible  society 
at  its  organization,  and  aided  in  establishing  the 
American  colonization  society.  His  published 
writings  include;  “The  Unity  of  the  Human 
Race,”  “Historical  Vindication  of  the  Abro- 
gation of  the  Plan  of  Union  by  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  the  United  States  of  America,”  and  a 
life  of  Robert  Finley,  D.D.  (1855).  He  died  in 
Trenton,  N.  J..  April  19,  1861. 


BROWN,  J.  Appleton,  artist,  was  born  at 
West  Newbury,  Mass.,  July  12,  1844.  In  his  boy- 
hood he  showed  unmistakable  talent  for  drawing 
and  painting,  and  this  talent  his  parents  were 
careful  to  encourage.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  high  school  in  Newburyport,  and  in  1865 
went  to  Boston,  where,  with  Mr.  B.  C.  Porter, 
he  opened  a studio.  In  1866  he  went  abroad, 
where  he  spent  some  time  drawing  in  the 
Louvre,  and  in  1867  began  to  study  under 
Lambinet.  In  1868  he  returned  to  his  studio  in 
Boston,  where  he  remained  until  his  marriage  in 
1874  to  Agnes  Bartlet,  an  artist  of  talent. 
With  his  wife  he  visited  Paris,  where  they 
remained  a year.  A picture  painted  at  Calva- 
dos, entitled,  “ Le  Bord  de  la  Mer,  a Dives,” 
was  exhibited  and  sold  from  the  salon  of 
1875.  “ L’Etd  ” was  also  hung  in  the  same 
salon.  Annual  exhibitions  of  his  paintings  were 
made  in  Boston.  In  1879  he  illustrated  “ Land- 
scape in  American  Poetry,”  by  Lucy  Larcom, 
published  by  the  Appletons.  In  1886  he  spent  the 
summer  painting  in  England.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  American  artists,  asso- 
ciate national  academician,  and  member  of  New 
York  water-color  club.  He  was  awarded  a medal 
by  the  World's  Columbian  exposition,  and  won 
several  medals  in  Boston.  He  removed  to  New 
York  city  in  1891.  Among  his  paintings  are:  “ A 
View,  Dives  Calvados,  France  ” (1875) ; “ Old 

Road  near  Paris  ” (1875) ; “ On  the  Merrimac  at 
Newburyport,  Autumn,”  “Storm  at  the  Isle  of 
Shoals,”  “ Glen  Mill  Brook,  Byfield,  Mass.,”  and 
“Springtime”  (1884). 

BROWN,  Jacob,  soldier,  was  born  in  Bucks 
county,  Pa.,  May  9,  1775;  son  of  Samuel  Brown. 
His  mother  was  the  daughter  of  a celebrated 
Quaker  preacher  named  Wright;  a woman  of 
strong  and  sterling  character.  During  the 
earlier  part  of  his  life  he  supported  himself  by 
teaching.  In  1796  he  went  to  Ohio  as  a land  sur- 
veyor, remaining  there  two  years,  when  he 
returned  to  New  York  and  took  charge  of  a 
Friends’  school  there.  He  there  became  ac- 
quainted with  many  of  the  brilliant  men  of  the 
day.  Gouverneur  Morris  depicted  to  him  the 
greatness  of  New  York  above  all  the  other 
commonwealths,  and  induced  him  to  purchase  a 
tract  of  land  on  the  St.  Lawrence  frontier, 
where  he  founded  a settlement  which  became 
the  flourishing  village  of  Brownville.  He 
was  elected  county  judge,  and  having  had 
considerable  military  experience,  while  sec- 
retary to  Gen.  Alexander  Hamilton,  he  was  made 
colonel  of  the  regiment  of  his  militia  district  in 
1809,  and  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in 
the  state  militia  in  1810.  In  1812  General  Brown 
raised  a brigade,  and  was  appointed  com- 
mander of  the  frontier  from  Oswego  to  Lake 
(44’ 1 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


St.  Francis  — a line  of  two  hundred  miles  in 
extent,  and  repelled,  Oct.  4,  1812,  an  attack  of 
the  British  on  Ogdensburg,  where  lie  had  his 
headquarters.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1813  lie 
assumed  command  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  and  on 
May  29  he  again  repulsed  the  British,  killing 
and  wounding  about  three  hundred  in  the  battle. 
Then  he  went  to  the  defence  of  Ogdensburg 
and  repelled  the  enemy  again.  On  July  19,  1813, 
he  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the  regu- 
lar army,  and  on  Jan.  24,  1814,  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  forces  on  the  Niagara  frontier 
as  major-general.  On  July  5,  1814,  General 
Brown  gained  a victory  over  General  Riall 
at  Chippewa,  and  this  was  followed  by  succes- 
sive triumphs  of  his  forces  at  Fort  Erie,  Lundy’s 
Lane  and  other  strategic  points.  The  thanks 
of  Congress  were  extended  to  him  on  Nov.  3, 
1814;  he  was  awarded  a gold  medal  in  recog- 
nition of  his  many  triumphs,  and  the  city  of 
New  York  tendered  him  its  freedom.  General 
Brown  removed  to  Washington  in  1821,  having 
been  made  commanding  general  of  the  army. 
His  death,  which  resulted  from  the  effects  of 
a disease  contracted  at  Fort  Erie,  occurred  at 
Brownville,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  27,  1828. 

BROWN,  James,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  in  1666;  the  second  son  of  John  and 
Mary  (Holmes)  Brown,  and  grandson  of  Chad 
Brown.  From  1705  to  1725  he  served  almost  con- 
tinuously as  a member  of  the  town  council,  and 
from  1714  to  1718  was  town  treasurer.  He  was 
pastor  of  the  First  Baptist  church,  being  first  as- 
sociated with  Elder  Pardon  Tillinghast,  and  later 
with  the  Rev.  Ebenezer  Jenckes,  succeeding  the 
latter  in  the  ministry  in  1726,  and  remaining 
pastor  of  the  church  until  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  was  a man  of  economy  and  thrift,  and  left  a 
comfortable  property.  He  died  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Oct,  28,  1732. 

BROWN,  James,  merchant,  was  born  March 
22, 1698;  son  of  James  and  Mary  (Harris)  Brown. 
He  married  Hope  Power,  grand  daughter  of  Elder 
Pardon  Tillinghast  and  shortly  afterwards  en- 
tered into  business,  later  taking  his  younger 
brother,  Obadiah,  as  a partner.  This  was  the 
beginning  of  the  commercial  house  of  the 
Browns.  His  sons,  Nicholas,  Joseph,  John  and 
Moses,  were  known  as  the  “ four  brothers, ” an- 
other son,  James,  having  died  at  the  age  of 
twenty-six.  He  died  April  27,  1739. 

BROWN,  James,  senator,  was  born  near 
Staunton,  Va.,  Sept.  11.  1766;  a brother  of  John 
Brown,  U.  S.  senator  from  Kentucky.  He 
studied  law  after  his  graduation  from  Washing- 
ton college,  and  practised  first  at  Frankfort,  Ky. 
He  led  a company  of  sharp-shooters  in  1791 
against  the  Indians.  The  following  year  he  was 
made  secretary  to  Governor  Isaac  Shelby,  and 

144' 


soon  after  removed  to  Louisiana,  where  he  aided 
Edward  Livingston  in  preparing  the  codes  of 
law,  being  appointed  by  President  Jefferson  sec- 
retary of  the  territory  of  Louisiana  after  its 
acquisition,  and  U.  S.  judge  in  1804.  In  1812  he 
was  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  serving  from 
Feb.  5,  1813,  to  March  3,  1817,  when  his  term  ex- 
pired. He  was  elected  in  1819  as  successor  to 
Senator  Fromentin,  and  resigned,  in  1823,  to 
accept  the  appointment  of  U.  S.  minister  to 
France,  holding  the  office  until  1829.  He  died 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  7,  1835. 

BROWN,  James,  publisher,  was  born  at  Acton, 
Mass.,  May  19,  1800.  His  father  was  a captain  in 
the  revolutionary  army.  He  obtained  employ- 
ment in  1815,  in  the  family  of  Professor  Hedge 
of  Harvard  college,  who  gave  him  some  in- 
struction in  Latin  and  mathematics.  In  1818 
he  found  a position  in  the  book  store  of  Wil- 
liam Hillard.  In  1826  he  became  a partner,  and 
in  1832  a branch  firm  was  established  under  the 
name  of  Brown,  Shattuck  & Co.,  which  lasted 
until  1834.  In  1837  Mr.  Brown  withdrew  from 
the  firm  of  Hillard,  Gray  & Co.,  and  entered  into 
co-partnership  with  Charles  C.  Little  & Co.,  as 
Little  & Brown.  He  made  valuable  gifts  to  the 
library  of  Harvard  college  and  the  public  library 
of  Boston,  besides  donating  five  thousand  dollars 
to  the  natural  history  department  of  Harvard 
college.  See  life  of  James  Brown,  by  Geo.  S. 
Hillard  (1855).  He  died  March  10,  1855. 

BROWN,  James  Cauldwell,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  St.  Clairsville,  Ohio,  Oct.  5,  1815.  After 
his  graduation  from  Jefferson  college  in  1835.  he 
went  to  Allegheny,  Pa.,  where  he  remained  until 
1837,  studying  at  the  Western  theological  semin- 
ary, and  then  taking  a two  years’  course  of  study 
at  the  theological  seminary,  Columbia.  S.  C. 
After  being  licensed  by  the  presbytery  of  Har- 
mony, S.  C. , he  began  his  work  as  a missionary  iu 
Indiana.  He  was  an  earnest  worker,  and  was  es- 
pecially successful  as  an  organizer.  Many  active 
and  prosperous  churches  owe  their  origin  to  him. 
For  many  years  he  preached  in  Valparaiso,  Ind.. 
was  for  a short  time  connected  with  the  theo- 
logical seminary  of  the  northwest  in  Chicago, 
as  general  agent,  and  was  instrumental  in  found- 
ing a Presbyterian  seminary.  In  1862  he  was 
chosen  chaplain  of  the  48th  Indiana  regiment, 
but  died  in  Paducah.  Ky.,  while  in  camp.  July  14. 
1862, 

BROWN,  James  Sidney,  artist,  was  born  in 
New  York  city.  April  15,  1820.  He  was  appren- 
ticed to  a silversmith,  but  having  artistic  talent 
secured  admittance  to  the  antique  school  of  the 
National  academy  of  design  as  a student  in  1841. 
After  graduation  lie  opened  a portrait  studio  on 
Broadway,  where  he  became  famous  for  his  skill 
in  water-colors,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
2] 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


the  American  society  of  water  - color  artists. 
When  the  art  of  daguerreotyping  was  introduced 
lie  accepted  an  engagement  from  Matthew  Brady, 
a noted  Washington  photographer.  He  excelled 
in  the  art  of  posing  his  subjects,  and  specimens  of 
his  work  were  sent  to  the  London  exposition  of 
1851,  and  won  the  gold  medal.  He  founded  at 
the  National  academy  the  Ruskin  life  class,  where 
the  students  worked  exclusively  with  the  brush 
instead  of  the  pencil.  In  1861  he  studied  in  Paris 
with  Thomas  Couture,  who  highly  commended 
his  ability  as  an  artist  in  water-color.  He  re- 
turned to  New  York  after  the  war,  and  was  for 
a time  a wood-engraver  for  the  Bible  society,  for 
Harper  & Brothers,  and  for  Frank  Leslie.  He 
died  in  Bellevue  hospital,  N.  Y.,  in  February,  1893. 

BROWN,  Jason  Brevoort,  representative,  was 
born  in  Dillsborougli,  Ind.,  Feb.  26,  1839.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1860,  and  to  prac- 
tice in  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States  in 
1866.  In  1862  he  was  elected  to  the  Indiana 
house  of  representatives  and  re-elected  in  1864. 
He  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1870  and 
again  in  1880,  and  in  1888  a representative  to 
the  51st  Congress  and  re-elected  to  the  52d  and 
53d  congresses. 

BROWN,  John,  colonist,  was  born  in  England 
in  1630;  eldest  son  of  Chad  and  Elizabeth  Brown. 
He  settled  in  Rhode  Island  with  his  parents  in 
1638,  where  he  became  prominent  in  town  affairs. 
He  served  frequently  as  a juryman,  was  com- 
missioner on  union  of  towns  in  1654,  and  freeman 
in  1665.  In  1659  he  was  appointed  surveyor  of 
highways,  served  on  various  committees,  and 
was  moderator,  member  of  the  town  council  with 
Roger  Williams  and  Thomas  Harris,  and  deputy 
in  legislature.  He  died  about  1706. 

BROWN,  John,  merchant,  was  born  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  Jan.  27,  1736;  third  son  of  James 
and  Hope  (Power)  Brown,  and  third  of  the  “ four 
brothers.”  He  gained  a large  fortune,  from 
which  he  contributed  liberally  to  the  cause  of 
independence.  The  Hope  Furnace  in  Cranston, 
built  and  owned  by  the  “ four  brothers,”  was 
one  of  the  chief  manufacturing  places  for  Con- 
tinental cannon.  In  June,  1772,  when  the  British 
sloop-of-war  Gaspee  was  destroyed,  he  was  one 
of  the  foremost  in  the  attacking  party.  The 
story  is  thus  told  by  Bancroft:  “On  the  ninth 
of  June  the  Providence  packet  was  returning  to 
Providence,  and  Dudingston  of  the  Gaspee  gave 
chase.  The  tide  being  at  flood  the  packet  ven- 
tured near  shore;  the  Gaspee  confidently  fol- 
lowed, and,  drawing  more  water,  ran  aground 
on  Namquit  Point.  The  following  night  a party 
of  men  in  six  or  seven  boats,  led  by  John  and 
Joseph  Brown  of  Providence,  and  Simeon  Potter 
of  Bristol,  boarded  the  stranded  schooner,  after 
a scuffle  in  which  Dudingston  was  wounded, 


took  and  landed  its  crew,  and  then  set  it  on  fire.  ” 
Brown,  for  his  hand  in  the  affair,  was  bound  and 
taken  to  Boston,  but  his  brother  Moses  finally 
succeeded  in  liberating  him,  and  by  the  utmost 
vigilance  he  escaped  further  imprisonment.  He 
rendered  great  service  to  the  colonists  by  giving 
orders  to  his  captains  to  return  with  their  ves- 
sels loaded  with  powder,  and  he  was  thus 
enabled  to  meet  the  pressing  needs  of  the  Con- 
tinental army  at  Cambridge.  In  1782  he  with- 
drew from  the  firm  of  the  “ four  brothers,”  and 
settled  at  India  Point,  where  he  entered  upon 
the  then  almost  untried  venture  of  opening 
direct  trade  with  the  East  Indies  and  China.  In 
1767  he  was  chosen  a member  of  the  committee  in 
the  first  unsuccessful  attempt  to  establish  pub- 
lic schools  in  Rhode  Island.  His  interest  in  edu- 
cational matters  was  also  shown  by  his  liberal 
contributions  to  the  College  of  Rhode  Island  and 
Providence  Plantation,  and  on  May  14,  1770,  he 
laid  the  cornerstone  of  its  first  building,  after- 
wards the  University  hall.  For  twenty  years  he 
acted  as  treasurer  of  this  institution.  He  was 
also  an  influential  member  of  the  Baptist  church, 
giving  liberally  of  his  wealth  for  its  support.  He 
was  repeatedly  elected  to  the  general  assembly, 
and  in  1799  he  was  sent  as  a representative  to 
the  6tli  Congress,  serving  two  years.  He  died 
Sept.  20,  1803. 

BROWN,  John,  soldier,  was  born  at  Sandis- 
field,  Mass.,  Oct.  19,  1744.  After  his  graduation 
from  Yale  he  studied  the  law,  and  practised  first 
at  Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  king’s  attor- 
ney, and  later  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.  In  1774  he 
was  a member  of  the  Massachusetts  provincial 
congress,  and  in  1775  he  was  sent  to  Canada  to 
make  observations  and  reports  as  to  the  attitude 
of  the  people  there.  He  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  major  in  the  provincial  army  in  July, 
1775,  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  aided  in  the 
capture  of  Fort  Cliambly.  He  served  in  the 
Quebec  campaign  under  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  and 
assisted  in  the  surprise  and  capture  of  Ticonde- 
roga,  marching  out  the  prisoners,  and  personally 
conveying  the  report  of  the  expedition  to  Con- 
gress. In  1776  he  was  commissioned  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  the  following  year  commanded  the 
forces  that  attacked  Ticonderoga  and  other  posts 
near  Lake  George  and  Lake  Champlain.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  capturing  all  the  British  outposts 
between  the  north  end  of  Lake  George  and  Fort 
Ticonderoga.  Mount  Hope,  Mount  Defiance,  the 
French  lines,  and  many  supplies  and  boats  were 
seized,  together  with  two  hundred  and  ninety- 
three  British  prisoners.  He  also  set  free  about 
one  hundred  Americans.  Not  long  afterwards 
he  resigned  from  the  army  because  of  his  intense 
hatred  for  Arnold,  and  three  years  previous  to 
the  treachery  of  the  latter  Bx-own  denounced 
[443] 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


him  in  a hand-bill  as  a traitor,  saying,  Money 
is  this  man's  God,  and  to  get  enough  of  it  he 
would  sacrifice  his  country  ! ” Colonel  Brown 
served  in  the  Massachusetts  legislature  in  1778 
and  in  the  state  militia.  He  inarched  to  the 
relief  of  General  Schuyler  in  the  Mohawk  valley 
in  1780,  and,  with  forty -five  of  his  command,  was 
led  into  ambush  and  killed  by  the  Indians  at 
Stone  Arabia,  Palatine,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  19,  1780. 

BROWN,  John,  senator,  was  born  at  Staunton, 
Va. , Sept.  12.  1757.  His  course  at  Princeton 
college  was  ended  by  the  closing  of  the  college  at 
the  retreat  of  the  American  army.  He  joined 
the  army  and  served  bravely  throughout  the  war. 
He  then  finished  his  education  at  Washington 
college,  and  in  1782,  having  obtained  admission 
to  the  bar,  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of  the 
law,  removed  to  Frankfort,  Ky.,  where  he  was 
elected  a member  of  the  Virginia  legislature  from 
the  district  of  Kentucky,  and  in  1787  was  elected 
a delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress,  serving 
from  1787  to  1789.  He  was  then  elected  as  a rep- 
resentative to  the  1st  U.  S.  Congress,  serving 
until  1792,  when  he  was  elected  a U.  S.  senator 
for  the  short  term.  In  1793  lie  was  elected  to  the 
senate  for  the  full  term  and  was  re-elected  in 
1799,  serving  for  fourteen  years.  He  voted  to 
locate  the  seat  of  government  on  the  Potomac. 
He  died  in  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Aug.  28,  1837. 

BROWN,  John,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ireland 
June  15,  1763.  At  an  early  age  he  was  brought 
by  his  parents  to  America,  and  settled  in  South 
Carolina.  His  early  boyhood  being  spent  in  farm 
work,  his  education  was  very  meagre,  and  at  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  volunteered  in  the  army.  He 
served  bravely  throughout  the  revolutionary 
war,  when,  after  a course  in  theology,  he  began 
preaching,  taking  charge  of  the  church  in  the 
Waxliaw  settlement  in  1788.  Here  he  preached 
for  twenty -one  years,  when  he  resigned  to  accept 
the  chair  of  logic  and  moral  philosophy  in  the 
University  of  South  Carolina.  In  1811  he  was 
elected  to  the  presidency  of  the  University  of 
Georgia,  where  he  remained  for  five  years.  In 
1816  he  assumed  pastoral  charge  of  a church  in 
Hancock  county,  Ga.  He  died  at  Fort  Gaines, 
Ga..  Dec.  11,  1842. 

BROWN,  John,  clergyman,  was  born  in  New 
York  city  May  19,  1791.  At  the  age  of  twenty, 
having  finished  his  course  at  Columbia  college  in 
1811,  he  studied  theology  under  Bishop  Hobart, 
and  in  1812  was  ordained  to  the  priesthood.  For 
three  years  he  was  rector  of  Trinity  church.  Fish- 
kill,  N.  Y.,  and  then  removed  to  Newburg, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  was  rector  of  St.  George's  church 
for  sixty-three  years.  He  delivered  an  address 
of  welcome  to  Lafayette  at  the  headquarters 
of  General  Washington,  at  Newburg,  in  1824. 
He  died  in  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  15,  1884. 


BROWN,  John,  abolitionist,  was  born  at  Tor- 
rington,  Conn. , May  9,  1800 ; son  of  Owen  and 
Ruth  (Mills)  Brown;  grandson  of  John  and  Han- 
nah (Owen)  Brown,  and  lineally  descended 
through  John  and  Mary  (Eggleston)  Brown,  John 
and  Elizabeth  (Loomis)  Brown,  and  Peter  and 
Mary  (Gillett)  Brown, 
from  Peter  Brown, 
who  came  to  Ply- 
mouth in  the  May- 
flower in  1620.  In  1805 
the  parents  of  John 
Bro w n removed  to 
Hudson,  Ohio,  where 
he  learned  the  trade 
of  tanning  from  his 
father.  His  father  be- 
longed to  the  early 
school  of  abolition- 
ists, and  his  own  op- 
portunities of  observ- 
ing the  cruelties  prac- 
tised upon  the  unfor- 
tunate colored  race,  imbued  him  with  a strong 
purpose  to  do  what  he  might  to  effect  the  redress 
of  their  wrongs.  His  adventurous  spirit  was 
developed  by  a childhood  spent  upon  the  borders 
of  the  wilderness.  Before  his  twelfth  year  he 
was  frequently  sent  in  charge  of  cattle,  some- 
times a hundred  miles  through  an  unsettled 
country.  When  sixteen  years  of  age  he  was 
sent  to  Plainfield,  Mass.,  in  order  that  he  might 
attend  an  academy,  and  in  1819,  shortly  after  his 
return  to  Ohio,  he  set  up  in  business  for  himself 
as  a tanner.  In  1820  he  married  his  first  wife, 
Mrs.  Diantha  Lusk,  was  made  postmaster  of 
Richmond,  Pa.,  in  1826,  and  held  that  office  dur- 
ing the  administrations  of  Presidents  John  Q. 
Adams  and  Andrew  Jackson.  In  1835  he  re- 
moved to  Franklin,  Ohio,  where  he  made  trouble 
in  the  church  by  his  habit  of  admitting  negroes 
into  his  own  family  pew.  Four  years  later  he 
made  his  family  covenant  against  the  national 
sin,  and  gradually  grew  to  believe  the  extirpation 
of  slavery  a mission  committed  to  him  personally 
In  1840  he  returned  to  Hudson,  Ohio,  and  in  1846. 
in  partnership  with  a Mr.  Perkins,  engaged  in  the 
wool  commission  business  at  Springfield,  Mass. ; 
this  venture  not  being  successful,  he  went  to  Eng- 
land, hoping  to  better  it,  and  there  met  the  lead- 
ing English  abolitionists,  who  listened  rather 
coldly  to  his  plans  for  emancipation.  In  all  his 
varied  enterprises,  the  purpose  he  had  laid  out  for 
himself  was  never  absent  from  his  mind,  and  it 
was  in  furtherance  of  his  plans  for  the  ameliora- 
tion of  the  condition  of  the  negro  race  that,  in 
1849,  he  bought  a farm  in  North  Elba,  N.  Y.,  near 
a tract  of  land  given  by  Mr.  Gerrit  Smith  for  the 
occupation  of  a colony  of  colored  persons,  emanci- 
[444J 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


pated  slaves  and  others.  Mr.  Brown  thought 
that  he  and  his  family  might  be  of  assistance  to 
the  colored  colony,  but  the  project  was  unsuccess- 
ful ; meanwhile  he  lent  every  help  in  his  power  to 
fugitive  slaves.  In  1851  he  returned  to  his  farm, 
where  he  continued  to  raise  wool,  specimens  of 
which  he  sent  to  the  London  exhibition  in  that 
year.  In  1855-'56  occurred  the  struggle  in  Kan- 
sas between  the  slaveholders  and  the  friends  of 
abolition.  The  possession  of  the  territories,  and 
the  introduction  into  them  of  the  system  of 
slavery,  meant  for  the  slave-holding  states  an 
assured  majority  in  Congress;  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  possession  of  the  territories  by 
the  north  meant  the  diminution  of  power  of  the 
south.  Many  of  the  so-called  southern  “ set- 
tlers ” in  Kansas  were  in  reality  employed  in  a 
military  foray,  and  went  there  armed  and  void 
of  intention  to  settle.  On  the  other  hand,  the  free- 
state  men  were  not  all  bona-fide  settlers  who 
wished  only  for  a peaceable  possession  of  the  lands 
which  they  took  up.  Among  these  were  five  of 
the  sons  of  John  Brown,  and,  as  the  trouble  thick 
ened,  he  determined  to  join  them.  March,  1855,  oc- 
curred the  first  election  for  a territorial  constitu- 
tion ; numbers  of  armed  Missourians  entered  the 
state  and  cast  their  illegal  votes  by  force  of  arms, 
and  the  Browns  were  mustered  in  as  Kansas  militia 
to  defend  the  town  of  Lawrence.  On  May  25  the 
so-called  “ Pottawatomie  Massacre  " took  place, 
when  five  pro-slavery  men  were  called  from  their 
houses  by  night  and  shot,  in  avowed  reprisal  for 
the  death  of  certain  free-state  men.  This  is  the 
one  most  criticised  event  of  John  Brown's  career ; 
for  to  him,  though  he  repeatedly  asserted  that  he 
was  not  present  at  the  assassination,  was  attri- 
buted this  blow  which  struck  at  the  arrogant 
force  of  the  slaveholders.  The  property  of  the 
Browns  was  destroyed,  two  of  the  sons  were  sub- 
jected to  imprisonment,  and  one  of  them  was 
murdered  by  a pro-slavery  parson.  In  October, 
1856,  John  Brown  left  Kansas  with  his  sons,  and 
during  the  year  1857  was  employed  in  procuring 
arms  and  collecting  stores  and  men  to  aid  him 
in  his  cherished  plan.  In  1858  he  went  to  Canada 
and  there  formulated  his  famous  “ provisional 
constitution. ’’  He  then  returned  to  Kansas, 
where  he  entrenched  himself  in  a fortified  camp, 
from  whence  he  made  a raid  over  the  Missouri 
border,  captured  a number  of  slaves  and  con- 
ducted them  to  Canada.  This  exploit  made  his 
name  widely  known,  and  with  reasonable  caution 
he  became  more  guarded  in  his  movements.  In 
June,  1859,  he  hired  a farm  near  Hagerstown, 
Md.,  where  he  collected  his  stores.  He  was 
known  to  the  country  people  as  Mr.  Smith  and 
for  three  months  he  quietly  perfected  li is 
arrangements.  He  had  been  furnished  with 
money  and  arms  by  sympathizers  in  the  north 


who  had  faith  in  his  motives,  and  did  not  question 
his  judgment  or  seek  to  learn  the  details  of  his 
movements.  The  projected  attack  upon  the 
arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry, Va.,  was  fixed  for  Octo- 
ber 24,  but  owing  to  the  attempts  of  one  of  his 
adherents  to  betray  him,  lie  became  anxious  lest 
his  design  should  be  frustrated,  and  on  Sunday, 
Oct.  16,  1859,  marched  his  company  of  twenty -one 
men  to  the  armory  ; on  the  next  morning  took  a 
number  of  citizens  prisoners,  and  seized  the  rail- 
road bridge.  He  might  even  then  have  retraced 
his  steps  and  retired  to  his  fortified  camp,  but  his 
hopes  were  sanguine.  He  believed  that  the  slaves 
would  rise  en  masse,  and  that  thus  their  freedom 
would  be  etfected.  Virginia  and  Maryland  mil- 
itia arrived  and  escape  was  impossible ; desultory 
fighting  was  kept  up  during  the  day,  and  two  of 
Brown’s  party  were  killed;  the  survivors  took 
refuge  in  an  engine-house,  where  they  defended 
themselves  to  the  death.  John  Brown’s  conduct 
was  heroic  in  the  extreme,  but  the  United  States 
troops  arriving,  under  Col.  Robert  E.  Lee,  he  was 
overpowered,  wounded  and  imprisoned  at  the  jail 
at  Charlestown.  His  trial  was  short;  on  the  26th 
he  was  indicted,  his  trial  commenced  on  the  fol- 
lowing day,  and  on  the  31st.  he  was  found  guilty 
of  treason  and  murder  and  sentenced  to  death. 
Before  his  trial,  and  during  that  tune,  he  received 
many  letters  of  warm  and  cordial  sympathy  from 
friends  at  the  north.  Mrs.  Lydia  Maria  Child 
addressed  a petition  to  Governor  Wise  that  she 
should  be  allowed  to  go  to  Virginia  to  nurse  him. 
A rescue  was  spoken  of,  but  he  strongly  con- 
demned the  idea  of  such,a  movement,  and  after  a 
wearisome  imprisonment  of  forty-two  days  he  met 
his  fate  on  the  scaffold  with  amazing  fortitude. 
His  body  was  delivered  to  his  widow,  and  in- 
terred at  North  Elba,  N.  Y.,  with  those  of  his  sons, 
Wendell  Phillips  pronouncing  the  eulogy.  Of  his 
twenty  children  only  eight  survived  him,  and  his 
second  wife,  Mary  Ann  Day,  whom  he  married  in 
1833,  died  in  San  Francisco, Cal.,  in  1884.  He  was 
executed  in  Charlestown,  Va.,  Dec.  2,  1859. 

BROWN,  John  Calvin,  governor  of  Tennessee, 
was  born  in  Giles  county,  Tenn.,  Jan.  6,  1827; 
was  graduated  from  Jackson  college  in  1846,  and 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  law  with  his 
brother,  Neil  S.  Brown,  who  was  governor  of 
Tennessee,  and  U.  S.  minister  to  Russia  under 
President  Taylor.  John  Calvin  entered  the  Con- 
federate service  in  1861  as  captain,  was  three 
times  wounded,  and  by  repeated  promotions  won 
the  rank  of  major-general.  He  was  president  of 
the  state  constitutional  convention  of  1870,  and 
was  governor  of  Tennessee  from  1870  to  1874. 
He  was  made  general  counsel  for  the  Texas 
Pacific  railroad  in  1876.  and  was  subsequently  its 
vice-president,  receiver,  president  and  general 
manager.  He  resigned  in  1891  to  accept  the 
[«5] 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


presidency  of  the  Tennessee  coal,  iron  and  rail- 
road company.  He  died  at  Red  Boiling  Spring, 
Tenn.,  Aug.  17,  1889. 

BROWN,  John  Carter,  merchant,  was  born  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Aug.  28,  1797;  the  youngest 
son  of  Nicholas  and  Ann  (Carter)  Brown.  His 
preparatory  education  was  acquired  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  and  he  was  graduated  from  Brown  uni- 
versity in  1816.  He  entered  the  employ  of  the 
firm  of  Brown  & Ives,  of  which  his  father  was 
senior  partner,  and  was  admitted  into  partner- 
ship in  1832.  In  1828  he  was  elected  a trustee  of 
Brown  university,  and  in  1842  a fellow.  His 
father’s  death  in  1841  gave  him  the  control  of  a 
large  fortune.  He  managed  his  business  with 
prudence  and  ability,  spent  much  time  in  travel, 
anil  collected  many  rare  and  curious  books.  His 
gifts  to  Brown  university  are  estimated  at  about 
one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  dollars,  in  books 
and  money.  He  also  gave  liberally  to  other 
schools  and  charitable  institutions,  the  Rhode 
Island  hospital  receiving  more  than  eighty -four 
thousand  dollars.  He  was  a stanch  anti-slavery 
advocate,  and  during  the  civil  war  gave  sub- 
stantial proof  of  his  sympathy  with  the  Union 
cause.  Among  his  precious  books  were  copies  of 
the  Aldine  editions  of  the  ancient  classics,  and  of 
the  more  famous  of  the  Polyglot  Bibles,  and  he 
also  accumulated  a vast  number  of  works  on 
the  history  of  early  discoveries,  the  methods  of 
colonization  and  the  process  of  civilization  of 
America.  Nearly  all  the  publications  on  Ameri- 
cana in  any  language  were  thus  gathered  by  him, 
beginning  with  the  Columbus  letters  of  1493,  and 
ending  with  the  political  pamphlets  of  1800.  An 
elaborate  bibliography  of  his  library  was  prepared 
by  John  Russell  Bartlett,  in  four  volumes  (1867  ’71) 
a few  copies  being  issued  for  private  distribution. 
For  further  account  of  his  life  see  “ The  Chad 
Brown  Memorial  ” (1888).  He  died  June  10,  1874. 

BROWN,  John  George,  artist,  was  born  at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  England,  Nov.  11,  1831;  son 
of  John  and  Ann  Brown.  He  studied  at  first  in 
the  government  school  of  design  in  his  native 
town,  and  then  at  the  Royal  academy  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  received  instruction  from  Robert 
Scott-Laudor,  and  was  the  prize  student  of  his 
class.  He  came  to  America  in  1853  and  located 
in  New  York,  becoming  a pupil  in  the  National 
academy  of  design  under  Thomas  Seir  Cum- 
mings. His  first  picture  was  exhibited  at  the 
academy  in  1860,  and  in  the  same  year  he  opened 
a studio  at  51  West  Tenth  street,  and  in  1897 
was  still  an  occupant  of  this,  the  oldest  studio 
building  in  New  York  city.  He  was  made  an 
associate  of  the  National  academy  of  design 
in  1862,  and  an  academician  in  the  following 
year.  He  soon  acquired  a wide  reputation  by  his 
treatment  of  familiar  subjects,  receiving  medals 


in  San  Francisco  and  Boston  and  honorable  men- 
tion in  Paris.  His  reputation  as  an  artist  in  Europe 
was  greatly  enhanced  by  his  painting  of  the  ‘ ' Pass- 
ing Show,”  exhibited  in  Paris  in  1878.  In  Amer- 
ica he  received  universal  commendation  for  his 
painting  of  the  “Neighbors,”  and  the  “Street 
Boy,”  exhibited  at  the  academy  of  design  in  1882. 
In  1886  he  helped  to 
found  and  was  elected 
president  of  the  Am- 
erican water-color  so- 
ciety, holding  the 
office  by  successive 
elections  in  1897.  In 
1893  he  was  chairman 
of  the  jury  of  selec- 
tion of  pictures  at  the 
World’s  Columbian 
exposition  Chicago, 
and  one  of  the  judges 
of  award  in  the  fine 
arts  department.  His 
w ork  is  distinctly 
American,  and  his  street  boys  of  New  York, 
with  their  humors  and  vicissitudes,  are  esteemed 
as  being  actual  transcripts  from  life.  Mr. 
Brown  proposed  as  a site  for  a new  building  for 
the  National  academy  of  design  the  Cathedral 
drive,  Morningside  park.  New  York  city.  This 
suggestion  was  adopted  by  the  academicians 
Feb.  3,  1897,  the  vote  standing  forty  to  sixteen, 
and  the  land  was  purchased.  Among  his  paint- 
ings are:  “ His  First  Cigar,”  “ Curling  in  Central 
Park”  (1876);  “The  Passing  Show”  (1877); 
“The  Dress  Parade,”  “The  Three  (Scape) 
Graces,”  “The  Longshoreman's  Noon”  (1880); 
“A  Merry  Air  and  a Sad  Heart”  (1880);  “A 
Thrilling  Moment  ” (1881);  “The  Old  Folks  at 
Home”  (1882);  “ Heels  over  Head,  ” and  “The 
Gang”  (1895). 

BROWN,  John  Henry  Hobart,  1st  bishop  of 
Fond  du  Lac  and  115th  in  succession  in  the 
American  episcopate,  was  born  in  New  York  city, 
Jan.  1.  1831.  He  graduated  from  the  New  York 
theological  seminary  in  1854,  was  ordained  a dea- 
con, and  became  curate  at  Grace  church,  Brook- 
lyn, during  which  time  he  organized  the  church 
of  the  Good  Angels,  and,  after  his  ordination  as 
priest  in  1855,  took  charge  of  the  new  church. 
In  1856  he  was  made  rector  of  the  church  of  St. 
John  the  Evangelist  in  New  York;  and  in  1864 
took  charge  of  St.  John’s,  Cohoes,  N.  Y.  In  1868 
he  served  the  Albany  diocesan  convention  as  sec- 
retary,  and  in  1870  was  promoted  archdeacon  of 
the  Albany  convocation.  In  1874  the  degree  of 
D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Racine  college. 
He  was  elected  to  be  the  first  bishop  of  Fond  du 
Lac.  and  was  consecrated  Dec.  15,  1875.  He  died 
at  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.,  May  2,  1888. 


[446J 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


BROWN,  John  Henry,  historian,  was  born  in 
Pike  county,  Miss.,  Oct.  29,  1820,  son  of  Capt. 
Henry  S.  Brown,  a pioneer  settler  of  Texas,  who 
took  part  in  the  revolution  of  1835-36.  The  son 
was  a member  of  a celebrated  regiment  of  Texan 
rangers  and  took  part  in  the  war  with  Mexico, 
1846-48.  After  peace  with  Mexico  was  declared 
he  engaged  in  journalism  and  represented  his 
district  in  the  state  legislature.  He  served  as 
mayor  of  Galveston  and  afterwards  upon  his  re- 
moval to  Dallas  was  made  mayor  of  that  city. 
In  the  secession  convention  of  1861  he  voted  for 
the  measure  and  at  once  joined  the  Confederate 
army,  serving  throughout  the  civil  war.  In  the 
days  of  reconstruction  he  used  his  best  offices  for 
the  promotion  of  fraternal  relations  with  the 
people  of  the  north  and  in  the  development  of  the 
vast  resources  of  the  state.  He  was  a delegate  to 
the  state  convention  of  1875.  He  is  the  author  of : 
“Two  Years  in  Mexico”;  “Early  Life  in.  the 
Southwest”;  “Indian  Wars  and  Pioneers  of 
Texas”;  “The  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Smith, 
the  First  American  Governor  of  Texas,”  and 
“History  of  Texas,  from  1685  to  1892”  (2  vols., 
1892). 

BROWN,  John  Henry  Hobart,  P.  E.  bishop. 
See  page  446. 

BROWN,  John  Howard,  editor,  was  born  at 
Rhinebeck,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  8,  1840;  son  of  William 
Howard  and  Elizabeth  (Conklin)  Brown,  and 
great-grandson  of  Maj.  John  Paulding,  a hero  of 
the  battle  with  the  French  and  Indians  under 
Montcahn  at  Fort  William  Henry,  Lake  George, 
N.  Y.,  1757.  He  was  educated  at  the  Rhinebeck 
academy,  Fort  Edward  institute,  and  Eastman 
college,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  being  graduated  at 
the  last  named  institution  in  1859,  and  remaining 
there  as  tutor  for  two  years.  He  then  studied 
law  in  New  York  city,  and  in  1864  went  to 
Washington,  D.  C.,  as  a news  correspondent. 
In  1867  he  removed  south,  edited  a newspaper 
in  Augusta,  Ga.,  and  engaged  in  the  real  estate 
business.  He  was  married  in  1872  at  Aiken, 
S.  C.,  to  Jeannie  Hamilton,  daughter  of  James 
C.  Derby.  With  his  father-in-law  he  removed 
to  New  York  city,  where  he  engaged  in  editing 
and  publishing  popular  subscription  books.  His 
most  successful  ventures  were : “All  Round  the 
World”  (1873);  Lester's  “ Life  of  Charles  Sum- 
ner ” ( 1874  );  Lester’s  “Our  First  Hundred 
Years”  (1875);  Deems’s  “Who  was  Jesus?” 
(1876) ; “ Historical  Register  of  the  Centennial 
Exposition  ” (1876) ; John  Russell  Young’s 

“ Around  the  World  with  General  Grant  in 
1877-'79  ” (2  vols.,  1879-’80),  and  “ The  Soldier 
in  Our  Civil  War  ” (1881).  He  then  spent  two 
years  in  North  Carolina  for  the  benefit  of  his 
health,  meanwhile  making  a trip  through  the 
south  as  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Star. 


While  in  North  Carolina  he  engaged  in  general 
newspaper  work.  On  his  return  to  New  York  he 
originated,  planned  and  edited  six  volumes  of 
“The  National  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biog- 
raphy ” (1890-’95),  and  on  Oct.  1,  1896,  removed  to 
Boston,  Mass.,  where  he  assumed  the  editorial 
management  of  “ Lamb’s  Biographical  Dictionary 
of  the  United  States.”  His  contributions  to 
periodical  literature  include  a series  of  articles, 
entitled,  “ American  Naval  Heroes,”  published  in 
the  Peterson  Magazine  in  1896. 

BROWN,  John  Jackson,  educator,  was  born 
at  Amenia,  Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  7,  1820. 
He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal church,  and  presided  over  various  pastor- 
ates in  New  York  state.  From  1857  to  1859  he 
was  professor  of  natural  sciences  in  Dansville 
seminary,  and  from  1859  to  1863  was  principal  of 
the  school.  In  the  last  named  year  he  accepted 
a similar  position  in  the  seminary  of  the  East 
Genesee  conference,  and  remained  there  until 
1865,  when  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  natural 
science  in  the  Falley  seminary,  Fulton,  N.  Y. 
This  position  he  resigned  in  1870  to  become  pro- 
fessor of  physics  and  industrial  mechanics  in 
Cornell  university,  and  remained  there  until 
1871,  when,  on  the  establishment  of  Syracuse 
university,  he  accepted  a similar  chair  in  that 
institution.  In  1889  ill-health  compelled  him 
to  relinquish  the  active  duties  of  his  professor- 
ship, and  he  was  appointed  professor  emeritus. 
The  degrees  A.M.  and  LL.D.  were  conferred 
upon  him.  He  edited  Humphrey's  Journal  of 
Photograph  y for  five  years,  and  a department  of 
the  Northern  Christian  Advocate  for  ten  years. 
He  died  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  15,  1891. 

BROWN,  John  K.,  civil  engineer,  was  born  at 
Greenwich,  Ohio,  Oct.  26,  1832.  He  acquired  his 
education  at  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  university  and 
at  Jefferson  college,  Cannonsburg,  Pa.,  taking  a 
partial  course  in  civil  engineering  in  the  latter 
institution.  In  1856  he  entered  the  railway  ser- 
vice as  rod-man,  and  in  1858  was  advanced  to  the 
position  of  assistant  engineer  in  charge  of  con- 
struction and  surveys  of  the  Atlantic  and  great 
western  railway.  He  held  various  positions  on 
several  railways,  and  from  1876  to  1878  was  prin- 
cipal assistant  chief  engineer  on  the  Covington, 
Flemingsburg  and  Pound  Gap  railway.  In  1880 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
way as  assistant  engineer  on  surveys  and  location 
of  the  Oregon  short  line,  remained  there  four 
years,  and,  after  serving  in  the  same  capacity 
on  other  railways,  he  became,  in  1889,  assistant 
engineer  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  railway,  in  charge 
of  construction.  He  superintended  the  building 
of  the  Arkansas  river  bridge  at  Fort  Smith,  the 
Red  river  bridge  at  Alexandria,  La.,  and  in  1892 
was  assistant  engineer  at  Wichita,  Kan. 

[447] 


BROWN-. 


BROWN. 


BROWN,  John  Mason,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Frankfort,  Ky.,  April  26,  1837.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Yale  in  1856,  and  for  two  years  studied 
law  under  the  Hon.  Thomas  N.  Lindsay  of  Frank- 
fort. At  the  age  of  twenty -one  he  was  licensed 
to  practise,  and  settled  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  but  his 
health  being  impaired  by  over-study  he  decided 
to  go  among  the  Indians,  in  whom  he  had  always 
been  much  interested.  This  he  did,  living  with 
them  in  their  wigwams,  hunting  with  them, 
studying  their  habits  and  learning  to  converse 
with  them  in  their  own  language.  During  this 
time  he  kept  a journal  and  made  numerous 
notes  and  observations,  which  were  used  in  the 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica.  In  1862  he  entered 
the  Union  army  as  major  of  the  10th  Kentucky 
cavalry,  and  the  following  year  was  promoted 
to  colonel.  He  fought  gallantly  throughout  the 
war,  returning  at  its  close  to  Frankfort,  where 
he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In 
1869  he  removed  to  Lexington,  and  in  1873  to 
Louisville,  where  he  remained  until  the  time  of 
his  death.  As  a scholar  he  was  familiar  with 
Greek,  Latin,  Italian,  Spanish  and  French,  as 
well  as  with  many  of  the  Indian  dialects.  He 
died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  Jan.  29,  1890. 

BROWN,  John  Newton,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  New  London,  Conn.,  June  29,  1803.  After  his 
graduation  from  the  Hamilton  literary  and  theo- 
logical institution,  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  in  1823,  he 
went  to  Buffalo,  where  he  preached  for  a short 
time.  In  1824  he  accepted  a call  to  the  First 
Baptist  church,  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  later 
preached  in  various  New  England  churches. 
From  1833  to  1835  he  acted  as  editor  of  the 
“Encyclopaedia  of  Religious  Knowledge.”  For 
several  years  he  occupied  the  chair  of  theology 
and  ecclesiastical  history  in  the  New  Hampton 
theological  institution,  N.  H.,  and  in  1845  re- 
moved to  Lexington,  Va.,  where  he  took  charge 
of  a church.  He  was  prominently  identified 
with  the  American  Baptist  publication  society, 
editing  for  a number  of  years  the  National 
Baptist  and  the  Christian  Chronicle.  He  is  the 
author  of  a volume  entitled,  “ Emily  and  other 
Poems”  (1840),  and  also  published  an  excellent 
translation  of  the  “ Dies  Irae.”  He  died  in 
Germantown,  Pa.,  May  15,  1868. 

BROWN,  John  Porter,  orientalist,  was  born 
at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  Aug.  17,  1814.  David 
Porter,  his  uncle,  was  sent  as  the  first  U.  S. 
minister  to  Constantinople  in  1832,  and  Brown, 
then  a youth  of  eighteen,  left  his  place  as  mid- 
shipman in  the  navy  to  go  with  him.  He  became 
deeply  interested  in  the  country,  its  people  and 
its  language,  and  devoted  much  time  to  study. 
One  year  after  his  arrival  he  was  made  assistant 
dragoman,  and  in  1836  first  dragoman.  In  1858 
he  was  appointed  secretary  of  legation,  and  held 

[44S] 


the  office  during  the  remainder  of  his  life,  mean- 
while acting  several  times  as  charge  d'affaires 
for  the  United  States,  and  in  his  official  capacity 
won  deserved  praise  for  protecting  the  rights 
of  American  citizens.  Many  articles  on  the 
Orient  from  his  pen  appeared  in  American  jour- 
nals from  time  to  time.  He  is  the  author  of  “ The 
Dervishes,  or  Oriental  Spiritualism”  (1868); 
“Turkish  Evening  Entertainments,”  a transla- 
tion from  Ahmed  Ben  Hemden  (1850),  and  a 
translation  of  Constantine's  “ Ancient  and  Mod- 
ern Constantinople”  (1868).  He  died  in  Con- 
stantinople, April  28,  1872. 

BROWN,  John  Young,  governor  of  Kentucky, 
was  born  in  Claysville,  Hardin  county,  Ky., 
June  28,  1835.  He  was  graduated  from  Centre 
college,  Kentucky,  in  1855,  studied  law  in 
Elizabethtown,  and  practised  his  profession  at 
Henderson.  In  1858  he  was  elected  a represen- 
tative to  the  36tli  Congress,  but  as  he  had  not 
reached  constitutional  age  was  permitted  to  serve 
only  the  last  three  months  of  his  term.  In  I860, 
when  the  Democratic  party  divided  and  nomin- 
ated two  candidates  for  President,  Mr.  Brown  was 
a Douglas  elector,  and  held  a series  of  joint  dis 
cussions  with  AY.  C.  P.  Breckinridge,  then  repre- 
sentative from  the  sixth  Kentucky  district,  who 
supported  his  cousin,  John  C.  Breckinridge.  This 
joint  discussion  created  great  interest  and  drew 
large  crowds  throughout  the  state.  In  1866  he 
was  elected  a representative  to  the  40th  Congress, 
but  was  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat  on  account 
of  alleged  disloyalty.  He  was  elected  to  the  43d 
Congress,  and  in  1874  was  elected  to  the  44th  Con- 
gress. In  the  43d  Congress  he  delivered  a power- 
ful philippic  against  Gen.  B.  F.  Butler,  which 
brought  upon  him  the  censure  of  Mr.  Blaine,  the 
speaker  of  the  house,  but  endeared  him  to  his 
constituents.  In  1877  he  voluntarily  retired 
from  politics  and  assumed  the  practice  of  law. 
In  1891  he  was  elected  governor  of  Kentucky,  to 
succeed  Simon  Bolivar  Buckner,  and  at  the  end 
of  his  term  retired  to  private  life. 

BROWN,  Joseph,  educator,  was  born  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  Dec.  3,  1733;  son  of  James  and  Hope 
(Power)  Brown,  and  a direct  descendant  of  Chad 
Brown.  In  his  boyhood  he  evinced  a love  for 
study,  especially  the  natural  sciences,  and  after 
entering  business  he  remained  only  long  enough 
to  supply  himself  with  the  means  to  gratify  his 
scholarly  tastes.  He  was  an  electrician  of 
ability,  and  was  also  interested  in  the  study  of 
astronomy,  his  papers  on  the  subject  attracting 
attention  among  scientists.  He  was  especially 
fond  of  mechanics  and  invented  an  excellent 
electric  machine.  In  1769,  with  his  brother 
Moses,  he  made  observations  on  the  transit  of 
Venus.  In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  a 
trustee  of  Brown  university,  and  the  following 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


year  was  made  an  A.M.  by  that  institution. 
He  was  a member  of  the  American  academy  of 
arts  and  sciences,  a prominent  Mason,  and  held 
the  offices  of  representative  to  the  general 
assembly  and  assistant  to  the  governor  in 
council.  During  the  last  year  of  his  life  he  was 
professor  of  experimental  philosophy  of  Brown 
university.  He  was  one  of  the  architects  of  the 
First  Baptist  church  erected  in  Providence, 
in  1774-’7o.  He  died  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Dec. 
3,  1785. 

BROWN,  Joseph  Brownlee,  author,  was 
born  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Oct.  4,  1824,  where  his 
father  was  a missionary  of  the  Seamen’s  aid 
society.  He  earned  by  his  own  labor  the  money 
which  enabled  him  to  attend  Dartmouth  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1845,  standing  first  in 
his  class.  He  began  the  study  of  law,  but  aban- 
doned it  for  the  work  of  teaching,  in  which  he 
was  very  successful.  He  was  a student  of  art, 
an  admirer  of  Emerson,  and  one  of  the  more 
promising  of  the  young  men  who  constituted  a 
distinct  group  in  the  transcendental  movement. 
During  the  early  years  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly 
he  contributed  frequent  and  able  articles  to  its 
columns.  In  1865  his  health  became  undermined 
and  he  was  obliged  to  spend  several  years  in  Eu- 
rope. Though  never  recovering  his  former 
strength,  he  was  able  to  spend  his  time  profitably 
in  study  and  writing.  He  resumed  the  study  of 
art,  acquired  a thorough  knowledge  of  the 
modern  languages,  later  became  engrossed  in 
the  study  of  philosophy',  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  had  nearly  finished  a four-volume  philo- 
sophical work,  in  which  he  elaborated  a system 
to  take  the  place  of  those  of  German  idealists, 
with  whom  he  was  in  general  sympathy.  He 
had  arranged  for  one  volume  of  statement  and 
three  of  demonstration.  His  favorite  relaxation 
from  his  work  was  the  translating  of  Homer’s 
Iliad  into  hexameter  verse.  He  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  21,  1888. 

BROWN,  Joseph  Emerson,  governor  of 
Georgia,  was  born  in  Pickens  district,  S.  C., 
April  15,  1821.  His  father  removed  to  Georgia 
and  settled  in  Union  county,  where  he  cultivated 
a farm.  The  lad  was  brought  up  to  the  life  of  a 
common  farm  laborer,  and  until  nineteen  years  of 
age  had  little  schooling.  In  November,  1840.  he 
walked  most  of  the  way  to  Calhoun  academy  in 
South  Carolina,  where,  without  money'  to  pay 
his  tuition,  he  secured  admission,  and  pursued 
his  studies  with  characteristic  persistence. 
Returning  to  Georgia,  he  paid  the  cost  of  his  tui- 
tion by  teaching  school.  He  read  law  in  his 
leisure  hours,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Georgia 
bar  in  1845.  He  then  continued  his  legal  studies 
at  Yale  college  law  school,  and  returning  to 
Georgia  in  November,  1846,  began  his  practice  of 


the  law  in  Canton.  He  was  elected  state  senator 
in  1849;  presidential  elector  in  18527  judge  of  the 
superior  court  of  the  Blue  Ridge  circuit  in  1855 ; 
governor  of  Georgia  in  1857 ; re-elected  in  1859, 
1861,  and  1863  — the  established  usage  of  the 
commonwealth  being  set  aside,  which  disallowed 
an  executive  over  two  consecutive  terms.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  the  civil  war,  first  as  a 
state  rights  Democrat,  and  then  as  a secessionist 
of  the  most  pronounced  type,  his  first  acts  being 
the  seizure  of  Forts  Pulaski  and  Jackson,  before 
his  state  had  seceded,  and  of  the  U.  S.  arsenal  at 
Augusta  immediately  after.  He  equipped  and 
put  into  the  field  for  state  service,  during  Sher- 
man's invasion,  an  army'  of  ten  thousand, 
mainly  old  men  and  youths  usually  exempt  from 
military'  service.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was 
arrested  by  the  U.  S.  authorities  and  imprisoned 
for  a time.  He  advised  the  acceptance  of  the 
reconstruction  measures  of  Congress,  and,  in 
consequence,  incurred  for  a time  popular  dis- 
favor, the  legislature  of  Georgia,  in  1868,  electing 
Joshua  Hill  U.  S.  senator  over  him.  This  was 
the  only'  political  defeat  he  ever  sustained,  as  he 
was  always  successful  in  securing  the  majority 
vote  of  the  people.  He  was  appointed  the  same 
y'ear  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Georgia 
for  twelve  y'ears,  which  judicial  position  he 
resigned  in  1870,  to  become  president  of  the 
Western  and  Atlantic  railroad,  holding  this 
office  for  twenty  years.  In  1880  he  was  ap- 
pointed by'  Governor  Colquitt  U.  S.  senator,  in 
place  of  Gen.  John  B.  Gordon,  resigned,  and  he 
was  elected  b.v  the  general  assembly  by'  over 
two-tliirds  majority  for  the  remainder  of  the 
term,  and  re-elected  in  1884.  His  term  expired 
March  3,  1891,  when  he  declined  a re-election, 
and  retired  to  private  life  and  to  the  care  of 
his  largely  increasing  business  interests,  which 
extended  to  the  development  of  the  material 
wealth  of  Georgia  in  all  sections  of  the  state. 
He  gave  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars  to  educational  institutions,  churches 
and  benevolences.  He  opposed  the  policy  of  con- 
scription as  adopted  by'  the  Confederate  adminis- 
tration in  a correspondence  with  President  Davis, 
which  is  historical.  He  died  at  his  home  in 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  Nov.  30,  1894. 

BROWN,  Joseph  Willard,  educator,  was  born 
in  Abington,  Mass.,  May  21,  1839;  son  of  Joseph 
and  Mary  (Porter)  Brown,  a descendant  in  the 
fifth  generation  of  Samuel  Brown,  who  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  in  1709  and  was  ordained  as 
the  first  minister  of  the  church  in  Abington  in 
1714.  He  was  fitted  for  college  in  the  high  school, 
Abington,  and  at  Phillips  academy,  Andover, 
entering  Amherst  in  1858,  and  devoting  the  win- 
ters of  1859,  ’60  and  ’61  to  teaching.  He  enlisted 
as  a private  in  the  7tli  Mass.  Yols.  in  1861,  and 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


served  four  years  in  the  signal  corps,  and  as  chief 
signal  officer  of  the  Powder  river  Indian  expedi- 
tion through  Wyoming  and  Montana  in  1865.  On 
the  organization  of  the  United  States  veteran 
signal  corp  association  in  1867.  he  was  chosen  its 
first  president,  and  was  again  elected  in  1880  and 
1881.  He  was  elected  historian  of  the  association 
in  1878,  and  held  the  office  by  continuous  re- 
elections.  Upon  retiring  from  the  army  he  re- 
sumed teaching  and  in  1891  became  principal  of 
the  Emerson  school,  East  Boston,  Mass.  Amherst 
gave  him  the  M.A.  degree  in  1871.  He  is  the 
author  of  “ The  Signal  Corps,  U.  S.  A.,  in  the  War 
of  the  Rebellion  ” (1897). 

BROWN,  Matthew,  educator,  was  born  in 
Northumberland  county,  Pa.,  in  1776.  He  was 
graduated  from  Dickinson  college  in  1794,  and  for 
two  years  taught  school.  He  then  entered  the 
Presbyterian  ministry  and  preached  in  several 
churches  in  Pennsylvania,  settling  in  1805  at 
Washington,  Pa.,  where,  in  addition  to  preaching, 
he  taught  in  the  academy,  which  became  Wash- 
ington college  the  following  year.  For  the  next 
ten  years  he  was  president  of  the  college.  In 
1822  he  was  made  president  of  Jefferson  college, 
and  in  1823  Princeton  college  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  D.D.  Hamilton  college  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1835,  and  Jeffer- 
son college  gave  him  the  same  honor  in  1845, 
upon  his  resigning  the  presidency.  He  died  July 
29,  1853. 

BROWN,  Moses,  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  Sept.  23,  1738,  son  of  James 
and  Hope  (Power)  Brown.  He  left  school  at  the 
age  of  thirteen  and  went  to  the  home  of  his  uncle, 
Obadiah  Brown.  In  1763  he  was  admitted  into 
the  firm,  the  youngest  of  the  “four  brothers,” 
and  they  carried  on  the  business  together  until 
1773,  when,  owing  to  ill-health,  Moses  was  obliged 
to  retire.  In  1764  he  married  his  cousin,  Anna, 
daughter  of  Obadiah  Brown.  In  1774  he  joined 
the  society  of  Friends,  assisted  in  establishing 
the  Rhode  Island  peace  society,  and  was  a patron 
and  founder  of  the  Yearly  Meeting  boarding 
school,  giving  it  forty-three  acres  of  land,  and 
acting  as  its  treasurer  for  over  Half  a century. 
From  1764  to  1771  he  was  a member  of  the  general 
assembly,  and  in  1773  he  liberated  his  slaves 
and  became  an  active  member  of  the  abolition 
society.  Later  in  life  he  devoted  much  of  his 
time  to  the  studies  of  chemistry  and  natural  phil- 
osophy. He  died  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Sept.  6, 
1836. 

BROWN,  Moses,  naval  officer,  was  born  at 
Nbwhuryport,  Mass.,  Jan.  20,  1742.  He  took  part 
in  the  revolutionary  war  as  commander  of 
New  England  privateers,  including  t lie  Diligent 
and  Intrepid.  The  Merrimac,  built  by  New- 
buryport  merchants,  when  the  United  States  navy 

U 


was  first  organized,  was  commanded  by  him,  and 
formed  one  of  the  squadron  of  Commodore  Barry. 
In  1799  and  1800  he  captured  Le  Phenix,  Le  Bona- 
parte, and  Le  Magieienne,  of  the  French  navy. 
He  served  with  distinction,  and  when  the  navy 
was  reduced  at  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  dis- 
missed, and  afterwards  engaged  in  the  merchant- 
marine  service.  He  died  at  sea,  Jan.  1,  1804. 

BROWN,  Nathan  W.,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Brownville,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15,  1819,  son  of  Major- 
General  Jacob  Brown.  In  September,  1849,  he 
received  the  appointment  of  major  and  paymaster 
in  the  army,  and  served  in  Florida  until  1850. 
The  following  five  years  he  was  on  duty  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  then  went  to  New  York  city,  where 
he  served  from  1855  to  1857.  In  1858  he  was 
again  sent  to  Florida,  and  for  two  years  following 
was  at  Fort  Kearney,  Nebraska.  In  I860  he  was 
assigned  to  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas,  and  was  with 
General  Sturgis  when  he  evacuated  the  fort  in 
April,  1861.  He  was  in  Missouri  in  charge  of  the 
pay  department,  and  in  1864  he  was  promoted 
lieutenant-colonel  and  deputy  paymaster-general ; 
and  in  1866  colonel  and  assistant  paymaster-gen- 
eral. March  13,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  colonel, 
and  Oct.  15, 1867,  brigadier-general  for  his  services 
during  the  civil  war.  In  1869  he  served  at  St. 
Louis,  and  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  pay  dis- 
trict of  the  Missouri.  In  1880  he  was  appointed 
paymaster-general  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general,  and  was  retired  Feb.  6,  1882,  being  over 
sixty -two  years  of  age. 

BROWN,  Nicholas,  merchant,  was  born  in 
Providence,  R.  I..  July  28,  1729.  son  of  James  and 
Hope  (Power)  Brown.  He  was  eldest  of  the  “four 
brothers”  who  comprised  the  firm  of  Nicholas 
Brown  & Co.  In  1762  he  married  Rhoda  Jenekes, 
by  whom  he  had  ten  children,  only  two,  however, 
living  to  maturity.  His  second  wife  was  Avis, 
daughter  of  Barnabas  Binney.  Mr.  Brown  was  a 
liberal  patron  of  the  Rhode  Island  college,  and  of 
the  Baptist  church.  He  was  a diligent  student, 
a judicious  business  man,  and  a generous  giver. 
He  died  May  29,  1791. 

BROWN,  Nicholas,  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  April  4, 1769,  son  of  Nicholas  and 
Rhoda  (Jenekes)  Brown,  grandson  of  James 
and  Hope  (Power)  Brown,  great-grandson  of 
Janies  and  Mary  (Harris)  Brown,  and  great-great- 
grandson  of  John  Brown,  the  eldest  son  of  Chad 
Brown.  He  matriculated  in  Rhode  Island  college 
when  only  fourteen  years  old,  and  was  graduated 
in  1786.  He  left  college  for  his  father’s  counting- 
room.  where  he  acquired  a thorough  knowledge  of 
business  methods.  When  only  twenty -two  years 
of  age  he  inherited  a considerable  fortune  by  his 
father’s  death.  He  formed  a partnership  with 
Thomas  P.  Ives,  his  brother-in-law.  and  the  firm 
of  Brown  & Ives  had  a long  career  of  prosperity, 
‘01 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


although  commerce  was  disturbed  by  the  French 
revolution  and  the  war  of  1812.  Mr.  Brown  did 
not  so  confine  himself  to  business  interests  as  to 
neglect  the  duties  to  neighborhood  and  country. 

He  was  active  in  pub- 
lic affairs,  and  for 
fourteen  years  was  a 
member  of  the  Rhode 
Island  legislature,  and 
a delegate  to  the  presi- 
dential convention  in 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Dec. 
4, 1839,  where  General 
Harrison  was  nomin- 
Ipated.  He  was  associ- 
ated during  his  entire 
lifetime  with  the  Bap- 
tist church,  but  was 
never  a baptized  mem- 
ber. He  was  gener- 
ous, almost  without 
stint,  to  all  worthy  religious  enterprises.  The 
church  where  his  fathers  had  worshipped  received 
from  his  hand  an  organ  held  in  those  days  to  be 
of  great  value.  Within  a half-dozen  years  of  his 
graduation,  he  began  his  benefactions  to  the  col- 
lege by  the  gift  of  a valuable  law  library.  Not 
long  after  he  established  a professorship  of  rhet- 
oric and  oratory  by  the  gift  of  five  thousand  dol- 
lars. His  continued  interest  and  generosity 
induced  the  corporation  of  the  college  to  change 
its  name  in  1804  to  Brown  university.  Through- 
out his  life  he  was  its  munificent  patron.  He 
built  in  1822,  at  an  expense  of  nearly  §20,000,  a sec- 
ond college  building,  and  named  it  Hope  college, 
in  honor  of  his  sister  Hope,  wife  of  Thomas  P. 


BROWN  UNIVERSITY. 

Ives;  Manning  hall,  in  honor  of  Dr.  Manning,  was 
erected  by  him  in  1835,  and  he  gave  generously 
towards  the  erection  of  Rhode  Island  hall  and 
the  residence  for  the  president.  It  is  estimated 
that  at  the  very  least  he  gave  to  the  university 
in  money  and  real  estate  §160,000.  He  was  a 
trustee  from  1791,  its  treasurer  for  twenty-nine 


[451] 


years,  and  from  1825  a member  of  its  board  of  fel- 
lows. The  university  did  not  limit  his  benefac- 
tions. He  gave  to  the  Newton  theological  insti- 
tute. Mass.,  to  Waterville  college,  Me.,  and  to 
numerous  necessitous  churches.  He  was  active 
in  founding  the  Providence  athenaeum,  contrib- 
uting four  thousand  dollars  to  the  library  fund, 
six  thousand  dollars  toward  the  erection  of  the 
library  building,  and  the  land  on  which  it  stands. 
In  his  will  he  remembered  the  Northern  Baptist 
educational  society,  and  the  American  and  foreign 
Bible  societies,  and  gave  $30,000  for  a lunatic 
asylum  in  Providence.  He  died  in  Providence, 
R.  I.,  Sept.  27, 1841. 

BROWN,  Obadiah,  merchant,  was  born  in 
Providence,  R.  I.,  July  15,  1770;  son  of  Moses  and 
Anna  (Brown)  Brown.  In  1790  he  engaged  in 
the  business  of  cotton  manufacture  at  Pawtucket, 
R.  I.,  the  firm  name  being  Almy,  Brown  & 
Slater,  and  accumulated  a large  property.  He 
was  a member  of  the  society  of  Friends,  and 
treasurer  of  the  Rhode  Island  peace  society.  He 
married,  in  1798,  Dorcas,  daughter  of  John  and 
Elizabeth  Hadwen,  of  Newport,  R.  I.  He  be- 
queathed the  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars and  a valuable  library  of  books,  maps,  etc., 
to  the  yearly  meeting  boarding  school,  of  which 
his  father  was  the  founder,  and  during  his  life 
gave  generously  to  charity.  He  died  Oct.  15, 1822. 

BROWN,  Olympia.  See  Willis,  Olympia 
Brown. 

BROWN,  Orvon  Qroff,  educator,  was  born  at 
Greensburg,  Westmoreland  county,  Pa.,  July  1, 
1863.  His  education  was  under  the  supervision 
of  W.  K.  and  M.  McClellan  Brown,  presi- 
dent and  vice-president,  respectively,  of  Cin- 
cinnati Wesleyan  college,  in  which  institution 
he  became  professor  of  science  at  the  early 
age  of  nineteen.  In  1885,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  the  citizens  of  Germantown,  Ohio,  he 
founded  the  Twin  Valley  college.  The  people 
contributed  land,  a building  and  some  ten  thou- 
sand dollars  in  money,  and  the  college  opened 
under  most  favorable  conditions  with  Professor 
Brown  as  its  president,  before  he  had  completed 
his  twenty-third  year.  In  1894,  under  the  char- 
ter of  the  Twin  Valley  college,  he  opened  the 
Miami  military  institute,  of  which  he  also 
assumed  the  presidency. 

BROWN,  Samuel,  physician,  was  born  in  Rock- 
bridge county,  Va.,  Jan.  30,  1769.  Soon  after  his 
graduation  from  Dickinson  college  in  1789,  he 
studied  medicine  in  Scotland.  Upon  his  return 
to  America  he  practised  his  profession,  first  in 
Kentucky  and  later  in  Louisiana  and  Mississippi. 
In  1819  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  medicine  at 
Transylvania  university,  and  succeeded  in  estab- 
lishing a medical  school  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  of 
which  he  was  head  until  1825.  He  faithfully 


BROWN. 


BROWN. 


attended  a large  practice  without  neglecting  his 
duties  in  the  school  or  college.  He  suggested 
steam  heat  in  the  process  of  distilling  and  intro- 
duced the  method  of  preparing  ginseng  for  medi- 
cinal purposes.  He  organized  the  first  medical 
society  in  Lexington,  which  resulted  in  the  for- 
mation of  similar  societies  in  Philadelphia,  Bal- 
timore and  New  York  city.  He  was  a frequent 
contributor  to  medical  journals,  and  one  of 
the  foremost  men  of  his  profession.  He  opposed 
the  system  of  slavery,  using  all  his  influence 
toward  its  abolition.  He  died  Jan.  12,  1830. 

BROWN,  Samuel  Gilman,  educator,  was  born 
at  North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  Jan.  4,  1813;  son  of 
Francis  Brown,  president  of  Dartmouth  college. 
He  was  graduated  from  Dartmouth  in  1831.  For 
the  next  few  years  he  taught  school,  including 
two  years’  service  as  principal  of  Abbott  academy. 
He  then  took  a course  in  theology  at  the  Andover 
seminary,  graduating  in  1837.  Immediately  after 
his  graduation  he  travelled  in  Europe,  and 
studied  there  until  1839,  when  he  accepted  the 
chair  of  oratory  and  belles  lettres  at  Dartmouth 
college.  In  1863  he  became  professor  of  intel- 
lectual philosophy  and  political  economy  in  that 
institution.  In  1867  he  accepted  the  presidency 
of  Hamilton  college  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  which  he 
resigned  in  1881.  He  is  the  author  of  “ The  Life 
of  Rufus  Choate”  (1870),  and  various  lectures 
and  essays.  The  last  few  years  of  his  life  were 
passed  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died  Nov.  4,  1885. 

BROWN,  Samuel  Robbins  , missionary,  was 
born  in  Connecticut  in  1810.  He  was  graduated 
from  Yale  college  in  1832,  and  a few  years  after 
became  a missionary  to  China.  He  established 
the  Morrison  Chinese  school  for  boys  at  Canton 
in  1838,  and  conducted  it  for  nearly  ten  years. 
From  1847  till  1859  he  was  in  the  United  Slates, 
and  in  the  latter  year  went  to  Yokohama.  He 
translated  the  Bible  into  Japanese,  and  is  the 
author  of  “ Prendergast’s  Mastery  System  applied 
to  English  and  Japanese,  Colloquial  Japan- 
ese,” and  many  translations  and  short  articles. 
The  University  of  the  city  of  New  York  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  in  1867.  He 
died  in  Monson.  Mass.,  in  1880. 

BROWN,  Sol y man,  author,  was  born  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  Nov.  17,  1790.  After  being  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1812,  he  studied  theology,  was 
ordained  as  a Congregational  minister  in  Con- 
necticut in  1814,  and  preached,  teaching  school 
during  the  week  as  a further  means  of  support. 
In  1822  he  became  a disciple  of  Swedenborg, 
and  removed  to  New  York,  where  he  engaged  in 
preaching  thajt  system  of  belief.  He  practised 
dentistry  in  connection  with  his  ministerial 
duties.  His  published  works  included  an  “ Essay 


“ Dental  Hygeia,”  a poem  concerning  the  gen- 
eral laws  of  health  (1838).  He  was  a contributor 
to  the  New  York  Mirror,  and  an  associate  editor 
of  the  Journal  of  Dental  Science.  Yale  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1817.  He  died  in 
New  York  in  1876. 

BROWN,  Thomas,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  about  1819.  He  was  graduated 
at  Franklin  college,  and  entered  upon  the  prac- 
tice of  law  at  Cleveland.  In  1850,  in  partnership 
with  John  C.  Vaughn,  he  established  the  True 
Democrat,  which  became  the  Free  Soil  organ  of 
northern  Ohio,  and  in  1854  its  name  was  changed 
to  the  Cleveland  Leader.  In  1853  he  com- 
menced the  publication  of  the  Ohio  Farmer.  In 
1862  Secretary  Chase  appointed  him  special 
agent  of  the  treasury  department  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. There  he  discovered  and  corrected  some 
serious  abuses  in  the  management  of  the  mint, 
custom  house  and  marine  hospital.  Subsequently 
he  was  stationed  at  New  York,  where  he  re- 
mained as  supervisor  and  special  agent  of  the 
United  States  treasury  department  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Brooklyn,  June  13,  1867. 

BROWN,  Thompson  S.,  civil  engineer,  was 
born  at  Brownville,  N.  Y. , in  1807 : son  of  Major 
Samuel  Brown  and  a nephew  of  Jacob  Brown, 
major-general  commanding  the  United  States 
army.  He  was  graduated  at  West  Point  in  1825, 
and  after  serving  for  a time  as  professor  of 
mathematics  at  the  military  academy,  and  as 
assistant  engineer  in  the  construction  of  Fort 
Adams,  R.  I.,  lie  was  appointed  aide-de-camp  on 
the  staff  of  his  uncle.  He  resigned  the  service 
in  1836  to  become  engineer-in-chief  of  the  Buffalo 
and  Erie  railroad,  and  was  thus  occupied  from 
1836  to  1838,  being  at  the  same  time  employed 
by  the  United  States  government  to  superintend 
the  harbor  improvements  on  Lake  Erie.  From 
1838  to  1842  he  was  chief  engineer  of  the  western 
division  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  railway,  and 
of  the  entire  road  from  1842  to  1849.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  the  Czar  of  Russia  as  consulting 
engineer  of  railroads  from  1849  to  1854.  and  died 
at  Naples,  Italy,  June  30,  1855. 

BROWN,  William  J.,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Kentucky,  Nov.  22,  1805.  He  removed  to  Indiana 
in  1821,  where  he  took  an  active  part  in  politic- 
and  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  an,, 
afterwards  secretary  of  state.  He  was  elected 
a national  representative  in  1842,  and  sat  in  the 
28th  Congress,  and  in  1845  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Polk  assistant  postmaster-general.  In 
1848  he  was  elected  to  the  31st  Congress,  and  in 
1851  returned  to  Indiana  and  became  succes- 
sively editor  of  the  Indiana  Sentinel,  librarian 
of  the  state  library,  and  special  agent  of  the 
postoffice  department  for  Indiana  and  Illinois. 
He  died  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  March  18.  1857. 


on  American  Poetry  ” ’(1814) ; “ Dentologia,”  a 
poem  on  the  diseases  of  the  teeth  (1833),  and 

f452] 


BROWNE. 


BROWNE.' 


BROWNE,  Bennet  Bernard,  physician,  was 
born  in  Wheatlands,  Queen  Anne’s  county,  Md., 
June  16,  1842 ; son  of  Charles  Cochrane  and  Mary 
Elizabeth  (Willson)  Browne,  and  great-great 
grandson  of  Charles  and  Priscilla  (Brooke) 
Browne.  His  collegiate  education  was  acquired  at 
Loyola  college,  Baltimore.  In  May,  1861,  he 
entered  the  Confederate  army  and  served  in  the 
7th  Virginia  cavalry  in  the  “ Laurel  ’’brigade,  and 
was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  and 
afterwards  taken  prisoner  and  confined  in  the 
old  capitol  prison,  Washington.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  medical  school  of  the  University  of 
Maryland  in  1867,  and  after  hospital  practice 
engaged  in  the  treatment  of  female  diseases 
requiring  surgical  relief.  He  was  notably  suc- 
cessful, and  introduced  several  new  and  effective 
methods  of  operating  on  certain  stubborn  dis- 
eases. He  occupied  the  chair  of  gynaecology  and 
obstetrics  in  the  Baltimore  medical  college  and 
in  the  Baltimore  polyclinic  and  post-graduate 
medical  school,  and  was  elected  president  of  the 
clinical  society  of  Maryland.  He  was  one  of  the 
incorporators  of  the  Woman’s  medical  college, 
Baltimore,  and  was  professor  of  gynaecology 
from  1881.  His  military  record  and  noted  ances- 
try gave  him  position  in  various  historical  and 
genealogical  societies  of  Maryland. 

BROWNE,  Charles  Farrar  (Artemus  Ward), 
humorist,  was  born  at  Waterford,  Oxford  county, 
Me.,  April  26,  1834.  He  was  educated  in  the 
neighborhood  common  schools,  and  in  1847  entered 
the  office  of  the  Skowhegan  Clarion  to  learn  the 
business  of  a printer.  About  a year  later,  when 
at  work  in  Boston  on  the  Carpet  Bag , edited  by 
B.  P.  Shillaber  (Mrs.  Partington),  he  sent  a 
description  of  a Skowhegan  fourth  of  July  cele- 
bration to  the  editor,  written  in  a disguised  hand, 
which  was  returned  to  him  as  copy,  and  when 
printed  elicited  general  inquiry  concerning  the 
authorship.  From  Boston  he  went  to  Tiffin, 
Ohio,  then  to  Toledo,  where  he  was  for  some 
time  engaged  as  compositor  and  local  reporter  on 
the  Toledo  Commercial.  Everything  he  saw  or 
heard  of,  assumed  a comical  aspect ; and  he  saw 
fun  everywhere,  even  at  the  funeral  of  a man 
noted  for  his  bitter  speech,  where  he  remarked, 
“ Well,  after  all,  he  makes  a nice  quiet  corpse.” 
His  lips  were  always  smiling.  His  very  looks, 
with  all  his  assumption  of  gravity,  were  provoca- 
tive of  laughter.  In  the  summer  of  1858,  when 
twenty-four  years  old,  he  went  to  Cleveland  to 
write  for  the  Plaindealer , and  his  connection  with 
this  paper  enlarged  his  reputation  and  its  circu- 
lation. His  quaint  and  extravagant  humor  took 
with  the  people,  and  his  sober  writing,  masking 
unexpected  conceits,  excited  much  interest  and 
quickened  a desire  to  knowr  what  the  next  sur- 
prise would  be.  It  was  at  this  time  he  assumed 


the  pseudonym,  “Artemus  Ward  — Showman.” 
His  first  letter  in  that  character,  addressed  to 
the  editor  and  written  at  the  time  to  “fill  space,” 
was  an  unexpected  success  and  gave  him  wide 
introduction  as  an  humorist.  His  peculiar  spel- 
ling was  one  of  the  original  features  of  these  let- 
ters, but  the  merit  of  their  real  and  kindly 
humor  was  their  attraction.  The  “ Moral  Show  ” 
took  Cleveland  by  storm,  and  scarcely  a day 
passed  without  some  country  reader  of  the  Plain- 
dealer  applying  at  its  counting-room  for  a sight 
of  the  “ Kankaroo,”  the  moral  “ Bares  ” and  the 
wonderful  wax  “figgers.  ” After  several  years’ 
connection  with  the  Plaindealer , he  removed  to 
Newr  York,  and  for  a while  was  a contributor  to, 
and  afterwards  editor  of,  a short-lived  journal. 
Vanity  Fair.  Of  this  venture  he  said:  “ I wrote 
some  comic  copy  and  it  killed  it.  The  poor  paper 
got  to  be  a conundrum  and  so  I gave  it  up.”  He 
began  his  career  as  a lecturer  Dec.  23,  1861,  in 
Clinton  hall,  New'  York,  before  a scant  audience 
of  a fewT  friends  and  some  curiosity  seekers. 
His  subject  wTas  “ Babes  in  the  Woods.”  This 
first  venture  resulted  in  a loss  of  thirty  dollars, 
but  the  after  ones  wrere  wonderfully  successful, 
as  was  his  lecture  on  “The  Mormons”  and 
“ Sixty  Minutes  in  Africa.”  He  visited  Califor- 
nia in  1862,  delivering  lectures  to  large  audiences, 
and  on  his  return  spent  a few  weeks  in  Utah, 
where  he  obtained  material  for  his  popular  pano- 
ramic lecture  on  Mormonism.  In  1866  he  visited 
England,  and  was  received  at  the  “ Literary 
Club,”  London,  and  welcomed  by  Charles  Reade 
and  in  literary  circles  generally.  His  lectures  at 
Egyptian  hall,  which  began  in  November,  were 
continued  without  interruption  for  eleven 
wrneks,  wdien  his  health,  which  had  begun  to 
fail  him  before  he  left  home,  became  so  bad  that 
in  February,  1867,  he  was  obliged  to  seek  rest  on 
the  Island  of  Jersey.  He  failed  to  recuperate, 
and  wdien  he  attempted  to  return  home  he 
breathed  his  last  at  Southampton,  England, 
and  his  remains  were  carried  back  to  America, 
and  placed  beside  those  of  his  father  in  the  ceme- 
tery at  Waterford,  Me.  While  in  England  he 
was  a frequent  contributor  to  Punch,  and  his 
papers,  “ Artemus  Ward  in  London,”  published 
in  that  periodical,  contain  some  of  his  most 
graphic  and  humorous  sketches,  notably  his  first 
contribution,  “At  the  Tomb  of  Shakespeare.” 
It  may  be  said  of  him  that  he  made  the  world 
happier  by  his  living  in  it.  Laughter  is  a good 
medicine,  and  he  compounded  it  with  skill  and 
prescribed  it  with  unfailing  success.  He  pro- 
vided in  his  will  for  an  asylum  for  printers  and 
for  the  care  of  their  orphan  children;  for  the 
education  of  a young  man  in  whom  he  had  be- 
come interested,  and  for  his  widowed  mother,  for 
whom  during  his  life  he  showed  an  affection 


BROWNE. 


RROWNE. 


peculiarly  beautiful.  His  published  works  are: 
••  Artemus  Ward,  His  Book,’7  “ Artemus  Ward, 
His  Travels  " (1865);  “Artemus  Ward  in  Lon- 
don ” (1867) ; " Artemus  Ward's  Lecture  ” 

(1869).  His  complete  works  were  issued  iu  1875 
under  the  title,  “Artemus  Ward,  His  Works 
Complete.”  He  died  March  6,  1867. 

BROWNE,  Francis  Fisher,  editor  and  author, 
was  born  at  South  Halifax,  Yt.,  Dec.  1,  1843; 
son  of  William  Goldsmith  Browne,  a well-known 
poet  and  editor.  He  learned  the  printer’s  trade 
in  his  father's  office  in  Chicopee.  Mass.  In  the 
summer  of  1862  he  enlisted  in  the  46th  Mass,  regi- 
ment, in  which  he  served  for  one  year  in  North 
Carolina  and  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
In  1866  he  entered  the  law  department  of  the 
University  of  Michigan.  In  1867  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  111.,  where  he  devoted  himself  almost 
exclusively  to  literary  work.  He  was  editor  of 
The  Western  Monthly  and  The  Lakeside  Monthly 
from  1869  to  1874 ; afterward  was  literary  editor 
of  The  Alliance , and  in  1880  founded  The  Dial, 
which  he  edited,  serving  meanwhile  as  literary 
adviser  to  a leading  publishing  house.  Besides 
his  critical  writings,  he  wrote  many  short  poems, 
some  of  which  have  found  a place  in  standard 
literary  anthologies.  His  books  include:  “The 
Every-Day  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln,”  “Bugle- 
Echoes,  a collection  of  Poems  of  the  Civil  War, 
Northern  and  Southern,”  “Golden  Poems  by 
British  and  American  Authors,”  and  “ The  Gol- 
den Treasury  of  Poetry  and  Prose.”  He  also 
edited  an  extended  series  of  popular  poems. 

BROWNE,  Irving,  author,  was  born  in  Mar- 
shall, Oneida  county,  N.Y.,  Sept.  14,  1835.  He  was 
educated  at  academies  in  New  England;  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  New  York,  1857,  and  practised 
his  profession  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  until  1879,  when 
he  retired  from  the  bar  to  assume  editorial 
charge  of  the  Albany  Laiv  Journal,  in  which  he 
continued  until  1893.  In  1892  he  removed  to 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.  He  lectured  on  law  and  compiled 
many  reports  and  digests  of  legal  decisions.  His 
principal  legal  treatises  are  on  the  domestic 
relations,  criminal  law,  parol  evidence,  and  sales. 
He  has  also  written  several  legal  treatises  of  a 
semi-humorous  character  and  of  literary  interest, 
such  as,  “Humorous  Phases  of  the  Law,”  and 
“ Judicial  Interpretation  of  Common  Words  and 
Phrases”;  also  “Law  and  Lawyers  in  Litera- 
ture,” and  “ Short  Studies  of  Great  Lawyers.” 
Also  a volume  of  critical  essays  entitled,  “ Icon- 
oclasm  and  Whitewash."  He  published  a 
rliymic  translation  of  Racine's  comedy,  “ Les 
Plaideurs,”  a satire  on  law  and  lawyers;  and  a 
volume  entitled,  “ Reminiscences  and  Rhymi- 
niscences  of  Travel."  He  became  widely  known 
to  the  legal  fraternity  as  associate  editor  of  The 
Green  Bag. 


BROWNE,  John  Ross,  author,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1817.  His  parents  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  and  settled  in  Kentucky,  where 
he  received  a common  school  education.  His 
passion  for  travel  and  adventure  led  him  to  leave 
home  in  1835,  and  make  the  trip  down  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  rivers  from  Louisville  to  New 
Orleans.  He  returned  by  way  of  Washington, 
D.  C.,  where  he  was  a shorthand  reporter  in  the 
senate.  He  then  shipped  on  a whaler  bound  on 
a cruise  through  southern  seas.  During  his  voy- 
age of  eighteen  months  he  visited  the  principal 
ports  of  the  world,  and  upon  his  return  pub- 
lished “ Etchings  of  a Whaling  Cruise,  with 
notes  of  a Sojourn  on  the  Island  of  Zanzibar  ” 
(1846).  On  returning  to  the  national  capital  he 
secured  the  position  of  private  secretary  to 
Robert  J.  Walker,  secretary  of  the  treasury,  and 
in  1849  followed  the  gold  hunters  to  California. 
He  went  to  Europe  in  1851  as  reporter  and 
spent  two  years  in  travel.  On  his  return  to  the 
United  States  he  published  “ Yusef,  or  the  Jour- 
ney of  the  Fragi;  a Crusade  in  the  East  ” (1853). 
He  made  several  tours  through  Europe  and 
America.  One  series  of  his  magazine  articles 
was  published  in  a separate  volume,  under  the 
title,  “ Adventures  in  the  Apache  Country  ” 
(1869).  In  1866  and  again  in  1868  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  United  States  government  in  pre- 
paring reports  on  the  mineral  resources  of  the 
states  and  territories  west  of  the  Rockies,  which 
were  published  by  order  of  Congress,  and  the 
results  of  his  investigations  and  observations 
were  embodied  in  “ Resources  of  the  Pacific 
Slope,”  a volume  published  in  1Q69.  In  1868 
President  Johnson  appointed  him  as  United 
States  minister  to  China,  and  after  his  recall  in 
July,  1869,  he  settled  in  Oakland,  Cal.,  and 
devoted  himself  to  promoting  the  development  of 
the  country,  and  caring  for  the  needy.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  works  already  noted,  he  published: 
“ Crusoe’s  Island,  with  Sketches  of  Adventures 
in  California  and  Washoe  ” (1864) ; “ The  Land 
of  Thor”  (1866),  and  the  “Adventures  of  an 
American  Family  in  Germany”  (1869).  He 
died  in  Oakland,  Cal.,  Dec.  9,  1875. 

BROWNE,  Junius  Henri,  journalist,  was 
born  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  14,  1833.  He 
was  educated  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  he  was 
graduated  at  St.  Xavier  college  in  1849,  after- 
wards receiving  the  degree  of  A.M.  For  two 
years  he  was  with  his  father,  who  was  a banker 
in  Cincinnati,  and  then  became  connected  with 
the  newspaper  press  of  that  city,  and  retained 
his  connection  until  1861,  when  he  went  into  the 
field  as  war  correspondent  of  the  New  "fork 
Tribune.  After  two  years'  service  in  the  south- 
west. he.  with  his  coadjutor.  Albert  D.  Richaru- 
son,  was  captured  May  3.  1863.  while  running  the 


r<.i4] 


BROWNE. 


BROWNELL. 


batteries  of  Vicksburg.  They  were  placed  in 
seven  prisons,  and  finally  escaped  together  from 
Salisbury,  N.  C.,  after  twenty  months  of  confine- 
ment. Iu  making  their  escape  they  marched  by 
nhdit  in  the  dead  of  winter  nearly  four  hundred 
miles,  over  the  mountains,  to  Strawberry  Plains 
in  Tennessee.  Subsequently  Mr.  Browne  lectured 
on  the  war  and  prison  life,  and  was  editorially 
connected  with  the  New  York  Tribune , and  later 
with  the  New  York  Times.  He  was  New  York 
correspondent  at  different  times  of  the  leading 
newspapers  in  the  country,  and  a contributor  to 
the  principal  magazines.  He  is  the  author  of 
“Four  Years  in  Secessia,”  “The  Great  Metrop- 
olis,” “Sights  and  Sensations  in  Europe,”  and 
several  volumes  on  the  French  revolution,  and 
miscellaneous  essays. 

BROWNE,  Thomas  Haynes  Bayly,  represen- 
tative, was  born  at  Accomack  Court  House,  Va., 
in  1844.  He  entered  the  Confederate  army  as  a 
private  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  in  1861, 
and  was  present  at  Lee's  surrender  in  I860.  Sub- 
sequently he  studied  law  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  was  graduated  in  1867,  commenced 
practice  at  Accomack,  and  in  1873  became  state's 
attorney  for  his  county.  He  was  a delegate  to 
the  Republican  national  convention  in  1884,  and 
was  a representative  in  the  49tli,  50th  and  51st 
congresses  from  1885  to  1891,  being  defeated  as  a 
candidate  for  the  52d  Congress.  He  served  on 
the  commerce,  pensions  and  expenditures  in  the 
navy  department  committees.  He  died  at  Acco- 
mack, Va.,  Aug.  19,  1892. 

BROWNE,  Thomas  M.,  representative,  was 
born  at  New  Paris,  Ohio,  April  19,  1829.  He  re- 
moved to  Indiana  in  1844,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1849.  In  1855  he  was  elected  prosecut- 
ing attorney  for  his  judicial  district,  holding 
the  office  until  1859.  He  was  secretary  of 
the  state  senate  of  Indiana  in  1861,  and  was 
elected  to  a seat  in  that  body  from  Randolph 
county  in  1863.  He  entered  the  army  as  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  the  7th  Indiana  cavalry,  was 
promoted  colonel,  and  in  1865  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  by  brevet.  Was  United  States 
attorney  for  the  district  of  Indiana  from  1869  to 
1872,  when  he  resigned  to  become  the  Republican 
candidate  for  governor  of  Indiana,  and  was  de- 
feated in  the  election  by  Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 
He  was  elected  a representative  from  the  sixth 
Indiana  district  to  the  45th  Congress  in  1876,  and 
was  re-elected  to  the  six  succeeding  congresses, 
on  the  Republican  ticket. 

BROWNE,  William  Hand,  author,  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Dec.  31,  1828,  son  of  William 
and  Patience  (Hand)  Browne.  He  studied  medi- 
cine at  the  University  of  Maryland,  and  was 
graduated  in  1850,  but  did  not  engage  in  the 
practice  of  that  profession.  He  was  junior  edi- 


tor of  the  Southern  Review,  1867-68, and  editor  of 
the  Southern  Magazine,  1871-75.  He  was  made 
a member  of  tlxe  Maryland  historical  society  and 
edited  numerous  volumes  of  the  “Maryland 
Archives.”  He  was  for  many  years  professor  of 
English  literature  in  Johns  Hopkins  university. 
His  first  books  were:  “ Life  of  Alexander  H. 

Stephens,”  and  a “ Historical  Sketch  of  English 
Literature.”  written  in  conjunction  with  Richard 
M.  Johnston.  He  afterwards  wrote : “Maryland,” 
in  the  “Commonwealth”  series;  “George  and 
Cecilius  Calvert,”  in  the  “Makers  of  America” 
series ; the  ‘ ‘ Clarendon  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language,”  and  “Selections  from  the  Early 
Scottish  Poets.”  He  translated  “Greece  and 
Rome,”  by  Jakob  von  Falke  (1882),  and  other 
works  from  the  German  and  French,  and  is  the 
author  of  many  critical  and  literary  papers. 

BROWNELL,  Henry  Howard,  author,  was 
born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Feb.  6,  1820.  He  was 
graduated  at  Trinity  college  in  1841,  and  taught 
school  for  a number  of  years  at  Hartford. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  turned  into 
rhyme  the  “General  Orders”  by  which  com- 
mander Farragut  directed  the  movements  of  his 
fleet  when  preparing  for  the  attack  on  New 
Orleans ; and  these  verses,  which  were  extensively 
copied  by  the  newspapers  of  the  day,  reaching 
the  eyes  of  Farragut,  a correspondence  between 
that  hero  and  the  poet  was  commenced  in  which 
Brownell  expressed  a desire  to  be  present  at  a 
naval  engagement,  and  Farragut,  in  order  to 
gratify  him,  appointed  him  acting  ensign  on  his 
flagship,  the  Hartford.  During  the  New  Orleans 
and  Mobile  engagements  the  ensign-poet  was  busy 
taking  notes  of  the  details  of  the  battles,  and 
“ The  River  Fight  ” and  the  “ Bay  Fight,”  two  of 
his  finest  poems,  are  descriptions  of  the  scenes  of 
which  he  was  a witness.  He  published  a volume 
of  poems  in  1847,  “The  People’s  Book  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  History  ” (1851);  “The  Discoverers, 
Pioneers  and  Settlers  of  North  and  South 
America”  (1853),  and  “Lyrics  of  a Day,  or 
Newspaper  Poetry,  by  a Volunteer  of  the  U.  S. 
Service.”  He  died  in  East  Hartford,  Conn., 
Oct.  31,  1872. 

BROWNELL,  Thomas  Church,  3d  bishop  of 
Connecticut,  and  19th  in  succession  in  the  Ameri- 
can episcopate,  was  born  at  Westfield,  Mass., 
Oct.  19,  1779.  He  taught  in  a common  school  at 
the  age  of  twelve,  but  was  not  able  to  complete 
his  preparation  for  college  till  he  was  twenty-one. 
In  1800  he  entered  the  college  of  Rhode  Island, 
from  which  he  removed,  with  President  Maxcy, 
to  Union  college  in  1802,  and  was  graduated  there 
in  1804  with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class. 
While  in  college  he  studied  theology  under  Rev. 
Dr.  Eliphalet  Nott,  who  became  president  of 
Union  in  1804,  and  he  made  young  Brownell 
[4551 


BROWNELL. 


BROWNING. 


tutor  in  the  classics,  and  a year  later  professor  of 
logic  and  belles  lettres  in  the  college.  After  this 
he  spent  a year  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  in  the 
study  of  the  natural  sciences,  and  returned  to 
teach  chemistry  at  Union  college,  at  first  as  lec- 
turer. and  in  1814  as  professor.  About  this  time 

he  changed  his  reli- 
gious belief  from  the 
Calvinistic  creed  to 
that  of  the  histor- 
ical episcopacy,  and 
was  ordained  a 
deacon  of  the  Protes- 
tant  episcopal 
church, April  11,1816. 
Two  years  later  he 
was  elevated  to  the 
priesthood  and  ac- 
cepted the  position  of 
assistant  minister  in 
Trinity  church.  New 
York,  and  in  June, 
^ ^ 1819,  he  was  elected 
to  the  episcopate  of 
the  diocese  of  Connecticut,  which  had  been  va- 
cant for  six  years.  He  was  consecrated  Oct.  27, 
1819.  He  renewed  the  efforts  to  secure  a charter 
for  a college  in  the  state,  which  should  be  free 
from  Congregational  control;  and  in  1823  the 
charter  of  Washington  college  (afterward  Trinity) 
was  granted  with  full  academic  prerogatives.  It 
was  located  at  Hartford,  and  scholastic  work  was 
begun  in  October,  1824,  with  nine  students.  Bishop 
Brownell  had  been  chosen  president,  and  with  him 
was  soon  associated  a full  faculty,  including  men 
of  no  little  ability.  Two  buildings  of  freestone 
were  erected  on  a sightly  campus  southeast  of 
the  centre  of  the  city.  The  number  of  under- 
graduates rapidly  increased,  partly  on  account  of 
the  provision  made  for  practical  work  and  for 
special  courses,  and  one  of  the  best  libraries  in 
the  country  was  soon  within  its  walls.  For  seven 
years  Bishop  Brownell  guided  the  plans  and  the 
actual  work  of  the  college.  In  1831,  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  convention  of  the  diocese,  he  re- 
signed his  position  as  president  of  Trinity  college 
and  was  elected  to  the  honorary  office  of  chan- 
cellor. Before  this  date,  however,  the  bishop 
had  three  times  paid  a visit  to  the  Southern 
states  in  the  interest  of  the  advancement  of  the 
Episcopal  church.  For  twenty  years  longer  he 
administered  the  diocese  alone,  and  in  1851  the 
Rev.  Dr.  John  Williams,  president  of  Trinity 
college,  was  elected  his  assistant.  Bishop  Brow- 
nell. though  suffering  much  from  infirmity, 
officiated  from  time  to  time  as  late  as  1860.  For 
twelve  years  he  was  presiding  bishop  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  church  on  account  of  his 
seniority.  During  the  closing  years  of  his  life, 


on  each  commencement  day,  the  procession  on 
its  way  from  the  college  buildings  to  the  public 
hall  stopped  before  his  house  to  salute  him,  and 
all  stood  with  uncovered  heads  while  the  band 
played  ‘ ‘ Auld  Lang  Syne.  ” A colossal  bronze 
statue  of  the  bishop  stands  on  the  college  campus. 
His  published  writings,  besides  a lecture  on  the 
theology  of  agriculture,  are  sermons,  addresses, 
and  charges,  a “ Commentary  on  the  Prayer-book,” 
a “ Compilation  on  the  Religion  of  the  Heart  and 
Life,”  and  an  edition  of  “ Holden’s  Commentary 
on  the  New  Testament.”  He  died  at  Hartford, 
Conn.,  Jan.  13,  1865. 

BROWNELL,  Walter  A.,  educator,  was  born 
at  Evans  Mills,  N.  Y.,  March  23,  1838.  He 
acquired  an  academical  education  and  was  grad- 
uated from  Genesee  college.  His  first  appoint- 
ment was  as  professor  of  Latin  in  Fulton  seminary ; 
in  1865  he  became  principal  of  the  Red  Creek 
seminary ; in  1868  principal  of  Fairfield  seminary, 
and  in  1871  principal  of  the  Syracuse  high  school, 
which  he  held  for  a quarter  of  a century.  In 
1872  he  was  chosen  professor  of  geology  and 
chemistry  in  the  high  school.  In  1881  he  was 
elected  professor  of  geology  in  the  summer  school 
for  teachers,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.  He  be- 
came renowned  as  a lecturer  and  writer  upon 
scientific  subjects;  was  made  a member  of  the 
American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science,  and  one  of  the  original  fellows  of  the 
Geological  society  of  America.  He  received  the 
degree  of  A.M.  from  Syracuse  university,  and 
that  of  Pli.D.  from  Hamilton  college  in  1875. 
During  his  vacations  he  made  geological  explora- 
tions in  Europe. 

BROWNING,  Eliza  Gordon,  librarian,  was 
born  at  Fortville,  Ind.,  Sept.  23,  1856.  After  ob- 
taining a public  school  education  she  taught 
music  for  two  years,  and  in  1880  became  an  as- 
sistant at  the  Indianapolis  public  library.  She 
was  the  librarian’s  first -assistant  from  1883  to 
1892,  when  she  was  chosen  librarian.  She  be- 
came a member  of  the  American  library  associa- 
tion, and  on  Dec.  28,  1893,  was  elected  president 
of  the  Indiana  association  of  librarians.  She 
was  chapter  registrar  of  the  Caroline  Scott  Harri- 
son chapter  of  the  daughters  of  the  American 
revolution. 

BROWNING,  Orville  Hickman,  statesman, 
was  born  in  Harrison  county,  Ky.,  in  1810.  He 
early  in  life  removed  to  Bracken  county,  where 
he  was  educated.  In  1830  he  removed  to  Quincy, 
111.,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1831. 
He  was  a soldier  in  the  Black  Hawk  war.  In 
1836  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  and  served 
two  terms,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house,  serving  for  three  years.  He  was  a dele- 
gate of  the  Bloomington  convention,  which  or- 
ganized the  Republican  party  of  Illinois  in  1856, 


BROWNLOW. 


BROWNRIGG. 


and  to  the  Chicago  convention  which  nominated 
Abraham  Lincoln  to  the  presidenc}7  in  1860.  In 
1861  he  was  appointed  United  States  senator  by 
Governor  Yates,  to  succeed  Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
who  died  June  3,  but  the  appointment  was  not 
confirmed  by  the  legislature  of  Illinois,  and 
W A.  Richardson  was  elected  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term.  In  the  senate  he  served  from  1861  to  1863, 
and  actively  supported  all  the  war  measures  of 
the  government,  except  the  confiscation  bill.  In 
1866  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  interior  in 
the  cabinet  of  President  Johnson,  and  for  a time 
acted  also  as  attorney  -general.  At  the  close  of 
Johnson's  administration  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  the  law,  which  he  followed  at  Quincy,  111., 
until  his  death,  Aug.  10,  1881. 

BROWNLOW,  William  Gannaway,  journalist, 
was  born  in  Wythe  county,  Va.,  Aug.  29,  1805. 

By  the  death  of  both  his  parents  he  was  thrown 
upon  his  own  resources  at  an  early  age,  but  he 
managed  to  acquire  an  education,  which  fitted 
him  to  enter  the  Methodist  ministry,  and  he 
labored  as  an  itinerant  preacher  from  1826  to 
1836.  His  political  career  began  in  1828,  while 
travelling  in  South  Carolina,  where  he  advocated 
John  Quincy  Adams’  re-election  to  the  presi- 
dency. Being  a southern  pro-slavery  man,  his 
openly  expressed  opposition  to  nullification  made 
him  extremely  unpopular.  He  settled  in  Tennes- 
see in  1838  and  became  the  editor  of  the  Whig , a 
political  journal  published  first  at  Elizabethtown 
and  afterward  at  Knoxville.  His  defiant  utter- 
ances through  this  journal  won  for  him  the  sou- 
briquet of  the  “ fighting  parson,”  and  his  paper 
had  wide  circulation.  In  1843  he  was  defeated 
as  representative  to  Congress  by  Andrew  John- 
son, and  in  1850  was  appointed  a Missouri  river 
navigation  commissioner  by  President  Fillmore. 

In  1858,  in  a public  debate  with  the  Rev.  A. 
Prynne,  he  advocated  slavery,  and  the  debate 
was  afterwards  published  in  a volume  entitled, 

" Ought  American  Slavery  to  be  Perpetuated  ? ” 

He  opposed  secession  in  1860,  and  wThen  the  state 
passed  the  ordinance  he  kept  the  stars  and  stripes 
flying  over  his  house  in  the  face  of  persecution, 
and  issued  the  Whig  regularly  until  Oct.  24, 

1861,  when  he  published  a farewell  address  to  his 
readers  and  left  the  state  to  escape  imprison- 
ment. He  was  entrapped  under  false  promises, 
imprisoned,  and,  after  a defiant  correspondence 
with  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  was  released  and  sent 
inside  the  Union  lines  at  Nashville,  March  3, 

1862.  During  his  exile,  which  lasted  about  two 
years,  he  made  a tour  through  the  northern 
states,  lecturing  to  immense  audiences.  After 
his  return  to  Tennessee,  in  1864,  he  was  ap- 
pointed a member  of  the  constitutional  conven- 
tion which  re-organized  the  state  government  , and 
from  1865  to  1869  he  served  as  governor  of  Ten- 

[457] 


nessee.  In  1867  he  opposed  Mayor  Brown  of 
Nashville  in  the  matter  of  election  judges,  and 
the  United  States  government  sent  troops  to 
sustain  the  governor.  He  afterwards  in  the  Ku- 
Klux  troubles,  proclaimed  martial  law  in  several 
counties.  He  resigned  the  governorship  in  1869, 
having  been  elected  United  States  senator  from 
Tennessee.  He  served  in  the  senate  to  the  end 
of  his  term,  when  he  returned  to  Knoxville, 
bought  a controlling  interest  in  the  Whig,  and 
assumed  the  editorship  of  the  paper.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1856,  “ The  Iron  Wheel  Examined  and 
its  False  Spokes  Extracted,”  a reply  to  an  attack 
on  the  Methodist  church,  and  in  1862,  “ Sketches 
of  the  Rise,  Progress  and  Decline  of  Secession.” 
He  died  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  April  29,  1877. 

BROWNRIGG,  Richard  Thomas,  soldier,  was 
born  in  North  Carolina  in  1831 ; son  of  Gen.  R.  T. 
Brownrigg.  He  was  educated  at  Dillsborougli, 
N.  C.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1853.  He 
located  as  a lawyer,  first  in  Mississippi,  and  after- 
wards at  Austin,  Texas.  When  the  state  of 
Texas  seceded  he  joined  the  Confederate  army 
and  became  a major  on  General  Sibley’s  staff. 
He  served  in  New  Mexico,  was  in  the  battle  of 
Glorietta,  and  for  gallant  conduct  was  presented 
with  a sword  and  rifle,  each  bearing  an  inscrip- 
tion testifying  to  his  chivalrous  conduct.  He 
received  a mortal  wTound  in  the  battle  of  Camp 
Bisland,  April  14,  1863. 

BROWN=SEQUARD,  Charles  Edouard,  physi- 
ologist, was  born  at  Port  Louis,  Isle  of  Mau- 
ritius, April  8,  1817.  His  father,  Edward  Brown, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  and  his  mother  was 
a native  of  the  Isle  of  Mauritius.  The  son  was 
educated  in  Port  Louis,  and  in  his  twentieth 
year  was  sent  to  Paris  to  study  medicine.  In 
November,  1838,  he  was  made  a B.L.,  and  the 
following  year  a B.S. , by  the  University  of 
France.  He  taught  natural  history,  chemistry 
and  natural  philosophy  in  1839,  and  in  1840 
lectured  on  physiology.  His  M.D.  degree  was 
conferred  Jan.  3,  1846,  and  he  first  devoted  his 
energies  to  making  researches  in  experimental 
physiology,  upon  the  composition  of  the  blood, 
animal  heat,  diseases  of  the  spinal  cord,  the 
muscular  system  and  the  lymphatic  nerves  and 
ganglia.  He  has  been  called  a specialist,  but 
when  questioned  in  regard  to  it,  said-  ” I am 
chiefly  consulted  for  nervous  affections,  both 
functional  and  organic,  but  I am  not  a specialist ; 
and  have  studied  and  continue  to  study  every 
branch  of  medicine.”  In  1858  he  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  at  the  Royal  college  of  sur- 
geons in  Lincoln’s  Inn  Fields,  and  soon  after,  at 
the  request  of  a number  of  young  and  progres- 
sive physicians  and  scientists,  went  to  Dublin, 
where  he  gave  the  same  lectures.  In  March, 
1853,  he  married  Ellen  Fletcher,  a niece  of 


BROWN-SEQUARD. 


BROWNSON. 


Daniel  Webster,  and  in  1864  visited  America, 
where  he  lectured  and  practised  at  both  Cam- 
bridge and  Boston.  From  1864  to  1868  he  held 
the  chair  of  physiology  and  pathology  of  the 
nervous  system  at  Harvard  college,  and  in  1869 
returned  to  Paris,  where  he  was  made  professor 
of  experimental  and  comparative  pathology  in 
the  ecole  de  medicine.  He  had  established, 
when  in  Paris  in  1858,  the  Journal  de  la  Physiol- 
ogic de  I'Homme  et  des  Animaux,  and  on  his 
return  in  1869  he  started  another  journal,  which 
he  called  Archives  de  la  Physiologie  Normale  et 
Pathologique.  He  remained  in  Paris  four  years, 
returning  to  America  in  1873  to  practise  in  New 
York  city,  and  soon  after  he  began  to  publish, 
in  connection  with  Dr.  Seguin,  the  “ Archives 
of  Scientific  and  Practical  Medicine.”  Return- 
ing to  France,  he  was  called,  in  1878,  to  the 
professorship  of  experimental  medicine  at  the 
College  of  France,  to  take  the  place  of  his  former 
teacher,  Claude  Bernard,  and  in  the  same  year 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  medicine  in  the 
French  academy  of  sciences,  from  which  body 
he  received  at  various  times  five  prizes,  one  of 
them  the  biennial  prize  of  twenty  thousand 
francs.  He  also  twice  received  a portion  of  the 
grant  set  aside  by  the  Royal  society  of  London 
for  the  promotion  of  science,  and  honors  from 
many  other  scientific  bodies  were  bestowed  upon 
him.  Vivisection  was  necessarily  used  largely 
in  making  his  discoveries,  and  he  was -subject  to 
much  adverse  criticism  on  this  account.  In 
1889  he  created  a sensation  in  the  press,  if  not 
in  the  scientific  world,  by  announcing  the  dis- 
covery of  a process  of  rejuvenating  man,  and 
restoring  his  vitality,  by  means  of  a subcutane- 
ous injection  of  a peculiar  composition  extracted 
from  the  organs  of  living  animals.  He  gave  the 
results  of  his  experiments  in  a special  work 
written  in  1890.  The  theory  that  “ the  fibrine  of 
the  blood  is  an  excrement  itious  product,  and 
not  subservient  to  nutrition,  originated  with 
him,  as  did  also  the  discovery  that  arterial  blood 
is  subservient  to  nutrition,  while  venous  blood 
is  required  for  muscular  contraction.”  He  also 
determined  by  his  experiments  that  the  animal 
heat  of  man  is  103°  F.  He  was  decorated  with 
the  medal  of  the  legion  of  honor  in  1880  and  in 
1886,  and  having  been  elected  a member  of  the 
academy  of  science  was  made  its  perpetual  sec- 
retary. His  publications,  contained  in  pamphlets, 
periodicals,  and  cyclopaedias,  were  catalogued 
under  two  hundred  and  nine  titles  in  1863. 
Among  his  English  writings  are:  “Physiology 
and  Pathology  of  the  Nervous  System  ” (1860) ; 
“ Lectures  on  Paralysis  of  the  Lower  Extremi- 
ties ” (1872);  “Lecture  on  Functional  Affec- 
tions ” (1873),  and  “ The  ‘ Elixir  of  Life  ’ ” 
(1889).  He  died  April  1,  1894. 


BROWNSON,  Henry  Francis,  lawyer  and 

author,  was  born  near  Boston  in  1835 ; son  of  Dr. 
Orestes  Augustus  Brownson.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  and  at  the  Holy  Cross  col- 
lege, Worcester,  and  was  graduated  at  George- 
town college.  In  1851  he  went  to  Europe  and 
studied  in  Paris  and  Munich.  Upon  his  return 
to  America  in  1854  he  became  associated  with 
his  father  in  editing  Broicnson's  Quarterly  Re- 
view, and  translating  from  the  Spanish  “ Balmfe’s 
Fundamental  Philosophy”  ( 1856).  In  1861  he 
entered  the  army  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  3d 
United  States  artillery.  He  served  through  the 
war,  was  wounded  at  Gaines’s  Mill,  at  Mal- 
vern Hill  and  at  Chancellorsville,  and  spent  a 
fortnight  in  Libby  prison.  He  was  promoted  1st 
lieutenant  in  1862,  captain  in  1866,  and  was 
twice  brevetted  for  gallant  and  meritorious  ser- 
vices in  battles.  He  resigned  from  the  army  at 
the  end  of  1870,  when  he  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  law  in  Detroit.  For  the  succeeding  ten  years 
he  was  active  in  the  legal  profession,  but  after 
1882  he  devoted  his  time  mostly  to  literature. 
He  collected,  edited  and  published  the  works  of 
his  father  in  twenty  volumes  ( 1882— '87)  ; and 
translated  from  the  Italian,  and  published  in  two 
volumes,  Francesco  Tarducci’s  “ Life  of  Colum- 
bus.” He  originated  the  Catholic  congress  at 
Baltimore  in  1889,  and  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  papers  to  be  read.  He  also  read 
a paper  against  the  undue  restriction  of  thought 
and  expression  of  the  Catholic  laity.  He  received 
from  Notre  Dame  university  the  degree  of  LL.D.. 
and  in  1892  the  La?tare  medal,  which  is  annually 
awarded  to  some  Roman  Catholic  layman  who 
has  especially  distinguished  himself  in  literature, 
art  or  science. 

BROWNSON,  Orestes  Augustus,  theologist 
was  born  at  Stockbridge,  Vt.,  Sept.  16.  1803. 
His  father  died  when  he  was  a mere  child  and 
he  was  taken  in  charge  by  relatives  living  in 
Royalton,  and  brought  up  in  a simple,  precise 
and  puritanic  way  until  he  was  fourteen.  He 
then  found  work  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  and  earned 
enough  to  take  a course  of  study  in  the  academy 
at  Ballston.  When  nearly  nineteen  years  old  he 
joined  the  Presbyterian  church,  and  three  years 
later  entered  the  Universalist  ministry,  and 
preached  in  New  York  and  Vermont.  He  became 
editorially  connected  with  the  Christian  Advocate 
and  was  later  the  editor  of  the  Philan  thropist.  He 
was  encouraged  in  matters  of  social  reform  by 
Robert  Owen,  and  made  energetic  efforts  to  estab- 
lish  such  an  organization  of  the  humbler  classes 
as  to  make  them  an  effective  element  in  political 
life.  But  the  times  were  not  ripe  and  the  move- 
ment failed.  About  this  time  he  became  inter- 
ested in  the  religious  views  of  Dr.  Channing.  and 
in  1832  became  pastor  of  a Unitarian  congrega- 


f4os] 


BROWNSON. 


BRUCE. 


tion.  He  organized  the  society  for  Christian 
union  and  progress  in  1836,  and  served  in  Boston 
as  pastor  until  1843,  when  lie  abandonee,  preach- 
ing, and  gave  himself  to  secular  interests.  He 
took  the  stump  as  a speaker  in  the  interests  of 
the  Democratic  party,  opposing  the  Whigs  with 
much  vehemence  and  popular  eloquence ; helped 
to  organize  the  Loco-foco  party  in  New  York,  and 
supported  Van  Buren  for  the  presidency.  He 
was  too  independent  to  suit  party  leaders,  and 
when  a new  constitution  was  proposed  in  Massa- 
chusetts he  sided  with  the  Whigs.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1836,  “ New  Views  of  Christian  Society 
and  the  Church,”  and  in  1836-  37  published 
articles  in  the  Christian  Examiner,  which  gave 
him  renown  as  a philosopher.  He  started  the 
Boston  Quarterly  Review  in  1838,  and  was  for 
five  years  his  own  editor  and  almost  the  only 
contributor.  He  advocated  no  special  system 
either  of  philosophy  or  religion,  but  invited  inves- 
tigation, stimulated  thought  in  others,  and  sug- 
gested searching  changes  in  politics  and  reform. 
In  1843  the  periodical  was  absorbed  by  the  Demo- 
cratic Review  of  New  York,  and  Dr.  Brownson 
continued  a contributor.  In  1840  he  published, 
“Charles  Elwood,  or  the  Infidel  Converted,”  a 
novel,  purporting  to  be  the  biography  of  a soul 
struggling  out  of  bondage  into  freedom,  from 
darkness  to  light.  It  was  popular;  awakened 
discussion,  and  had  ready  sale ; but,  regardless 
of  his  interests,  he  refused  to  have  a second 
edition  issued  in  the  United  States,  as  his  own 
views  were  undergoing  vital  change,  so  radical 
and  extreme,  that  he  found  contentment  of 
thought  and  peace  of  mind  in  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic church,  into  which  communion  he  entered  in 
1844.  The  philosophy  of  his  faith  seemed  to  lie 
in  the  close  distinction  he  made  between  immedi- 
ate perception  of  intuition  and  reflex  knowledge. 
His  intimate  study  of  the  French  philosophy  of 
Leroux  and  Gioberti  and  Cousin  was  manifest 
in  his  writings,  and  in  several  instances  brought 
him  into  conflict  with  the  authorities  of  the 
church  to  which  he  had  given  his  allegiance. 
Articles  published  in  Brownson's  Quarterly 
Review  were  subject  to  stringent  criticism,  and 
were  finally  referred  to  Rome.  Nothing  was 
found  really  deserving  of  censure,  but  Dr.  Brown- 
son was  asked  to  be  more  cautious  in  his  treat- 
ment of  certain  themes.  The  controversy,  added 
to  domestic  troubles,  was  so  trying  to  him,  that 
his  health  gave  way,  and  in  1864  he  discontinued 
his  Review.  When  the  syllabus  of  1865  was  pub- 
lished he  defended  it  in  the  Catholic  journals, 
and  was  charged  with  inconsistency  in  the 
emphasis  of  what  he  deemed  truth  and  of  the 
faith  he  professed,  so  far  as  Roman  Catholic 
doctrines  were  concerned;  and  while  he  was  held 
to  be  liberal  in  one  direction,  he  was  regarded 


as  too  severe  and  conservative  in  another.  He 
was  honored  with  an  invitation  to  a professorship 
in  Dublin  university,  which  he  valued  much 
although  he  declined  it.  When  he  was  seventy- 
two  years  old  he  left  the  east  and  settled  in 
Detroit,  where  his  son  was  living,  and  he  there 
busied  himself  in  re-writing  portions  of  the 
works  already  published.  Among  them  were : 
“Essays  and  Reviews”  (1852);  “The  Spirit 
Rapper,  an  Autobiography  ” (1854) ; “ The  Con- 
vert, or  Leaves  from  my  Experience”  (1857); 
“ The  American  Republic,  its  Constitution, 
Tendencies,  and  Destiny  ” (1865) ; “ Conversa- 
tion on  Liberalism  and  the  Church  ” (1870).  He 
died  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  April  17,  1876. 

BROWNSON,  Truman  Gaylord,  educator, 
was  born  at  Afton,  N.  Y.,  April  2,  1851.  He  was 
prepared  for  college  at  Colgate  academy ; in  1877 
was  graduated  at  Colgate  university,  and  in 
1883  from  the  Baptist  union  theological  seminary 
of  Chicago.  He  was  subsequently  pastor  of  a 
church  at  Tluee  Rivers,  Mich.,  from  1879  to  1882, 
of  one  at  Albany.  Oregon,  from  1884  to  1887,  and 
in  June,  1887,  was  appointed  president  of  Mc- 
Minnville college,  McMinnville,  Oregon.  Under 
his  administration  the  college  enjoyed  remark- 
able growth,  especially  in  its  financial  strength, 
its  income  having  more  than  doubled  in  the  first 
five  years  of  his  administration. 

BRUCE,  Archibald,  physician,  was  born  in 
New  York  city  in  February,  1777 ; son  of  William 
Bruce,  a noted  English  physician,  having  charge 
of  the  medical  department  of  the  New  York 
division  of  the  British  army.  He  was  graduated 
at  Columbia  college  in  1797,  and  from  the  medi- 
cal school  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  1800. 
He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1803,  having 
spent  the  interim  in  European  travel,  and  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  1807 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  materia  medica  and 
mineralogy  in  the  New  York  college  of  physi- 
cians and  surgeons,  and  in  1812  a similar  chair 
in  Queen's  (Rutgers)  college,  New  Jersey.  He 
commenced  the  publication  of  the  Journal  of 
American  Mineralogy  in  1810,  and  acted  as  its 
editor  from  that  time  until  1814.  He  accumu- 
lated a large  collection  of  rare  minerals,  and 
discovered  and  analyzed  many  valuable  minerals. 
His  paper  “ On  the  Ores  of  Titanium  occurring 
within  the  United  States,”  was  published  in  1814. 
He  was  a member  of  a number  of  the  leading 
scientific  associations  of  Europe  and  America. 
He  died  in  New  York  city,  Feb.  22,  1818. 

BRUCE,  Blanche  K.,  senator,  was  born  in 
Prince  Edward  county,  Va.,  March  1,  1841;  a 
slave,  but  shared  with  the  young  son  of  his 
master,  to  whom  he  was  assigned  as  a compan- 
ion and  attendant,  the  advantages  of  private 
instruction.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war 
|459j 


BRUCE. 


BRUEN. 


he  was  living  in  Missouri,  and  he  removed  to  a 
free  state,  where  he  taught  school ; after  which, 
with  the  means  thus  acquired,  he  pursued  an 
elective  course  of  study  at  Oberlin  college.  In 
1808  he  went  to  Mississippi,  where  he  engaged 
in  cotton  planting  with  great  success.  In  the 
following  year  he  was  chosen  sergeant -at -arms 
of  the  Mississippi  senate ; and  in  1871  was  elected 
sheriff  and  tax  collector  of  Bolivar  county,  and 
also  a member  of  the  Mississippi  levee  commis- 
sion. The  aggregate  bond  given  by  him,  while 
holding  these  positions,  was  one  hundred  and 
twenty  thousand  dollars,  the  whole  of  which  was 
furnished  by  southern  men,  whose  political 
creed  differed  from  his  own.  He  was  re-elected 
to  these  offices  without  opposition,  and  in  1874 
was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate.  He  took 
his  seat  in  that  body  March  4,  1875,  and  when 
he  appeared  in  the  chamber  to  be  sworn  in,  it 
was  observed  by  Senator  Conkling  that  he  was 
approaching  the  presiding  officer  without  the 
usual  escort,  his  colleague  from  Mississippi  hav- 
ing failed  in  the  courtesy  common  to  the  occa- 
sion. Senator  Conkling  stepped  forward  and 
said:  “Excuse  me,  Mr.  Bruce;  I did  not  until 
just  now  see  that  you  were  without  an  escort. 
Permit  me.”  He  thereupon  gave  his  arm,  and 
the  two  advanced  to  the  vice-president’s  desk. 
After  the  oath  was  administered,  he  escorted 
Senator  Bruce  back  to  the  seat.  He  was  made 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  Mississippi  levees, 
and  of  the  select  committee  on  the  Freedman’s 
savings  bank,  the  affairs  of  which  institution  he 
closed,  selling  its  property,  and  reimbursing  the 
unfortunate  depositors  with  the  proceeds.  His 
first  speech  was  on  the  admission  of  P.  B.  S. 
Pinchback  of  Louisiana  to  a seat  in  the  senate ; 
but  his  speeches  on  the  investigation  of  elections 
in  Mississippi,  and  on  the  “ Chinese  Bill,”  are  the 
most  noteworthy  of  his  senatorial  term.  He  was 
on  several  occasions  called  to  preside  over  the 
senate,  and  elicited  the  encomiums  of  his  fellow 
senators,  by  the  ease  and  dignity  with  which  lie 
wielded  the  gavel  of  the  second  officer  of  the  re- 
public. At  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  the 
senate,  Mr.  Bruce  was  appointed  register  of  the 
treasury  by  President  Garfield,  and  this  position 
he  held  until  the  first  administration  of  President 
Cleveland,  when  he  accepted  an  engagement  as  a 
platform  lecturer.  His  principal  lectures  were, 
‘ ' Popular  Tendencies,  ” and  “ The  Race  Problem.  ’ ’ 
He  served  as  a delegate  to  nearly  every  national 
Republican  convention  after  the  reconstruction 
era,  and  he  was  the  first  colored  man  ever  called 
upon  to  preside  over  a national  convention,  which 
was  at  Chicago  in  1880.  In  1891  he  was  appointed 
by  President  Harrison  recorder  of  deeds  for  the 
District  of  Columbia,  and  served  for  a number  of 
years  as  a school  trustee. 


BRUCE,  George,  type-founder,  was  born  in 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  June  26,  1781.  In  1795  he 
joined  his  brother  David,  who  had  emigrated  to 
the  United  States  some  years  previously,  and 
after  learning  the  printer’s  trade  in  Philadelphia, 
George  found  employment  in  New  York.  He 
became  the  printer  and  publisher  of  the  New 
York  Daily  Advertiser  in  1803,  and  was  an  occa- 
sional contributor  to  its  columns.  In  partner- 
ship with  his  brother  he  opened  a book-printing 
establishment  in  1806,  and  among  the  first  works 
brought  out  by  the  new  firm,  who  did  the  entire 
work  themselves,  was  an  edition  of  “ Lavoisier's 
Chemistry.  ’ ’ In  their  efforts  to  introduce  the  art 
of  stereotyping,  which  David  went  to  England  in 
1812  to  learn,  they  encountered  many  mechanical 
difficulties,  which  they  succeeded  in  overcoming 
by  inventing  new  machinery,  and  casting  new 
type.  They  sold  out  the  printing  business  in 
1816  and  established  a type  foundry,  introduced 
many  innovations,  and  with  the  assistance  of  his 
nephew,  David  Bruce,  Jr.,  George  invented  a type- 
casting machine,  which  was  in  use  in  1896.  He 
was  a prominent  member  of  the  Mechanics’  insti- 
tute, and  of  the  various  industrial  societies  con- 
nected with  the  craft.  He  died  in  New  York 
city,  July  6,  1866. 

BRUCE,  Wallace,  poet,  was  born  at  Hillsdale, 
Columbia  county,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  10,  1844.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1867,  with  distin- 
guished honors,  and  then  visited  Europe,  where, 
while  in  Paris  in  1870,  he  witnessed  some  of  the 
stormiest  scenes  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war. 
Returning  to  the  United  States  in  1871,  he  lec- 
tured before  literary  societies.  In  1875  he  deliv- 
ered his  poem,  “ Parson  Allen’s  Ride,”  at  the 
centennial  celebration  at  Bennington,  Vt.  Mr. 
Bruce  was  appointed  United  States  consul  in 
Edinburgh,  Scotland,  July  1,  1889,  by  President 
Harrison.  While  in  Scotland  he  was  instru- 
mental in  securing  the  erection  in  Edinburgh  of 
a statue  of  Lincoln  to  commemorate  the  service 
of  Scottish -American  soldiers  in  the  American 
civil  war.  The  monument  was  designed  by  a 
Union  veteran  soldier,  and  stands  in  Old  Carlton 
burying-ground,  where  a number  of  Scotch- 
American  soldiers  are  buried.  He  published  in 
1878,  “ The  Land  of  Burns  ” ; in  1880,  “ The  Yo- 
semite”;  in  1882,  “The Hudson”;  in  1883,  “The 
Long  Drama,”  a centennial  poem,  delivered  at 
Newburg,  N.  Y. ; in  1884,  “ From  the  Hudson 
to  the  Yosemite  ” ; in  1888,  “Old  Homestead 
Poems”  ; and  in  1894,  “Wayside  Poems." 

BRUEN,  Matthias,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  April  11,  1793.  He  was  graduated 
from  Columbia  college  in  1812.  and  after  study- 
ing theology  he  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1816. 
From  1816  to  1819  he  resided  in  Europe,  at  first 
travelling  for  his  health,  and  having  been 


f 460] 


BRUNNER. 


BRUNOT. 


ordained  in  London  in  1818,  lie  assumed  charge  of 
the  “American  chapel  of  the  oratory  ” in  Paris. 
In  May,  1819,  he  returned  to  the  United  States, 
and  in  1822  began  missionary  labors  in  the  poorer 
quarters  of  New  York  city,  finally  succeeding  in 
establishing  the  Bleecker  Street  church,  of  which 
he  was  pastor  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
Among  his  published  writings  are:  a sermon, 
on  taking  leave  of  his  congregation  in  Paris 
(1819);  a Thanksgiving  sermon  (1821);  “Essays 
descriptive  of  Scenes  in  Italy  and  France”  (1822). 
He  also  contributed  to  numerous  periodicals.  His 
memoir  was  published  in  1831.  He  died  in  New 
York  city,  Sept.  6,  1829. 

BRUMM,  Charles  N.,  representative,  was  born 
at  Potts ville,  Pa.,  June  9,  1838.  He  received 
a common-school  training  and  attended  at  Penn- 
sylvania college  one  year,  when  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  a watchmaker,  meantime  studying  law. 
In  June,  1861,  he  volunteered  for  three  months’ 
service  in  the  Union  army,  and  served  as  1st 
lieutenant  in  the  5th  Pennsylvania  volunteers. 
In  September,  1861,  he  volunteered  for  three 
years  and  was  assigned  to  the  76th  Pennsylvania 
volunteers,  being  detailed  on  the  staff  of  General 
Barton  as  aide-de-camp  and  assistant  quarter- 
master. He  afterwards  served  in  the  same 
capacity  on  General  Pennypacker’s  staff  until 
the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1871,  and  practised  in  Schuylkill  county. 
In  1878  the  Republican  electors  of  the  thirteenth 
congressional  district  claimed  to  have  elected  him 
as  a representative  to  the  46tli  Congress,  but  he 
was  counted  out  by  192  votes.  He  was  elected  to 
and  served  in  the  47th,  48th,  49th,  50th,  54th  and 
55th  congresses. 

BRUNNER,  David  B.,  representative,  was 
born  at  Amity,  Berks  bounty,  Pa.,  March  7,  1835. 
He  was  educated  in  the  common  schools,  learned 
the  carpenter’s  trade,  and  taught  school  from 
1853  to  1856,  during  which  time  he  studied  the 
classics.  He  was  graduated  at  Dickinson  college 
in  1860,  and  for  the  succeeding  nine  years  was 
principal  of  a classical  academy  in  Reading.  In 
1869  he  was  elected  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools  of  Berks  county,  which  office  he  filled 
until  1875,  and  in  1880  he  established  the  Reading 
business  college.  He  is  the  author  of  an  elemen- 
tary work  on  English  grammar,  and  a volume 
entitled,  “The  Indians  of  Berks  County,  Penn- 
sylvania.” He  devoted  considerable  time  to 
microscopy  and  mineralogy,  and  made  a large 
collection  of  specimens  in  those  branches  of 
science.  In  1888  he  was  elected  a representative 
from  the  ninth  Pennsylvania  district  to  the 
51st  Congress  as  a Democrat,  was  re-elected  to 
the  52d  Congress  in  1890,  and  at  the  end  of  his 
term  he  withdrew  from  public  life  and  devoted 
himself  to  his  profession  as  an  educator. 


BRUNNER,  John  Hamilton,  educator,  was 
born  near  Greeneville,  Tenn.,  March  12,  1825.  He 
was  graduated  at  Greeneville  and  Tusculum  col- 
lege in  1847,  and  was  elected  to  a professorship  in 
Hiwassee  college  in  1853.  In  1854  he  became 
president  of  that  institution,  being  succeeded  in 
1890  by  J.  T.  Pritchett.  He  is  author  of  “ Sun- 
day Evening  Talks,”  and  “The  Union  of  the 
Churches”;  and  was  elected  a member  of  the 
Society  of  science,  letters  and  art  of  London,  as 
well  as  of  numerous  American  literary  organi- 
zations. Having  experienced  the  difficulties 
attending  a*penniless  boy  in  quest  of  an  educa- 
tion, he  has  succored  scores  of  young  men,  who 
have  won  their  way  from  obscurity  to  positions 
of  usefulness,  and,  in  many  cases,  to  distinction. 
He  was  a presiding  elder  in  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal church,  south,  and  for  some  years  served  as 
assistant  editor  of  a church  paper,  and  as  a con- 
tributor to  the  Quarterly  Revieiv. 

BRUNOT,  Felix  R.,  philanthropist,  was  born 
at  Newport,  Ky.,  Feb.  7,  1820.  After  passing 
through  Jefferson  college,  Cannonsburg,  Pa.,  he 
studied  engineering  and  practised  that  profession 
for  a time.  In  1847  he  acquired  an  interest  in  a 
steel  furnace,  which  brought  him  a fortune  and 
enabled  him  to  indulge  the  philanthropic  prompt- 
ings of  his  nature.  During  the  civil  war  he 
organized  and  equipped  a corps  of  volunteer  phy- 
sicians, which  rendered  most  effective  service  in 
caring  for  the  sick  and  wounded  on  the  battle- 
fields. In  1865,  by  appointment  of  President 
Grant,  he  became  one  of  the  commissioners 
selected  to  inquire  into  the  complaints  made  by 
the  Indians  in  the  west.  Upon  the  organization 
of  the  board,  Mr.  Brunot  was  chosen  president, 
and  during  the  five  summers  spent  among  the 
Indians  he  succeeded  in  correcting  many  abuses 
in  the  management  of  Indian  affairs. 

BRUSH,  Charles  Benjamin,  civil  engineer, 
was  born  in  New  York  city.  Feb.  15,  1848;  son 
of  Jonathan  Ethelbert  and  Cornelia  (Turck) 
Brush.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
the  city  of  New  York  in  1867.  He  was  on  the 
engineer  corps,  Croton  aqueduct  department, 
New  York  city,  1868-'69:  was  adjunct  professor 
of  civil  engineering  in  the  University  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  1874^’88,  when  he  was  advanced 
to  the  full  professorship.  From  1888-'91  he 
was  director  of  the  American  society  of  civil  en- 
gineers, and  in  1892  was  chosen  vice-president 
of  the  society.  He  directed  the  construction  of 
many  of  the  more  important  bridges,  water- 
works and  sewers  in  the  United  States.  He  was 
elected  a member  of  the  American  society  of 
civil  engineers,  the  American  society  of  mechani- 
cal engineers,  the  American  water-works  associa- 
tion, the  New  England  water-works  association, 
the  New  York  academy  of  sciences,  and  the  New 


BRUSH. 


BRUSH. 


Jersey  sanitary  association.  The  University  of 
the  city  of  New  York  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
gree of  B.S.  and  C.E.  in  1867,  and  of  M.S.  in  1878. 
He  is  the  author  of  numerous  contributions  to 
the  Transactions  of  scientific  associations,  includ- 
ing: “Roads”  (1878);  “Aeration  of  Water” 

(1886);  “Friction,  Waste  and  Loss  of  Water  in 
Mains  ” (1888) ; “ One  Way  of  Obtaining  Brine  ” 
(1890) ; “Aeration  on  a Gravity  Water  Supply  ” 
(1891),  and  "Vertical  Gates  on  Force  Mains” 
(1892). 

BRUSH,  Charles  Francis,  electrical  engineer, 
was  born  at  Euclid,  Cuyahoga  county,  Ohio, 
March  17,  1849.  His  ancestors  came  from  England 
in  1630  and  1656.  His  early  years  were  spent  at 
work  on  his  father’s  farm.  While  quite  young 
he  devised  experiments  at  home  and  at  school 
that  indicated  his  special  taste  for  chemistry, 
physics,  and  engineering.  At  the  age  of  thirteen 
lie  entered  the  Shaw  academy  at  Collamer,  Ohio, 
where  he  made  his  first  experiments  with  static 
electrical  machines,  electro-magnets,  and  bat- 
teries, all  of  his  own  construction.  Early  in  1864 
he  entered  the  Cleveland  high  school,  where  he 
became  much  interested  in  the  subject  of  micro- 
scopes and  telescopes.  He  constructed  every  part 
of  these  instruments,  even  to  grinding  the  lenses. 
In  the  same  year  he  devised  a plan  for  lighting 
and  turning  off  gas  on  street  lamps  by  electricity. 
He  also  constructed  a number  of  induction  coils, 
and  did  some  very  creditable  dry-plate  photo- 
graphic work,  a process  then  almost  unknown. 
During  his  high  school  course  he  passed  a rigid 
examination  in  physics,  and  during  his  senior 
year,  the  physical  and  chemical  apparatus  be- 
longing to  the  school  was  placed  in  his  charge. 
At  this  early  time  he  constructed  an  electric 
motor,  having  its  field  magnets  as  well  as  its 
armature  excited  by  the  battery  current.  He 
also  produced  his  first  electric  arc  light,  with  a 
lamp  and  battery  of  his  own  construction.  The 
subject  of  his  Graduating  oration  was  “ The  Con- 
servation of  Force.”  Having  graduated  from 
the  Cleveland  high  school  in  June,  1867,  Mr. 
Brush,  in  September,  entered  the  University  of 
Michigan,  where  he  took  a course  of  study  par- 
ticularly suited  to  his  tastes,  and  was  graduated 
in  1869,  being  one  year  in  advance  of  his  class. 
Returning  to  Cleveland  he  organized  a laboratory 
and  conducted  the  business  of  an  analytical  and 
consulting  chemist  for  about  three  years.  Dur- 
ing this  period  lie  was  employed  as  expert  in 
several  important  litigations  involving  questions 
of  chemistry.  In  the  spring  of  1873  he  engaged 
in  business  with  C.  E.  Bingham,  dealing  in  Lake 
Superior  and  other  pig-irons  and  iron-ores,  and 
continued  his  electrical  investigations,  and  early 
in  1876  completed  his  first  dynamo-electric  ma- 
chine. After  1877  Mr.  Brush  devoted  his  entire 


attention  to  the  development  of  his  electrical  in 
ventions.  Early  in  1877  he  invented  and  con- 
structed his  first  commercial  arc  lamp,  and 
exhibited  it  in  connection  with  one  of  his  new 
type  of  dynamos  at  the  Franklin  institute  at 
Philadelphia,  where  he,  in  competition  with 
other  inventors,  carried  off  all  the  honors. 
Soon  after  this  he  invented  his  famous  series 
arc  lamp,  having  a regulating  shunt  of  high 
resistance.  Among  his  other  inventions  of 
early  date  are  his  copper-plate  carbons  for 
arc  lights,  his  automatic  cut-out  for  arc  lamps, 
his  compound  series-shunt  winding  for  dyna- 
mo-electric machines,  and  his  multiple  carbon 
arc  lamp  for  all-night  burning.  He  patented 
many  of  his  earlier  inventions  abroad,  and  in 
1880  sold  these  patents  to  a London  company, 
realizing  about  a half -million  of  dollars,  a price 
for  patents  then  almost  unprecedented.  He 
became  a fellow  of  the  American  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science,  and  a member  of 
many  engineering  societies.  At  his  graduation 
the  University  of  Michigan  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  M.E. ; in  1880  the  Western  Reserve 
university  invested  him  with  the  degree  of  Ph.D., 
and  in  1881,  in  connection  with  the  electrical 
exposition  held  in  Paris,  the  French  government, 
in  honor  of  his  distinguished  inventions  and 
contributions  to  the  world  of  science,  decorated 
him  chevalier  of  the  legion  of  honor. 

BRUSH,  George  Jarvis,  mineralogist,  was 
born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  15,  1831.  His 
fondness  for  scientific  research  was  developed 
while  he  was  a student  of  Theodore  S.  Gold  at 
West  Cornwall,  Conn.  Upon  leaving  the  acad- 
emy, he  entered  a counting-house  in  New  York 
city,  and  had  acquired  two  years’  business  ex- 
perience, when  lie  attended  a course  of  lectures 
on  agriculture  at  Yale,  he  having  decided  to 
become  a farmer.  His  fondness  for  chemistry 
and  mineralogy  now  re  asserted  itself,  and  after 
completing  his  course  in  agriculture,  he  re- 
mained at  Yale  two  years  studying  his  favorite 
branches.  He  was  appointed  assistant  to  Benja- 
min Silliman,  Jr.,  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
University  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1850,  and  in  the 
following  year  accompanied  the  elder  Silliman 
on  an  extended  tour  through  Europe.  Return- 
ing to  Yale  in  1852  for  examinations,  he  was  one 
of  six  to  receive  the  degree  of  Ph.  B. , the  first 
time  that  degree  was  conferred  by  the  college. 
The  next  three  years  he  spent  in  study  at  the 
University  of  Munich,  the  Royal  mining  academy 
of  Saxony,  and  the  Royal  school  of  mines  in 
London,  after  which  he  made  an  extended  tour 
through  the  mines  and  smelting  works  of  Eng- 
land. Scotland.  Wales,  Belgium.  Germany  and 
Austria.  In  1857  he  entered  upon  his  duties  as 
professor  of  metallurgy  at  the  Yale  scientific 


r«->j 


BRUSKE. 


BRUTE. 


school,  having  been  elected  to  that  office  while 
in  Europe,  which  chair  he  exchanged  for  that  of 
mineralogy  in  1864.  The  school  was  in  an  em- 
bryonic state  in  1857,  and  through  his  zeal  and 
ability  it  became  established,  and  paved  the  way 
for  the  Sheffield  scientific  school.  In  addition 
to  the  duties  of  his  professorship,  he  discharged 
those  of  treasurer,  secretary,  and  of  presiding 
officer  of  the  faculty,  after  the  organization  of 
that  body  in  1872.  He  was  made  president  of 
the  American  association  for  the  advancement 
of  science,  in  1885,  and  became  an  honored 
member  of  the  leading  scientific  societies  of  Eu- 
rope and  America.  His  writings  are  recognized 
as  valuable  accessions  to  the  literature  of  science ; 
those  contributed  to  the  American  Journal  of 
Science  being  especially  notable.  He  assisted 
Prof.  James  D.  Dana  in  preparing  the  third, 
fourth,  and  fifth  editions  of  his  “ Descriptive 
Mineralogy,”  contributing  to  them  valuable 
analyses  of  minerals,  and  he  wrote  a “ Manual 
of  Determinative  Mineralogy  and  Blowpipe 
Analysis”  (1875). 

BRUSH,  Jesse,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Hun- 
tington, N.  Y.,  June  11,  1830;  son  of  John  Rogers 
and  Elizabeth  (Carman)  Brush.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  University  of  the  city  of  New  York  in 
1854,  and  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  city  bar 
in  1855.  In  1859  he  was  graduated  at  the  Union 
theological  seminary,  and  was  ordained  to  the 
Presbyterian  ministry.  In  1859-'60  he  was  pastor 
at  Susquehanna,  Pa.,  and  in  1862-'63  a supply  at 
Westhampton,  Mass.  From  1863  to  1865  he  was 
chaplain  of  the  158th  infantry,  N.  Y.  volunteers. 
He  was  pastor  at  Vernon,  Conn.,  from  1865  to 
1867;  at  North  Cornwall,  Conn.,  from  1867  to 
1873;  at  Berlin,  Conn.,  from  1873  to  1876,  and  at 
North  Stamford,  Conn.,  from  1876  to  1880.  In 

1880  he  entered  the  Episcopal  church,  and  was 
rector  of  Grace  church,  Say  brook,  Conn.,  from 

1881  to  1888,  becoming  in  the  latter  year  rector  in 
Mayville,  Chautauqua  county,  N.  Y.,  remaining 
in  that  position  until  May,  1893,  when  he  became 
associated  with  Rev.  Dr.  Smith,  rector  of  St. 
James'  church,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  In  January,  1896, 
lie  was  elected  chaplain  of  the  church  home, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.  He  married  a daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Harvey  Newcomb,  who  died  Oct.  24,  1894. 
Their  three  sons  became  — Edward  Hale,  a jour- 
nalist; Henry  Wells,  a lawyer;  George  Robert,  a 
clergyman,  graduate  of  the  General  theological 
seminary,  New  York  city,  1896. 

BRUSKE,  August  Friedrich,  educator,  was 
born  at  Rachen,  Prussia,  March  24,  1847 ; son  of 
Benjamin  and  Maria  (Schultz)  Bruske.  He  was 
educated  in  Germany  until  he  was  nine  years 
of  age,  when  he  was  brought  by  his  parents  to 
America.  He  attended  the  public  schools  of 
Perrinsville,  Mich.,  and  was  graduated  at  Adrian 


college,  Mich.,  in  1869.  He  studied  for  the 
ministry  in  Drew  theological  seminary,  N.  J., 
for  six  years  was  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
church,  Charlotte,  Mich.,  and  for  thirteen  years 
of  the  First  Presbyterian  church,  Saginaw,  Mich., 
when  he  became  president  of  Alma  college, 
Alma,  Mich. 

BRUTE,  Simon  Gabriel,  R.  C.  bishop,  was 
born  at  Rennes,  capital  of  Brittany,  in  France, 
in  1779.  He  was  educated  in  the  schools  and 
colleges  of  his  native  town,  and  at  the  Seminary 
of  St.  Sulpice  at  Paris,  and  at  the  close  of  his 
theological  course,  in  1808,  was  ordained  to  the 
priesthood.  He  refused  the  position  of  assistant 
chaplain  to  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  and  a canoni- 
cate  in  the  cathedral  at  Rennes,  preferring  to 
enter  the  Sulpitian  order.  He  was  made  professor 
of  theology  in  the  Sulpitian  seminary  at  Rennes. 
In  1810  he  met  Bishop  Flaget  of  Kentucky  and 
decided  to  devote  himself  to  the  American  mis- 
sion. On  arriving  in  Baltimore  he  was  made 
professor  of  philosophy  at  St.  Mary's  college, 
and  in  1812  -was  sent  to  Emmittsburg,  to  assist 
Father  Dubois,  where  he  became  the  spiritual 
attendant  of  the  sisters  of  charity.  In  1815  he 
visited  France  to  interest  the  people  and  clergy 
in  the  Emmittsburg  mission,  and  to  bring  his 
library,  of  nearly  five  thousand  volumes,  for  the 
use  of  St.  Mary’s  college,  of  which  he  was  made 
president  on  his  return.  At  the  end  of  two  years 
he  returned  to  Emmittsburg,  where  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  and  moral  philosophy,  and 
where  he  was  generally  consulted  by  both  clergy 
and  bishops  on  the  most  profound  subjects  of 
church  polity.  In  1834  he  was  consecrated  first 
bishop  of  the  new  see  of  Vincennes  Finding 
neither  schools  nor  seminaries  and  but  few 
churches  in  his  diocese,  he  visited  France,  where 
he  enlisted  laborers,  and  gathered  funds  for  his 
mission.  He  brought  with  him  twenty  priests 
and  seminarians,  established  a diocesan  seminary 
at  Vincennes  and  a free  school.  He  taught  in 
his  seminary  and  academy,  and  wrote  for  the 
Catholic  press,  in  addition  to  the  vast  labors  of 
his  episcopacy.  He  left  Indiana  with  twenty- 
three  churches,  twenty -four  priests,  twenty-eight 
missions,  two  religious  communities,  one  theo- 
logical seminary,  one  college  for  young  men,  a 
female  academy,  and  two  free  schools.  His 
excessive  labors  destroyed  his  health  and  he  died 
in  Vincennes,  Ind.,  June  26,  1839. 

BRYAN,  George,  jurist,  was  born  in  Dublin, 
Ireland,  in  1731.  He  settled  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  while  quite  young,  and  became  interested  in 
political  affairs.  He  was  elected  to  the  state 
assembly,  was  a delegate  to  the  stamp  act 
congress,  and  in  1776  was  made  vice-president 
of  the  state  supreme  executive  council,  holding 
the  office  until  1778,  when  he  was  made  its 


BRYAN. 


BRYAN. 


president.  In  that  office  he  used  all  his  influence 

to  free  the  slaves  of  Pennsylvania  by  gradual  pro- 
cess. In  1779  he  was  a representative  in  the 
state  legislature,  and  his  draft  of  a gradual 
emancipation  law  was  introduced.  He  was  made 
a judge  of  the  state  supreme  court  in  1780,  and 
was  one  of  the  council  of  censors  in  1784.  He 
opposed  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  constitution, 
and  died  Jan.  27,  1791. 

BRYAN,  Mary  (Edwards),  journalist,  was 
born  in  Jefferson  county,  Fla.,  in  1846;  daughter 
of  Maj.  John  D.  Edwards.  In  her  childhood  her 
father  removed  to  Thomasville,  Ga.,  where  she 
enjoyed  the  advantage  of  excellent  schools  and 
made  rapid  progress  in  her  studies.  While  at 
school  she  married  Mr.  Bryan,  a wealthy  Louisi- 
anian. She  began  to  write  for  the  press  at  an 
early  age,  her  first  journalistic  experience  being 
on  the  Literary  and  Temperance  Crusader , of 
which  she  was  literary  editor.  She  was  for  some 
time  a regular  correspondent  of  the  Southern 
Field  and  Fireside.  In  1866  she  assumed  the 
editorship  of  the  Natchitoches,  La.,  Semi-Weekly 
Times,  and  in  1875  that  of  the  Sunny  South  at 
Atlanta.  Ga.  To  all  of  these  journals  she  con- 
tributed sketches,  stories,  poems,  and  not  infre- 
quently political  articles.  In  1885  she  went  to 
New  York  to  superintend  the  publication  of  her 
novels  and  was  engaged  as  assistant  editor  of  The 
Fashion  Bazaar  and  The  Fireside  Companion. 
Subsequently  she  resigned  this  position,  and, 
returning  to  Atlanta,  assumed  editorial  charge  of 
The  Old  Homestead,  a monthly  magazine,  which 
gained  both  circulation  and  high  literary  stand- 
ing under  her  management.  The  more  popular 
of  her  works  are;  “ Manch  ” (1879);  “Wild 
Work ; a Story  of  the  Red  River  Tragedy  “(1881) ; 
and  “ The  Bayou  Bride  “(1886). 

BRYAN,  Thomas  Barbour,  philanthropist, 
was  born  at  Alexandria,  Va.,  Dec.  22,  1828. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  Harvard  law  school  in 
1848,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Cincinnati, 
where  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  liis  profes- 
sion, removing  to  Chicago  in  1852.  During  the 
civil  war  he  rendered  effective  service  in  raising 
troops  and  providing  for  them  in  the  field,  belong 
ing  to  the  famous  “Union  defence  committee,’’ 
of  Chicago.  He  was  president  of  the  Chicago 
sanitary  fair,  and  was  president  of  the  soldiers’ 
home  at  Chicago  for  twenty-five  years.  In  1876 
he  was  made  a member  of  the  board  of  com- 
missioners appointed  to  govern  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  retired  from  the  office  in  1878. 
Mr.  Bryan  was  one  of  the  originators  and  pro- 
moter’s of  the  World's  Columbian  exposition  in 
1893,  and  was  sent  as  a special  commissioner  to 
southern  Europe,  where  he  interviewed  the 
ruling  kings  and  high  officials  and  received  a 
letter  from  Leo  XIII.  commending  the  enterprise 


His  speech  before  the  congressional  committee 
had  great  influence  in  securing  the  fair  for  Chi- 
cago. He  was  appointed  vice-president  of  the 
first  board  of  directors;  refused  to  accept  the 
salary  of  twelve  thousand  dollars,  which  be- 
longed to  the  office,  and  soon  after  tendered  his 
resignation,  to  avoid  threatened  discord  in  the 
administration.  While  a student  at  Harvard  he 
published  a German  work,  and  many  of  his 
writings  and  translations  have  achieved  great 
popularity. 

BRYAN,  William  Jennings,  statesman,  was 
born  at  Salem,  Marion  county,  111.,  March  19, 
1860;  son  of  Silas  Lillard  and  Mariali  Elizabeth 
(Jennings)  Bryan,  grandson  of  John  and  Nancy 
(Lillard)  Bryan,  and  great-grandson  of  William 
Bryan,  born  in  Culpeper  county,  Va.,  about  1765. 
His  grandfather  re- 
in o v e d from  Cul- 
peper county  to  Point 
Pleasant  in  western 
Virginia  shortly  after 
his  marriage,  and  in 
1852  his  son,  Silas  Lil- 
1 a r d,  w a s married 
and  removed  to  Sa- 
lem, Marion  county, 

111.,  where  he  was  a< 
lawyer  of  high  stand-  LA 
ing,  for  eight  years 
state  senator,  and  for 
twelve  years  a eir- 
c u i t judge.  Until 
his  tenth  year  Will-  /? 

iam  was  taught  at f/rC'iK'  < 

home,  then  entering  /7  f 

the  public  schools,  t/ 

and,  in  1875,  Whipple  academy,  the  preparatory 
school  of  Illinois  college,  at  Jacksonville.  When 
fourteen  years  old  he  joined  the  Presbyterian 
church,  and  in  1880  made  his  first  appearance  as 
a speaker  at  a political  meeting.  In  June.  1881. 
he  was  graduated  at  Illinois  college  with  the 
highest  honors,  and  was  also  chosen  class  orator. 
In  1884,  by  invitation  of  the  faculty,  he  delivered 
the  master’s  oration,  and  received  the  degree 
of  M.A.  During  his  college  course  he  won  five 
prizes.  Immediately  after  his  graduation  from 
college  he  entered  the  Union  college  of  law  in 
Chicago,  where  he  had  as  a classmate  Henry, 
son  of  Lyman  Trumbull,  and  thus  gained  the 
privilege  of  the  use  of  Mr.  Trumbull’s  law  office 
for  study  after  school  hours.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  beginning  his  law  practice  July  4. 
1883.  On  Oct.  1,  1884,  he  was  married  to  Mary 
Elizabeth  Baird  of  Perry,  111.,  who  afterwards 
studied  her  husband's  profession  and  won 
admission  to  the  bar.  not  for  the  purpose  of 
practising,  but  in  order  to  be  in  intelligent 


f 464 J 


BRYAN. 


BRYAN. 


sympathy  with  Mr.  Bryan's  business  life.  Until 
1887  he  practised  in  Jacksonville,  111.,  removing 
in  that  year  to  Lincoln,  Neb.,  where  he  became 
a law  partner  with  Mr.  Talbot,  but  did  not  share 
with  him  the  profits  of  his  large  railroad  busi- 
ness. In  fact  he  declined  from  the  first  to 
become  the  attorney  for  railroads  and  other  cor- 
porations, appearing  in  court  against  the  railway 
companies  in  numerous  land  cases  in  which  his 
law  partner  opposed  him.  He  early  took  an 
interest  in  political  affairs,  was  a student  of  the 
science  of  government,  and  soon  became  known 
for  his  knowledge  of  political  questions.  In  1890 
he  received  the  unanimous  nomination  of  the 
Democratic  party  as  representative  from  the  first 
Nebraska  district  to  the  52d  Congress.  He  was 
elected  in  an  overwhelming  Republican  district, 
receiving  6,713  more  votes  than  his  chief  com- 
petitor, a result  attributable  largely  to  his 
exceptional  ability  as  a platform  orator  and  the 
persistency  with  which  he  personally  prosecuted 
the  canvass.  His  reputation  had  preceded  him 
to  Congress,  and  he  was  placed  on  the  ways  and 
means  committee,  one  of  the  youngest  members 
to  be  ever  thus  honored.  His  speech  on  the 
tariff,  delivered  March  16,  1892,  was  made  a cam- 
paign document  in  the  canvass  of  that  year, 
resulting  in  the  second  election  of  Mr.  Cleve- 
land, and  was  universally  commended  for  its 
lucid  statement  of  the  tariff  question  then  at 
issue.  Though  a Democrat,  and  running  on  a 
Democratic  platform,  he  was  re-elected  in  1892  in 
a district  which  gave  the  Republican  state  ticket 
a plurality  of  six  thousand  at  the  same  election. 
In  the  53d  Congress  he  was  again  placed  upon 
the  ways  and  means  committee.  He  also  took  an 
active  part  in  the  silver  debate,  which  began 
with  the  extraordinary  session,  and  on  Aug. 
16,  1893,  made  a speech  in  favor  of  “ The  gold 
and  silver  coinage  of  the  constitution."  In  this 
speech  he  advocated  the  free  coinage  of  silver  at 
the  ratio  of  sixteen  to  one,  without  waiting  for 
the  consent  of  any  other  nations,  claiming  that 
the  adoption  of  a bimetallic  standard  by  the 
United  States  would  force  the  other  nations, 
England  only  excepted,  to  adopt  the  standard  as 
final.  On  July  4,  1892,  he  made  a notable  speech 
in  Tammany  Hall,  New  York  city,  that  greatly 
increased  his  reputation  as  an  orator,  and  on 
May  30,  1894,  he  delivered  an  oration  at  Arling- 
ton cemetery,  Virginia,  at  the  memorial  services 
over  the  soldiers’  graves,  which  was  listened  to 
by  the  President  and  his  cabinet,  and  was  widely 
published  as  an  exceptional  oratorical  effort.  As 
political  editor  of  the  Omaha  World-Herald  he 
represented  his  paper  at  the  Republican  conven- 
tion at  St.  Louis,  June  19,  1896,  and  there  was 
the  first  newspaper  man  to  obtain  a definite 
acknowledgment  of  the  intention  of  the  leaders 


to  stand  for  gold,  notwithstanding  the  declaration 
in  their  platform  in  favor  of  bimetallism.  This, 
to  him,  radical  measure  greatly  increased  his 
faith  in  the  success  of  the  Democratic  party,  if  it 
could  be  induced  to  adopt  the  free  coinage  of 
silver  as  the  political  issue  of  the  campaign. 
When  the  convention  met  at  Chicago,  July  9, 
1896,  Mr.  Bryan  was  a delegate,  and  while  await- 
ing the  report  of  the  committee  on  platform  he 
addressed  the  assembly.  His  speech  electrified 
the  audience,  the  different  delegations  bringing 
forward  their  standard,  and  clustering  them 
around  the  young  orator.  One  of  the  oldest  con- 
servative and  experienced  newspaper  correspon- 
dents of  a gold  organ  telegraphed  to  his  paper: 
“ As  he  (Bryan)  spoke  I thought  I could  see  the 
presidential  halo  about  his  brow.”  The  next 
day  Mr.  Bryan  was  found  to  have  captured  the 
convention,  and  after  the  heroic  fight  made  by 
the  gold  standard  Democrats  to  stem  the  silver 
tide,  Mr.  Bryan  was  nominated  as  the  Demo- 
cratic standard  bearer.  At  the  national  conven- 
tion of  the  Silver  party  at  St.  Louis,  July  24,  Mr. 
Bryan  received  the  nomination  of  that  party  as 
he  did  that  of  the  People's  party.  In  the  can- 
vass that  followed  Mr.  Bryan  took  the  stump,  and 
in  the  course  of  the  campaign  made  592  speeches 
in  477  cities  and  towns,  in  27  states  of  the  Union, 
travelling  18,831  miles  between  July  12  and  Nov. 
2,  1896.  This  was  an  example  of  industry  and 
earnestness  unprecedented  in  the  history  of 
politics  in  America.  At  the  general  election 
Nov.  3,  1896,  he  was  defeated  in  the  election, 
receiving  176  electoral  and  6,351,042  popular 
votes.  After  the  election  Mr.  Bryan  lectured 
before  various  state  legislatures  and  in  the  princi- 
pal cities,  continuing  to  advocate  the  principles 
for  which  lie  had  contended  during  the  election. 
He  won  the  respect  of  his  political  opponents 
by  the  integrity  and  purity  of  his  character, 
though  his  extreme  financial  views  were  not 
accepted. 

BRYANT,  Edwin,  pioneer,  was  born  in  Massa 
chusetts  in  1805.  In  April,  1846,  he  started  for 
California,  being  at  the  time  a journalist  in 
Louisville,  Ky. , and  upon  reaching  Independence, 
Mo.,  was  chosen  leader  of  a large  party  of  emi- 
grants, and  with  them  made  the  journey  across 
the  plains.  When  they  arrived,  California  was 
no  longer  a province  of  Mexico,  and  he  assisted 
in  establishing  and  maintaining  order,  in  organiz- 
ing a territorial  government  preparatory  to  an- 
nexation, and  was  lieutenant  in  the  famous 
“ California  Battalion.”  He  served  as  alcalde  of 
San  Francisco  from  February  to  May,  1847,  and 
then  returned  east  with  General  Kearny,  and 
testified  at  the  court-martial  of  John  C.  Fremont. 
Attracted  by  the  gold  discoveries  of  1849  he 
again  crossed  the  plains  to  San  Francisco,  and 


[405] 


BRYANT. 


BRYANT. 


became  prominent  as  a citizen,  property  owner, 
and  politician.  In  1852  lie  returned  to  Kentucky. 
His  “ What  I saw  in  California,”  written  in  1848, 
is  a standard  authority  on  the  events  of  1846- 
'47.  He  died  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  1869. 

BRYANT,  Gridley,  inventor,  was  born  at 
Scituate,  Mass.,  in  1798.  At  fifteen  he  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a builder  of  Boston ; at  nineteen  he 
had  sole  charge  of  his  employer’s  works,  and  at 
twenty-one  he  commenced  business  on  his  own 
account.  He  invented  a portable  derrick  in  1823, 
first  used  in  the  construction  of  the  United  States 
bank  at  Boston  In  April,  1826,  he  was  the  pro- 
jector and  engineer  of  the  first  railroad  in  Amer- 
ica used  to  convey  the  stone  quarried  at  Quincy, 
Mass.,  to  Charlestown  for  the  Bunker  Hill  monu- 
ment, of  which  he  was  master  builder  and 
contractor.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  eight- 
wheel  car,  a turn-table,  a switch,  a turnout,  and 
many  other  valuable  railway  equipments,  and 
with  a generosity  that  was  prodigal  he  gave  his 
inventions  for  the  benefit  of  mankind,  never 
applying  for  a patent.  His  eight-wheel  car  prin- 
ciple was  adopted  by  Ross  Winans,  who,  in  1834, 
took  out  a patent  for  an  eight-wheel  car,  with 
appliances  and  improvements,  adapting  it  to 
general  passenger  travel.  This  patent  was  pur- 
chased by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  road,  and  as 
Bryant’s  eight-wheel  car  was  in  use  on  several 
roads,  litigation  followed,  and  Mr.  Bryant  was 
summoned  as  a witness.  The  corporations  in 
whose  behalf  he  testified  made  no  compensation 
for  his  disinterested  services,  and  their  failure  to 
keep  their  promises  hastened  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  Scituate,  Mass.,  June  13,  1867. 

BRYANT,  William  Cullen,  poet,  was  born  in 
Cummington,  Mass.,  Nov.  3,  1794;  son  of  Peter 
and  Sarah  (Snell)  Bryant;  grandson  of  Philip  and 
Silence  (Howard)  Bryant;  great-grandson  of 
Ichabod  Bryant,  and  great-great-grandson  of 
Stephen  and  Abigail  (Shaw)  Bryant,  who  came 
from  England  and  settled  in  Plymouth,  Mass.,  in 
1632.  William  Cullen  was  the  second  child  in  a 
family  of  seven,  and  is  described  as  being  " puny 
and  very  delicate  in  body,  and  of  a painfully 
delicate  nervous  temperament.”  At  the  age  of 
four  years  he  was  sent  to  the  district  school, 
where  he  obtained  elementary  instruction  until 
his  twelfth  year.  He  early  began  to  rhyme,  and 
wrote  a poem  in  his  eleventh  year,  which  he 
recited  at  the  closing  of  the  winter  school.  In 
1808  he  was  sent  to  Brookfield  to  perfect  himself 
in  Latin  under  the  tuition  of  his  uncle,  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Snell,  and  in  1809  pursued  the  study  of 
Greek  with  the  Rev  Moses  Hallock  of  Plainfield. 
About  this  time  he  began  to  read  Pope's  transla- 
tion of  the  Iliad,  a delightful  transition  from  Dr. 
Watts’  hymns,  and  it  is  not  surprising  that  his 
first  serious  efforts  were  some  enigmas  written 


after  the  manner  of  this  favorite  poet.  In  1809  lie 
wrote,  and  his  father  had  published  in  pamphlet 
form,  a poem  entitled,  “ The  Embargo,  or 
Sketches  of  the  Times,”  a Federalist  satire  attack- 
ing President  Jefferson,  then  very  unpopular 
because  of  the  enforcement  of  the  embargo  laid 
upon  the  ports  of  the  republic.  He  entered  Wil- 
liams college,  Oct.  9,  1810,  but  before  the  close  of 
his  first  year  asked  for  an  honorable  dismissal, 
desiring  to  enter  Yale.  His  father's  financial 
position  forbade  the  completion  of  a college 
course,  and  he  studied  law  at  Worthington  and 
afterwards  at  Bridgewater,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1815,  began  the  practice  of  his  profession 
at  Plainfield,  Mass. , and  had  been  there  nearly  a 
year  when  he  entered  into  partnership  with  a 
young  lawyer  of  Great  Barrington,  Mass.  He 
purchased  his  partner’s  interest  at  the  close  of  a 
year  and  continued  practice  alone,  getting  him- 
self described  as  “ an  active,  learned  and  rather 
fiery  young  lawyer.  ” In  1817  the  poem  “ Thana- 
topsis  " was  published  in  the  September  number 
of  the  North  America) f Review.  It  had  been  writ- 
ten six  years  before,  shortly  after  Bryant  left 
college,  when  he  had  not  attained  his  eighteenth 
year;  in  the  same  number  of  the  Review  ap- 
peared also,  under  the  title  of  a “Fragment,” 
what  is  now  known  as  “ An  Inscription  for  the 
Entrance  to  a Wood.”  The  publication  of  these 
exquisite  poems  at  that  time  was  due  to  what 
might  be  termed  an  accident  of  fortune.  In 
June  of  1817,  Willard  Phillips,  an  old  New  Hamp 
shire  friend  of  the  Bryant  family,  then  an  associ- 
ate editor  of  the  North  American  Review,  wrote 
to  Dr.  Bryant  his  desire  that  William  Cullen 
should  contribute  to  the  Review',  then  in  its 
infancy.  Dr.  Bryant  wrote  to  his  son  advising 
him  to  accept  the  offer,  but  chancing  to  look 
through  a desk  which  the  young  poet  had  been  in 
the  habit  of  using,  he  found  the  MSS.  of  these 
incomparable  poems  and  hastened  with  them  to 
Boston.  So  instant  was  the  appreciation  of  his 
muse  on  the  publication  of  these  lines  that  he 
was  invited  to  become  a regular  contributor  to 
the  Revieiv,  to  which,  in  1818,  he  sent  a paper 
on  “Early  American  Poetry,”  and  the  poem 
“To  a Waterfowl."  The  latter  was  inspired 
by  an  incident  thus  beautifully  related  by  one 
of  his  biographers:  " When  he  journeyed  on 
foot  over  the  hills  to  Plainfield  on  the  15th  of 
December,  1816,  to  see  what  inducements  it 
offered  him  to  commence  there  the  practice  of  the 
profession  to  which  he  had  just  been  licensed,  he 
says  in  one  of  his  letters  that  he  felt  ‘ very  for- 
lorn and  desolate.  ’ The  world  seemed  to  grow 
bigger  and  darker  as  he  ascended,  and  his  future 
more  uncertain  and  desperate.  The  sun  had 
already  set,  leaving  behind  it  one  of  those  bril- 
liant seas  cf  chrysolite  and  opal  which  often  flood 


BRYANT. 


BRYANT. 


the  New  England  skies,  and,  while  pausing  to 
contemplate  the  rosy  splendor,  with  rapt  admira- 
tion, a solitary  bird  made  its  winged  way  along 
the  illuminated  horizon.  He  watched  the  lone 
wanderer  until  it  was  lost  in  the  distance.  He 
then  went  on  with  new  strength  and  courage. 
When  he  reached  the  house  where  he  was  to  stop 
for  the  night  he  immediately  sat  down  and  wrote 
the  lines  ‘To  a Waterfowl.’”  In  1818  he  was 
elected  one  of  the  tithing  men  and  town  clerk  of 
Great  Barrington,  holding  the  latter  office  until 
he  left  Massachusetts  five  years  later.  He  was 
also  appointed  a justice  of  the  peace.  He  was 
married  June  11,  1821,  to  Fanny  Fairchild,  with 
whom  he  passed  forty-five  years  of  happy  mar- 
ried life.  In  1822  he  wrote  the  poem  “ The  Ages,” 
which  he  read  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society 
of  Harvard  college.  He  was  urged  to  publish  it, 
and  from  the  suggestion  resulted  the  first  publica- 
tion of  a collection  of  Bryant's  poems,  a small 
volume,  consisting  of  the  eight  poems:  “The 

Ages,”  “To  a Waterfowl,”  “Fragment  from 
Simonides,”  “ An  Inscription  for  the  Entrance  to 
a Wood, ” “The  Yellow  Violet,”  “The  Song,” 
“Green  River,  ” and  “ Thanatopsis,  ” which  ap- 
peared in  1823.  In  1824  he  became  a contributor 
to  the  United  States  Literary  Gazette,  and  wrote 
many  of  his  most  charming  poems  for  its  pages. 
About  this  time  also  were  written  “The  Death 
of  the  Flowers”  and  “The  Past,”  for  each  of 
which  he  asked  two  dollars,  “ with  which  remu- 
neration,” he  wrote,  he  should  be  “abundantly 
satisfied.”  His  publishers,  however,  made  him 
a more  generous  proposition,  suggesting  a yearly 
salary  of  two  hundred  dollars  for  an  average  of  one 
hundred  lines  a month,  expressing  their  regrets 
that  they  were  “ unable  to  offer  a compensation 
more  adequate.”  In  1824  Mr.  Bryant  removed  to 
New  York,  and  assumed  the  editorship  of  the 
New  York  Review  and  Atlienceum  Magazine.  He 
delivered  a course  of  lectures  on  English  poetry 
before  the  Athenaeum  society,  and  in  the  same 
year  accepted  a professorship  connected  with  the 
New  York  academy  of  design,  where  he  lectured 
on  Greek  and  Roman  mythology.  In  July,  1826, 
the  Review  was  amalgamated  with  the  United 
States  Gazette  of  Boston,  under  the  title  of  the 
United  States  Review,  Mr.  Bryant  being  the  New 
York  and  J.  G.  Carter  the  Boston  editor.  In  1827, 
’28,  ’29  Mr.  Bryant  was  associated  with  Verplanck 
and  Robert  C.  Sands  in  the  publication  of  an  an- 
nual entitled  the  Talisman,  and  in  1823,  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Sands,  issued  two  volumes 
entitled,  “Tales  of  the  Glauber  Spa.”  In  this 
year  also  was  published  a complete  collection  of 
his  poems,  which  was  re-published  in  England, 
and  won  him  European  reputation.  In  1836  he 
accepted  an  editorial  chair  on  the  New  York 
Evening  Post,  and  acquired  a small  interest  in 


the  paper ; five  months  later,  on  the  death  of  Mr. 
Coleman,  the  editor-in-chief  and  proprietor,  Mr. 
Bryant  was  promoted  to  his  chair  and  purchased 
a further  interest  in  the  property.  Mr.  Bryant’s 
course  as  a journalist  was  dignified  and  consist- 
ent; he  accepted  no  favors  from  individuals  or 
parties,  and  was  fearless  in  opposing  popular 
measures  and  questions  when  he  esteemed  it 
essential  to  the  public  interest  to  do  so.  He  was 
at  the  inception  of  his  journalistic  career  a Dem- 
ocrat in  principle,  but  before  the  war  became  a 
strong  Republican.  The  Evening  Post,  which 
had  been  chiefly  occupied  with  matters  of  local 
interest,  sanitary  and  fiscal  reforms  and  the  like, 
under  Mr.  Bryant’s  leadership  became  an  advo- 
cate of  free  trade  principles  at  a time  when  pro- 
tective duties  were  favored  by  both  houses  of 
Congress  and  by  the  north  generally.  In  1836  he 
maintained  in  the  columns  of  the  Post  the  valid- 
ity of  trade  unions;  he  favored  international 
copyright,  the  abolition  of  capital  punishment, 
supported  President  Jackson  in  his  most  unpopu- 
lar measures,  and  the  tariff  of  '46,  a tariff  for 
revenue  with  incidental  protection ; opposed 
slavery  as  “ a foul  and  monstrous  idol,  a jugger- 
naut under  which  thousands  are  crushed  to 
death,”  and  suggested  the  fullest  and  freest 
emancipation  as  the  only  fit  remedy  for  the  evil. 
He  was  conscientious  and  impartial  in  the  state- 
ment of  facts,  and  temperate  in  debate.  Solici- 
tous for  his  honor  as  a man  of  letters,  his  carefully 
prepared  and  finely  phrased  editorials,  and  his 
rules  imposed  upon  subordinates,  that  only  pure 
Saxon  English  would  be  tolerated  in  the  columns 
of  the  Post,  materially  elevated  the  literary  tone 
of  journalism.  In  1851  he  published  a short  his- 
tory of  the  Evening  Post,  then  half  a century  old, 
and  his  active  connection  with  that  paper  ter- 
minated in  1870.  Mr.  Bryant,  as  a poet,  must  be 
judged  rather  by  the  perfection  than  by  the  vol- 
ume of  his  verse.  He  counted  as  worthy  of  pres- 
ervation not  more  than  thirteen  thousand  lines. 
He  was  very  averse  to  writing  poems  for  occa- 
sions. He  could  not  curb  his  Pegasus  to  palfrey 
amblings;  he  wrote  from  within,  not  from  with- 
out ; nature  and  man  were  his  inspirations. 
George  William  Curtis  wrote  of  him:  “What 
nature  said  to  him  was  plainly  spoken  and 
clearly  heard  and  perfectly  repeated.  His  art 
was  exquisite.  It  was  absolutely  unsuspected, 
but  it  served  its  truest  purpose,  for  it  removed 
every  obstruction  to  full  and  complete  delivery 
of  his  message.  ” From  1834  to  1867  Mr.  Bryant 
made  six  visits  to  the  old  world,  and  in  1872  vis- 
ited Cuba  and  the  city  of  Mexico  for  the  second 
time.  In  1850  he  published  “ Letters  of  a Trav- 
eller,” a collection  of  the  letters  he  had  sent  to 
the  Post  during  his  travels  abroad,  and  in  the 
winter  of  1869  he  issued  a supplementary  volume 


BRYANT. 


BRYCE. 


entitled,  “Letters  from  the  East."  Mr.  Bryant 
was  unexcelled  in  the  art  of  pronouncing  eulo- 
gies, and  was  often  called  upon  to  perform  this 
office.  In  1872  a volume  was  published  embody- 
ing the  chief  of  these  orations,  notably  those 
doing  honor  to  Gulian  C.  Verplanck,  Thomas 
Cole,  the  painter;  Fenimore  Cooper,  Washington 
Irving,  Fitz-Greene  Halleck.  and  those  made  at 
the  unveiling  of  the  Shakespeare,  Scott  and  Morse 
statues  in  Central  Park.  In  1866,  seeking  relief 
from  the  deep  grief  that  had  befallen  him  in  the 
death  of  his  wife  in  1865,  he  began  his  translation 
of  the  Iliad,  and  the  first  twelve  books  were  pub- 
lished in  1870.  It  was  followed  by  a translation 
of  the  Odyssey,  which  was  completed  in  1871. 
The  work  had  an  immediate  success,  the  sales 
of  the  Iliad  up  to  1888  reaching  17,000,  the  sales 
of  the  Odyssey  10,244  copies.  Many  American 
editions  of  Mr.  Bryant's  poems  were  issued.  Of 
that  known  as  the  Red  Line,  5,000  copies  were 
sold  in  1870,  and  the  beautifully  illustrated  edi- 
tion of  1877  met  with  a very  cordial  welcome,  as 
did  the  later  one  of  his  complete  works  in  1884. 
In  1858  Mr.  Bryant  was  elected  a regent  of  the 
University  of  the  state  of  New  York,  but  declined 
to  serve.  He  was  very  chary  of  accepting  public 
honors,  and  refused  all  such  as  he  consistently 
might ; some  few,  however,  he  could  not  escape. 
In  1873  he  was  made  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Russian  academy  at  St.  Petersburg.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Century  association  in 
New  York,  and  his  seventieth  birthday  was  made 
the  occasion  of  a festival  by  the  club,  in  which 
the  notable  artists  and  poets  of  America  partici- 
pated with  gifts  of  paintings  and  poems.  The 
congratulatory  address  on  this  occasion  was 
delivered  by  George  Bancroft,  the  historian,  and 
speeches  were  made  by  R.  Wi  Emerson,  R.  H. 
Dana,  Jr.,  and  William  M.  Evarts.  Many 
delightful  poems  were  read,  written  for  the 
occasion  by  those  who  revered  the  man  and 
admired  the  poet.  On  his  eightieth  birthday, 
in  1876,  Mr.  Bryant  was  presented  with  a 
memorial  vase  of  silver,  the  carving  of  which 
symbolized  his  life.  This  magnificent  work  of 
art  was  presented  to  the  venerable  poet  in  Chick- 
ering  hall,  New  York,  on  June  20,  1876,  its  per- 
manent destination  being  the  Metropolitan 
museum  of  art.  In  this  his  eighty-first  year,  Mr. 
Bryant  wrote  “The  Flood  of  Years”;  “ Thana- 
topsis  ” at  eighteen,  “ The  Flood  of  Years"  at 
eighty -one,  a lapse  of  years  indeed  but  no  diminu- 
tion of  force,  no  weakening  of  expression.  Mr. 
Bryant’s  last  poem,  “ The  Twenty-second  of  Feb- 
ruary,” was  written,  to  commemorate  the  birth- 
day of  Washington,  in  1878.  Mr.  Bryant  was 
essentially  a domestic  man ; home  was  to  him  a 
sacred  place,  where  business  cares  were  never 
allowed  to  obtrude.  His  letters  from  abroad  to  the 


persons  in  charge  of  his  country  houses,  “ Cedar- 
mere,”  at  Roslyn,  L.  I.,  and  the  old  homestead  at 
Cummington,  Mass.,  show  that  he  knew  every 
tree  and  stone  of  both  places.  He  divided  the 
spring,  summer  and  autumn  months  between 
Long  Island  and  Cummington.  and  spent  his 
winters  in  New  York.  May  29,  1878.  Mr.  Bryant 
delivered  the  address  at  the  unveiling  of  the 
statue  of  Mazzini  in  Central  Park,  and  after  the 
ceremony,  upon  reaching  the  house  of  a friend, 
he  fell,  and  his  head  coming  in  contact  with  the 
stone  step  he  was  rendered  unconscious ; a few 
days  later  apoplexy  ensued,  and  his  illness  proved 
mortal.  There  are  many  portraits  of  Mr.  Bry- 
ant extant,  of  which  the  ones  he  most  preferred 
himself  were  those  by  Inman  and  Durand.  See 
“William  Cullen  Bryant,”  by  John  Bigelow 
(1890);  “Godwin's  Life  of  Bryant”  (1883). 
Wilson’s  “ Bryant  and  His  Friends  ” (1886).  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  June  12,  1878,  and  was 
buried  at  Roslyn,  N.  Y. 

BRYCE,  Lloyd,  editor,  was  born  at  Flushing. 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  7,  1851.  He  studied  at  Georgetown 
college,  D.  C.,  and  subsequently  took  a degree 
at  Oxford,  England,  and  afterwards  studied  law 
at  the  Columbia  law  school  in  New  Y ork . Upon 
the  election  of  David  B.  Hill  as  governor  of  New 
York,  Mr.  Bryce  received  the  appointment  of  pay- 
master-general on  his  staff,  and  in  1886  was  elected 
a representative  for  New  York  city  to  the  50th 
Congress.  During  his  term  he  directed  his  efforts 
principally  to  insure  beneficial  legislation  for  tbe 
city  and  for  its  harbor,  with  the  object  of  prevent- 
ing the  deposit  of  refuse  in  its  waters,  and  the 
careless  anchorage  of  vessels  in  the  path  of  harbor 
navigation.  By  the  will  of  Allen  Thorndike  Rice, 
proprietor  of  the  North  American  Review.  Mr. 
Bryce  acquired  a controlling  interest  in  that  peri- 
odical, and  became  its  editor  in  July.  1889.  He 
is  the  author  of  “Paradise,”  “The  Romance  of 
an  Alter  Ego,”  and  “ A Dream  of  Conquest.” 
novels  which  received  commendation  from  criti- 
cal authorities. 

BRYMNER,  Douglas,  historical  archivist,  was 
born  in  Greenock.  Scotland,  in  1823,  of  a promi- 
nent family  originally  from  Stirlingshire.  His 
father,  Alexander  Brymner,  was  a man  of  fine 
literary  attainments,  and  from  him  the  son  im- 
bibed his  strongly-marked  intellectual  and  artistic 
tastes.  After  a thorough  Scotch  education  Mr. 
Brymner  engaged  in  business,  which  he  prose- 
cuted successfully  until  compelled  to  retire  in 
1856  by  failing  health.  In  the  following  year 
he  removed  to  Canada,  settling  in  the  eastern 
township,  province  of  Quebec.  His  literary  apti- 
tude soon  became  known,  and  lie  entered  jour 
nalisin  as  editor  of  the  Presbyterian,  the  official 
organ  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  in  Canada. 
Here  his  clear  and  vigorous  pen.  and  straight- 


BRYSON. 


BUCHANAN. 


forward  and  independent  attitude  attracted  wide 
attention.  Shortly  afterward  he  became  associ- 
ate editor  of  the  Montreal  Herald,  and  in  1871 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  press  association. 
In  1872,  with  the  approval  of  men  of  all  political 
parties,  Mr.  Brymner  was  appointed  to  the  newly 
created  office  of  domin- 
ion archivist.  His  ex- 
tensive and  varied 
knowledge,  and  his 
powers  of  research  and 
organization  peculiarly 
fitted  him  for  this 
work,  and  under  his 
management  the  Cana- 
dian archives  have 
grown  from  literally 
nothing  to  one  of  the 
most  valuable  and  or- 
d e r 1 y collections  in 
America.  His  reports 
are  models  of  accuracy 
and  sound  judgment, 
and  that  of  1881  (on  general  methods  in  archival 
work)  was,  on  account  of  the  value  of  its  infor- 
mation, incorporated  bodily  in  a following  one 
of  the  public  record-offices  of  England.  A 
growing  monument  to  Mr.  Brymner’s  work 
is  the  constantly  increasing  acknowledgments 
of  his  service  by  investigators  who  avail  them- 
selves of  his  collection.  Mr.  Brymner’s  literary 
work  was  not  confined  to  the  archives.  He  was 
a frequent  but  generally  anonymous  contrib- 
utor to  Canadian  and  American  periodicals,  and 
his  efforts  have  been  widely  read  and  appreciated. 
Among  these  contributions  may  be  especially 
mentioned  a number  of  translations  of  the  ‘ ‘ Odes 
of  Horace  ” into  Scotch  verse. 

BRYSON,  Andrew,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
New  York.  July  25,  1822.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  was  appointed  midshipman  *in  the  United 
States  navy,  and  in  June,  1843,  was  promoted  to 
passed  midshipman.  In  1850  he  became  master, 
and  in  August,  1851,  was  made  lieutenant.  In 
1856  he  was  attached  to  the  Saratoga  of  the  home 
squadron,  and  while  on  a cruise  off  the  Mexican 
coast  he  commanded  the  Indianola,  a little  ves- 
sel which  had  been  secured  for  the  occasion,  and 
succeeded  in  capturing  the  Miramon  after  a sharp 
engagement.  The  affair  created  international 
complication,  and  on  the  arrival  of  the  Saratoga 
at  Norfolk,  Va.,  the  captain  was  relieved  of  com- 
mand. The  Saratoga  on  this  voyage  (Dec.,  1857) 
conveyed,  as  prisoners  of  the  United  States,  to 
New  York,  William  Walker  and  his  band  of  fili- 
busters. In  1858  Lieutenant  Bryson  was  execu- 
tive officer  of  the  Preble  on  the  Paraguayan  ex- 
pedition, and  returning  late  in  1860  he  was 
attached  to  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard.  In  October, 


1861 . he  was  attached  to  the  blockading  squadron 
and  in  command  of  the  Chippewa.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  capture  of  Fort  Macon,  N.  C.,  and 
the  action  at  Stono  Inlet.  He  was  commissioned 
commander  in  July,  1862,  and  in  September  was 
sent  to  Europe  on  special  service.  He  was  ordered 
to  the  monitor  Lehigh  on  Aug.  4,  1863,  sailing  for 
Charleston  harbor  late  in  the  month.  On  Dec.  2, 
1863,  the  Lehigh,  while  on  picket  duty,  grounded, 
and  for  several  hours  was  subjected  to  the  concen- 
trated fire  of  the  combined  Confederate  batteries. 
In  this  action  Commander  Bryson  was  slightly 
wounded,  and  his  conduct  was  especially  com- 
mended. On  Oct.  13,  1864,  he  was  ordered  to  the 
command  of  the  ironclad  Essex  of  the  Mississippi 
fleet.  On  May  5,  1865,  he  was  made  fleet  captain. 
From  April,  1866,  to  March,  1868,  he  commanded 
the  Michigan  on  Lake  Erie,  and  on  June  3,  1866, 
he  captured  the  Fenians  while  attempting  to 
cross  the  Niagara  river  on  their  return  from 
Canada.  On  July  26,  1866,  he  was  promoted 
captain,  and  from  1866  to  1871  was  at  the 
Boston  navy  yard  in  command  of  the  re- 
ceiving ship  Ohio.  From  Sept.  19,  1871,  to 
July  28,  1873.  he  commanded  the  Brooklyn  in  the 
European  squadron,  and  was  made  commodore 
Feb.  14,  1873.  He  was  commandant  of  the  Ports- 
mouth navy  yard  from  Sept.  15,  1874  to  July  27, 
1876,  and  was  president  of  the  board  to  examine 
the  class  of  1876  at  Annapolis.  From  Sept.  8, 
1879  to  July  25,  1881.  he  commanded  the  South 
Atlantic  station,  sailing  from  New  York  in  his 
flagship  Shenandoah.  On  March  29.  1880,  he  was 
promoted  to  rear-admiral.  On  Jan.  30,  1883,  he 
was  retired  at  his  own  request,  after  forty-three 
years  of  almost  continuous  active  service.  He 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  7,  1892. 

BUCHANAN,  Edward  Young,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  May  30,  1811;  son  of 
James  and  Elizabeth  (Speer)  Buchanan,  and 
brother  of  James  Buchanan,  fifteenth  president 
of  the  United  States.  He  was  graduated  at  Dick 
inson  college  in  1828,  and  began  his  studies  in 
theology  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  concluding  them  at 
the  General  seminary  of  the  Protestant  Episco- 
pal church  in  New  York  city.  He  was  ordained 
as  deacon  in  1832,  and  as  priest  in  1835,  and 
filled  various  pastorates  in  the  diocese  of  Penn 
sylvania.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from 
Trinity  college  in  1853,  and  S.T.D.  from  Dickin- 
son in  1868.  He  was  the  last  survivor  of  the 
American  clergy  ordained  by  Bishop  White,  and 
died  Jan.  20,  1895. 

BUCHANAN,  Franklin,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  17,  1800.  He  began 
his  naval  career  in  1815  as  a midshipman,  was 
promoted  lieutenant  in  1825,  commanded  the 
Baltimore  on  her  trial  trip,  and  delivered  her 
to  the  Emperor  of  Brazil  at  Rio  Janiero  in  July, 


[469] 


BUCHANAN. 


BUCHANAN. 


1826.  she  having  been  built  for  the  Brazilian 
navy.  He  was  made  master-commandant  in 
1841,  and  sailed  in  the  Mississippi  and  afterwards 
in  the  Vincennes.  From  1845  to  1847  he  was  en- 
gaged in  organizing,  and  was  first  superintendent 
of  the  Annapolis  naval  academy,  and  in  the  latter 
year  he  was  given  command  of  the  Germantown , 
which  was  actively  engaged  in  the  taking  of  Vera 
Cruz.  He  commanded  the  Susquehanna,  the 
flagship  of  Commodore  Perry's  fleet,  in  the 
famous  expedition,  1853-'54,  which  resulted  in 
the  opening  of  the  doors  of  China  and  Japan  to 
the  commerce  and  civilization  of  the  world ; in 
1855  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
in  1859  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
Washington  navy  yard.  Acting  upon  the 
belief  that  Maryland  was  about  to  secede  from 
the  Union  he  resigned  his  commission  in  April, 
1861,  and,  repenting  his  action  in  the  light  of 
subsequent  events,  he  asked  permission  to  retract 
his  resignation,  but  this  being  refused,  in  Sep- 
tember of  the  same  year  he  entered  the  C'onfed 
erate  navy.  He  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
construction  and  equipment  of  the  Merrimac, 
and  was  her  commander  in  the  engagement  at 
Hampton  Roads  when  the  Congress  and  the 
Cumberland  were  destroyed,  March  8,  1862;  the 
Confederate  congress  tendering  him  a vote  of 
thanks  for  his  gallantry  on  this  occasion,  and  also 
promoting  him  a full  admiral  and  senior  officer 
of  the  navy.  A severe  wound  received  in  the 
encounter  prevented  him  from  participating  in 
the  Merrimac' s famous  battle  with  the  Monitor 
on  the  following  day.  He  took  command  in 
1863  of  the  naval  defences  of  Mobile,  and  sug- 
gested and  superintended  the  building  of  the 
ironclad  ram  Tennessee  as  the  most  effective 
means  of  protecting  that  city.  In  command  of 
the  Tennessee,  he  engaged  in  the  great  battle  in 
Mobile  Bay  on  Aug.  5,  1864,  and  was  obliged  to 
surrender  after  a desperate  struggle,  in  which 
he  was  severely  wounded  and  his  vessel  hopelessly 
disabled.  He  remained  a prisoner  of  war  for  six 
months,  his  exchange  being  effected  February, 
1865.  Fie  was  elected  president  of  the  Maryland 
agricultural  college,  and  died  in  Talbot  county, 
Md.,  May  11,  1874. 

BUCHANAN,  James,  fifteenth  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  at  Cove  Gap,  near 
Mercersburg,  Pa..  April  23  1791;  second  son  of 
James  and  Elizabeth  (Speer)  Buchanan.  His 
mother  was  the  only  daughter  of  James  Speer, 
who  came  of  Scotch  Presbyterian  ancestry,  and 
immigrated  to  Pennsylvania  in  1756.  His  father 
was  a native  of  County  Donegal,  Ireland,  came  to 
America  in  1783,  engaged  in  business  as  a clerk 
in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1788  set  up  business  for 
himself.  James  received  his  primary  education 
in  the  schools  of  Mercersburg,  and  in  1807  entered 

H' 


Dickinson  college  in  the  junior  class.  After 
graduating  in  1809  he  removed  to  Lancaster,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1812.  As  a Federalist, 
he  disapproved  of  the  war  with  England,  but  did 
not  shirk  the  duties  of  an  American  citizen 
when  the  war  be-  ^ _ 

came  a fact,  and  his 
patriotism  was 
voiced  in  a speech 
delivered  to  the 
people  shortly  after 
the  city  of  Washing- 
ton was  captured  by 
the  British.  He 
urged  the  enlist- 
ment,  and  was  him- 
self one  of  the  first 
volunteers,  u n d e r 
Judge  Shippen,  to 
march  to  the  de- 
fence of  Baltimore. 

He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  in  the  Pennsylvania  legisla- 
ture, Oct.  14,  1814.  On  the  first  of  February  fol- 

. lowing,  in  considering  “ An  act  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  volunteers  for  the  defence  of  the  Com- 
monwealth,” he  urged  the  passage  of  the  bill,  and 
afterwards  speaking  of  the  incident  he  said- 
” So  open  and  decided  was  I in  my  course  in 
favor  of  defending  the  country,  notwithstanding 
my  disapproval  of  the  declaration  of  war,  that  the 
late  William  Beale,  the  shrewd,  strong-minded 
and  influential  Democratic  senator  from  Mifflin 
county,  called  upon  me  and  urged  me  strongly 
during  the  session  to  change  my  political  name 
and  be  called  a Democrat,  stating  that  I would 
have  no  occasion  to  change  my  principles. " On 
July  4,  1815,  in  an  oration  delivered  at  Lancaster 
he  characterized  the  action  of  the  government 
in  its  prosecution  of  the  war  as  disgraceful,  while 
he  eulogized  the  spirit  of  the  American  people. 
He  retired  from  the  legislature  at  the  end  of  his 
second  term  of  service  with  a fixed  determina- 
tion to  abandon  political  life,  and  devote  himself 
exclusively  to  the  practice  of  law.  In  1820  he 
was  elected  by  the  Federalists  a representative 
to  the  17th  Congress  from  Lancaster,  York  and 
Dauphin  counties.  Among  his  important  early 
speeches  in  Congress  were  those  on  the  deficiency 
in  the  military  appropriation,  in  January,  1822 : 
on  the  bankrupt  law,  in  March  following,  when 
he  successfully  opposed  its  extension  to  all  citi- 
zens, whether  traders  or  not.  There  was  in  his 
speech  on  this  subject  a perceptible  tendency  to 
that  line  of  politics  which  he  subsequently 
adopted  and  to  which  he  always  adhered.  This 
may  be  described  as  a forbearance  from  exercis- 
ing federal  powers  of  acknowledged  constitu 

o] 


BUCHANAN. 


BUCHANAN. 


tional  validity,  in  ways  and  on  occasions  which 
may  lead  to  an  absorption  of  state  jurisdictions. 
In  the  next  Congress  Mr.  Buchanan  spoke  twice  on 
the  tariff  —March  23  and  April  9,  1824.  His  views 
on  protection  were  conservative.  He  held  that 
in  imposing  duties  necessary  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  the  government,  care  should  be  taken, 
while  extending  protection  to  infant  industries, 
not  to  injure  at  the  same  time  the  interests  of 
the  producers  of  wealth.  In  his  speech  in  the 
house  he  said:  “The  American  system  consists 
in  affording  equal  and  just  legislative  protection 
to  all  the  great  interests  of  the  country.  It  is 
no  respecter  of  persons.  It  does  not  distinguish 
between  the  farmer  who  ploughs  the  soil  in 
Pennsylvania  and  the  manufacturer  of  wool  in 
New  England.  Being  impartial  it  embraces  all.'’ 
He  uttered  grave  warnings  against  forming 
alliances  with  Mexico  and  the  South  American 
republics,  and  insisted  on  the  great  importance 
of  Cuba,  both  commercially  and  strategically  to 
the  United  States.  On  questions  of  internal  policy 
Mr.  Buchanan  had  voted  for  the  imposing  of 
tolls  for  the  support  of  the  Cumberland  road. 
When  he  first  had  occasion  to  act  on  this  subject 
as  a member  of  Congress,  he  was  inclined  to 
accept  the  doctrine  that  Congress  had  power  to 
establish  and  support  this  road.  Mr.  Monroe’s 
veto  affected  him  deeply,  as  it  was  the  first  time 
he  had  been  brought  to  distinguish  between 
federal  and  state  powers.  At  a subsequent  ses- 
sion of  Congress  he  endeavored  unsuccessfully  to 
have  the  road  retroceded  to  the  states  through 
which  it  passed,  on  condition  that  they  would 
support  it  by  levying  tolls.  During  the  canvass 
of  1828,  in  which  the  supporters  of  the  adminis- 
tration had  taken  the  name  of  national  Republi- 
can, and  the  opposition  that  of  Democrat.  Mr. 
Buchanan  was  one  of  the  most  able  and  ardent 
supporters  of  General  Jackson,  and  it  was  mainly 
through  his  influence  that  the  twenty-eight 
electoral  votes  of  Pennsylvania  were  secured.  In 
1829  he  succeeded  Daniel  Webster  as  head  of  the 
judiciary  committee,  and  in  this  capacity  con- 
ducted the  trial  on  impeachment  of  Judge  Peck. 
In  March,  1831,  Mr.  Buchanan  retired  from  Con- 
gress, with  the  avowed  intention  of  resuming  his 
law  practice,  but  President  Jackson,  in  1832, 
appointed  him  envoy  extraordinary  and  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  urged  his 
acceptance  of  the  mission  so  strongly  that  he 
could  not  well  decline.  He  sailed  from  New 
York,  April  8,  1832,  on  board  the  Silas  Richards, 
a sailing  vessel,  and  reached  St.  Petersburg  the 
June  following.  His  mission  was  to  negotiate  the 
first  treaty  of  commerce  between  Russia  and  the 
United  States,  to  establish  a tariff  system  and  to 
provide  for  consuls.  He  was  thirty-eight  years 
old  when  he  undertook  this  important  commis- 


sion, and  although  without  official  experience  in 
diplomacy,  he  had  been  a close  student  of  the 
diplomatic  history  of  his  own  country  and  of 
public  law,  and  what  he  did  not  know  about 
trade  between  Russia  and  the  United  States  he 
mastered  soon  after  reaching  St.  Petersburg.  He 
also  perfected  himself  in  the  French  language, 
which  proved  of  invaluable  assistance  to  him  in 
conducting  the  negotiations.  He  referred  to 
himself  in  a letter  home,  “As  a tyro  in  dip- 
lomacy, with  no  weapons  but  a little  common 
sense,  knowledge  and  downright  honesty  — with 
which  to  encounter  the  most  adroit  and  skilful 
politicians  in  the  world.”  The  encounter  was  by 
no  means  a sinecure,  but  his  fair  mind,  even 
manners,  and  unfailing  tact  served  him  well,  and 
by  adhering  tenaciously  to  his  purpose  and  exer- 
cising astute  diplomacy  in  his  dealings  with  the 
diplomats,  he  was  eventually  successful  in 
arranging  a commercial  treaty  by  which  impor- 
tant privileges  in  the  Baltic  and  the  Black  sea 
were  secured  for  the  United  States.  He  made  a 
warm  friend  of  Count  Nesselrode,  and  when  the 
treaty  was  at  length  accepted  by  the  cabinet, 
against  the  strenuous  opposition  of  some  of  the 
members,  it  was,  by  the  dexterous  management 
of  the  count,  seconded  by  Mr.  Buchanan’s  skilful 
course  and  ample  knowledge  of  the  points  in 
question.  He  began  his  journey  homeward,  Aug. 
8.  1833.  On  Dec.  6.  1834,  he  was  elected  United 
States  senator  by  the  Democratic  members  of 
the  Pennsylvania  legislature,  to  fill  the  unexpired 
term  of  Senator  Wilkins,  resigned.  In  his  letter 
of  acceptance  he  wrote:  “ I want  language  to 
express  my  feelings  on  the  perusal  of  your  kind 
letter.  Elevated  by  your  free  and  unsolicited 
suffrages  to  the  only  public  station  I desire  to 
occupy,  it  shall  be  my  constant  endeavor  to 
justify  by  my  conduct  the  generous  confidence 
which  you  have  thus  reposed.”  When  he  took 
his  seat  in  the  senate,  Dec.  15,  1834,  General 
Jackson  was  in  the  second  term  of  his  office.  Mr. 
Van  Buren  presided  over  the  senate,  the  opposi- 
tion had  become  consolidated  and  classified  under 
the  name  of  the  Whig  party  as  substituted  for 
that  of  national  Republicans;  there  was  a third 
party  known  as  the  anti-masons,  and  the  Whigs 
controlled  the  senate  by  a two-thirds  majority. 
In  the  great  struggle  between  President  Jackson 
and  the  Whigs,  headed  by  Mr.  Calhoun,  Bu- 
chanan at  all  times  warmly  defended  the  Presi- 
dent and  his  claims.  In  the  course  of  a speech  in 
defence  of  the  President  in  his  exercise  of  the 
right  to  remove  Presidential  appointees  from 
office  without  the  consent  of  the  senate,  Mr. 
Buchanan  said:  “ Washington,  the  elder  Adams, 
Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  and  the  younger 
Adams  removed  whom  they  pleased  from  office ; 
but  after  the  accession  of  Jackson  to  office  the 


BUCHANAN. 


BUCHANAN. 


existence  of  this  power  is  denied.  We  are  now 
required  to  believe  that  all  which  former  presi- 
dents have  done  was  wrong;  the  first  Congress 
was  entirely  mistaken  in  its  construction  of  the 
constitution,  and  that  the  president  does  not 
possess  the  power  of  removal  without  the  concur- 
rence of  the  senate.  If  ever  a question  has  occur- 
red in  the  history  of  any  country  that  ought  to  be 
considered  and  settled  it  is  that  one.  A solemn 
decision  at  first,  adopted,  in  practice  afterwards 
by  all  branches  of  the  government  for  five  and 
forty  years  makes  the  precedent  one  of  almost 
irresistible  force.”  In  the  next  session  of  Con- 
gress, December,  1836,  he  delivered  a speech 
defending  the  President's  action  in  the  removal 
of  the  public  deposits  and  in  support  of  Senator 
Benton's  “ expunging  ” resolutions,  which  pro- 
posed the  cancellation  on  the  journal  of  Mr. 
Clay’s  resolution,  condemning  President  Jackson 
for  the  act.  In  his  speech,  which  has  been  char- 
acterized as  the  ablest  effort  in  the  senate,  he 
deftly  separated  what  was  personal  or  partisan 
in  the  controversy  from  the  serious  questions 
involved,  and  covering  the  whole  field  of  argu- 
ment upon  the  really  important  topics  in  a tem- 
perate, courteous,  but  firm  discussion,  placed  his 
side  of  the  debate  upon  its  true  merits.  The  reso- 
lutions were  adopted  by  a strict  party  vote. 
During  the  latter  part  of  General  Jackson's 
administration  the  subject  of  slavery  began  to  be 
agitated,  and  numerous  petitions  were  made  to 
Congress  for  its  suppression  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.  One  from  the  Quakers  of  Pennsyl- 
vania was  presented  by  Mr.  Buchanan.  His 
attitude  at  that  time  upon  the  slavery  question 
is  best  expressed  in  his  own  words  in  the  senate, 
Jan.  7,  1836:  “ The  memorial  which  I have  in  my 
possession  is  entitled  to  the  utmost  respect  from 
the  character  of  the  memorialists.  If  any  one 
principle  of  constitutional  law  can  at  this  day 
be  considered  as  settled,  it  is  that  Congress  has 
no  right,  no  power,  over  the  question  of  slavery 
within  those  states  where  it  exists.  The  prop- 
erty of  the  master  in  his  slave  existed  in  full 
force  before  the  Federal  constitution  was  adopted. 
It  was  a subject  which  then  belonged,  as  it  still 
belongs,  to  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  sev- 
eral states.  For  one,  whatever  may  be  my  opin- 
ions upon  the  abstract  question  of  slavery, — I am 
free  to  confess  they  are  those  of  the  people  of 
Pennsylvania,— I shall  never  attempt  to  violate 
this  fundamental  compact.  The  Union  will  be 
dissolved  and  incalculable  evils  will  arise,  the 
moment  any  such  attempt  is  seriously  made  by 
the  free  states  in  Congress.”  In  June,  1836, 
when  a bill  was  proposed  in  the  senate  to  restrain 
the  use  of  the  mails  for  the  circulation  of  in 
cendiary  publications  in  the  south,  Mr.  Webster 
addressed  the  senate  in  opposition  to  the  bill,  and 


Mr.  Buchanan  argued  against  him.  In  1836, 
when  Michigan  sought  admission  to  the  Union, 
Mr.  Buchanan  spoke  in  favor  of  admitting  the 
territory  as  a state.  His  whole  career  showed 
him  to  be  pre-eminently  a state  rights  man. 
Among  his  many  loyal  friends  President  Jackson 
had  none  more  staunch  than  Mr.  Buchanan.  He 
supported  him  in  his  financial  measures,  advo- 
cated the  recognition  by  Congress  of  the 
independence  of  Texas,  and  at  a later  time  its 
annexation.  Mr.  Buchanan  supported  the  princi- 
pal measures  of  the  administration  of  Mr.  Van 
Buren,  including  the  establishment  of  an  inde- 
pendent treasury.  He  was  re-elected  to  the 
senate  January,  1837,  for  a full  term,  being  the 
first  United  States  senator  re-elected  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Pennsylvania.  President  Van  Buren 
invited  him  to  his  official  family  as  attorney- 
general  to  succeed  Mr.  Grundy,  but  Mr.  Buchanan 
declined,  claiming  that  he  could  best  serve  his 
country  in  the  senate.  On  Feb.  2,  1842,  in  reply 
to  Mr.  Clay,  he  delivered  a speech  on  the  veto 
power  of  the  president,  in  which  he  said:  “Of 
all  the  executive  powers  it  is  the  least  to  be 
dreaded.  It  cannot  create,  it  can  change  no 
existing  law,  it  can  destroy  no  existing  institu- 
tion. It  is  a mere  power  to  arrest  hasty  and  incon- 
siderate changes  until  the  voice  of  the  people, 
who  are  alike  masters  of  senators,  representa- 
tives and  President,  shall  be  heard.”  In  1842  he 
opposed  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  between 
the  United  States  and  England,  which  Mr. 
Webster  had  negotiated  with  Lord  Ashburton. 
In  1843  the.  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  re-elected 
him  senator  for  a third  term,  and  in  1844  his 
political  and  personal  friends  were  anxious  to 
propose  him  as  Democratic  candidate  for  the 
presidency.  But  he  saw  that  if  he  permitted  his 
friends  to  have  their  way,  his  interests  would 
crash  with  those  of  Benton,  Van  Buren  and  other 
prominent  men  in  the  party.  Mr.  Buchanan 
accordingly  promptly  withdrew  his  name  in  a 
public  letter,  and  James  K.  Polk  was  nominated 
and  elected,  and  at  the  invitation  of  the  President 
Mr.  Buchanan  accepted  the  position  of  secretary 
of  state  in  his  cabinet.  Here  he  had  some  criti- 
cal questions  to  adjust,  including  the  settlement 
of  the  boundary  line  between  Oregon  and  the 
British  possessions,  and  the  annexation  of  Texas, 
from  which  arose  the  war  with  Mexico.  He  also 
advised  President  Polk  to  strongly  re-assert 
the  Monroe  doctrine,  which  was  in  effect 
that  no  European  nation  should  in  future  be 
permitted  to  settle  a colony  on  the  American 
continent  or  in  any  way  to  interfere  with  Ameri- 
can affairs;  and  he  also  advocated  cultivating  the 
most  friendly  relations  with  the  Central  Ameri- 
can states.  When  the  Whigs  came  into  power 
in  1849,  Mr.  Buchanan  retired  for  a time  from 


DT2] 


The  Cyclopaedia  Publishing  Company. 


BUCHANAN. 


BUCHANAN. 


politics,  and  acquired  a small  estate  a little  out- 
side the  city  of  Lancaster,  known  as  Wheatland, 
and  this  henceforth  became  his  home.  The 
death  of  his  sister,  Mrs.  Lane,  in  1839,  left  to 
him  the  care  and  education  of  four  children,  and 
the  youngest  of  them,  Harriet,  was  of  such  a ten- 
der age  that  it  was  possible  for  her  natural 
guardian  to  mould  her  character  as  lie  wished; 
to  direct  the  education  of  the  young  girl,  to 
form  her  religious  and  moral  principles,  to 
guard  her  against  temptation  that  would  natur- 
ally come  in  the  paths  of  one  of  her  impetuous 
disposition,  and  to  develop  in  her  the  character 
of  a true  woman,  became  one  of  the  chief  objects 
of  his  busy  life.  His  letters  to  her,  which  began 
in  her  early  youth,  reveal  a beautiful  side  of  his 
character,  of  which  the  world  knows  but  little. 
He  wrote  numerous  public  letters  during  his 
retirement,  and  the  compromise  measures  of 
1850,  offered  by  Mr.  Clay,  the  abolition  of  slave 
trade  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  the  fugi- 
tive slave  law  received  his  commendation  and 
approval.  When  the  Democratic  party  regained 
power  in  1853,  President  Pierce  offered  to  Mr. 
Buchanan  the  position  of  minister  to  England. 
In  urging  his  acceptance  the  President  said: 
“ I can  assure  you  if  you  accept  the  mission 
Pennsylvania  shall  not  receive  one  appointment 
more  or  less  on  that  account.  I shall  consider 
yours  as  an  appointment  for  the  whole  country, 
and  I will  not  say  that  Pennsylvania  shall  not 
have  more  in  case  of  your  acceptance  than  if  you 
should  decline  the  mission.”  The  pressure 
brought  to  bear  was  so  strong  that  he  finally 
accepted.  The  fisheries  reciprocity  with  Canada, 
and  the  Monroe  doctrine  as  relating  to  Central 
American  states,  which  had  not  been  satis- 
factorily established  by  the  Clayton  Bulwer 
treaty,  were  the  uppermost  subjects  for  discus- 
sion and  settlement.  President  Pierce  decided 
that  the  questions  of  reciprocity  and  the  fisheries 
should  be  negotiated  at  Washington,  and  the 
Central  American  question  was  referred  to  Lon- 
don. Mr.  Buchanan  was  the  originator  and  one 
of  the  three  members  of  the  Ostend  conference 
that  met  in  1854  to  consider  the  subject  of  the 
acquisition  of  Cuba  by  the  United  States,  and 
with  his  colleagues  maintained  that  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  self-preservation  from  dangers  of  the 
gravest  kind,  an  armed  intervention  of  the  United 
States  and  the  capture  of  the  island  from  the 
Spaniards  would  be  justifiable.  He  returned  to 
the  United  States  in  the  latter  part  of  April,  1856, 
accompanied  by  his  niece,  Harriet  Lane,  who 
had  been  for  over  a year  his  guest,  and  upon  his 
arrival  in  New  York  was  accorded  a public  recep- 
tion from  the  authorities  and  people  of  the  city, 
which  evinced  the  interest  that  was  everywhere 
manifested  towards  him  as  an  able  statesman 


and  the  probable  coming  chief  executive.  He  re 
turned  to  Wheatland,  and  there  received  news 
of  his  nomination  as  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  President  by  the  convention  held  at  Cincin- 
nati in  1856.  The  Whig  party  had  passed  from 
existence.  The  anti-slavery  party  adopted  the 
name  of  Republican,  nominated  John  C.  Fre- 
mont as  their  candidate  for  President,  and  the 
question  of  slavery  in  the  territories  was  made 
the  issue  of  the  campaign.  The  repeal  of  the 
Missouri  compromise  and  the  passage  of  the  Kan- 
sas-Nebraska  act,  which  had  been  followed  in 
Kansas  by  an  internecine  contest  between  pro- 
slavery and  anti-slavery  settlers,  gave  the  can- 
vass a sectional  fervor  which  was  smothered  but 
not  extinguished  by  the  election  in  November, 
when  Mr.  Buchanan  secured  the  electoral  vote 
of  Arkansas,  Alabama,  California,  Delaware, 
Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky, 
Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  New  Jersey, 
North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas,  and  Virginia, 
one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  electoral  votes, 
which  made  him  President  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  inaugurated  March  4,  1857,  and  was 
welcomed  to  the  presidency  by  many  anxious  and 
patriotic  citizens  outside  of  his  own  party  sup- 
porters, who  saw  danger  in  the  radical  doctrines 
of  the  minority  party.  His  niece,  Harriet  Lane, 
became  mistress  of  the  White  House,  and  was 
admirably  qualified  to  make  the  new  administra- 
tion a social  success.  In  the  selection  of  his 
cabinet  he  made  Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan,  secre- 
tary of  state ; Howell  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  secretary 
of  the  treasury;  John  B.  Floyd,  of  Virginia, 
secretary  of  war ; Isaac  Toucey,  of  Connecticut, 
secretary  of  the  navy ; Jacob  Thompson,  of  Mis- 
sissippi, secretary  of  the  interior;  Aaron  V. 
Brown,  of  Tennessee,  postmaster-general,  and 
Jeremiah  S.  Black,  of  Pennsylvania,  attorney- 
general.  The  state  of  the  country  when  this 
administration  was  organized  was  ominous  to  its 
peace  and  welfare.  The  autumn  of  1857  saw  a 
financial  crisis  of  that  kind  which  is  apt  to  recur 
in  an  expanding  country  as  the  cycle  advances 
from  booming  prosperity  to  the  over-confident 
and  over-productive  stage.  Although  the  sever- 
ity of  the  times  gradually  relaxed,  and  both  con- 
fidence and  activity  were  by  another  twelve 
months  fairly  restored,  it  took  a long  time  to  do 
away  with  the  effects  of  the  panic.  The  preced- 
ing administration  had  left  a legacy  of  trouble 
in  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  compromise.  The 
Kansas-Nebraska  act  was  a bone  of  contention 
between  two  factions  of  the  Democratic  party, 
and  the  President  had  to  consider  what  was  the 
limitation  imposed  by  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States  upon  the  operation  of  this  newly 
created  right.  He  stood  by  the  decision  of  the 
supreme  court  in  the  famous  Dred  Scott  case,  and 
f 473  J 


BUCHANAN. 


BUCHANAN. 


all  his  official  influence  was  used  through  the 
territorial  government  to  induce  the  people  of 
Kansas  to  act  in  the  questions  of  slavery  at  the 
proper  time,  and  in  the  only  practical  way,  by 
voting  for  delegates  to  the  constitution  called 
under  the  authority  of  the  territorial  laws,  and 
then  voting  on  the  constitution  which  that  con- 
vention should  frame.  In  1857  he  appointed 
Alfred  Ciunming,  of  Georgia,  governor  of  Utah, 
and  filled  the  judicial  and  other  vacancies  which 
existed.  This  roused  the  opposition  of  Brigham 
Young  and  his  followers.  The  President  and  his 
secretary  of  war  petitioned  the  existing  Congress 
for  necessary  troops  to  quell  the  incipient  rebel- 
lion, but  the  Lecompton  controversy  was  raging, 
and  the  use  of  Federal  troops  to  put  down  the 
free-state  movement  in  Kansas  had  caused  such 
mistrust  and  irritation  that  none  but  the  Presi- 
dent’s stanchest  supporters  were  inclined  to 
place  more  troops  at  his  disposal.  The  bill  for  an 
army  increase  was  lost,  though  both  houses 
passed  a measure  authorizing  the  President  to 
accept  for  the  Utah  disturbance  two  regiments  of 
volunteers;  these  were  not  called  out,  but  the 
President  mustered  a military  force  out  of  the 
regulars  strong  enough  to  overawe  and  over- 
power Utah's  rebellious  inhabitants.  Two  peace 
commissioners  also  bore  to  Utah  a proclamation 
from  the  President,  dated  April  6,  which  offered 
free  pardon  except  to  those  who  still  persisted 
in  disloyal  resistance.  These  conciliatory  ef- 
forts, backed  by  an  irresistible  show  of  military 
strength,  brought  the  Mormons  to  a speed}’ 
acknowledgment  of  their  allegiance.  The  ques- 
tion of  British  dominion  in  Central  America, 
which  Mr.  Buchanan  had  advanced  when  minis- 
ter to  England,  was  settled  during  his  admin- 
istration under  his  advice  and  approval.  A 
settlement  with  the  Central  American  states 
was  effected  in  accordance  with  the  American 
construction  of  the  Clayton  -Bulwer  treaty.  He 
also  succeeded  in  compelling  the  English  govern- 
ment to  recognize  international  law  in  favor  of 
the  freedom  of  the  seas.  He  recommended  to 
Congress  sending  aid  to  the  constitutional  party 
of  Mexico,  then  forcibly  suspended  from  exercis- 
ing the  functions  of  government  by  military 
rule,  and  to  redress  with  force  the  wrongs  of  our 
citizens  who  were  resident  there,  and  whose 
claims  against  Mexico  aggregated  ten  million 
dollars.  He  also  instructed  the  United  States 
minister  to  Mexico,  Mr.  McLane,  to  make  a 
treaty  of  ‘‘  Transit  and  Commerce,”  and  a “ con- 
vention to  enforce  treaty  stipulations  and  to 
maintain  order  and  security  in  the  territory  of 
the  republics  of  Mexico  and  the  United  States.” 
Congress  did  not  uphold  him  in  his  efforts; 
Louis  Napoleon  interfered;  in  1864  an  empire 


claims  of  the  American  citizens  were  for  the 
time  ignored.  In  1858  the  President  concluded 
a treaty  with  China  which  established  satis- 
factory commercial  relations  between  the  two 
countries.  On  June  22,  1860,  he  vetoed  a bill 
“ to  secure  homesteads  to  actual  settlers  in  the 
public  domain,  and  for  other  purposes  ” ; the  other 
purposes  pertained  to  donations  to  the  states,  his 
objections  being  that  the  United  States  had  no 
right  to  donate  her  public  land  to  the  states  for 
domestic  purposes.  In  1860  the  President  was 
authorized  by  Congress  to  settle  the  claims 
against  the  government  of  Paraguay,  by  sending 
a commissioner  to  that  country,  accompanied  by 
a naval  force  sufficient  to  exact  justice  should 
negotiations  fail.  This  expedition  was  started 
on  a considerable  scale,  was  entirely  success- 
ful and  resulted  in  a permanent  peace  with  that 
country,  at  no  cost  to  the  government  beyond  the 
usual  small  annual  appropriation  for  the  navy. 
The  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln  in  1860  was  the 
signal  for  South  Carolina  to  renew  her  old  doc- 
trine, and  she  seceded  Dec.  20,  1860.  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan refused  to  receive  the  commissioners 
sent  by  the  state  to  treat  with  him  as  with  a 
foreign  power.  He  emphatically  denied  the  right 
of  any  state  to  secede  from  the  Union,  and  held 
that  the  only  remedy  for  a dissatisfied  state  was 
open  revolution.  In  the  October  preceding  the 
election,  he  received  communication  from  General 
Scott,  commanding-general  of  the  army,  which 
subsequently  became  known  as  “General  Scott's 
Views,”  in  which  paper  the  general  said  in  view 
of  Mr.  Lincoln's  probable  election  he  anticipated 
the  secession  of  one  or  more  southern  states,  and 
warned  the  President  against  leaving  the  forts 
in  the  south  without  additional  garrison.  As  Mr. 
Buchanan  had  publicly  denied  the  right  of  seces- 
sion, he  could  not  consistently  re-inforce  the 
forts  as  if  he  anticipated  revolution ; besides  the 
entire  United  States  troops  available  for  garrison- 
ing the  nine  forts  in  the  six  excited  southern 
states  was  four  hundred  men,  and  the  recommen- 
dation was  plainly  impracticable.  He  adhered  to 
his  policy  of  non-action,  for  which  he  has  been 
censured,  but  which  was  identical  with  that 
adopted  by  President  Lincoln  until  the  overt  act 
of  firing  upon  Fort  Sumter.  After  the  actual 
secession  of  South  Carolina,  the  President's  chief 
aim  was  to  confine  the  area  of  secession  and 
induce  Congress  to  prepare  for  war.  But  again 
he  was  not  seconded  by  the  legislative  body,  and 
when  his  term  of  office  expired.  March  3.  1861. 
seven  states  had  already  seceded,  and  President 
Lincoln  found  himself  sadly  embarrassed  by  the 
apathy  of  Congress  in  not  preparing  for  the  con- 
flict, which  could  no  longer  be  averted.  Except- 
ing the  short  drive  from  the  White  House  to  the 
Capitol  in  the  same  carriage  with  Mr.  Lincoln, 


under  Maximillian  was  established,  and  the 

[474] 


BUCHANAN. 


BUCHANAN. 


in  compliance  with  that  time-honored  custom, 
when  the  retiring  President  turns  over  the  admin- 
istration of  affairs  to  his  successor,  it  does  not 
appear  that  Mr.  Buchanan  and  Mr.  Lincoln  ever 
met.  Mr.  Buchanan  remained  in  Washington 
until  March  9,  settling  private  affairs,  and  on 
that  day,  accompanied  by  Miss  Lane  and  the 
other  members  of  his  household,  returned  to 
Wheatland.  He  continued  to  take  a deep 
interest  in  politics,  and  supported  with  his  influ- 
ence as  a private  citizen  the  war  that  was  raging 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  Union.  His  declining 
years  were  saddened  by  the  many  calumnies  with 
which  he  was  assailed ; but  he  bore  all  with  a dig- 
nified fortitude  and  was  willing  to  leave  the 
vindication  of  his  course  to  a future,  when 
perception  would  not  be  dimmed  by  sectional 
feeling.  He  published  “ Buchanan's  Adminis- 
tration,” a vindication  of  the  policy  of  his  admin- 
istration during  the  last  months  of  his  term. 
During  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  fell  a victim 
to  rheumatic  gout,  from  which  he  finally  died. 
His  remains  were  laid  at  rest  in  Woodward  Hill 
cemetery,  near  Lancaster,  Pa.  A simple  monu- 
ment marks  his  grave,  and  the  passer-by  reads, 

“ James  Buchanan,  fifteenth  President  of  the 
United  States,  born  April  23,  1791;  died  June  1, 
1868.” 

BUCHANAN,  James,  representative,  was  born 
at  Ringoes,  Hunterdon  count}',  N.  J.,  June  17, 
1839.  He  was  reared  upon  a farm,  received 
an  academic  education,  was  admitted  to  the 
practice  of  the  law  in  1864,  and  was  chosen  read- 
ing clerk  of  the  New  Jersey  legislature  in  1866. 
Subsequently  he  was  a member  of  the  Trenton 
board  of  education,  presiding  judge  of  Mercer 
county  for  six  years,  was  elected  a represen- 
tative to  the  49th  Congress  as  a Republican  in 
1884,  and  was  successively  elected  to  the  50th, 
51st  and  52d  congresses. 

BUCHANAN,  John  Alexander,  representa- 
tive, was  born  in  Virginia,  Oct.  7,  1843.  He 
joined  the  Confederate  army,  serving  as  a private 
in  the  Stonewall  brigade.  He  was  taken  a 
prisoner  at  Gettysburg,  July  3,  1863,  and  remained 
in  captivity  until  February,  1865.  After  the 
close  of  the  war  he  entered  the  Emory  and  Henry 
college,  Va.,  and  was  graduated  in  1870,  after 
which  he  studied  law  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia. From  1885  to  1887  he  was  a member  of 
the  Virginia  house  of  delegates.  The  following 
year  he  was  elected  a representative  to  the  51st 
Congress,  and  was  re-elected  in  1890  to  the  52d 
Congress. 

BUCHANAN,  John  P.,  governor  of  Tennessee, 
was  born  at  Williamson,  Tenn.,  Oct.  24,  1847; 
son  of  Thomas  Buchanan,  grandson  of  John 
Buchanan,  Jr.,  and  great-grandson  of  Major 
John  Buchanan.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  joined 

[47 


the  Confederate  army,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  in  some  of  the  most  important  battles  of 
the  civil  war.  At  its  conclusion  he  went  back 
to  his  farm,  where  he  engaged  in  the  raising  of 
blooded  stock.  In  1878  he  removed  his  stock  to 
a large  farm  in  Rutherford  county,  and  greatly  in- 
creased his  business.  In  1886  he  was  elected  to  the 
general  assembly  of  Tennessee  and  was  re-elected 
in  1888.  In  February,  1890,  lie-  was  elected, 
as  a Democrat,  governor  of  Tennessee.  In  the 
legislature  he  made  his  mark  as  an  able  and 
fearless  debater,  and  contended  stubbornly  for 
the  rights  and  interests  of  the  people.  As  governor 
he  showed  himself  well-informed  on  all  subjects 
which  came  under  his  administration.  On  Aug. 
1,  1889,  upon  the  consolidation  of  the  “Wheel” 
and  the  “Alliance,”  Governor  Buchanan  was 
elected  president  of  the  organization. 

BUCHANAN,  Joseph  Rhodes,  physician,  was 
born  in  Frankfort,  Kv.,  Dec.  11,  1814.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  medical  school  of  Louisville  uni- 
versity in  1842,  and  was  professor  of  physiology 
in  the  Cincinnati  eclectic  medical  institute  from 
1846  to  1856.  He  was  dean  of  the  faculty  from 
1850  to  1855,  and  editor  of  its  medical  journal. 
In  after  years  he  was  engaged  in  similar  work  in 
the  eclectic  medical  schools  of  New  York  and 
Boston.  Dr.  Buchanan  is  the  author  of  a new 
system  of  education,  based  on  psychometry  and 
sarcognomy,  sciences  of  which  he  was  the  dis- 
coverer. His  published  works  include:  “Out- 
lines of  Lectures  on  the  Neurological  System  of 
Anthropology  ” (1854) ; “ Eclectic  Practice  of 

Medicine  and  Surgery  ” (third  revised  edition, 
1868) ; “ The  American  System  of  Medicine  ” 

(1880);  “Moral  Education,  its  Laws  and 
Methods”  (1882);  “ The  New  Education : Moral, 
Industrial,  Hygienic,  Intellectual”  (1882); 
“Manual  of  Psychometry:  the  Dawn  of  a New 
Civilization”  ( 1885  ),  and  “Therapeutic  Sar- 
cognomy” (1891).  He  was  for  many  years  the 
editor  of  Buchanan's  Journal  of  Man. 

BUCHANAN,  Robert  Christie,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Maryland  about  the  year  1810.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1830,  served  on  garri- 
son duty  for  two  years,  was  engaged  in  the  Black 
Hawk  and  Seminole  wars,  and  in  1838  was  pro- 
moted captain.  He  was  stationed  in  Texas  during 
the  military  occupation  of  1845-46,  and  from 
1846  to  1848  was  engaged  in  the  Mexican  war,  being 
promoted  brevet  major,  May  9,  1846,  for  “gallant 
and  distinguished  services  ” in  the  battles  of  Palo 
Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  Texas,  and  brevet 
lieutenant-colonel  in  September,  1847,  for  meri- 
torious conduct  at  the  battle  of  Molino  del  Rey 
Mexico.  February  3,  1855,  he  was  appointed 
major  in  the  4th  infantry,  and  served  on  re- 
cruiting, garrison,  frontier,  and  court-martial 
duty.  September,  1861,  he  was  promoted  to  the 
5] 


BUCHTEL. 


BUCK. 


lieutenant-colonelcy  of  the  4th  infantry  and  sta- 
tioned at  Washington,  D.  C.,  where  he  remained 
until  March,  1862.  He  took  a prominent  part  in 
the  Peninsular  campaign,  winning  a brevet  col- 
onelcy, June  27,  1862,  by  his  gallant  conduct  at 
the  battle  of  Gaines’s  Mill.  He  was  appointed 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  November,  1862, 
and  commanded  Fort  Delaware  after  March, 
1863.  He  was  promoted ' colonel  in  the  regular 
army  in  1864,  and  brevetted  brigadier  and  major- 
general  in  1865— the  two  brevets  being  rewards 
for  gallantry  at  Malvern  Hill,  Manassas,  and  Fred- 
ericksburg. He  was  a member  of  the  military 
commission.  Dec.  1,  1865,  to  investigate  the  com- 
plaints of  Prussia  concerning  the  Massachusetts 
enlistments  of  1863,  and  he  was  also  a member  of 
the  Iowa  claims  commission  of  1867.  During  the 
year  1868  he  was  in  command  of  the  district  of 
Louisiana,  and  in  1869-’70  of  Fort  Porter,  N.  Y. 
He  was  retired  at  his  own  request  Dec.  31.  1870, 
and  died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Nov.  29,  1878. 

BUCHTEL,  John  Richards,  philanthropist, 
was  born  in  Summit  county,  Ohio,  Jan.  18,  1822. 
His  first  American  paternal  ancestor  immigrated 
to  the  United  States  from  Germany  in  the  eight- 
eenth century.  The  boy’s  education  was  limited, 
and  his  youth  was  passed  on  a farm.  In  1854  he 

entered  the  em- 
ploy of  Ball, 
Aultman  & 
Co.,  manufac- 
turers of  mow- 
ers and  reapers 
at  Akron,  Ohio. 
The  firm  failed 
in  1856,  making 
him  their  as- 
signee and  he 
placed  their 
affairs  on  a 
secure  founda- 
tion. In  1864 
h e formed  a 
connection 
with  the  Buck- 
eye m o vv  i n g 
machine  company,  the  business  being  organized 
into  a stock  company  in  1865,  and  he  was  elected  its 
president.  He  was  also  president  of  the  bank  of 
Akron  and  manager  of  the  Akron  iron  company, 
and  in  all  his  interests  sustained  the  most  pleasant 
relations  with  his  employees,  their  comfort  being 
His  first  consideration.  He  erected  comfortable 
dwellings  which  he  sold  to  his  employees  on  easy 
terms  of  payment,  and  thus  built  up  the  town  of 
Buchtel,  which  soon  presented  all  the  facilities 
and  improvements  of  an  embryo  city,  including 
an  opera  house  and  a department  store.  Coal  to 
the  amount  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  car  loads  was 


mined  each  day,  and  a large  blast  furnace  pro- 
duced an  average  of  forty-five  tons  of  the  best 
iron  every  twenty-four  hours.  The  Akron  iron 
company  paid  the  Hocking  Valley  railroad  in 
1880  for  transporting  coal  and  iron  over  their 
line,  one  million  dollars.  Mr.  Buchtel  was  a Re- 
publican, but  when  temperance  issues  were  in- 
volved he  acted  with  the  Prohibition  party,  and 
was  the  candidate  of  that  party  for  secretary  of 
state  of  Ohio  in  1874.  He  was  appointed  by  Gov 
ernor  Hayes  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  State 
agricultural  college,  and  was  a member  of  the 
executive  committee  during  the  erection  of  its 
buildings.  He  contributed  to  the  building  of 
every  church  in  Akron,  and  besides  donating  his 
library  to  Buchtel  college,  he  from  time  to  time 
made  gifts  to  that  institution  amounting  to  not 
less  than  §500,000.  He  died  May  23,  1893. 

BUCK,  Dudley,  musician,  was  born  at  Hart 
ford,  Conn.,  March  10,  1839.  His  first  American 
ancestor  came  from  England  with  John  Cotton, 
Samuel  Stone  and  Richard  Hooker  in  1633,  and 
was  one  of  those  who  accompanied  the  latter  in 
his  settlement  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  three  years 
later.  His  father  owned  a line  of  steamers  ply- 
ing between  Hartford  and  New  York.  The  boy 
took  his  primary  lessons  in  music  without  a 
master,  his  first  instrument  being  a flute,  suc- 
ceeded by  a melodeon,  on  which  he  taught  him- 
self to  play  selections  from  Haydn,  Mozart  and 
Handel.  When  sixteen  years  of  age  he  took 
lessons  on  the  piano,  and  was  appointed  organist 
of  St.  John’s  Episcopal  church,  Hartford,  a posi- 
tion which  gave  him  a moderate  stipend,  his  first 
musical  earnings.  He  entered  Trinity  college, 
Hartford,  in  1855,  and  in  1858  went  to  Europe 
for  a thorough  musical  education.  He  first 
studied  at  the  Leipsic  conservatory  under  Moritz. 
Hauptmann,  Ernst  Richter,  and  Julius  Rietz,  and 
then  at  Dresden,  under  the  celebrated  organist, 
Johann  Gottlieb  Schneider.  In  1860  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1862. 
He  was  organist  at  Dr.  Horace  Bushnell's  church 
at  Hartford  until  1869,  meanwhile  conducting 
various  series  of  organ  concerts  throughout  the 
country.  In  1869  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where 
he  took  charge  of  the  musical  service  of  St. 
James’  Episcopal  church.  The  Chicago  fire  of 
1871  caused  his  removal  to  Boston,  where  he 
was  organist  at  St.  Paul’s  church,  and  for  a short 
time  in  Music  Hall.  Later  he  became  assistant 
conductor  of  the  Theodore  Thomas  concerts  at 
Central  Park,  New  York,  and  assisted  Mr. 
Thomas  at  the  Cincinnati  festivals.  He  was 
next  organist  of  St.  Ann's  church,  and  after 
wards  of  Holy  Trinity  church,  Brooklyn.  N.  Y . 
and  conductor  of  the  Apollo  club  of  that  city. 
Many  of  his  compositions  for  male  voices  were 
written  for  this  club.  He  composed  the  music 


BUCKALEW. 


BUCKHAM. 


for  a cantata,  “The  Centennial  Meditation  of 
Columbia,”  which  was  sung  at  the  opening  of  the 
Centennial  exhibition,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May, 
1876,  under  Theodore  Thomas’s  direction,  by  a 
chorus  of  one  thousand  voices,  with  organ  and  an 
orchestra  of  nearly  two  hundred  instrumentalists. 
His  services  as  president  of  the  Metropolitan 
college  of  music,  of  New  York  city,  were  greatly 
appreciated  by  its  students.  His  composition, 

“ The  Golden  Legend,”  obtained  a prize  of  one 
thousand  dollars  from  the  Cincinnati  musical 
association.  “The  Legend  of  Don  Munio,”  a 
romantic  cantata,  founded  on  Irving’s  “ Alham- 
bra ” ; “ The  Light  of  Asia,”  written  in  1885,  the 
text  from  Sir  Edwin  Arnold’s  epic  poem;  “The 
voyage  of  Columbus,”  “The  Nun  of  Nidaras,” 
“King  Olaf's  Christmas,”  “The  Forty-sixth 
Psalm,”  “Chorus  of  Spirits  and  Hours,”  from 
Shelley’s  “ Prometheus  Unbound,”  “ Hymn  to 
Music,”  “The  Story  of  the  Cross,”  “The 
Triumph  of  David,”  “ Marmion,”  and  a commun- 
ion service  in  C in  nine  numbers,  are  among  his 
more  popular  compositions. 

BUCK,  Gurdon,  surgeon,  was  born  in  New 
York  city,  May  7,  1807.  He  obtained  a classical 
education  and  engaged  in  business  for  some 
years.  He  then  studied  medicine  and  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  College  of  physicians  and  surgeons 
in  1830.  After  a short  hospital  practice  he 
travelled  in  Europe  and  studied  in  the  medical 
schools  of  France  and  Germany.  He  returned 
to  New  York  in  1833,  and  established  a practice, 
but  in  1835  again  visited  Europe,  where  he 
remained  two  years.  On  his  return  to  the  United 
States  he  was  appointed  visiting  surgeon  to  the 
New  York  hospital,  a position  which  he  held 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  The  treatment 
of  fractures  known  as  “ Buck's  extension  ” took 
its  name  and  origin  from  him.  He  held  impor- 
tant offices  in  the  principal  medical  societies  of 
America,  and  was  a fellow  and  at  one  time  vice- 
president  of  the  Academy  of  medicine.  He  was 
a member  of  the  American  medical  association, 
of  the  New  York  pathological  society,  and  a 
trustee  of  the  New  York  dispensary  of  the  eye 
and  ear  infirmary,  and  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians and  surgeons.  He  was  also  visiting  sur- 
geon to  New  York  hospitals.  He  is  the  author 
of  “Contributions  to  Reparative  Surgery” 
(1870).  He  died  in  New  York  city,  March  6,  1877. 

BUCKALEW,  Charles  R.,  senator,  was  born 
in  Fishing  Creek  township,  Pa.,  Dec.  28,  1821. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1843,  and  was 
prosecuting  attorney  of  Columbia  county  from 
1845  to  1847.  He  was  elected  to  the  state  senate 
in  1850  and  1855;  was  commissioned  to  exchange 
ratifications  of  a treaty  with  Paraguay  in  1854; 
was  a presidential  elector  in  1856;  chairman  of 
the  Democratic  state  committee  in  1857 ; again 

fi: 


state  senator  in  1857 ; one  of  the  commissioners 
to  revise  the  penal  code  of  the  state  in  1858.  In 
1860  he  was  appointed  minister  resident  at  Ecua- 
dor by  President  Buchanan.  In  1863  he  was 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  where  he  was  promi- 
nent on  several  committees,  and  active  in  debate 
upon  the  reconstruction  measures,  which  he  con- 
sidered illegal.  He  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate  in  1869  for  the  fourth  time,  served  in  the 
constitutional  convention  of  1873 ; in  1876  was  on 
the  Democratic  electoral  ticket.  In  1872  he 
published  a volume  upon  “ Proportional  Repre- 
sentation,” and  in  1883  a work  upon  the  “ Con- 
stitution of  Pennsylvania.”  In  1887  was  elected 
a representative  to  the  50th,  and  in  1889  was  re- 
elected to  the  51st  Congress.  He  was  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  the  54th  Congress  in  1894. 

BUCKHAM,  Matthew  Henry,  educator,  was 
born  at  Hinckley,  Leicestershire,  England,  July 
4,  1832;  son  of  James  Buckhajn,  an  independent 
clergyman,  who  settled  in  Connecticut,  where 
the  son  received  his  preparation  for  college.  He 
matriculated  at  the  University  of  Vermont,  and 
was  graduated  in  1851  with  honors.  The  year 
following  his  graduation  he  was  principal  of 
Lenox  academy,  Mass.,  and  tutor  in  the  Vermont 
university.  He  then  visited  Europe,  and,  after 
several  years  of  study  and  travel,  returned  in 
1856  to  accept  the  chair  of  Greek  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Vermont.  In  1865  he  added  to  his 
duties  those  of  professor  of  English  literature, 
resigning  both  chairs  in  1871  to  accept  the  presi- 
dency of  the  university,  made  vacant  by  the 
resignation  of  President  James  B.  Angell.  In 
1877  he  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Hamilton  college,  N.  Y.,  and  from  Dartmouth 
college,  and  in  the  same  year  the  University  of 
Vermont  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  A.M. 
From  1867  to  1874  he  was  a prominent  member 
of  the  Vermont  state  board  of  education.  His 
addresses,  sermons,  reviews  and  papers  on  edu- 
cational topics  have  been  largely  circulated  in 
pamphlet  form. 

BUCKHOUT,  Isaac  Craig,  civil  engineer,  was 
born  at  Morrisania,  N.  Y.,  in  1831.  At  an  early 
age  he  was  employed  by  the  Harlem  railroad  as 
a surveyor’s  assistant,  and  he  afterward  occupied 
the  position  of  city  engineer,  and  superintendent 
of  water-works  in  Paterson,  N.  J.  Later  he 
was  appointed  city  surveyor  of  New  York,  and  in 
1853,  returning  to  the  employ  of  the  Harlem 
railroad  company,  he  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  extensive  works  on  the  Harlem  river, 
and  of  important  improvements  in  various  parts 
of  the  road.  He  became  chief  engineer  of  the 
road  in  1857,  and  its  superintendent  in  1863.  He 
designed  the  Grand  central  station,  and  was  one 
of  a committee  of  four  engineers  appointed  by 
the  legislature  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the 
'7J 


BUCKINGHAM. 


BUCKINGHAM. 


charter  granting  the  privilege  of  constructing 
the  Fourth  avenue  improvements.  Mr.  Buck- 
hout’s  plans  for  the  construction  of  the  under- 
ground railroad,  for  which  Mr.  Vanderbilt 
obtained  a charter,  were  pronounced  the  most 
practicable  of  those  submitted,  as  were  also  his 
plans  for  a similar  road  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  He 
died  at  White  Plains,  N.  Y. , Sept.  27,  1874. 

BUCKINGHAM,  Catharinus  Putnam,  was 
born  at  Springfield,  Ohio,  March  14,  1808.  After 
his  graduation  at  the  United  States  military 
academy  in  1829,  he  served  for  one  year  on  topo- 
graphical duty,  and  for  another  on  pedagogical 
duty  at  the  military  academy,  when  he  resigned 
from  the  service.  From  1833  to  1836  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy 
in  Kenyon  college,  Gambier,  Ohio,  and  he  then 
became  engaged  in  manufacturing  pursuits,  ac- 
quiring a business  interest  in  the  Kokosing  iron 
works  at  Mt.  Vernon,  Ohio.  Upon  the  outbreak 
of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  service  as  assist- 
ant adjutant-general  of  Ohio,  May  3,  1861, 
becoming  commissary-general  on  May  8,  and 
adjutant-general  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  in  July  of  the  same  year.  He  was 
detailed  to  special  duty  in  the  war  department 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  from  July,  1862,  to  Febru- 
ary, 1863,  when  he  resigned  his  commission,  and 
removing  to  New  York  engaged  in  mercantile 
pursuits.  The  years  from  1868  to  1873  were  spent 
by  him  in  building  the  Illinois  central  grain  ele- 
vator at  Chicago,  when  he  became  president  of  the 
Chicago  steel  works. 

BUCKINGHAM,  Joseph  Tinker,  journalist, 
was  born  at  Windham,  Conn.,  Dec.  21,  1779.  At 
the  age  of  sixteen  he  obtained  employment  as  a 
printer  in  New  Hampshire,  and  afterwards  in 
Greenfield,  Mass.  He  moved  to  Boston  in  1800, 
where  he  embarked  in  publishing  on  his  own  ac- 
count. In  1824  he  established  the  Boston 
Courier,  a daily  journal,  which  he  edited  until 
June,  1848.  In  July,  1831,  he  issued,  in  connec- 
tion with  his  son  Edwin,  the  first  number  of  the 
New  England  Magazine , which  was  for  a time 
successful,  and  had  among  its  writers  some  of 
the  most  popular  authors  of  the  day ; a part  of 
“The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table'’  first 
appearing  in  its  pages.  On  the  death  of  his  son, 
who  was  associate  editor,  he  discontinued  the 
magazine  in  1834.  He  was  president  of  the 
Massachusetts  charitable  mechanics’,  of  the 
Bunker  Hill  monument  and  of  the  Middlesex 
agricultural  associations.  He  published  “ Speci- 
mens of  Newspaper  Literature,  with  Personal 
Memoirs,  Anecdotes  and  Reminiscences  ” (1850) ; 
“ Personal  Memoirs  and  Recollections  of  Edi- 
torial Life  ” (1852),  “ Annals  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Charitable  Mechanics’  Association  ” (1853). 
He  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  April  11,  1861. 


BUCKINGHAM,  Samuel  G.,  clergyman,  was 

born  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  Nov.  18,  1812.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1833,  and  at  the  Yale 
theological  seminary  in  1837,  after  which  he  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  at 
Millbury,  Mass.  In  1847  he  accepted  a call  to 
the  South  church,  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  upon 
his  resignation  in  1885,  after  a pastorate  of  thirty- 
eight  years,  his  people  manifested  their  attach- 
ment by  electing  him  pastor  emeritus.  Dr. 
Buckingham  was  an  important  factor  in  the 
cause  of  religion  and  education  in  the  western 
part  of  Massachusetts.  Yale  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  S.T.D.  in  1868. 

BUCKINGHAM,  William  Alfred,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  was  born  at  Lebanon,  Conn.,  May 
28,  1804.  His  early  education  was  acquired  in 
the  public  schools  of  Lebanon,  and  during  his 
eighteenth  year  he  taught  school.  From  1823  to 
1827  he  was  employed  as  a clerk  in  a store  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  entering  business  on  his  own 
account  in  the  latter  year.  He  was  elected  mayor 
of  Norwich  in  1849,  was  re-elected  the  following 
year,  and  held  the  same  office  during  1856  and 
1857.  In  1858  he  became  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  was  successively  re-elected  until  1866. 
During  the  civil  war  he  rendered  signal  service, 
sending  out  from  Connecticut  without  draft  more 
than  fifty  thousand  men,  an  exceedingly  large 
number  in  proportion  to  the  population  of  the 
state.  At  the  end  of  his  eighth  term  as  governor 
he  declined  a re-nomination,  and  in  1868  he  was 
elected  a U.  S.  senator,  serving  as  the  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  Indian  affairs  and  as  a mem- 
ber of  the  committee  on  commerce.  He  was 
public  spirited  and  philanthropic,  giving  liberally 
to  schools  and  colleges  and  to  charitable  institu- 
tions. He  gave  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  to 
the  theological  department  of  Yale  college,  of 
which  institution  his  ancestor,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Buckingham,  was  one  of  the  founders.  In  1868 
he  was  prominently  mentioned  before  the  Re- 
publican national  convention  as  candidate  for 
the  vice-presidency.  On  June  18,  1884,  Olin  L. 
Warner’s  bronze  statue  of  Governor  Bucking- 
ham was  unveiled  at  the  state  house  in  Hartford. 
Conn.  He  died  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Feb.  3,  1875. 

BUCKLAND,  Cyrus,  inventor,  was  born  in 
Manchester,  Conn.,  Aug.  10,  1799.  In  1828  he 
was  employed  at  the  national  armory  at  Spring- 
field,  Mass.,  as  a pattern-maker,  and  to  his  inven- 
tive and  executive  ability  are  due  many  of  the 
effective  improvements  in  arms,  adopted  by  the 
national  government.  He  devised  a machine 
which  made  possible  the  interchange  of  parts  in 
small  arms,  and  also  machines  for  turning  the 
upper  barrels  of  muskets,  for  finishing  the  cone, 
for  milling  screws,  for  boring  and  turning  gun 
barrels,  and  for  rifling  muskets.  He  invented  a 
[47S] 


BUCKLAND. 


BUCKLEY. 


set  of  stocking  machines,  thirteen  in  number, 
which  carry  the  gun  stocks  from  the  crude  state 
in  which  they  come  from  the  mill  to  an  advanced 
degree  of  finish.  These  stocking  machines  were 
introduced  into  the  national  armory  of  England 
— men  from  the  Springfield  armory  being  em- 
ployed to  operate  them.  Several  other  European 
governments  adopted  not  only  these  machines 
but  also  various  other  of  Mr.  Buckland’s  time 
and  money-saving  inventions.  Upon  his  retire- 
ment, in  1859,  the  United  States  government 
voted  him  a grant  of  seventy  thousand  dollars, 
in  recognition  of  its  indebtedness,  Mr.  Buckland 
having  previously  received  no  compensation 
beyond  his  daily  wages  for  his  many  inventions. 
He  died  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  26,  1891. 

BUCKLAND,  Ralph  Pomeroy,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Leyden,  Mass.,  Jan.  20,  1812.  His  parents 
moved  to  Ohio,  where  he  received  his  education. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1837,  and  com- 
menced practice  at  Fremont.  In  1848  he  was  a 
delegate  to  the  national  Whig  convention,  and 
from  1855  to  1859  he  was  state  senator.  He  en- 
tered the  Union  army  in  1861  as  colonel  of  the 
72d  Ohio  volunteers,  which  he  had  organized, 
and  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  he  commanded  the 
4th  brigade  of  Sherman’s  division,  receiving  pro- 
motion to  brigadier-general,  Nov.  29,  1862,  for 
gallantry  on  this  occasion.  He  commanded  a 
brigade  in  the  15th  army  corps  at  Vicksburg, 
was  later  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Memphis,  and  was  brevetted  major- 
general  of  volunteers  in  March,  1865.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1865,  he  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army 
in  order  to  accept  a seat  in  the  39th  Congress  as 
representative  from  his  state,  having  been 
elected  while  in  the  field.  He  was  re-elected 
in  1866  to  the  40th  Congress,  and  served  on  the 
committees  on  banking,  currency  and  militia. 
He  was  president  of  the  board  of  managers  of  the 
Ohio  soldiers'  and  sailors’  orphans’  home  at 
Xenia  from  1867  to  1873,  and  the  government 
director  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  from  1877 
to  1880.  He  died  at  Fremont,  Ohio,  May  28,  1892. 

BUCKLEY,  James  Monroe,  editor,  was  born 
at  Rahway,  N.  J.,  Dec.  16,  1836.  He  studied  at 
Pennington,  N.  J.,  and  at  Wesleyan  university, 
leaving  in  his  freshman  year  on  account  of  ill- 
health.  On  partial  recovery  he  studied  divinity 
under  Dr.  Nathaniel  Laselle,  at  Exeter,  N.  H. 
He  entered  the  New  Hampshire  conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church  on  trial,  1859,  and 
was  stationed  at  Dover,  Manchester  and  Con- 
cord. In  1863  he  travelled  in  Europe  and  in 
November  of  that  year  was  transferred  to  Detroit 
conference,  and  preached  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  from 
1864  to  1866;  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y'.,  and  Stamford, 
Conn.,  1866  to  1880.  He  studied  medicine  1866-’69, 
and  served  on  the  medical 'committees  of  the 


State  lunatic  hospitals  of  New  Jersey  for  many 
years,  and  as  president  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal (Seney)  hospital,  Brooklyn,  N Y.,  from  its 
foundation.  He  was  a member  of  the  general 
conference  in  1872,  1876  and  1880,  and  a dele- 
gate to  the  ecumenical  Methodist  conference  in 
London,  1881.  In  1880  he  became  editor  of  the 
New  York  Christian  Advocate,  and  was  a mem- 
ber of  every  general  conference  and  of  the  ecu- 
menical conference  in  1891.  He  published  : 
“ Appeals  to  Men  of  Sense  and  Reflection,”  New 
York  (1869) ; “ Two  Weeks  in  the  Yosemite  Val- 
ley,” New  York  (1873);  “Supposed  Miracles,” 
Boston  (1875) ; “ Christians  and  the  Theatre  ” 
(1875);  “ Oats  or  Wild  Oats,”  New  York  (1885), 
“ The  Land  of  the  Czar  and  the  Nihilist,”  Boston 
(1886);  “Christian  Science,  Faith-Healing  and 
Kindred  Phenomena,”  and  “Travels  in  Three 
Continents.”  The  degree  of  A.M.  was  conferred 
on  him  by  Wesleyan  university  in  1869,  and  that 
of  D.D.  in  1872;  Emory  and  Henry  college,  Va., 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1882. 

BUCKLEY,  Samuel  Botsford,  naturalist,  was 
born  in  Torrey,  Yates  county,  N.  Y.,  May  9,  1809. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  Wesleyan  university  in 
1836,  and  the  two  years  following  were  spent  in 
travelling  through  the  south  and  west,  making 
botanical,  geological,  malacological  and  geodeti- 
cal  investigations.  In  1839-"40  he  was  principal 
of  the  academy  at  Allenton,  Ala.,  and  in  1842 
extended  his  travels  and  investigations  through 
the  southern  and  western  parts  of  the  country, 
discovering  a nearly  complete  skeleton  of  a 
zeuglodon,  twenty-four  new  species  of  plants, 
and  a new  genus  of  shrub,  which  was  afterward 
named  “ Buckleya  ” in  his  honor,  by  Professor 
Torrey.  He  spent  some  months  of  1842-’43  in 
study  at  the  New  York  college  of  physicians  and 
surgeons,  and  in  the  same  year  he  visited  Florida, 
where  he  discovered  some  thirteen  new  species 
of  shells.  In  1858  he  ascertained  the  altitude  of 
several  of  the  highest  mountains  in  Tennessee 
and  the  Carolinas  by  means  of  the  barometer. 
One  of  these  peaks,  Mt.  Buckley,  in  North  Caro- 
lina, was  named  in  his  honor.  In  1859-'60  he 
was  engaged  in  collecting  materials  for  a supple- 
ment to  Michauxand  Nuttall's  “ Sylva,”and  was 
employed  upon  the  Texas  geological  survey  of  1860- 
'61,  as  assistant  geologist  and  naturalist.  From 
1862  to  1865  he  was  the  chief  examiner  in  the 
statistical  department  of  the  U.  S.  sanitary 
commission,  and,  during  1866-'67,  state  geologist 
of  Texas,  which  office  he  again  filled  from  1874 
to  1877,  during  the  latter  term  constructing  two 
geological  maps  of  that  state,  and  writing  a 
number  of  articles  on  the  mineral  resources  and 
the  geological  formations  of  the  state  for  Hitch- 
cock and  Blake’s  “ Geological  Atlas  of  the 
United  States.  ' In  1871— *72  he  was  scientific 


r47!tl 


BUCKMINSTER. 


BUCKNER. 


editor  of  the  State  Gazette,  published  at  Austin, 
and  in  1872  received  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from 
Waco  university,  Texas.  He  founded  the  Texas 
association  of  science,  was  a member  of  various 
scientific  associations,  and  a contributor  to  scien 
tific  journals.  A full  list  of  his  journalistic  con 
tributions  may  be  found  in  the  Alumni  Record 
of  Wesleyan  university  (1881-'83).  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  had  in  preparation  a work  on  the 
geology  and  natural  history  of  Texas,  and  another 
on  the  trees  and  shrubs  of  the  United  States. 
He  died  in  Austin,  Texas,  Feb.  18,  1884. 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Rutland,  Mass.,  Oct.  14,  1751 ; son  of  Rev. 
Joseph  Buckminster,  and  a direct  descendant  of 
the  Thomas  Buckminster  who,  in  1640,  emi- 
grated from  England  and  settled  at  Muddy  river 
(Brookline),  Mass.  He  entered  Tale  college  at 
the  age  of  fifteen,  and  upon  his  graduation  in 
1770  received  a Berkeley  scholarship,  which 
enabled  him  to  pursue  a theological  course  of 
three  years  free  of  charge.  From  1774  to  1778 
he  was  a tutor  at  Yale,  and  in  1779  he  accepted  a 
call  to  the  North  church  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 
His  ordination,  on  January  27,  was  the  commence- 
ment of  a pastorate  extending  over  thirty-three 
years.  He  was  a most  eloquent  and  original 
speaker,  and  in  the  controversy  which  resulted 
in  the  division  of  the  Congregational  church,  he 
joined  the  conservative  party,  his  son,  Joseph 
Stevens  Buckminster,  joining  the  liberal  party. 
The  College  of  New  Jersey  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  D.D.  in  1803.  His  publications  include 
some  twenty-five  sermons  and  a memoir  of  Dr. 
MacClintock.  See  “ Memoirs  of  Rev.  Joseph 
Buckminster,  D.D  , and  of  his  Son,”  by  Eliza 
Buckminster  Lee  (1851).  His  death  occurred  at 
Readsboro,  Vt.,  June  10.  1812. 

BUCKMINSTER,  Joseph  Stevens,  clergy- 
man, was  born  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  May  26, 
1784;  son  of  Joseph  Buckminster,  2d.  His  ances- 
tors for  several  generations  had  been  clergymen. 

He  was  graduated  from  Harvard  with  honors  in 
1801.  He  studied  theology  and  general  literature, 
and  taught  for  a time  at  Phillips  Exeter  acad- 
emy. On  Jan.  20,  1805,  he  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  Brattle  street  church  of  Boston.  In 
1806-'07  his  congregation  granted  him  an  ex- 
tended leave  of  absence,  which  he  employed  in 
European  travel,  hoping  thereby  to  regain  his 
health.  He  was  the  friend  and  patron  of  litera 
ture,  a member  of  the  famous  “ Anthology 
Club,”  and  a contributor  to  Monthly  Anthology. 

He  was  one  of  the  first  preachers  to  introduce  a 
measure  of  literary  excellence  into  pulpit  dis- 
courses. He  belonged  to  the  liberal  branch  of  the 
Congregational  church,  which,  shortly  after  his 
death,  became  distinctly  Unitarian.  In  1808  he 
published,  in  connection  with  Mr.  William 

F4S01 


Wells,  and  under  the  patronage  of  Harvard 
college,  a new  edition  of  Griesbach’s  Greek 
Testament,  and  in  the  following  year  a memor- 
able address  delivered  by  him  before  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  society  of  Harvard  on  the  “ Dangers 
and  Duties  of  Men  of  Letters,”  was  published. 
In  1811  he  was  invited  to  deliver  a course  of 
lectures  in  biblical  criticism  at  Harvard.  After 
his  death  a number  of  his  sermons  were  collected 
and  published  with  memoirs  by  Rev.  S.  C. 
Thacher  (1814,  revised  fourth  ed.  1839) ; and  his 
sister,  Eliza  Buckminster  Lee,  wrote  a memoir 
of  his  life  (1849).  He  died  at  Boston,  Mass., 
June  9,  1812. 

BUCKNER,  Simon  Bolivar,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Hart  county,  Ky.,  in  April.  1823;  son  of 
Aylett  H.  Buckner,  an  iron  manufacturer  and 
extensive  farmer  who  was  descended  from  an 
old  Virginia  family  of  English  ancestors.  The 
elder  Buckner  subsequently  removed  first  to 
Munfordville,  and  in 
1840  to  Muhlenberg 
county.  The  son  was 
graduated  at  the  U.S 
military  academy  in 

1844,  and  in  August, 

1845,  was  appointed 
assistant  professor  of 
ethics  at  West  Point, 
and  remained  at  this 
post  until  the  follow- 
ing May.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  war  with 
M e x i co,  Lieutenant 
Buckner  applied  for 
transfer  to  the  scene 
of  hostilities. 
was  attached  to 

the  6th  regiment  and  was  brevetted  1st  lieuten 
ant  for  gallantry  at  Contreras  and  Churubuseo. 
At  Molino  del  Rey  he  won  the  captain's  brevet. 
He  was  returned  to  West  Point  in  1848.  and 
appointed  assistant  instructor  of  infantry  tactics. 
He  retained  this  position  until  March  25.  1855, 
when  he  superintended  the  building  of  the 
Chicago  custom  house.  He  then  recruited  a regi 
ment  of  Illinois  volunteers  for  the  proposed  Utah 
expedition,  but  they  were  not  called  into  service 
In  1860  he  resigned  his  commission  and  removed 
to  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he  engaged  in  the  prac 
tice  of  law  and  also  took  an  active  interest  in  the 
state  militia.  Governor  Magoffin  appointed  him 
adjutant  and  inspector-general  of  the  state  guard. 
When  the  civil  war  broke  out  his  sympathies 
prompted  him  to  go  with  the  south,  and  a large 
part  of  the  state  guard  followed  their  com- 
mander. General  Buckner  called  upon  the  people 
of  the  state  to  support  him  in  his  movements 
against  the  troops  that  had  invaded  the  state  from 


BUCKNER. 


BUDD. 


the  north  by  order  of  President  Lincoln.  He  es- 
tablished Camp  Boone,  and  threatened  Louisville, 
but  advanced  no  farther  than  Bowling  Green. 
From  there  lie  was  ordered  to  Fort  Donelson  by  his 
superior  officers.  Generals  Pillow  and  Floyd,  who 
subsequently  forced  him  to  the  alternative  of 
abandoning  his  men  or  surrendering  the  fort  and 
garrison.  He  first  commanded  a brigade  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  battle  of  13th,  14th 
and  15th  of  February,  1862.  On  the  last  day  a 
gallant  sortie  was  made.  The  Federals  were 
driven  back  and  the  way  opened  for  the  Confed- 
erates to  escape,  but  General  Pillow  ordered  them 
back.  General  Buckner  protested,  but  was  over 
ruled.  That  afternoon  General  Grant  so  ar- 
ranged his  forces  that  escape  was  cut  off.  A 
conference  was  held  in  the  evening,  and  Gen- 
erals Floyd  and  Pillow  made  their  escape  during 
the  night.  General  Buckner  would  not  consent 
to  abandon  the  troops,  the  command  was  turned 
over  to  him  and  he  remained  to  undergo 
the  mortification  of  the  inevitable  surrender.  A 
pleasant  incident  of  the  occasion  was  the  con- 
duct of  General  Grant,  who  privately  placed  his 
purse  at  his  old  friend’s  disposal  when  he  was 
taken  a prisoner  of  war  to  Fort  Warren,  Boston 
harbor.  They  had  been  cadets  together  at  West 
Point,  and  continued  life-long  friends.  Many 
years  afterwards,  when  Ex-President  Grant  was 
financially  ruined  by  the  failure  of  Grant  & 
Ward,  General  Buckner  returned  the  kindness 
showed  him  at  Fort  Donelson.  He  made  a 
special  trip  to  New  York,  and  delicately  offered 
to  lend  General  Grant  whatever  sum  he  might 
requii'e,  to  be  paid  when  convenient.  It  is  under- 
stood General  Grant  accepted  the  offer,  but  the 
particulars  were  never  revealed  by  General  Buck- 
ner. He  was  one  of  the  pall  bearers  at  General 
Grant's  funeral.  Upon  his  exchange  in  August, 
1862,  he  was  given  command  of  the  first  division 
of  General  Hardee’s  corps;  was  made  major- 
general,  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Murfreesboro  and  Chickamauga.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  command  of  Kirby  Smith’s  army 
as  lieutenant -general,  and  surrendered  it  on  May 
26,  1865,  at  Baton.  Rouge.  While  occupied  in 
adjusting  his  complicated  financial  affairs  after 
the  war,  he  engaged  in  journalism,  first  in  New 
Orleans  and  afterwards  in  Louisville.  In  1870  he 
took  up  his  residence  on  the  farm  in  Hart  county, 
where  he  was  born,  and  in  1887  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor of  Kentucky,  defeating  William  F.  Bradley 
by  seventeen  thousand  votes.  During  his  term  a 
large  amount  of  money  was  required  to  answer 
immediate  and  pressing  public  needs,  and  Gov- 
ernor Buckner  advanced  the  commonwealth  fifty 
thousand  dollars  without  charging  interest.  In 
many  ways  he  improved  the  public  service  while 
governor.  He  was  elected  delegate  to  the  state 


constitutional  convention,  and  took  part  in  fram- 
ing the  new  constitution.  On  Sept.  3,  1896, 
the  independent  Democrats  convened  at  In- 
dianapolis, Ind.,  and  nominated  General  Buck- 
ner as  their  candidate  for  vice-president  of  the 
United  States  on  the  ticket  with  John  M.  Palmer 
as  President.  He  made  an  active  personal  can- 
vass in  behalf  of  a gold  standard,  speaking  in  the 
principal  cities  of  the  north  and  east.  This 
canvass  was  actually  in  the  interest  of  the  Re- 
publican candidate,  the  ticket  receiving  only 
132,871  votes  in  a total  popular  vote  of  13,923,- 
643. 

BUDD,  Charles  Arms,  physician,  was  born  in 
New  York  city,  Jan.  16,  1831 ; son  of  Bern  W.  and 
Caroline  Elvira  (Reynolds)  Budd.  He  was 
graduated  in  1850  from  the  University  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  pursued  his  medical 
studies  at  the  University  of  Vermont  and  the 
University  of  the  city  of  New  York,  receiving  his 
M.D.  degree  from  the  latter  in  1852.  In  1852-’53 
he  was  surgeon  on  a packet  between  New  York 
and  Liverpool,  and  in  1853-'54  was  resident 
physician  at  the  cholera  hospital  in  New  York 
city.  From  I860  to  1864  he  was  adjunct  profes- 
sor of  obstetrics  at  the  New  York  medical  col- 
lege, being  called  in  the  latter  year  to  the  chair 
of  obstetrics  and  of  diseases  of  women  and  child- 
ren in  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  the  city  of  New  York  and  in  1876  he  was  made 
professor  emeritus  of  the  same.  In  addition  to 
the  duties  of  his  chair  he  was  physician  to  Alt. 
Sinai  hospital,  1865-’77 ; to  the  charity  hospital. 
1866-’77 ; visiting  physician  to  Bellevue  hospital ; 
1875-’77 ; and  consulting  physician  to  the  New 
York  state  woman’s  hospital.  He  was  a member 
of  the  New  York  academy  of  medicine;  of  the 
New  York  county  medical  society;  of  the  Journal 
association,  and  president  of  the  New  York  ob- 
stetrical society.  He  died  in  New  York  city, 
May  17,  1877. 

BUEL,  Clarence  Clough,  journalist,  was  born 
at  Laona,  Chautauqua  county.  N.  Y.,  July  29, 
1850,  and  was  taken  to  Madison,  Wis.,  in  1855. 
After  two  years  in  the  University  of  Minnesota, 
he  studied  journalism  at  the  University  of  Berlin 
in  1872-’73,  and  at  the  University  and  Polytechnic 
of  Munich,  1873-’74.  Upon  his  return  to  the 
United  States  he  was  associate  editor  of  the 
Minneapolis  Tribune,  and  then  joined  the  staff 
of  the  New  York  Tribune,  on  which  he  served 
from  June,  1875.  to  November,  1881,  when  he 
became  assistant  editor  of  the  Century  Magazine. 
He  was  associated  with  Robert  U.  Johnson  in 
editing  a series  of  war  papers  in  the  Century, 
which  were  afterwards  collected  and  published 
in  a serial  subscription  book  under  the  title, 

“ Battles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War,’’  which 
was  very  popular. 

Dsn 


BUEL. 


BUELL. 


BUEL,  Samuel,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  June  15,  1815;  son  of  Judge  David  Buel, 
an  eminent  lawyer.  He  received  his  education 
at  Williams  college,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
ated first  in  the  class  of  1833.  He  studied  at  the 
Episcopal  theological  seminary  at  Alexandria, 
Va.  After  twenty  years  of  ministerial  and  mis- 
sionary work  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  he 
became  tutor  at  Kenyon  college,  professor  of 
ecclesiastical  history  at  Seabury  divinity  school, 
Faribault,  Minn.,  in  1867,  and  professor  of  sys- 
tematic divinity  and  dogmatic  theology  in  the 
General  theological  seminary  in  New  York  in 
1871,  where  he  continued  to  teach  until  poor 
health  compelled  him  to  resign  in  1888,  when  he 
was  made  professor  emeritus.  The  General  theo- 
logical seminary  gave  him  the  degree  of  S.T.D. 
in  1885,  the  degree  having  been  conferred  on  him 
by  Columbia  college  in  1862.  Of  his  published 
writings  the  best  known  are:  “A  Treatise  of 
Dogmatic  Theology,”  “ The  Apostolical  System  of 
the  church  Defended,”  and  “ Eucharistic  Pres- 
ence, Sacrifice,  and  Adoration.”  He  died  in  New 
York  city,  Dev-'.  30,  1892. 

BUELL,  Abel,  pioneer  type-founder,  was  born 
at  Killingworth,  Conn.,  about  1750.  He  was  a 
man  of  many  resources,  and  though  little  is 
known  of  his  life,  record  is  found  of  him  as  en- 
graver, jeweller,  goldsmith,  undertaker,  military 
bugler,  teacher  of  singing  and  choir  leader, 
before  he  adopted  the  business  of  type-founding 
and  printing.  His  expert  knowledge  of  engrav- 
ing led  him  into  the  penal  offence  of  altering  a 
colonial  note,  for  which  he  served  a term  of  im- 
prisonment. A special  act  of  the  legislature,  in 
return  for  many  honorable  services  rendered  the 
state,  restored  to  him  his  civil  rights.  In  1769, 
without  any  other  aid  than  his  own  ingenuity 
and  some  little  knowledge  derived  from  books, 
he  began  the  manufacture  of  type,  and  in  the 
course  of  a few  years  completed  several  fonts  of 
long  primer.  One  John  Baine,  who  came  to 
the  United  States  after  the  revolution,  has 
claimed  the  honor  of  being  the  first  type-founder 
in  America,  but  the  Massachusetts  Gazette  estab- 
lished Buell’s  right  to  that  honor  beyond  a per- 
adventure.  Under  date  of  Sept.  4,  1769  (some 
years  prior  to  Baine’s  advent),  that  journal 
says:  “We  learn  that  Abel  Buell  of  Killing- 
worth,  in  Connecticut,  has  made  himself  master 
of  the  art  of  founding  types  for  printing.  ” He 
was  extremely  eccentric  and  very  restless,  and 
was  continually  getting  into  trouble.  He  pub- 
lished a weekly  newspaper,  entitled,  The  Devil's 
Club  or  Iron  Cane , in  which  he  advocated  “ the 
doctrine  of  eternal  progression  and  endless 
development.”  The  publication  of  these  views 
gave  great  offence  to  the  Puritans,  and  Buell  was 
condemned  to  six  months’  confinement  in  Syms- 


bury  mines,  being  released  at  the  end  of  his  term 
only  on  condition  that  he  publicly  renounce  his 
heresy,  and  that  he  agree  to  carry  an  iron  cane 
on  Sabbath  days  in  token  of  the  sincerity  of  his 
repentance.  So  subdued  did  he  become  to  all 
outward  appearances  that  he  was  known  as 
“ the  meek  man  with  the  iron  cane.”  Disguised 
as  a Kickapoo  Indian  he  was  one  of  the  “ Boston 
Tea  Party,”  and  at  the  battle  of  Lexington  he 
heated  to  a white  heat  the  point  of  his  iron  cane 
and  with  it  touched  off  the  first  cannon  fired  in 
the  revolution,  and  he  was  wounded  in  the  knee 
at  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  He  became  a gov- 
ernment coiner  after  the  revolution,  and  devised 
new  instruments  for  conducting  the  work. 
Subsequently  lie  visited  England,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  studying  the  machines  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  cloth,  and  upon  his  return  to 
America  he  established  at  New  Haven  a cotton 
factory,  which  was  one  of  the  first  erected  in 
the  United  States.  He  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  about  1825. 

BUELL,  Don  Carlos,  soldier,  was  born  near 
Marietta,  Ohio,  March  23,  1818.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  West  Point  in  1841 ; was  assigned  to 
the  3d  infantry,  and  raised  to  the  grade  of  1st 
lieutenant,  June  18,  1846.  He  was  brevetted 
captain  for  gallant  conduct  at  Monterey,  and 
major  after  Contreras  and  Cliurubusco,  having 
received  a severe  wound  in  the  latter  engage- 
ment. From  1848  to  1861  he  was  on  duty  as 
assistant  adjutant-general  at  Washington,  and  at 
various  department  headquarters.  On  May  11, 
1861,  he  received  a staff  appointment  as  lieu- 
tenant-colonel, and  on  May  17  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He  was  em- 
ployed in  the  work  of  organizing  the  troops  at 
Washington.  In  August,  1861,  he  was  given 
command  of  a division  of  the  army  of  the  Po- 
tomac, and  in  November,  1861,  superseded 
General  Sherman  in  the  command  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Cumberland,  re-organized  into  the 
department  of  the  Ohio.  An  attack  upon  Gen- 
eral Buell's  pickets  at  Rowlett  station.  Dec.  17. 
1861,  opened  the  Kentucky  campaign,  and  Fell. 
14,  1862,  he  occupied  Bowling  Green;  February 
23  he  took  possession  of  Gallatin,  Tenn.,  and 
on  the  25th  of  the  same  month  entered  Nash- 
ville. On  March  21,  1862,  he  was  made  major- 
general  of  volunteers,  and  his  department  became 
a part  of  the  department  of  the  Mississippi 
under  General  Halleck.  His  opportune  arrival 
at  Shiloh  on  the  evening  of  April  6.  following, 
saved  the  troops  under  General  Grant  from  a dis- 
astrous defeat.  He  assumed  command  of  the 
army  of  the  Ohio,  June  12.  1862,  and  early  in  Sep- 
tember Bragg  advanced  into  Kentucky,  obliging 
Buell  to  evacuate  central  Tennessee  and  retreat 
to  Louisville,  where  his  army  arrived  September 
[482] 


BUELL. 


BUFFINGTON. 


24,  thus  saving  that  city  and  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
from  capture.  Buell  was  superseded  by  Gen- 
eral Thomas,  September  30,  by  orders  from 
Washington,  but  reinstated  the  next  day,  when 
he  pursued  Bragg’s  retreating  forces.  They 
met  at  Perryville,  and  fought  an  indecisive  battle, 
though  Bragg  acknowledged  defeat  by  retreat- 
ing to  Harrodsburg,  and  then  to  Cumberland 
Gap.  Buell's  management  of  this  campaign  has 
been  pronounced  masterly  by  military  authori- 
ties, but  lie  was  censured  by  the  war  depart- 
ment, and  by  orders  turned  over  his  command 
to  General  Rosec.rans.  The  report  of  the  mili- 
tary investigation  committee  was  never  pub- 
lished. General  Buell  was  mustered  out  of  the 
volunteer  service,  May  23,  1864,  and  resigned  his 
commission  in  the  regular  army  June  1,  1864. 
He  became  extensively  engaged  in  the  iron 
business  in  Muhlenburg  county,  Ky.  He  was 
appointed  pension  agent  in  Kentucky  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  in  1885,  and  removed  by  President 
Harrison  in  1890. 

BUELL,  Marcus  Darius,  educator,  was  born 
at  Wayland,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  1,  1851;  son  of  Enoch 
George  and  Maria  (Brownson)  Buell.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  University  of  the  city  of 
New  York  in  1872,  and  from  Boston  university 
school  of  theology  in  1875.  He  was  pastor  at 
Glenville,  Conn.,  l875-'77 ; at  Great  Neck  (L.  I.), 
N.  Y.,  1880-’81,  and  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  1882-’83. 
In  1884  he  studied  at  Cambridge  university,  Eng- 
land, and  in  1885  at  the  University  of  Berlin.  On 
his  return  to  the  United  States  he  entered  upon 
his  duties  as  professor  ot  New  Testament  Greek 
and  exegesis  at  Boston  university,  to  which 
chair  he  had  been  appointed  in  1884.  In  1890  he 
was  made  dean  of  the  theological  faculty.  He 
received  the  degrees  of  A.  51.,  1873,  and  D.D., 
1889,  from  the  University  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  and  that  of  S.T.B.  from  Boston  university 
in  1875.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the  Har- 
vard biblical  club,  the  Society  of  biblical  litera- 
ture and  exegesis,  and  the  American  Oriental 
society. 

BUELL,  Richard  Hooker,  engineer,  was  born 
at  Cumberland,  Md.,  Nov.  9,  1842.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  Rensselaer  polytechnic  institute 
in  1862,  served  through  the  civil  war  as  an 
engineer  officer  in  the  U.  S.  navy,  and  in  1870 
was  appointed  assistant  civil  engineer  of  the 
Tehuantepec  survey,  assistant  professor  of  nat- 
ural and  experimental  philosophy  in  the  17.  S. 
naval  academy,  Annapolis,  Md.  He  opened  an 
office  as  consulting  mechanical  engineer  in  New 
York  city.  He  wi-ote  the  “ Cadet  Engineer  ” 
(1875) ; “ Safety  Valves  ” (1878) ; “ The  Compound 
Steam  Engine  and  its  Steam  Generating  Plant  ” 
(1884),  and  articles  on  heat,  steam  and  gas 
engines. 


BUFFINGTON,  Adelbert  Rinaldo,  soldier, 
was  born  at  Wheeling,  Va.,  Nov.  22,  1837.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  United  States  military 
academy  in  1861,  and  was  assigned  to  duty  as 
drill  master  of  volunteers  at  Washington,  D C. 
He  was  on  duty  at  the  St.  Louis  arsenal  as 
assistant  ordnance  officer  and  in  mustering 
volunteers  in  Illinois  and  Missouri.  He  defended 
Pilot  Knob,  Mo. ; was  assistant  adjutant-general  of 
the  5th  division,  army  of  the  west ; organized  a 
Missouri  regiment  from  the  men  in  the  arsenal, 
of  which  he  was  made  colonel,  and  afterwards 
had  charge  of  the  ordnance  depot  at  Wheeling, 
W.  Va.  From  September,  1863,  to  July,  1864,  he 
was  inspector  of  rifling  sea-coast  cannon,  and 
from  July,  1864,  to  September,  1865,  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  New  York  arsenal.  After  the  close 
of  the  war  he  was  on  leave  of  absence  inspecting 
arms  for  the  Egyptian  government  until  April, 
1866,  when  he  was  in  charge  of  the  ordnance 
depot  at  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  and  then  became 
chief  of  ordnance,  department  of  the  Gulf. 
After  March,  1867,  he  was  in  command  of  the  5th 
military  district,  Texas  and  Louisiana,  until 
1868,  when  he  commanded  the  Watertown 
arsenal.  He  was  at  the  Detroit  arsenal  front 
December,  1870,  to  February,  1872;  was  superin- 
tendent of  southern  forts,  February,  1872,  to 
May,  1873;  in  charge  at  Indianapolis  arsenal, 
1873  to  '75;  promoted  major  of  ordnance  June 
23,  1874,  after  which  he  had  charge  of  the  Alle- 
gheny and  Watervliet  arsenals  until  1881,  when 
he  was  promoted  lieutenant -colonel  and  placed 
in  charge  of  the  national  armory  Oct.  3,  1882. 
He  was  in  command  at  the  Rock  Island,  111., 
arsenal  in  1896.  Colonel  Buffington  made  num- 
erous inventions  in  the  line  of  ordnance  attach- 
ments and  improvements,  including  a magazine 
firearm,  a rod  bayonet,  a rear  sight  with  adjust- 
ment for  fine  shooting  for  military  firearms,  and 
carriages  for  light  and  heavy  guns.  He  was  the 
first  to  use  gas  furnaces  for  drop  forging,  and  he 
originated  the  bath  of  nitre  and  manganese 
oxide  for  coloring  the  iron  and  steel  surfaces  of 
small  arms. 

BUFFINTON,  James,  representative,  was  born 
in  Fall  River,  Mass.,  March  16,  1817.  He  was 
educated  at  Friends’  school  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
and  engaged  in  commercial  business  in  his  native 
city.  He  was  elected  in  1854  a representative 
to  the  34th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the 
35th,  36th  and  37th  congresses.  He  then  ac- 
cepted a position  as  special  agent  of  the  treasury 
department,  and  was  afterwards  made  collector 
of  internal  revenue  for  Massachusetts  by  Presi- 
dent Johnston.  He  was  elected  in  1868  a repre- 
sentative to  the  41st  Congress,  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  42d,  43d  and  44th  congresses.  He  died  at 
Fall  River,  Mass.,  March  7,  1875. 


[183  j 


BUFFUM. 


BUFORD. 


BUFFUM,  Arnold,  abolitionist,  was  born  at 
Smithfield,  R.  I.,  in  January,  1782;  son  of  Wm. 
Buffum,  a prominent  anti-slavery  advocate.  His 
ancestors  were  Quakers,  and  had  been  resident 
in  America  since  its  early  settlement.  He  was 
educated  at  private  schools  in  Smithfield  and 
Newport,  R.  I. ; first  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  hats  and  afterwards  in  sheep-raising.  He 
formed  an  intimacy  with  Lafayette  in  Paris 
in  1830,  and  on  his  return  to  America  offered  his 
services  to  William  Lloyd  Garrison  to  help 
effect  the  abolition  of  slavery.  In  1832  the  New 
England  anti-slavery  society  was  formed.  It 
advocated  immediate,  rather  than  gradual  aboli- 
tion, and  its  constitution  was  signed  by  William 
Lloyd  Garrison,  Arnold  Buffum  and  thirteen 
others.  He  was  its  second  president  and  its  first 
lecturer.  He  was  an  active  temperance  worker, 
and  late  in  life  a prominent  member  of  the  Re- 
publican party.  He  was  married  at  Newport, 
R.  I.,  in  1804,  to  Rebecca  Gould,  a descendant  of 
Daniel  Gould,  who  was  whipped  on  Boston  com- 
mon in  the  seventeenth  century  for  being  a 
Quaker.  He  died  in  Eagleswood,  N.  J. , in  March, 
1859. 

BUFFUM,  Edward  Gould,  journalist,  was 
born  in  Rhode  Island  in  1820;  son  of  Arnold 
Buffum,  philanthropist.  Upon  the  outbreak  of 
the  Mexican  war  he  resigned  as  reporter  on  the 
New  York  Herald,  joined  Colonel  Stevenson’s 
New  York  volunteers  as  lieutenant,  and  in  1846 
served  in  southern  California  and  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  Mexico.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
settled  in  California,  and  was  an  early  explorer 
of  the  gold  fields.  He  became  the  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  Alta  California  upon  its  establish- 
ment, and  served  one  term  in  the  state  legisla- 
ture. In  1859  he  resumed  his  connection  with 
the  New  York  Herald,  becoming  a special  foreign 
correspondent  with  headquarters  at  Paris.  His 
“ History  of  Stevenson’s  Regiment  ” is  a vivid 
description  of  the  life  of  a California  pioneer, 
and  he  published  besides,  “Six  Months  in  the 
Gold  Mines  ” (1850) ; “A  Pocket  Guide  for 

Americans  going  to  Europe  ” (1859),  and  “ Sights 
and  Sensations  in  France,  Germany  and  Switzer- 
land.” He  died  in  Paris,  France,  Oct.  24,  1867. 

BUFORD,  Abraham,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Virginia.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  early 
part  of  the  revolutionary  war,  and  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  the  lltli  Virginia  regiment, 
May  16,  1778.  In  the  spring  of  1780  he  was  sent 
with  his  command  to  relieve  General  Lincoln  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  but  hearing  that  the  Ameri- 
cans had  surrendered  the  place  he  began  his 
return  march.  He  was  overtaken  by  a force  of 
seven  hundred  cavalry  and  mounted  infantry, 
under  command  of  Colonel  Tarleton,  at  Waxliaw 
Creek.  S.  C.,  May  29. 1780.  Though  having  but  four 


hundred  infantry  and  a small  cavalry  force, 
Buford  refused  to  surrender,  and  was  preparing 
for  defence  when  the  British  fell  upon  the  Con- 
tinental troops,  and  giving  no  quarter  killed 
nearly  the  entire  force.  Colonel  Buford  died 
in  Scott  county,  Ky.,  June  29,  1833. 

BUFORD,  Abraham,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Kentucky  about  1820.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1841.  He  served  as  lieutenant  of 
1st  dragoons  on  frontier  duty  in  Kansas  and 
Iowa,  and  was  engaged  in  the  war  with  Mexico, 
winning  at  Buena  Vista  the  brevet  rank  of 
captain.  From  1848  to  1851  he  was  stationed  in 
New  Mexico,  and  in  1852  and  1853  was  on  duty  at 
the  cavalry  school  for  practice  in  Carlisle,  Pa. 
In  1853  and  1854  he  served  at  the  Harrodsburg 
branch  military  asylum,  Kentucky,  and  on  Oct. 
22,  1854,  resigned  from  the  army,  and  retired  to 
his  farm  near  Versailles,  Woodford  county,  Ky. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  joined  the 
Confederate  army  and  became  a brigadier- 
general.  He  died  by  his  own  hand,  June  9.  1864. 

BUFORD,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  Wood- 
ford county,  Ky.,  March  4,  1826.  He  was  the 
half  brother  of  Gen.  Napoleon  Bonaparte  Buford, 
and  was  graduated  from  West  Point  in  1848. 
As  lieutenant  of  the  1st  dragoons  he  was  in 
active  service  in  the  expedition  against  the 
Sioux  in  1855;  at  Bluewater,  Kan.,  in  1856-'57, 
and  in  Utah  in  1857-’58;  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  major  in  1861,  and  attached  to  the  corps 
of  the  inspector-general.  In  1862  he  was  for  a 
month  on  the  staff  of  General  Pope  in  the  army 
of  Virginia,  and  on  July  27,  1862,  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  commanding  a 
brigade  of  cavalry  in  General  Hooker's  army  dur- 
ing the  North  Virginia  campaign.  He  took 
part  in  the  engagement  at  Madison  Court  House, 
August  9;  pursued  Jackson’s  army  across  the 
Rapidan,  August  12;  was  present  at  Kelley's 
Ford,  Thoroughfare  Gap,  and  Manassas,  being 
wounded  in  the  last-named  battle.  During  the 
Maryland  campaign,  as  chief  of  cavalry  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  he  was  present  at  South 
Mountain,  September  14,  and  at  Antietam.  Sep- 
tember 17,  where  he  acted  in  place  of  General 
Stoneman  on  McClellan's  staff.  He  commanded 
the  reserve  cavalry  brigade  under  Stoneman. 
and  did  gallant  service  at  Fredericksburg,  Dec. 
13,  1862;  in  Stoneman ‘s  raid.  May,  1863,  and 
Beverly  Ford,  June  9,  1863.  He  was  chief  of  the 
cavalry  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
and  was  present  at  all  the  principal  engage- 
ments, including  Gettysburg,  where  he  began 
the  attack;  Wolf's  Hill,  and  Round  Top,  and  the 
pursuit  of  the  enemy  to  Warrenton.  He  was 
conspicuous  at  Culpeper  and  in  driving  the  Con- 
federates across  the  Rapidan,  when  he  was 
obliged  to  cut  his  way  in  order  to  rejoin  the 


BUIST. 


BULFINCH. 


army,  which  was  on  the  north  side  of  the  Rappa- 
hannock. In  1863  he  was  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  cavalry  of  the  army  of  the  Cum- 
berland, and  was  commissioned  major-general  of 
volunteers,  the  commission  being  placed  in  his 
hands  a few  minutes  before  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.  16,  1863. 

BUFORD,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Woodford  county,  Ky.,  Jan.  13,  1807. 

He  was  graduated  from  West  Point  in  1827, 
studied  law  at  Harvard  by  permission  of  the  gov- 
ernment, was  assistant  professor  of  natural  and 
experimental  philosophy  at  West  Point,  1834-’35, 
and  resigned  from  the  army  in  1835.  He  was 
employed  by  the  state  of  Kentucky  as  civil  engi- 
neer; engaged  in  the  iron  business,  and  became  a 
banker  and  railroad  president  in  Illinois.  He 
entered  the  Union  army  in  1861  as  colonel  of  the 
27th  Illinois  volunteers;  was  present  at  the  en- 
gagement at  Belmont,  Mo.,  Nov.  7,  1861 ; occupied 
Columbus,  Ky.,  in  March,  1862;  took  Union  city, 
was  in  command  of  the  garrison  at  Island  10 
after  that  fort  was  captured,  and  was  present  at 
Fort  Pillow,  April,  1862.  April  15,  1862,  he  was 
promoted  brigadier  - general,  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Corinth,  September,  1862;  the  battle  of 
Corinth,  October  3 and  4,  1862 ; the  siege  of 
Vicksburg,  1863;  was  stationed  in  command  at 
Cairo,  111.,  from  March  to  September,  1863,  and 
from  Sept.  12,  1863  to  March  9,  1865,  at  Helena, 
Ark.  He  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volun- 
teers, March  13,  1865,  and  was  mustered  out  of 
the  volunteer  service  the  following  August.  He 
served  as  special  U.  S.  Indian  commissioner  in 
1868,  having  been  appointed  in  1867  by  the  gov- 
ernment to  inspect  the  Union  Pacific  railroad, 
and  served  until  the  road  was  completed  in  1869. 

He  died  March  28,  1883. 

BUIST,  Henry,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Charles- 
ton, S.  C.,  Dec.  25,  1829,  son  of  George  Buist,  a 
member  of  the  Charleston  bar  and  judge  of  the 
probate  court,  and  grandson  of  Rev.  George 
Buist,  D.  D.,  a distinguished  Presbyterian  divine. 

He  was  graduated  from  South  Carolina  college 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  practised  his 
profession  at  Charleston  in  association  with 
Charles  Macbeth ; and  on  the  decease  of  his  part- 
ner took  his  brother,  Hon.  G.  Buist,  into  partner- 
ship. Mr.  Buist  was  a member  of  both  the  upper 
and  lower  houses  of  the  state  legislature  for 
several  terms,  and  served  in  the  Confederate  army 
during  the  civil  war  as  captain  in  the  27th  S.  C. 
infantry,  being  taken  prisoner  at  Petersburg,  Va., 
and  held  for  many  months.  He  died  June  9,  1887. 

BULFINCH,  Charles,  architect,  was  born,  prob- 
ably near  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  8,  1763,  son  of 
Thomas  Bulfinch,  a physician,  who  in  that  year 
conducted  a small-pox  hospital  in  that  city.  After 
his  graduation  from  Harvard  college  in  1781, 

[485J 


he  went  abroad,  and  becoming  interested  in  archi- 
tecture, he  decided  to  give  his  time  entirely  to 
that  work.  In  1786  he  returned  to  the  United 
States  and  settled  in  Boston,  where  he  became  a 
successful  and  widely  known  architect.  He  de- 
signed the  principal  buildings  of  the  city  of  Boston, 
including  the  state-house,  the  city  hall,  Faneuil 


wcl 


hall  and  many  theatres  and  churches.  In  1817  he 
went  to  Washington,  where  he  drew  the  plans  and 
superintended  the  construction  of  the  national 
capitol,  being  engaged  upon  that  work  for  thirteen 
years.  He  returned  to  Boston  in  1830,  and  died 
there  April  15,  1844. 

BULFINCH,  Stephen  Greenleaf,  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  June  18,  1809,  son  of 
Charles  Bulfinch,  architect.  He  was  graduated 
from  Columbian  college,  Washington,  in  1826, 
and  later  from  the  divinity  school  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.  He  was  ordained  to  the  Unitarian  minis- 
try, and  in  1830  settled  over  a parish  in  Augusta, 
Ga.,  where  he  preached  for  seven  years.  He 
afterwards  removed  to  Pittsburg,  Pa. , and  in 
1839  to  Washington.  D.  C.,  remaining  there  until 
1845,  when  he  took  charge  of  a church  at  Nashua, 
N.  H.,  removing  to  Boston  in  1852.  He  wrote 
numerous  religious  poems  and  published  “Con- 
templations of  the  Saviour”  (1832);  “Poems” 
(1834);  “The  Holy  Land  and  its  Inhabitants” 
(1834);  “Lays  of  the  Gospel”  (1835);  “Com- 
munion Thoughts”  (1852);  “The  Harp  and  the 
Cross”  (1857);  “Honor,  or  the  Slave-Dealer’s 
Daughter”  (1864);  “Manual of  the  Evidences  of 
Christianity”  (1866);  and  “Studies  in  the  Evi- 
dences of  Christianity”  (1869).  He  died  in 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  12,  1870. 

BULKELEY,  Morgan  Gardiner,  governor  of 
Connecticut,  was  born  at  East  Kaddam,  Conn., 
Dec.  26,  1838,  son  of  Eliphalet  Adams  Bulkeley, 
lawyer  and  first  president  of  the  JEtna  life  in- 
surance company  of  Hartford.  His  direct  ances- 
tor, the  Rev,  Peter  Bulkeley,  emigrated  from 
England  in  1634.  Another  ancestor,  the  Rev. 
Gershom  Bulkeley,  was  a noted  historian.  In 
1846  his  family  removed  to  Hartford,  Conn.,  where 
he  received  a high-school  education,  and  in  1852 


BULKELEY. 


BULKLEY. 


entered  commercial  life  as  a clerk  in  his  uncle’s 
store  in  Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  made  a 
partner  in  1859.  Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war  he  entered  the  Union  army,  enlisting  as  a 
private  in  the  13th  N.  Y.  regiment,  and  serving 
through  the  peninsular  campaign  under  Generals 
Mansfield  and  Weber.  In  1872  upon  his  father’s 
death  he  removed  to  Hartford  to  care  for  his 
estate,  and  at  once  took  a prominent  part  in 
business,  political  and  financial  affairs.  He  or- 
ganized the  United  States  bank  of  Hartford,  of 
which  he  was  elected  the  first  president.  In  1879 
he  resigned  to  accept  the  office  of  president  of  the 
JEtna  life  insurance  company.  He  was  also 
actively  connected  with  other  leading  financial 
institutions  of  this  city  and  state,  including  the 
HStna  fire  insurance  company,  the  Willimantic 
linen  company,  and  the  HEtna  national  bank  of 
Hartford.  In  1875  he  was  elected  a councilman; 
in  1876,  an  alderman;  and  in  1880  and  for  the 
four  succeeding  terms,  mayor  of  Hartford.  He 
was  elected  governor  of  Connecticut  on  the  Re- 
publican ticket  in  1888,  and  as  no  candidate  for 
election  in  1890  received  a constitutional  major- 
ity of  the  votes  cast,  he  held  the  office  another 
term  as  governor  de  jure.  A legislative  dead- 
lock followed,  and  but  for  the  liberal  use  of  his 
own  funds  in  providing  for  the  wants  of  the 
charitable  institutions  of  the  state,  much  suffer- 
ing would  have  resulted.  The  matter  was 
carried  to  the  supreme  court  of  the  state  and  he 
was  fully  sustained  in  his  action,  the  court 
declaring  him  to  be  governor  de  facto  as  well  as 
dejure.  In  1891  he  received  in  legislative  caucus 
thirty-five  votes  as  United  States  senator,  Joseph 
R.  Hawley  being  the  choice  of  the  party. 

BULKELEY,  Peter,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Odell,  Bedfordshire,  England,  Jan.  31,  1583.  He 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
and  admitted  to  the  priesthood.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  his  father’s  living  in  his  native  town, 
which  he  held  for  more  than  twenty  years. 
Being  accused  of  nonconformity  by  Archbishop 
Laud,  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  place,  and 
in  1635  came  to  America,  and  settled  at  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.  Some  years  later  he  removed 
to  the  place  where  Concord  now  stands,  and 
founded  a town.  The  nucleus  of  the  library  at 
Harvard  college  was  his  private  collection  of 
books.  He  is  the  author  of  “ The  Gospel  Cov- 
enant; or  the  Covenant  of  Grace  Opened  ’’  (1646), 
and  of  several  Latin  verses.  He  died  at  Con- 
cord, Mass.,  March  9,  1659. 

BULKELEY,  William  Henry,  statesman,  was 
born  at  East  Haddam,  Conn.,  March  2,  1840;  son 
of  Eliphalet  A.  Bulkeley,  and  a direct  descendant 
of  the  Rev.  Peter  Bulkeley.  founder  of  Concord, 
Mass.  He  received  a public-school  education 
and  learned  the  dry  goods  business  in  Brooklyn, 


N.  Y.,  from  whence,  in  1861,  he  went  to  the  war 
as  a private  in  the  13th  regiment,  N.  Y.  S.  M.,  and 
the  next  year  raised  a company  for  the  56th  X.  Y. 
volunteers,  was  elected  captain,  and  served  in 
General  Smith’s  division  until  the  regiment  was 
ordered  home  during  the  New  York  draft  riots 
in  1863.  He  returned  to  Hartford  in  1868,  or- 
ganized and  became  president  of  the  Kellogg 
and  Bulkeley  company,  lithographers;  was  a 
member  of  the  common  council  of  Hartford  five 
years,  and  vice-president  and  president  one  year 
each.  He  was  commissary-general  of  Connecti- 
cut from  1879  to  1881,  lieutenant-governor  from 

1881  to  1883,  and  state  commissioner  to  the  York- 
town  celebration  in  1881.  He  was  the  Republican 
candidate  for  governor  in  1882,  being  defeated 
by  Thomas  M.  Waller.  At  this  election  he  de- 
clined to  take  advantage  of  eight  thousand  black 
ballots,  which  would  have  made  him  governor, 
the  courts  declaring  them  illegal.  The  general 
assembly  by  joint  resolution  validated  the  black 
ballots  before  declaring  Mr.  Waller  elected  gov 
ernor.  He  then  removed  to  South  Dakota, 
where  he  founded  Forest  City,  Potter  county. 
He  was  president  of  the  Forest  City  and  Sioux 
City  railroad,  and  of  the  Forest  City  land  and 
improvement  company. 

BULKLEY,  Charles  Henry  Augustus,  edu- 
cator, was  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C..  Dec.  22, 
1818,  son  of  Aslibel  and  Ann  Eliza  (Fanning) 
Bulkley.  He  was  graduated  from  the  University 
of  the  city  of  New  York  in  1839,  and  from  Union 
theological  seminary  in  1842.  In  1842  he  was 
home  missionary  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J..  and 
from  1844  to  1846  at  Janesville,  Wis.  From  1848 
to  1882  he  preached  successively  at  Malone. 
N.  Y.,  Mt.  Morris,  N.  Y.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y..  and  Port 
Henry,  N.  Y.  During  the  civil  war  he  served  first 
as  chaplain  of  the  70th  N.  Y.  regiment,  Sickles’s 
brigade,  and  later  as  aide-de-camp  and  assistant 
adjutant-general  in  McClellan’s  campaign  in  the 
peninsula.  In  1882  he  was  a professor  in  Dr. 
Cullis’s  training  college.  Boston,  Mass.,  and  from 

1882  to  1891  held  a chair  in  Howard  university. 
He  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1842  from  the 
University  of  the  city  of  New  York,  and  that  of 
D.D.  from  Howard  university  in  1881.  He  com- 
piled two  volumes:  “ Plato’s  Best  Thoughts."  and 
*•  D’Aubignd’s  Martyrs  of  the  Reformation.”  He 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C..  in  1893. 

BULKLEY,  Henry  Daggett,  physician,  was 
born  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  April  20,  1803.  He 
was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1821.  and  after 
spending  a few  years  in  business  life  in  New 
York  city  he  adopted  the  medical  profession, 
having  been  made  an  M.D.  in  1830.  He  spent 
two  years  in  study  in  Europe.  In  his  practice 
he  made  a specialty  of  diseases  of  the  skin,  and 
founded  the  first  dispensary  for  skin  diseases  in 
[4S6J 


BULL. 


BULL. 


New  York  city.  He  was  a prominent  member 
of  many  of  the  principal  medical  societies  of  this 
country,  including  the  New  York  academy  of 
medicine,  and  the  New  York  county  medical 
society.  He  edited  “ Manual  of  Diseases  of  the 
Skin,"  by  Cazenave  and  Schedel  (American  edi- 
tion, 1846),  and  “ Eruptive  Fevers,”  by  Gregory 
(1851).  For  the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life 
he  was  attending  physician  of  the  New  York 
hospital.  He  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  4,  1872. 

BULL,  Henry,  colonial  governor,  was  born 
in  Wales  in  1610,  arrived  in  Boston  June  4, 
1635,  and  took  up  his  residence  in  Roxbury.  In 
May,  1637,  he  was  made  a freeman.  He  espoused 
the  cause  of  Mrs.  Hutchinson  in  the  Antinomian 
disputes,  and  was  sentenced  to  banishment  from 
the  colony.  Before  this  sentence  had  been 
passed  he,  with  John  Clark.  William  Coddington 
and  others,  sailed  from  Boston,  and  chose  a new 
home  on  the  Island  of  Aquidneck,  in  Narragan- 
sett  Bay.  In  June,  1638,  he  was  chosen  a cor- 
poral of  a newly  formed  militia  company,  and 
soon  after  was  elected  sergeant.  He  was  also 
one  of  the  seven  “ Elders,”  who,  on  April  28, 
1639,  agreed  to  propagate  a plantation  in  the 
midst  of  the  island,  or  elsewhere.  This  planta- 
tion became  Newport.  He  was  elected  governor 
in  May,  1685,  serving  one  year.  During  the 
regime  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  the  general  as- 
sembly convened,  Feb.  26,  1690,  for  the  first 
time  in  four  years.  Governors  Walter  Clark  and 
Christopher  Almy  were  sent  for,  but  each 
refused  to  serve.  Henry  Bull,  then  more  than 
eighty  years  old,  was  elected  and  served  from 
Feb.  27  to  May  7,  1690,  declining  re-election.  He 
died  in  Rhode  Island  in  1694. 

BULL,  Melville,  representative,  was  born  at 
Newport,  R.  I.,  in  1854;  prepared  for  college  at 
Phillips  academy,  Exeter,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1877,  and  then  engaged  in  farming  at 
Middletown,  R.  I.  He  was  representative  to  the 
state  legislature,  1883-’85;  state  senator,  1885-'92; 
lieutenant-governor,  1892-’94 ; and  member  of  the 
Republican  state  central  committee  from  1885. 
He  was  a delegate  to  the  Republican  national 
convention  in  1888,  and  while  in  the  legislature 
took  an  active  interest  in  establishing  the  naval  re- 
serve militia  of  the  state,  and  served  on  the  board 
of  management  of  the  Rhode  Island  college  of 
agriculture  and  mechanic  arts,  and  experimental 
station  from  its  establishment  in  1888.  In  1892 
he  was  the  Republican  candidate  for  representa- 
tive from  the  first  district  of  Rhode  Island  to  the 
53d  Congress,  and  received  a plurality  of  640  votes, 
but  not  a majority,  as  was  necessary  for  election 
in  Rhode  Island.  In  1894  he  was  elected  to  the 
54th  Congress  by  a plurality  of  2.863  votes,  and 
in  1896  to  the  55th  Congress  by  a plurality  of 
•8,836  votes. 


BULL,  Ole  Bornemann,  violinist,  was  born 
in  Bergen,  Norway,  Feb.  5,  1810.  Both  of  his 
parents  were  musical,  and  lie  had  among  his 
many  relatives  a number  of  musicians  and  poets. 
From  his  earliest  infancy  he  had  an  ear  for 
nature’s  music  — the  songs  of  the  flowers  and 
trees,  t li  e w i n d s, 
rivers,  lakes  and 
mountains  — and  he 
always  thought  of 
this  music  as  some- 
thing that  might  be 
r eproduce  d.  At 
home-concerts  given 
at  his  father’s  house 
he  became  familiar 
with  the  best  music, 
and  absorbed  all  un- 
consciously the  rules 
of  the  musician's 
art.  Without  any 
ins  t r u c t ion  what- 
ever he  could  play 
the  violin  at  five  years  of  age,  at  seven  took 
his  place  in  a quartette  of  trained  musicians, 
and  at  nine  played  first  violin  in  a theatre 
orchestra.  He  was  sent  to  school,  as  it  was  his 
father's  intention  to  fit  him  for  the  ministry. 
In  1828  he  went  to  Christiania  to  take  his  en- 
trance examinations  at  the  university.  The 
afternoon  and  evening  preceding  examination 
day  were  spent  in  playing  at  a concert  and  at  a 
private  musical,  and  as  a result  he  failed  to  pass 
his  examinations.  His  playing,  however,  secured 
for  him  the  position  of  director  of  the  ‘•Phil- 
harmonic and  Dramatic  Societies  ” of  the  town, 
and  lie  at  once  entered  upon  the  very  congenial 
duties  of  his  new  office,  spending  his  leisure  in 
musical  studies.  In  1830  he  returned  to  Bergen, 
where,  by  three  concerts,  he  earned  five  hun- 
dred dollars,  with  which  he  went  to  Paris  to 
gratify  his  long-cherished  desire  of  hearing 
DeBeriot,  Balliot  and  Berlioz.  At  Paris  he  was 
robbed  of  his  money,  and  through  the  assist- 
ance of  Vidocq,  the  famous  detective,  he  won 
eight  hundred  francs  in  a gambling  establish- 
ment. This  money  was  soon  spent,  and  he  was 
in  need  and  despair,  when  he  met  Madame 
Villeminot,  an  elderly  lady,  whose  grand- 
daughter he  afterwards  married,  who  took  him 
into  her  home  and  nursed  him  through  an 
attack  of  brain  fever.  Before  he  had  fully 
recovered  from  this  illness  his  admirers  in  Chris- 
tiania, hearing  of  his  misfortunes,  sent  him 
three  thousand  francs.  His  wonderful  playing 
at  a soiree,  given  by  the  Duke  of  Riario,  led  to 
many  concert  engagements,  which  brought  him 
both  fame  and  money.  He  heard  Paganini, 
though  it  was  several  years  afterward  that  his 


BULL. 


BULL. 


great  friendship  with  that  maestro  began,  and 
he  became  acquainted  with  Chopin,  with  whom 
he  gave  a number  of  concerts.  He  travelled 
through  France,  Switzerland  and  Italy  on  a con- 
cert tour,  studying  as  he  went  the  native  music 
of  eacli  country,  in  order  to  give  true  expression 
to  the  varied  melodies  of  the  sotith.  While  in 
Bologna  his  playing  was  heard,  accidentally,  by 
Rossini's  wife,  the  celebrated  Colbran,  and 
through  her  he  secured  the  opportunity  of  play- 
ing before  a large  audience  which  had  assembled 
to  hear  Malibran  and  DeBeriot.  Ole  Bull  on  this 
occasion  so  threw  his  soul  into  his  violin  that  it 
responded  as  it  had  never  before  done,  and  from 
that  moment  his  fortune  was  made,  his  fame 
assured.  He  was  accompanied  to  his  home  by  a 
torchlight  procession,  his  carriage  being  drawn 
by  the  populace;  he  was  engaged  for  concert 
after  concert,  benefits  were  given  in  his  behalf, 
theatres  and  orchestras  were  put  at  his  disposal, 
and  kings,  dukes  and  princes  delighted  to  do  him 
honor.  Soon  afterward,  upon  his  return  to  Paris, 
the  doors  of  the  Grand  Opera  were  open  to  receive 
him,  and  he  gave  several  concerts  there  with 
great  success.  Some  of  his  most  beautiful  com- 
positions were  evolved  at  this  time;  among 
others,  his  famous  “ Concerto  in  A Major,”  his 
“ Quartetto  a violino  Solo,"  his  “ Polacca  Guer- 
riera, ” and  his  “ Adagio  Religioso.”  In  1836  he 
made  his  first  tour  through  England,  playing  in 
concerts  with  Rubini,  Tamburini,  Lablache,  and 
Mile.  Assandri,  and  winning  enthusiastic  plau- 
dits on  every  hand.  The  English  tour  was  fol- 
lowed by  one  through  Germany,  and  the  music- 
loving  Germans  made  this  tour  one  prolonged 
ovation.  He  continued  his  travels,  giving  con- 
certs in  Russia,  Finland,  Norway,  Sweden,  Hol- 
land, Denmark,  Austria  and  Hungary,  and  taking 
the  people’s  hearts  by  storm  wherever  he  played. 
His  visit  to  his  native  Norway,  after  an  absence 
of  seven  years,  was  an  occasion  of  great  delight 
to  him  and  to  his  admiring  countrymen,  and  he 
played  the  grand  and  simple  Norwegian  melodies 
in  such  an  electrifying  way  that  the  people 
awe  >ke  to  a realization  of  the  incomparable  beauty 
of  their  own  folk-songs  and  dances.  Preceded  by 
his  fame  he  came  to  America  in  1843,  and,  mak- 
ing an  extended  tour  through  the  United  States, 
Canada  and  the  West  Indies,  he  was  everywhere 
received  with  the  same  wild  enthusiasm  which 
had  greeted  him  in  Europe.  This  was  followed 
by  another  European  tour,  which  was  a triumph 
from  beginning  to  end,  and  he  amassed  a fortune. 
He  was  a zealous  patriot  and  his  efforts  in  behalf 
of  his  countrymen  were  untiring.  In  1852  he 
came  to  America  and  purchased  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five  thousand  acres  of  land  on  the 
Susquehanna,  in  Potter  county.  Pa.,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  a “ New  Norway  consecrated 


to  liberty  and  protected  by  the  Union's  mighty 
flag.”  On  this  land  he  erected  three  hundred 
cottages,  a church,  an  inn,  a store,  and,  incident- 
ally, a palace  for  himself  on  an  eminence  over- 
looking the  cottages.  After  sinking  a fortune  in 
the  experiment,  he  found  that  he  had  been  swin- 
dled by  his  agent  and  that  his  title  to  the  land 
was  defective.  Then  followed  a period  of  hard- 
ship, struggle,  persecution  and  illness;  and  but 
for  the  sympathy  and  assistance  of  a host  of  influ- 
ential friends,  he  would  have  succumbed  under 
the  fearful  strain.  After  a time  he  returned  to 
Bergen ; some  of  his  former  friends  and  neighbors 
believed  him  to  be  at  fault  for  the  failure  of  his 
colonization  scheme,  and  to  this  grief  was  added 
that  caused  by  the  death  of  his  wife.  A four 
years’  tour  through  Europe  mended  his  shattered 
fortunes,  and  in  1867-'C9  he  again  visited  the 
United  States,  giving  a series  of  concerts  in  the 
west  and  northwest  where  his  countrymen  were 
settled.  While  in  Wisconsin,  in  1868,  he  met 
Sara  C.  Thorpe,  to  whom  he  was  married  in  the 
following  year.  In  his  later  years  his  winters 
were  spent  in  America  and  his  summers  in  Nor- 
way. When  his  death  occurred  in  Bergen  the 
world's  flags  were  hung  at  half  mast,  and  the 
simple  Norwegian  peasants  came  by  the  hun- 
dreds, each  bearing  a green  bough,  a fern,  or  a 
flower  to  cast  into  the  grave  of  their  ever  true 
and  loyal  friend.  Of  his  compositions,  which 
were  legion,  he  would  permit  only  three  to  be 
published:  “ Variazioni  di  Bravura,”  “ La  Pre- 
gliiera  d'una  Madre  ” (“  Adagio  Religioso  ”),  and 
“II  Notturno.”  See  “Ole  Bull:  A Memoir  by 
his  wife,  Sara  C.  Bull  ”(1883).  He  died  at  Bergen, 
Norway,  Aug.  18,  1880. 

BULL,  Richard  Harrison,  educator,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  Sept.  28,  1817,  son  of  Ben- 
jamin and  Eliza  (Wade)  Bull.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  University  of  the  city  of  New  York 
in  1839.  He  studied  at  the  Union  theological 
seminary,  1839-’43;  was  secretary  and  actuary  of 
the  Eagle  life  insurance  company,  1847-’48,  pro- 
fessor of  civil  engineering  in  his  alma  mater,  1853 
-’85,  and  professor  emeritus  1885-’92.  He  was 
secretary  and  president  of  the  New  York  savings 
bank,  1859-’83.  He  was  associated  with  Professor 
Morse  in  the  experiments  that  led  to  his  first  elec- 
tric telegraph.  He  obtained  the  correct  time  for 
the  use  of  the  New  York  Central,  the  Erie  and 
other  railroads  by  taking  observations  of  the  sun. 
and  his  time  was  used  until  the  Western  Union’s 
time  ball  was  erected.  He  was  married  March  2. 
1847,  to  Mary  Ann  Schonten,  and  their  three 
sons,  Richard  Henry,  Charles  C.,  and  J.  Edgar, 
were  graduates  of  the  University  of  the  city  of 
New  York.  His  alma  mater  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  A.M.  in  1842,  and  Ph.D.  in  1885.  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  Feb.  1,  1892. 


BULLARD. 


BULLITT. 


BULL,  William  Tillinghast,  surgeon,  was  born 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  May  18,  1849,  son  of  Henry 
Bull,  seventh  in  descent  from  Henry  Bull,  gover- 
nor of  Rhode  Island,  a friend  of  and  co-settler 
with  Roger  Williams  in  the  purchase  of  “ Aquid- 
neck.”  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1869, 
and  at  the  College  of  physicians  and  surgeons, 
New  York  in  1872.  He  studied  also  with  Dr. 
Sands;  went  by  merit  into  Bellevue  hospital  for 
a year  or  more,  and  then  to  Europe  for  two 
years’  study.  In  1875  he  began  practice  in  New 
York  city.  For  two  years  he  was  in  charge  of  the 
New  York  dispensary,  and  from  1877  to  1888, 
of  the  Chambers  street  hospital.  He  was  for 
four  years  attending  surgeon,  and  then  consult- 
ing surgeon  of  St.  Luke’s  hospital.  By  a success- 
ful laparotomy  he  helped  to  revolutionize  the 
treatment  of  gunshot  wounds  of  the  abdomen, 
which  were  formerly  fatal  in  most  cases.  As 
consulting  surgeon  to  the  Manhattan  hospital ; to 
the  Orthopaedic  hospital  and  dispensary ; surgeon- 
in-charge  of  the  hospital  for  ruptured  and  crippled, 
and  professor  of  surgery  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  Columbia  college,  he  won  a wide  reputa- 
tion for  skill  and  readiness  in  emergency. 

BULLARD,  Asa,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Northbridge,  Mass. , March  26, 1804,  son  of  Dr.  Arte- 
mas  and  Lucy  (White)  Bullard.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  Amherst  college  in  1828,  and  from  the 
theological  seminary  at  Andover  in  1831.  He  was 
ordained  to  the  Congregational  ministry  in  1832, 
and  was  made  secretary  of  the  Massachusetts 
Sabbath  school  society  in  1834.  This  office  he  held 
for  more  than  forty  years,  when  he  was  made 
honorary  secretary.  Amherst  made  him  A.M.  in 
1853.  He  edited  the  Sabbath  School  Visitor,  1834- 
'44,  and  in  1844— ’88  The  Well-Spring.  He  pub- 
lished “Sunnybank  Stories”  (1863);  Children’s 
Album  of  Pictures  and  Stories”  (1867);  “Chil- 
dren’s Book  for  Sabbath  Hours”  (1875);  “Fifty 
Years  with  the  Sabbath  Schools”  (1876),  and  “ In- 
cidents in  a Busy  Life:  An  Autobiography  ” (1888). 
He  died  at  “Sunnybank,”  Cambridgeport,  Mass., 
April  5,  1888. 

BULLARD,  Henry  Adams,  jurist,  was  born 
in  Groton,  Mass.,  Sept.  9,  1781.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1807,  studied  for  the  bar  in 
Boston  and  Philadelphia,  and  while  in  the  latter 
city  met  General  Toledo  who  was  organizing  an 
expedition  to  revolutionize  New  Mexico.  Bul- 
lard’s knowledge  of  the  Spanish  language 
secured  for  him  the  position  of  secretary  and  aide 
to  General  Toledo,  and  as  such  he  accompanied 
the  expedition.  After  its  disastrous  failure,  he 
established  himself  in  the  profession  of  law  at 
Nachitoches,  La.  In  1822  he  was  appointed  judge 
of  the  district  court  of  Louisiana,  in  1830  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  22d  Congress, 
and  was  re-elected  in  1832  to  the  23d  Congress. 


In  1834  he  was  made  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Louisiana,  an  office  which  he  held  until  1846, 
with  an  interregnum  in  1839,  when  he  served  as 
secretary  of  state  for  Louisiana.  In  1847  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  civil  law  in  the  law  school  of 
Louisiana.  He  was  elected  a representative  to 
the  31st  Congress  in  1850  to  fill  an  unexpired 
term,  and  served  one  session.  He  died  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  April  17,  1851. 

BULLIONS,  Peter,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Moss  Side,  Scotland,  in  December,  1791.  When 
he  was  nineteen  years  old  he  began  a three 
years’  course  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and 
after  studying  theology  he  came  to  America  in 
1817,  and  settled  in  Argyle,  N.  Y.,  where  for  six 
years  he  was  pastor  of  a Presbyterian  church. 
From  1824  to  1848  he  taught  languages  in  the 
Albany  academy,  and  served  from  1832  to  the 
time  of  his  death  as  a pastor  of  the  United  Pres- 
byterian congregation  at  Troy,  N.  Y.  He 
published  “ Life  of  Alexander  Bullions,”  “ Prin- 
ciples of  English  Grammar  ” (1834);  “Principles 
of  Greek  Grammar  ” (1840) ; “ Analytical  and 
Practical  English  Grammar  ” (1850) ; “ Prin- 
ciples of  Latin  Grammar”  (1853);  “Latin 
Exercises  ” (1855),  and  “ Latin  and  English 
Dictionary  ” (1862).  He  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  13,  1864. 

BULLITT,  Alexander  Scott,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Prince  William  county,  Va.,  in  1761.  In 
1784  he  emigrated  to  Kentucky,  then  a part  of 
Virginia,  and  settled  in  what  became  Shelby 
county;  but  owing  to  the  annoyances  by  the 
Indians,  he  sought  a safer  home,  which  he  found 
in  Jefferson  county.  In  1792  he  was  elected 
delegate  to  the  convention  which  met  in  Danville 
to  frame  the  constitution  of  Kentucky.  In  1799 
he  was  president  of  the  state  senate.  The  year 
following  he  was  made  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  state  and  served  in  public  office  until  1808. 
He  died  April  13,  1816. 

BULLITT,  John  Christian,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Jefferson  county,  Ky.,  Feb.  10,  1824;  son  of 
William  C.  and  Mildred  Bullitt,  of  the  old  Ken- 
tucky family  to  which  Thomas  and  Alex.  S. 
Bullitt  belonged.  He  was  educated  at  Centre 
college,  Ky.,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1842. 
He  then  studied  law,  and  settled  in  Louisville, 
where  he  built  up  a large  practice.  He  went  to 
Philadelphia  in  1849  to  take  charge  of  such  assets 
of  the  broken  Schuylkill  bank  as  belonged  to  the 
bank  of  Kentucky.  He  was  a Whig  in  politics, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  discussions  of  the 
political  questions  of  the  day.  His  opinion  on  the 
privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  under  the 
constitution,  in  answer  to  Horace  Binney,  was 
acknowledged  to  be  a masterpiece  of  logic.  He 
extricated  the  Philadelphia  & Reading  railroad 
company  from  its  legal  complications  at  the  time 


[4891 


BULLOCH. 


BULLOCK. 


of  the  Jay  Cooke  failure;  secured  the  reversal 
of  the  decree  against  Gen.  Fitz  John  Porter,  and 
was  one  of  the  leading  counsel  in  the  great 
Whitaker  will  case.  He  was  chiefly  instrumental 
in  the  creation  and  adoption  of  the  new  city 
charter  for  Philadelphia,  and  in  1882  prepared 
the  Bullitt  bill,  which  was  adopted  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania legislature,  and  which  provided  for 
better  government  of  cities  of  the  first  class  in 
the  commonwealth. 

BULLOCH,  Archibald,  lawyer,  was  born  at 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  about  1729.  He  was  of 
Scotch  descent,  and  was  educated  for  the  legal 
profession.  He  first  practised  in  the  state  of 
Georgia,  where,  in  1760,  he  was  appointed  to 
correspond  with  Benjamin  Franklin  on  the 
affairs  of  the  province.  On  April  21,  1772,  he 
was  elected  speaker  of  the  commons,  and,  on  July 
7,  1775,  was  chosen  a member  of  the  1st  pro- 
vincial congress  and  elected  its  speaker.  He 
was  re-elected  to  the  2d  congress  and  again 
served  as  speaker.  This  body  sent  him  as  a dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress  assembled  in 
Philadelphia.  Had  not  important  affairs  called 
him  home  he  would  have  been  present  July  4, 
1776,  and  affixed  his  signature  to  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  He  was,  however,  »a 
signer  at  the  secret  congress  of  Nov.  9,  1776,  and 
was  the  first  man  to  read  the  Declaration  to 
the  people  in  Georgia.  He  was  made  presi- 
dent and  commander-in-chief  of  Georgia  on 
April  15,  1776.  Bullock  county  was  named  for 
him.  He  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  Feb.  22,  1777. 

BULLOCH,  William  Bellinger,  senator,  was 
born  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  in  1776;  son  of  Archibald 
Bulloch,  first  president  of  Georgia.  He  was 
given  an  excellent  classical  education,  and 
practised  law  in  Ins  native  city.  In  1809  he  was 
chosen  mayor  of  Savannah,  and  afterwards  held 
the  office  of  collector  of  customs  at  that  port. 
He  served  as  captain  of  heavy  artillery  in  the 
war  of  1812.  In  1813  was  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resigna- 
tion of  William  H.  Crawford  from  the  United 
States  senate,  serving  from  May  to  December, 
1813.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  United 
States  branch  bank  in  Georgia,  and  was  elected 
its  president  in  1816,  retaining  the  position 
twenty-seven  years.  He  also  held  the  offices  of 
United  States  district  attorney,  attorney -general 
of  Georgia,  and  vice-president  of  the  Georgia 
historical  society.  He  died  March  6,  1852. 

BULLOCK,  Alexander  Hamilton,  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Rovalston,  Mass., 
March  2,  1816;  son  of  Rufus  and  Sarah  (Davis) 
Bullock.  He  was  prepared  for  college  at  Leices- 
ter academy,  and  was  graduated  at  Amherst  in 
1836,  standing  second  in  his  class.  He  taught 
school  for  a time,  and  then  entered  Harvard  law 


school,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1840.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1841,  and  began  practice  in 
Worcester.  In  1842  he  served  as  aide  on  the  staff 
of  Gov.  John  Davis.  In  March,  1842,  he  became 
editor  of  the  National  sEgis,  a weekly  Whig 
newspaper.  He  also  edited  a campaign  paper, 
called  Old  Massachusetts , during  the  presidential 
canvass  of  1844,  and  a similar  paper,  called  the 
True  Whig , for  three  months  preceding  the  elec- 
tion of  1848.  From  1845  to  1847  he  served  in  the 
Massachusetts  house  of  representatives;  was 
elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1849;  in  1853  was 
appointed  commissioner  of  insolvency,  and  in  1856 
was  made  judge  of  the  court  of  insolvency,  hold- 
ing the  office  until  1858,  in  1859  being  elected 
mayor  of  Worcester.  In  1861-'62-'63-'64-'65  he 
was  chosen  a member  of  the  state  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, of  which  he  was  speaker  in  1862.  From 
1866  to  1869  he  was  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
declining  a re-election  in  the  latter  year.  He  de- 
clined the  position  of  minister  to  Great  Britain, 
offered  by  President  Hayes,  on  Dec.  8,  1879.  He 
received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Amherst  in  1865, 
and  from  Harvard  in  1866.  He  was  a member  of 
the  Massachusetts  historical  society  and  a trustee 
of  Amherst  college.  See  “ Memoir  of  Alexander 
H.  Bullock”  (1887),  by  Charles  Devens.  He 
died  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  Jan.  17,  1882. 

BULLOCK,  Jonathan  Russell,  jurist,  was 
born  at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  Sept.  6,  1815.  He  was 
graduated  from  Brown  university  in  1834,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Newport  in  1836. 
He  then  opened  a law  office  at  Alton.  111.  On  his 
return  to  his  native  city  in  1843  he  was  elected 
to  the  state  legislature,  where  he  served  three 
years.  In  1849  he  was  a member  of  the  com- 
mittee to  inquire  into  the  validity  of  the  Rhode 
Island  revolutionary  debt,  and  was  also  made 
collector  of  customs  for  Bristol  and  Warren, 
R.  I.,  holding  the  office  five  years.  In  1859  he 
was  chosen  a state  senator,  and  the  following 
year  became  lieutenant-governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  retaining  the  office  until  1861.  He  was 
an  associate  justice  of  the  state  supreme  court 
from  1862  to  1864,  and  judge  of  the  U.  S.  district 
court  for  Rhode  Island  from  1864  to  1869,  retir 
ing  in  the  latter  year,  the  condition  of  his  health 
forbidding  further  activity.  He  is  the  author 
of  “ Report  of  Commissioner  to  Adjust  Claims 
of  Rhode  Island  against  the  United  States,  Jan  . 
1863  ” (1863),  and  “ Life  and  Times  of  Stukeley 
Westcote,  with  some  of  his  Descendants 
(1886). 

BULLOCK,  Robert,  representative,  was  born 
in  Greenville,  N.  C..  Dec.  8,  1828.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools,  removed  to 
Florida,  and  on  reaching  his  majority  was 
elected  clerk  of  the  circuit  court,  which  office 
he  held  six  years.  He  was  commissioned 


BULLOCK. 


BUMP. 


captain  by  the  governor,  raised  a company  of 
mounted  volunteers  to  suppress  Indian  hostili- 
ties; was  mustered  into  the  United  States  service 
in  1856,  and  served  eighteen  months,  until  peace 
was  restored.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1859.  In  1862  he  entered  the  Confederate  army 
as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  7th  Florida  volun- 
teer regiment,  was  severely  wounded  at  Murfrees- 
boro, Tenn.,  was  promoted  brigadier-general  in 
1864,  and  remained  in  the  service  until  the  sur- 
render. He  was  appointed  judge  of  county 
criminal  courts  by  the  governor,  was  elected 
judge  of  probate  during  the  state  reconstruction, 
and  in  1873  was  Democratic  caucus  nominee  for 
U.  S.  senator,  being  defeated  in  the  election  by 
one  vote,  when  he  withdrew  in  favor  of  Charles 
W.  Jones,  who  was  elected  senator.  He  was  a 
Tilden  elector  in  1876,  and  in  1888  was  elected  a 
representative  to  the  51st  Congress,  and  in  1890 
was  re-elected,  serving  through  the  52d  Con- 
gress, when  he  withdrew  from  public  life. 

BULLOCK,  Rufus  Brown,  governor  of 
Georgia,  was  born  at  Bethlehem,  Albany  county, 
N.  Y.,  March  28,  1834.  He  was  graduated  at 
Albion  academy  in  1850,  entered  the  service  of 
the  House  printing  telegraph  company,  and  was 
the  first  operator  to  interpret  the  printing  sig- 
nals by  sound.  He  was  their  employed  in  super- 
intending the  building  of  new  lines  from  New 
York  south,  and  was  largely  responsible  for  the 
success  of  an  opposition  to  the  original  New 
York  & Washington  company.  Adams  express 
company  then  secured  his  services  and  sent  him, 
in  1857,  to  organize  its  business  in  the  southern 
Atlantic  state,  with  headquarters  at  Augusta. 
Ga.,  where  he  formed  the  Southern  express 
company.  During  the  civil  war  he  established  rail- 
roads and  telegraph  lines  on  interior  routes  for 
the  use  of  the  Confederate  army,  and  at  its  close 
was  acting  assistant  quartermaster-general,  and 
surrendered  with  Lee's  army  at  Appomat- 
tox. He  then  resumed  his  management  of  the 
Southern  express  company  as  its  secretary, 
aided  to  organize  the  first  national  bank  in 
Augusta,  and  became  president  of  the  Macon 
and  Augusta  railroad  in  1867.  As  a member  of 
the  constitutional  convention  of  1867  and  '68  he 
was  recognized  as  a Republican  leader,  and  was 
elected  by  the  people  the  first  governor  of  Georgia 
under  the  reconstruction  act,  after  a sharp  con- 
test. The  Democrats  obtained  a legislative 
majority,  and  expelled  thirty -three  colored  mem- 
bers. Bullock  was  then  empowered  by  Congress 
to  restore  the  expelled  negro  members.  After  a 
bitter  factional  fight  this  was  accomplished.  He 
resigned  the  office  in  November,  1870.  He  was 
charged  with  corruption,  tried,  and  acquitted  in 
the  state  court.  Under  his  administration  more 
than  six  hundred  miles  of  railroad  tracks  were 


laid  in  the  state,  and  the  value  of  property  was 
increased  by  over  fifty  million  dollars  on  the  tax 
returns.  Upon  retiring  from  political  life  he 
became  president  of  a large  cotton-mill  at  At- 
lanta, was  elected  a trustee  of  the  Atlanta  uni- 
versity, president  of  the  chamber  of  commerce, 
vice-president  of  the  cotton  states  exposition, 
government  director  of  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
road, and  was  one  of  the  foremost  directors  of 
material  affairs  in  the  state. 

BULLUS,  Oscar,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
1800.  He  was  appointed  a cadet  at  West  Point 
when  quite  young,  but  did  not  finish  his  course 
there,  resigning  to  enter  the  United  States  navy. 
He  was  appointed  midshipman,  Jan.  1,  1817,  and 
served  first  in  the  Pacific  squadron  under  Cap- 
tain Biddle,  and  later  in  the  Mediterranean 
squadron  under  Commodore  Elliot.  In  1821  he 
was  seriously  disabled  by  a fall  from  the  rigging. 
He  was  promoted  lieutenant,  March  3,  1827,  and 
commanded  the  Franklin,  the  St.  Louis,  the 
Constitution,  the  Boxer  and  other  vessels.  He 
was  promoted  commander.  May  16.  1848,  and  was 
assigned  to  duty  on  the  great  lakes.  His  fall  in 
1821,  although  it  had  not  affected  him  immedi- 
ately, rendered  it  necessary  that  he  should  be 
placed  on  the  reserved  list.  Sept.  13,  1855.  He 
was  promoted  captain,  July  11.  1861.  and  com- 
modore, April  4,  1867.  He  died  in  New  York  city, 
Sept.  29,  1871. 

BULWER,  William  Henry  Lytton  Earle, 

baron.  (See  Clayton,  John-M.) 

BUMP,  Orlando  Franklin,  author,  was  born  at 
Afton,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  28,  1841,  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1863.  His  father  having  moved  to  Balti- 
more, Md.,  he  joined  him  after  his  graduation,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  Sept.  14,  1865,  and  ap- 
pointed register  in  bankruptcy  June  1,  1867.  He 
was  a Republican  campaign  orator  and  worker. 
He  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  from  Yale  college 
in  1876.  In  1868  he  published  the  “ Law  and 
Practice  of  Bankruptcy,”  which  became  stand- 
ard authority,  ten  editions  being  exhausted  before 
the  laws  were  repealed  in  1877.  His  other  works 
include;  “Annotated  Bankrupt  Law”  (1868); 
United  States  Stamp  Duties  ” (1870) ; “ An- 
notated Internal  Revenue  Laws  ” (1870) ; “ Ken- 
on  Fraud  and  Mistake”  (1871);  “Fraudulent 
Conveyances  ” (1872,  3d  edition,  revised,  1882) ; 
“Patents,  Trade-Marks,  and  Copyrights”  (1877, 
new  ed.,  1884) ; “ Composition  in  Bankruptcy  ” 
(1877) ; “ Notes  of  Constitutional  Decisions  ” 
(1878) ; “ Federal  Procedure  ” (1881).  He  was  also 
connected  editorially  with  the  Baltimore  Ameri- 
can from  1866  to  1869,  and  edited  the  National 
Bankruptcy  Register  from  1874  to  1876.  In  1872 
lie  was  employed  to  assist  in  the  preparation  of 
the  “ Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States.” 
He  died  Jan.  29,  1881. 


BUMSTEAD. 


BUNCE. 


BUMSTEAD,  Freeman  Josiah,  physician, 
was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  21,  1826.  He 
was  graduated  from  Williams  college  in  the  class 
of  1847,  and  for  two  years  taught  a young  ladies’ 
school  at  Roxbury,  Mass.  In  1851  he  took  the 
degree  of  M.D.  from  Harvard  medical  college. 
In  the  fall  of  1852  he  established  himself  in  New 
York  city ; for  sometime  as  surgeon  to  St.  Luke’s 
hospital,  and  later  as  surgeon  to  the  New  York 
eye  and  ear  infirmary,  and  the  Charity  hospital 
of  Blackwell's  Island.  In  18G6-‘67  he  was  lec- 
turer on  materia  medica  at  the  College  of  phy- 
sicians and  surgeons,  New  York,  and  from  1867 
to  1871  he  occupied  a chair  in  the  same  institu- 
tion. In  1867  Columbia  college  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  M.D.  , and  in  1879  that  of  LL.D. 
In  1879  he  was  elected  vice-president  of  the 
Torrey  botanical  club.  His  published  works  are 
a translation  of  “ Ricord’s  Notes  to  Hunter  on 
Venereal  Diseases  ” (1854) ; “The  Pathology  and 
Treatment  of  Venereal  Diseases”  (1861),  and  a 
translation  of  Cullerier’s  “ Iconographie  des 
Maladies  Veil.”  (1867).  He  died  in  New  York 
city,  Nov.  28,  1879. 

BUMSTEAD,  Horace,  educator,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  29,  1841.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Boston,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1863.  After  several  months’ 
instruction  in  military  science  with  the  Massa- 
chusetts rifle  club  of  Boston,  he  passed  the  U.  S. 

examining  board 
at  Was  h i n g t o n, 
was  commissioned 
major  of  the  43d 
U.  S.  colored  troops 
in  April,  1864,  and 
served  as  command- 
ing officer  of  his 
regiment  in  the 
siege  of  Petersburg. 
His  regiment  was 
ordered  to  Texas 
after  the  surrender 
of  Lee,  and  was 
mustered  out  of  the 
service  in  Decem- 

ber,  1865.  He  en- 

tered  Andover  theo- 
logical seminary  in 
1866,  and  was  graduated  in  1870.  He  then  spent 
a year  in  European  travel  and  in  study  as  a 
matriculate  of  the  University  of  Tubingen.  He 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Second  Congrega- 
tional church,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  in  1872,  and 
preached  there  until  1875,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  natural  science  in  Atlanta 
university.  In  1880  he  was  transferred  to  the 
chair  of  Latin,  and  became  treasurer  of  the  cor- 
poration. In  1886  he  became  acting  president. 


and  in  1888  was  elected  president  of  the  uni- 
versity. He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
the  University  of  the  city  of  New  York  in  1881, 
and  was  a regular  contributor  to  the  Bibliotheca 
Sacra  and  the  Andover  Review. 

BUNCE,  Oliver  Bell,  author,  Was  born  in  New 
York  city,  Feb.  8,  1828.  At  a very  early  age  he 
possessed  unusual  literary  talent.  His  business 
career  commenced  as  a clerk  in  a stationery 
store,  and  later  he  became  senior  partner  in  the 
publishing  house  of  Bunce  & Brother.  Mean- 
while he  wrote  several  plays,  which  met  with 
some  success.  He  withdrew  from  the  publishing 
business  to  accept  the  position  of  literary  reader 
for  Harper  and  Brothers,  and  in  1867  he  entered 
the  publishing  house  of  D.  Appleton  & Co. , becom- 
ing two  years  later  associate  editor  of  Appleton's 
Journal.  In  1872  he  became  editor  and  manager 
of  the  magazine.  Among  his  published  writings 
are:  “The  Romance  of  the  Revolution  ” (1852); 
“A  Bachelor’s  Story”  (1859);  “Life  Before 
Him”  (1860);  “ Bensley  ” (1863);  “Bachelor 
Bluff : his  opinions,  sentiments,  and  disputa- 
tions ” (1881);  “Don’t:  A manual  of  mistakes 
and  improprieties  more  or  less  prevalent  in  con- 
duct and  speech  ” (1883) ; “ My  House:  an  ideal  ” 
(1884) ; “ Fair  Words  about  Fair  Women. 

Gathered  from  the  Poets”  (Compiled,  1884), 
and  “ Timias  Terrystone  ” (1885).  Among  his 
plays  are:  “Fate,  or  the  Prophesy,”  “Marco 
Bozzaris  ” (1849),  and  “Love  in  '76”  (1856). 
He  died  in  New  York  city,  May  15,  1890. 

BUNCE,  Francis  M.,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Connecticut.  He  was  graduated  at  the  naval 
academy  at  Annapolis  in  1857,  and  until  1860  was 
midshipman  on  board  the  Germantown,  East 
India  squadron.  He  was  promoted  passed  mid- 
shipman, June  25,  1860;  master,  Oct.  24,  I860; 
and  lieutenant,  April  11,  1861.  As  executive  offi- 
cer of  the  Penobscot  he  took  part  in  the  engage- 
ment at  Yorktown,  Va.,  and  in  1862  was  active 
at  Forts  Fisher  and  Caswell.  He  was  commis- 
sioned lieutenant-commander,  Jan.  16,  1863,  and 
removed  obstructions  from  the  Stono  river,  S.  C., 
to  Morris  Island.  As  aid  to  General  Gillmore  he 
had  charge  of  the  embarkation  and  transporta- 
tion of  General  Strong’s  five  regiments  through 
the  channels  to  Morris  Island,  and  on  July  10, 

1863,  commanded  the  naval  part  of  the  attack 
which  resulted  in  the  capture  of  Morris  Island  and 
Fort  Wagner.  He  was  on  the  monitor  Patapsco 
during  the  siege  of  Charleston ; also  in  a night 
attack  on  Fort  Sumter.  He  was  wounded  in 
November,  1863,  and  in  January,  1864,  was  placed 
on  the  staff  of  Admiral  Dahlgren.  On  April  6. 

1864,  he  was  ordered  to  command  the  Lehigh  of 
the  South  Atlantic  blockading  squadron.  In  1865 
he  commanded  the  monitor  Monadnock,  taking  her 
from  Philadelphia  to  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  the  first 


BUNGE. 


BURBANK. 


extended  sea  voyage  ever  made  by  a monitor. 
For  this  service  he  received  the  thanks  of  the 
navy  department.  He  was  commissioned  com- 
mander, Nov.  7,  1871,  and  captain,  Jan.  11,  1883. 

He  was  senior  member  of  tire  board  on  timber 
preservation  for  naval  purposes ; commanded  the 
Atlanta,  June  1,  188(5,  to  Dec.  1,  1889;  and  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  naval  station  at  New 
London,  Conn.,  Feb.  12,  1890.  In  April,  1891, 
he  was  made  senior  member  of  the  board  for 
examination  of  master  mechanics,  foremen  of 
navy  yards,  and  on  June  30,  1891,  was  ordered  to 
command  the  naval  training  station  and  the  ship 
Richmond.  He  was  shortly  afterwards  promoted 
commodore.  In  1897  he  commanded  the  North 
Atlantic  station  on  board  the  flagship  New  York. 
and  in  February  of  that  year  took  part  in  the 
blockading  manoeuvres  of  the  fleet  in  Charleston 
harbor,  the  first  exhibition  of  the  efficiency  and 
seaworthiness  of  the  new  armored  battleships, 
cruisers,  rams  and  torpedo  boats. 

BUNCE,  William  Qedney,  artist,  was  born  at 
Hartford,  Conn.,  Sept.  19,  1842.  He  pursued 
the  study  of  art  m New  York  city,  Munich, 
Diisseldorf,  Brussels,  and  later  opened  a studio 
in  Paris.  His  “Venice,  Night”  was  exhibited 
at  the  salon  in  Paris  in  1876,  and  his  “ Venice, 
Morning”  two  years  later.  In  1878  he  also 
exhibited  “La  Luna  Veneziana”  at  the  society 
of  American  artists  in  New  York,  and  “Ap- 
proach to  Venice  ” at  the  Paris  exposition. 
Upon  his  return  to  America,  after  twelve  years 
abroad,  he  opened  his  studio  in  New  York  city. 

His  later  works  include:  “Watch  Hill,  Rhode 
Island”  (1880);  “ Among  the  Sail.  Venice  ” (1882) ; 

“ Bit  of  Harbor,  Venice  ” (1883) ; “ In  the  Lagoon. 
San  Giorgio”  (1884);  “Venetian  Day”  (1885); 
and  “Venetian  Night”  (1885). 

BUNDY,  Jonas  Mills,  journalist,  was  born  at 
Colebrook,  N.  H.,  April  17,  1835.  When  he  was 
a child  his  parents  removed  to  Beloit,  Wis.  From 
Beloit  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1853, 
he  went  to  Harvard  law  school,  and  was  after- 
wards admitted  to  the  bar,  but  never  practised, 
his  tastes  leading  him  to  adopt  journalism  for  his 
profession.  His  first  experience  in  newspaper 
work  was  on  the  Milwaukee  Wisconsin.  There 
he  speedily  created  a new  department  in  the 
market  reports,  which  was  of  great  value  to  the 
journal;  but  in  a short  time  the  civil  war  broke 
out  and  he  entered  the  army  in  the  artillery 
service,  in  which  he  acted  for  a time  as  aide-de- 
camp  to  General  Pope,  and  received  a major’s 
commission.  Subsequent  to  the  civil  war  he 
settled  in  New  York  city,  and  entered  the  office 
of  the  Evening  Post  as  literary  and  musical 
critic.  In  1868  he  became  chief  editor  of  the 
Evening  Mail,  which  was  afterwards  bought  by 
Cyrus  W.  Field,  who  retained  Major  Bundy  as 

[493] 


its  chief  editor,  which  position  he  held  until 
his  death.  His  vigorous  attacks  on  the  Tweed 
ring  caused  his  appointment  as  a member  of  the 
committee  of  seventy  which  exposed  tire  corrup- 
tion of  the  New  York  city  government.  He 
wrote  President  Garfield’s  biography  in  1880.  He 
died  suddenly  at  Paris.  France,  Sept.  8,  1891. 

BUNN,  Benjamin  H.,  representative,  was  born 
near  Rocky  Mount.  Nash  county,  N.  C.,  Oct.  19. 
1844.  After  a limited  academic  education  he  en- 
listed. at  the  age  of  sixteen,  in  the  Confederate 
army,  and  before  the  close  of  the  war  was  promoted 
to  the  command  of  the  4th  company  of  sharp- 
shooters of  McRae’s  brigade,  army  of  northern 
Virginia.  In  1867  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
in  1875  was  chosen  a member  of  the  constitutional 
convention  of  North  Carolina.  He  was  a presi- 
dential elector  in  1884  and  in  1888  was  elected 
representative  to  the  51st  and  afterwards  to  the 
52d  and  53d  congresses,  and  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  claims. 

BUNNER,  Henry  Cuyler,  writer,  was  born  at 
Oswego,  N.  Y.,  in  1855.  He  edited  Puck  for  a 
number  of  years  and  published  several  works, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned : “A  Woman  of 
Honor”  (1883);  “Airs  from  Arcady  and  Else- 
where” (1884);  “The  Midge:  a Story  of  New 
York  Life  ” (1886),  and  the  “ Story  of  a New  York 
House:  a Novel  ” (1887).  In  partnership  with  J. 
Brander  Matthews,  he  published  “ Studies  in  Story- 
Telling”  (1885).  His  “ Lovein  Old  Cloathes  ” was 
greatly  commended.  He  died  May  11,  1896. 

BURBANK,  Sidney  , soldier,  was  born  in  Massa- 
chusetts, Sept.  26,  1807.  He  was  graduated  from 
West  Point  in  1829.  and  served  on  frontier  duty 
until  1832,  when  he  took  part  in  the  campaign 
against  the  Sac  Indians.  The  following  two  years 
were  spent  in  recruiting  service,  and  in  1836  he 
was  appointed  assistant  instructor  of  infantry 
tactics  at  West  Point,  holding  the  position  for 
three  years.  He  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant  in 
1836,  and  captain  in  1839.  In  1840  and  1841  he 
was  engaged  in  the  Florida  war  against  the  Semi- 
noles,  then  served  on  frontier  duty  at  various 
posts  until  1859,  having  been  promoted  major  in 
1855.  In  July,  1859,  he  was  made  superintendent 
of  the  western  recruiting  service  at  Newport  Bar- 
racks, Ky.,  and  remained  there  until  the  civil  war. 
In  May,  1861,  he  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  the  following  year,  colonel.  He  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Chancellorsville.  Va..  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania campaign,  and  in  the  battle  of  Gettysburg, 
where  for  meritorious  services  lie  was  bre vetted 
brigadier-general.  From  1866  to  1867  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  examining  board  of  candidates  for 
army  appointments,  and  later  was  superintendent 
of  general  recruiting  service.  He  was  retired 
from  active  service,  May  1,  1870,  and  died  in 
Newport,  Ky.,  Dec.  7,  1882. 


BURBECK. 


BURDEN. 


BURBECK,  Henry,  soldier,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  June  8,  1754.  He  was  appointed  a lieu- 
tenant in  the  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  rev- 
olutionary war,  was  commissioned  as  captain, 
September,  1777,  and  served  with  great  credit  at 
Brandywine,  Germantown,  Valley  Forge,  and 
Monmouth,  as  well  as  in  subsequent  engagements, 
until  1783,  when  he  retired  with  the  rank  of  major. 
Three  years  later  he  again  entered  the  service 
and  was  engaged  under  General  Wayne  in  the 
frontier  wars  against  the  Indians.  In  the  war  of 
1812  he  commanded  at  New  York,  Newport,  and 
New  London,  was  brevetted  brigadier-general,  and 
was  retired  in  1815.  He  died  in  New  London, 
Conn.,  Oct.  2,  1848. 

BURBR1DGE,  Stephen  Gano,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Scott  county,  Ky.,  Aug.  19,  1831.  He 
acquired  a classical  and  military  education  and 
studied  law  with  Garrett  Davis,  U.  S.  senator. 
For  several  years  he  engaged  in  business  in  George- 
town, D.  C.,  but  later  removed  to  a large  planta- 
tion in  Logan  county,  Ky.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  civil  war  he  recruited  the  28th  Kentucky  regi- 
ment, and  was  appointed  its  colonel.  At  the 
battle  of  Shiloh  he,  by  his  bravery,  gained  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general  of  U.  S.  volunteers,  and 
defended  Kentucky  against  the  invasion  of  Gen- 
eral Bragg  in  1862.  He  commanded  the  1st  brigade, 
1st  division,  18th  army  corps  before  Vicksburg, 
and  at  the  capture  of  Arkansas  Post  he  was  the 
leader  of  the  storming  party  and  planted  the 
stars  and  stripes  on  the  Confederate  fort  by  orders 
of  General  Smith  in  acknowledgment  of  his  gal- 
lantry. He  also  led  the  capturing  forces  at  Fort 
Gibson.  During  the  Atlanta  campaign  in  1864  he 
was  in  command  of  the  military  district  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  drove  Morgan  back  into  Tennessee. 
For  this  service,  and  particularly  for  the  engage- 
ment at  Cynthiana,  he  received  the  commenda- 
tion of  President  Lincoln  and  the  brevet  rank  of 
major-general  of  volunteers.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  returned  to  Kentucky. 

BURCHARD,  Samuel  Dickinson,  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Steuben,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  6,  1812.  He 
was  educated  at  an  academy  in  his  native  state, 
and  on  the  removal  of  his  parents  to  Kentucky  in 
1830  he  entered  Centre  college,  Danville,  and  was 
graduated  in  1836.  His  lectures  at  this  time  on 
temperance,  abolition,  and  religious  questions 
made  him  widely  known  throughout  his  state. 
In  1837,  when  Kentucky  was  smitten  with  an 
epidemic  of  cholera,  he  volunteered  as  a nurse, 
and  won  much  gratitude  for  his  kindly  services. 
He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1838,  and  for  seven 
years  was  pastor  of  the  Houston  street  Presbyte- 
rian church,  New  York;  the  church  then  moved 
to  Thirteenth  street,  and  after  serving  this 
congregation  for  nearly  forty  years,  he  be- 
came pastor  of  the  Murray  Ilill  Presbyterian 


church.  Dr.  Burchard  was  the  originator  of 
the  phrase,  “ Rum,  Romanism,  and  Rebellion,” an 
alliteration  with  which  he  stigmatized  the  Demo- 
cratic party  near  the  end  of  the  Blaine-Cleveland 
campaign  in  1884,  and  which  was  supposed  to 
have  cost  Mr.  Blaine  the  presidency.  Dr.  Bur- 
chard was  chancellor  of  the  Ingham  university, 
and  president  of  Rutgers  female  college.  His 
churches  were  noted  for  the  amount  of  support 
which  they  gave  to  the  various  enterprises  of  the 
Presbyterian  church.  This  feature  was  especially 
conspicuous  in  relation  to  the  work  of  the  Presby- 
terian Bible  soeiety  and  the  educational  enter- 
prises of  the  denomination,  and  in  furthering  the 
Sunday-school  work  of  the  communion.  He  died 
Sept.  26,  1891. 

BURCHARD,  Thomas  Herring, physician,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  March  19,  1850,  son  of 
Samuel  D.  Burchard,  clergyman.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  College  of  the  city  of  New  York  in 
1869,  and  from  the  Bellevue  hospital  medical  col- 
lege in  1872.  For  a year  following  his  graduation 
he  remained  at  Bellevue  as  demonstrator  of  anat- 
omy, and  in  1873  became  house  surgeon  in  Belle- 
vue. From  that  time  until  his  death  he  was  at 
various  periods  attending  surgeon  of  the  New 
York  dispensary,  surgeon  of  the  22d  regiment, 
and  attending  surgeon  of  the  city  hospital,  of 
which  last  he  was  for  two  years  president  of  the 
medical  and  surgical  board.  At  the  organization 
of  the  civil  service  commission,  he  was  made  its 
chairman.  His  most  important  medical  work  is 
“Operative  Interference  in  Acute  Perforative 
Perityphlitis,”  advocating  the  removal  of  the 
vermiform  appendix.  He  was  a member  of  the 
Northwestern  medical  society,  the  County  medi- 
cal society,  the  New  York  pathological  society, 
the  Neurological  society,  the  New  York  acad- 
emy of  medicine,  and  other  social  and  professional 
organizations.  He  died  in  New,  York  city,  Nov. 
14,  1896. 

BURDEN,  Henry,  inventor,  was  born  in  Dun- 
blane, Scotland,  April  20,  1791.  He  was  the  son 
of  a sheep  husbandman,  and  was  educated  at  a 
school  of  engineering  in  Edinburgh.  He  made  a 
number  of  agricultural  implements  for  use  on  his 
father's  farm,  and  arranged  a water-wheel  by 
which  they  were  operated.  In  1819,  he  came  to 
America,  bringing  letters  of  introduction  to 
General  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  the  patroon ; 
Hon.  John  C.  Calhoun ; Hon.  William  C.  Preston; 
Hon.  Thomas  H.  Benton.  He  interested  himself, 
at  first,  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  tools 
and  machines,  which  were  exhibited  at  fairs, 
and  to  those  interested  in  farming.  He  built  a 
flouring  mill,  and  afterwards  a mill  for  work- 
ing up  old  iron  scraps.  At  that  time  no  pud- 
dling of  iron  was  done  in  America.  In  1820 
he  invented  the  first  cultivator  patented  in  this 


BURDEN. 


BURDETTE. 


country.  In  1822,  he  went  to  Troy,  and  assumed 
charge  of  an  iron  and  nail  factory  at  that  place, 
which  developed  into  Burden’s  iron  works.  He 
invented  a machine  for  making  spikes,  and  secured 
a patent  for  it,  May  26,  1825.  Five  years  later  lie 
invented  a machine  for  making  horseshoe  nails 
and  rolls  for  creasing  horseshoe  blanks.  In  1834 
he  invented  and  patented  a new  spike  machine, 
the  spikes  being  for  the  flat  rails  then  used  by 
various  railroads;  but  on  a visit  to  England,  be- 
coming convinced  that  the  “T”  and  “H”  rails 
would  supersede  all  others,  he,  on  his  return,  be- 
gan the  manufacture  of  a new  hook  headed  spike 
for  such  rails,  and  was  granted  a patent  for  it  in 
1840.  A machine  for  making  horseshoes  patented 
by  him  in  1835  was  improved  in  1845,  and  in  1857 
a new  machine  was  patented,  which  he  considered 
his  greatest  invention.  He  was  interested  in  steam 
navigation ; and  was  the  first  to  advocate  the  plans 
afterwards  adopted  by  both  English  and  American 
shipbuilders  in  the  construction  of  long  vessels  for 
ocean  sailing.  He  laid  similar  plans  before  the 
Troy  steamboat  association,  and  finally  they  were 
substantially  adopted  in  the  building  of  the  steamer 
Hendrick  Hudson.  In  1846  a prospectus  was  issued 
for  -Burden’s  Atlantic  Steam-Ferry  Company;” 
the  boats  were  to  be 
five  hundred  feet  long, 
with  accommodations 
for  four  hundred  first- 
class  passengers,  be- 
sides steerage  accom- 
modations, and  to  be 
of  eighteen  thousand 
tons  burden.  The  pas- 
sage was  to  be  made  in 
eight  days,  although 
Mr.  Burden  declared  it 
could  be  reduced  to  six 
days.  He  was  inter 

- - in  a11  worthy 

y / / o — -public  enterprises,  and 
gave  freely  to  charit- 
able and  other  institutions.  He  died  in  Troy, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  19,  1871. 

BURDEN,  James  Abercrombie,  iron  master, 
was  born  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  6,  1833;  son  of 
Henry  Burden,  a celebrated  inventor  and  iron- 
master. He  had  special  advantages  in  his  theo- 
retical and  scientific  education  for  the  business 
to  which  he  devoted  himself.  He  not  only  had  a 
private  tutor  at  Yale  college,  but  while  pursuing 
his  studies  under  his  direction  he  attended  lectures 
in  the  Sheffield  scientific  school,  and  subsequently 
took  up  a course  of  study  in  the  Rensselaer  poly- 
technic institute.  Aside  from  these  studies,  he 
had  practical  training  in  learning  the  trade  of  a 
machinist  and  millwright,  and  he  worked  at 
this  trade  until  made  foreman  of  a department 


W sl/n  ested 


of  the  Burden  iron  works,  conducted  by  his 
father,  and  to  which  he  succeeded  as  chief  owner 
and  president  of  the  corporation.  He  was 
acknowledged  as  a leader  in  the  industries  to 
which  he  was  allied, 
and  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  Hudson 
river  ore  and  iron 
company ; president 
of  the  Engineers’ 
club  of  New  York 
city ; a member  of 
the  Civil  engineers;' 
society,  of  the  Soci- 
ety of  mechanical 
engineers,  of  the 
Mining  engineers, 
and  of  the  Iron  and 
steel  institute  of 

Great  Britain,  and  fellow  of  the  Imperial  institute 
of  London.  He  not  only  proved  himself  a valu- 
able member  of  the  societies  here  named,  but  has 
won  a master-workman’s  recognition  by  his  supe- 
rior inventive  skill.  Valuable  patents  were  issued 
to  him  for  machinery  for  making  blooms,  for  in- 
termittent mechanical  motion,  for  an  electrical 
machine  for  separating  magnetic  ore  from  its 
gangue,  for  fettling  puddling  furnaces,  for  heating 
furnaces,  and  for  machinery  for  manufacturing 
horseshoes.  This  last  named  machine  converts  a 
plain  bar  of  iron,  in  one  heat,  into  horseshoes  with 
nail  holes  punched  and  otherwise  finished,  at  the 
rate  of  seventy  shoes  a minute.  Aside  from  his 
inventions  and  the  demands  of  his  varied  and 
extensive  business,  he  was  interested  in  social 
and  public  affairs.  He  was  a discreet  giver  and 
a careful  adviser,  his  advice  and  financial  aid, in 
charitable  and  reformatory  matters  being  uni- 
versally sought,  and  generously  and  wisely 
rendered.  In  1880,  in  1888,  and  again  in  1896  he 
was  elected  presidential  elector  on  the  Republi- 
can ticket  of  the  state  of  New  York. 

BURDETTE,  Robert  Jones,  humorist,  was 
born  at  Greensborough,  Pa.,  July  30,  1844.  His 
early  life  was  spent  in  the  west,  where,  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  lie  joined  the 
army  as  a member  of  the  47th  Illinois  volunteers. 
In  1865  he  returned  to  Peoria,  where  for  several 
years  he  contributed  humorous  articles  to  vari- 
ous newspapers  and  periodicals.  He  also  worked 
on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Peoria  Transcript, 
removing  in  1872  to  Burlington,  Iowa,  where  he 
formed  a connection  with  the  Hawk-eye,  in  the 
columns  of  which  paper  he  caught  the  popular 
fancy,  and  won  renown  as  a humorist.  He  was 
also  much  sought  as  a lecturer,  drawing  large 
and  appreciative  audiences.  Some  of  his  lectures 
were  published  in  book  form,  under  the  title  of 
“ The  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Mustache  ’’  anu 


[495] 


BURGES. 


BURGESS. 


“ Hawkeyetems  ” (1877).  His  other  publica- 
tions include:  “ Hawkeyes  ” (1879);  “William 
Penn,  1644-1718,”  in  “Lives  of  American 
Worthies”  (1882),  and  “ Innacli  Garden,  and 
other  Comic  Sketches  ” (1886). 

BURGES,  Tristram,  representative,  was 
born  at  Rochester,  Mass.,  Feb.  26,  1770;  son  of 
John  Burges,  a sturdy  patriot  who  served 
throughout  the  revolutionary  war,  and  who  was 
a cooper,  farmer  and  father  of  eight  children. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-one  Tristram,  who  had 

enjoyed  but  twelve 
w e e k s’  schooling, 
had  served  his  ap- 
prenticeship w i t h 
his  father,  and  de- 
termined to  obtain 
a college  education. 
This,  by  hard  work 
and  in  the  face  of 
u n t old  difficulties, 
he  accomplished, 
and  was  graduated 
from  Rhode  Island 
college  in  1796,  with 
valedictory  honors. 
He  opened  a school, 
known  as  “ Hack- 
er’s Hall,”  in  order  to  obtain  means  to  fit  him- 
self as  a lawyer,  and  in  1799  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  His  eloquence  made  him  the  acknowl- 
edged leader  of  his  profession ; the  court  house 
was  thronged  when  he  spoke,  and  he  soon 
became  prominent  in  public  affairs.  An  oration 
delivered  in  1810,  “Liberty,  Glory,  and  Union,” 
gave  him  additional  celebrity,  and  in  1811  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  legislature.  In  1815  he 
was  made  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  in  the  same  year  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  oratory  and  belles  lettres 
at  Brown  university,  a position  which  he  filled 
with  distinguished  success  for  fifteen  years.  In 
1824  he  was  elected  to  represent  Rhode  Island  in 
the  19th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the 
20th,  21st,  22d  and  23d  congresses.  His  first 
speech  in  the  house  was  on  a bill  regulating  the 
judiciary  of  the  United  States,  and  won  him 
national  renown.  Because  of  one  of  the  similes 
in  this  speech  he  was  thereafter  known  as  the 
“Bald  Eagle  of  Rhode  Island.”  When  Mr. 
Burges  first  entered  Congress,  it  was  the  cus- 
tom of  the  southern  members  to  revile  New 
England ; but  these  insults  grew  fewer  as  one 
by  one,  Southern  representatives  came  to  realize 
that  none  of  them  could  cope  with  the  fiery 
eloquence  of  Mr.  Burges  when  Iris  wrath  was 
awakened.  Even  John  Randolph  of  Virginia, 
who  was  so  eloquently  sarcastic,  so  bitter  in  his 
hatred  of  New  England,  could  not  withstand 


the  torrent  of  fiery  indignation  and  terrible 
bursts  of  sarcasm  which  Mr.  Burges  poured  out. 
and  some  of  his  replies  to  Randolph  have  become 
historic.  The  most  striking  of  these  was  in 
reply  to  Randolph  when  he  applied  the  words 
“ Delenda  est  Carthago  ” in  denouncing  New 
England.  “Let  New  England  be  destroyed,” 
said  Mr.  Burges;  “ what  shall  we  say  of  a spirit 
regarding  this  event  as  a consummation  devoutly 
to  be  wished?  A spirit  without  one  attribute  or 
hope  of  the  pure  in  heart ; a spirit  that  begins 
and  ends  everything,  not  with  prayer,  but  with 
imprecation ; a spirit  which  blots  from  the  great 
canon  of  petition,  ‘ give  us  this  day  our  daily 
bread,’  that  foregoing  bodily  nutriment  he  may 
attain  to  a higher  relish  for  that  unmingled  food 
prepared  and  served  up  to  a soul  hungering  and 
thirsting  after  wickedness;  a spirit  which  at 
every  rising  sun  exclaims,  ‘ Hodie,  Hodie, 
Carthago  delenda ! ’ (To-day,  to-day,  let  New  Eng- 
land be  destroyed!)  ” Then  followed  the  historic 
sentence:  “Sir,  Divine  Providence  takes  care  of 
his  own  universe ! Moral  monsters  cannot  propa- 
gate; impotent  of  everything,  but  malevolence 
of  purpose,  they  cannot  otherwise  multiply  mis- 
eries than  by  blaspheming  all  that  is  pure,  pros- 
perous and  happy.  Could  demon  propagate 
demon,  the  universe  might  become  a pande- 
monium; but  I rejoice  that  the  father  of  lies  can 
never  become  the  father  of  liars;  one  adversary 
of  God  and  man  is  enough  for  one  universe;  too 
much!  oh,  how  much  too  much  for  one  nation." 
Mr.  Randolph  could  not  withstand  the  unparal- 
leled severity  of  this  retort ; he  immediately  left 
the  hall,  and  his  voice  was  never  raised  there 
afterwards.  In  1836  Mr.  Burges  was  nominated 
on  the  Whig  ticket  for  governor  but  failed  of 
election,  and  retired  from  public  life  resuming 
his  profession.  He  wrote  “ The  Battle  of  Lake 
Erie,”  and  published  several  speeches  and  ora 
tions.  He  died  Oct.  13,  1853. 

BURGESS,  Alexander,  1st  bishop  of  Quincy 
and  119th  in  succession  in  the  American  episeo 
pate,  was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Oct.  31, 
1819;  son  of  Thomas  Burgess,  chief  justice  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  brother  of  George  Burgess, 
the  first  bishop  of  Maine.  He  was  graduated  at 
Brown  university,  1838,  and  from  the  General 
theological  seminary  in  1841 : was  ordained  a 
deacon  by  Bishop  Griswold,  Nov.  3,  1842,  and 
admitted  to  the  priesthood  by  Bishop  Henshaw. 
Nov.  1,  1843.  During  his  diaconate  he  had 
charge  of  St.  Stephen's,  Haddam,  Conn.  He 
was  rector  of  St.  Mark’s  Augusta,  Me.,  1843-'54. 
when  he  removed  to  Portland.  Me.,  where  he  had 
charge  of  St.  Luke’s  church,  1854-'67.  His  next 
move  was  to  Brooklyn.  N.  Y..  where  he  was 
rector  of  St.  John's  church  for  two  years,  and 
afterward  of  Christ  church,  Springfield,  Mass. 


[496] 


BURGESS. 


BURKE. 


where  he  remained  until  his  advancement  to  the 
episcopate.  He  was  a deputy  to  the  general  con- 
vention from  1844  to  1877,  representing  succes- 
sively, Maine,  Long  Island,  and  Massachusetts. 
In  1877  he  was  president  of  the  house  of  deputies. 
He  was  also  a member  of  the  standing  committee 
of  Maine,  Long  Island  and  Massachusetts  succes- 
sively from  1843  to  1868.  After  his  brother’s 
death,  April  23,  1866,  he  was  elected  by  the 
clergy  of  Maine  to  be  bishop,  but  lie  declined  to 
allow  his  name  to  be  presented  to  the  laity  for 
confirmation.  He  received  the  degree  of  S.T.D. 
from  Brown  university  in  1866,  and  from  Racine 
college  in  1881 ; from  Griswold  college  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  in  1889.  He  was  chosen  bishop  of  the 
newly  formed  diocese  of  Quincy,  111. , and  was  con- 
secrated in  Christ  church,  Springfield,  Mass.,  on 
May  15,  1878.  He  published  a memoir  of  his 
brother,  Bishop  George  Burgess,  sermons,  ad- 
dresses, carols  and  hymns. 

BURGESS,  George,  1st  bishop  of  Maine  and 
49th  in  succession  in  the  American  episcopate, 
was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  June  10,  1809:  son 
of  Thomas  Burgess,  chief  justice  of  Rhode 
Island.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  university 
in  1826,  and  was  for  the  following  three  years  a 
tutor  there.  He  studied  from  1831  to  1834  at 
Bonn,  Gottingen  and  Berlin,  and  on  his  return 
to  America  in  1834,  was  ordained  a deacon  by 
Bishop  Griswold,  in  Grace  church,  Providence. 
In  1834  he  was  admitted  to  the  priesthood  by 
Bishop  Brownell,  in  Christ  church,  Hartford,  he 
having  been  chosen  as  rector  of  that  parish. 
He  was  made  doctor  of  divinity  by  Trinity  col- 
lege in  1845,  and  by  Union  college  and  Brown  in 
1846.  He  was  chosen  bishop  of  the  newly 
formed  diocese  of  Maine,  and  was  consecrated  in 
the  church  of  which  he  had  been  rector  for  thir- 
teen years,  Oct.  31,  1847.  His  literary  works  are 
numerous  and  varied  in  their  character,  among 
them  the  following  being  conspicuous:  “The 
Strife  of  Brothers,”  a poem;  “ The  Last  Enemy 
Conquering  and  Conquered”;  “The  Book  of 
Psalms  Translated  into  English  Verse”;  “ Papers 
from  the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  New  England, 
between  1740  and  1840”;  sermons,  tracts,  etc. 
He  died  at  sea,  April  23,  1866. 

BURGESS,  John  William,  educator,  was  born 
at  Cornersville,  Tenn.,  Aug.  26,  1844.  He  was 
graduated  from  Amherst  in  1867,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1869.  He  occupied  the  chair  of 
logic,  rhetoric  and  English  literature  in  Knox 
college,  1869-’71,  and  after  two  years  spent  at 
Gottingen,  Leipzig,  and  Berlin  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  political  science  at  Amherst. 
In  1876  he  accepted  the  chair  of  history,  political 
science  and  international  law  in  Columbia  col- 
lege, New  York,  the  name  of  the  chair  being 
changed  to  history,  political  science  and  consti- 


tutional law  in  1890.  He  was  also  made  pro- 
fessor of  international  and  constitutional  law  and 
political  science  in  the  Columbia  law  school,  the 
chair  after  1880  being  known  as  that  of  constitu- 
tional and  international  history  and  law,  in  the 
school  of  political  science.  Amherst  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  A.M.  in  1870,  and  the  College 
of  New  Jersey  gave  him  Pli.D.  in  1883,  and  LL.D. 
in  1884.  He  was  elected  a trustee  of  Columbia 
college,  and  in  1890  was  made  a member  of  the 
university  council,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of 
political  science. 

BURKE,  Aloysius  Martin  Thomas,  R.  C. 

bishop,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1840;  son  of 
Dr.  Aulrich  Burke,  who  emigrated  to  America 
and  settled  in  Utica,  N.  Y.  He  passed  his  early 
years  and  received  his  primary  education  in  his 
father’s  adopted  city,  and  very  early  evinced 
great  talent  in  his  studies.  In  1856  lie  entered 
St.  Charles  college  at  Ellicott  City,  Md.,  to 
begin  his  preparation  for  the  priesthood,  and 
soon  became  recognized  as  one  of  the  able  stu- 
dents of  his  class.  He  was  ordained  a priest  on 
June  20,  1864,  at  Mount  St.  Mary's  seminary,  Md., 
by  Bishop  McFarland.  Immediately  after  his 
ordination  he  was  sent  as  an  assistant  to  Rev.  C. 
Fitzpatrick  of  St.  John's  church,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
He  remained  there  but  six  months,  when  he 
was  transferred  to  St.  Joseph's  church,  as  assist- 
ant to  Father  Conroy,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Albany.  In  1866  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
parish;  he  was  not,  however,  appointed  pastor, 
but  served  in  that  capacity  until  1874,  When  lie 
was  formally  made  pastor  of  the  church.  This 
appointment  was  largely  due  to  the  great  suc- 
cess he  had  attained  in  the  management  of  the 
affairs  of  the  parish,  and  the  active  part  he  had 
taken  in  reducing  the  heavy  church  debt.  On 
March  4,  1887,  Bishop  McNeirny  appointed  him 
his  vicar-general.  He  fulfilled  the  duties  of 
the  office  with  ability,  and  the  natural  sequence 
was  his  elevation  to  the  bishopric.  On  June  29, 
1894,  the  thirtieth  anniversary  of  his  ordination 
to  the  priesthood,  he  was  formally  consecrated 
fourth  bishop  of  Albany,  N.  Y. , by  Archbishop 
Corrigan,  in  the  cathedral  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception. 

BURKE,  Andrew  H.,  governor  of  North 
Dakota,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  May  15,  1850. 
He  was  left  an  orphan  at  an  early  age,  and  until 
he  was  eight  years  old  was  cared  for  by  the 
New  York  charitable  aid  society,  by  whom  he 
was  sent  to  Indiana.  At  the  age  of  twelve  years 
he  enlisted  as  a drummer  boy  in  the  75th  regi- 
ment Indiana  volunteers.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  went  to  Asbury  college,  Greencastle,  Ind., 
after  which  he  followed  commercial  pursuits 
until  1880,  when  he  settled  in  North  Dakota. 
He  became  cashier  of  the  first  national  bank  of 
[497] 


BURKE. 


BURKE. 


Casselton,  and  treasurer  of  Cass  county.  After 
serving  three  terms  in  that  position  he  was,  in 
189'),  elected  by  the  Republican  party  governor  of 
North  Dakota.  After  the  adjournment  of  the 
legislature  of  1891,  the  grasshoppers  began  the 
devastation  of  crops  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  state,  when  he  immediately  took  such  vigor- 
ous measures  to  exterminate  them  through  con- 
certed action,  that,  by  means  of  large  drafts  on 
his  private  fortune,  in  the  absence  of  a state  ap- 
propriation, the  pest  was  soon  destroyed,  and 
thousands  of  acres  of  grain  were  saved.  When 
the  Republican  state  convention  convened  at 
Fargo  on  Aug.  2,  1892,  he  was  re-nominated  for 
governor  of  North  Dakota  without  opposition,  but 
was  defeated  in  the  election  by  E.  Shortridge, 
the  Democratic  and  Populist  candidate.  He 
afterwards  engaged  in  commercial  business  in 
Duluth,  Minn. 

BURKE,  Dennis  Francis,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Cork,  Ireland,  April  19,  1841,  and  emigrated 
to  America  in  1855.  When  the  civil  war  began 
he  enlisted  in  the  69th  regiment,  N.  G.  S.  N.  Y., 
serving  in  the  company  commanded  by  Capt. 
Thomas  F.  Meagher,  who  afterward  organized 
the  Irish  brigade,  in  which  Burke  became  2d 
lieutenant.  He  was  in  all  the  battles  in  which 
the  brigade  took  part,  from  Fair  Oaks  to  Appo- 
mattox, and  was  several  times  severely  wounded. 
He  was  made  1st  lieutenant  for  bravery  at 
Malvern  Hill,  adjutant  for  gallantry  at  Harri- 
son’s Landing,  and  captain  in  recognition  of  his 
services  at  Antietam.  In  1866,  while  on  a visit 
to  Dublin,  he  was  arrested  on  suspicion  of  being 
a Fenian,  and  was  confined  for  seven  months  in 
Mount  joy  prison.  Upon  his  return  to  the 
United  States  he  was  appointed  assistant  ap- 
praiser at  the  New  York  custom  house,  which 
position  he  filled  until  a year  before  his  death. 
He  was  editor  of  the  Emerald  and  the  Irish 
People.  He  died  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  19,  1893. 

BURKE,  Edmund,  lawyer,  was  born  in  West- 
minster, Vt.,  Jan.  23,  1809.  He  received  his 
education  under  private  tutors,  studied  law, 
and  in  1829  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  re- 
moved to  Newport,  N.  H.,  in  1833,  and  in  1835 
established  the  New  Hampshire  Argus,  which 
he  edited  for  many  years.  He  was  a representa- 
tive in  the  26th,  27th  and  28tli  congresses,  1839 
’45,  serving  on  the  commerce,  claims  and  library 
committees,  of  the  latter  of  which  he  acted  as 
chairman.  President  Polk  made  him  commis- 
sioner of  patents  in  1846,  and  in  1850  he  estab- 
lished law  offices  at  Newport.  N.  II.,  and  Boston, 
Mass.  In  1866  he  attended  the  national  Union 
convention  at  Philadelphia  as  a delegate.  He 
was  the  author  of  an  able  pamphlet  entitled, 
“The  Protective  System  Considered”  (1846). 
He  died  at  Newport,  N.  H..  Jan.  25,  1882. 


BURKE,  Thomas,  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina, was  born  in  Galway,  Ireland,  about  1747. 
He  came  to  America  in  1764,  having  previously 
received  a classical  education.  He  settled  in 
Accomac  county,  Va.,  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine, which  profession  he  changed  for  that  of  law, 
establishing  himself  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  where  he 
remained  until  1774,  when  he  settled  in  Hills- 
borough, N.  C.  His  writings  in  opposition  to 
the  stamp  act  brought  him  into  demand  as  a 
writer  and  speaker  on  revolutionary  topics.  In 
1775  he  was  a delegate  to  the  state  constitutional 
conventions  at  New  Berne  and  Hillsborough,  and 
in  1776  to  that  at  Halifax.  He  was  a volunteer 
soldier  at  the  battle  of  the  Brandywine, and  a dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress  from  December, 
1776,  until  July,  1781,  when  he  was  elected,  by 
acclamation,  first  governor  of  North  Carolina 
under  its  new  constitution.  Shortly  after  his 
inauguration  he  was  seized  by  a band  of  Tories 
and  carried  to  James  Island,  S.  C.,  where  he  was 
detained  as  a hostage,  and  upon  being  permitted 
to  go  at  large  on  parole  he  made  his  escape,  alter 
four  months’  imprisonment.  He  at  once  wrote 
to  General  Leslie,  declaring  himself  still  subject 
to  the  disposition  of  the  British  authorities. 
Subsequently  he  was  exchanged,  and  resumed 
his  duties  as  governor,  but  upon  coming  up  for 
re-election,  at  the  end  of  his  term,  the  violation 
of  his  parole  was  used  against  him,  and  he  suf- 
fered defeat.  He  died  at  Hillsborough,  N.  C., 
Dec.  2,  1783. 

BURLEIGH,  Edwin  Chick,  governor  of  Maine, 
was  born  at  Linneus,  Me.,  Nov.  27,  1843;  son  of 
the  Hon.  Parker  P.  Burleigh,  and  grandson  of 
Moses  Burleigh,  both  of  whom  were  conspic- 
uous in  the  affairs  of  Maine.  Edwin  C.  Burleigh 
was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  and 
at  the  Houlton 
(Me.)  academy. 

After  leaving  the 
academy  he  taught 
school  and  practised 
land  surveying  for 
a few  years.  In  1861 
he  went  to  Augusta 
and  enlisted  in  the 
cavalry,  but  was  re- 
jected by  the  exam- 
ining surgeon  and 
obtained  a position 
in  the  office  of  the 
a d j u t an  t -general, 
where  he  served  un- 
til the  close  of  the  war.  He  then  resumed  his 
occupation  of  land  surveying  until  1870.  when  he 
was  appointed  clerk  in  the  state  land  office  at 
Bangor,  and  removed  to  that  city  in  1872.  He 
[498] 


BURLEIGH. 


BURLEIGH. 


was  subsequently  appointed  state  land  agent  by 
Governor  Connor,  and  served  as  such  in  1876, 
18t7,  and  1878,  at  the  same  time  holding  the  posi- 
tion of  assistant  clerk  of  the  Maine  house  of  rep- 
resentatives. In  1880  he  accepted  a position  in 
the  office  of  the  treasurer  of  state  which  he  held 
until  his  election  as  treasurer  in  1885.  He  was 
re-elected  in  1887.  In  1888  he  was  nominated  for 
governor  and  resigned  his  position  as  treasurer. 
He  was  elected  by  a large  plurality,  and  in  1890 
was  re-elected.  During  his  service  as  treasurer 
the  public  debt  was  reduced  more  than  8400.000, 
and  during  his  administration  as  governor  the 
rate  of  taxation  reached  the  lowest  limit  in  the 
history  of  the  state,  and  the  entire  bonded  debt, 
amounting  to  82, 384, 000,  and  bearing  interest  at 
six  per  cent,  was  refunded  by  the  sale  of  three  per 
cent  bonds,  thus  reducing  the  interest  account 
one-half.  After  his  retirement  from  office  Gov- 
ernor Burleigh  devoted  himself  to  his  private  in- 
terests, and  became  the  principal  publisher  and 
proprietor  of  the  Kennebec  Journal.  Ho  was  a 
delegate -at -large  to  the  St.  Louis  Republican  con- 
vention in  1896. 

BURLEIGH,  Walter  Atwood,  a prominent 
pioneer  of  Dakota,  was  born  at  Waterville,  Me., 
Qct.  25,  1820.  He  studied  medicine  at  Water- 
ville. and  in  New  York  city,  and  was  graduated 
at  Castleton  medical  college.  He  removed  to 
Kittanning.  Pa.,  where  he  acquired  a large 

practice,  and  d e- 
voted  much  of  his 
time  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1856  and 
1860  to  the  support 
of  the  Republican 
party  as  a platform 
speaker.  In  18  61 
President  Lincoln 
appointed  him  agent 
of  the  Yankton 
Sioux  Indians  of  Da- 
kota territory.  The 
Indians  being  i n - 
flamed  by  previous 
grievances,  threat- 
ened to  burn  the 
warehouse,  council 
house  and  other  property  of  the  agency.  Dr. 
Burleigh  despatched  two  brave  and  reliable  men 
to  Fort  Randall  for  a body  of  U.  S.  regulars, 
and  at  daybreak  on  the  following  morning  just 
as  the  hostile  Indians,  armed  and  in  their  war 
paint,  gathered  for  an  attack  upon  the  buildings, 
the  troops  approached,  and  their  chiefs  sued  for 
peace.  In  the  latter  part  of  August,  1862,  the 
agency  was  again  in  danger  from  the  hostile 
Sioux  in  their  retreat  from  the  Minnesota  mas- 
sacre. Dr.  Burleigh  at  once  built  a substantial 

L490] 


block  house,  and  called  for  troops  from  Iowa,  and 
with  these  and  the  good  offices  of  Struck-by-the- 
Rees,  the  head  chief  of  the  Yanktons,  the  agency 
was  saved,  and  South  Dakota  was  spared  a bloody 
invasion.  Dr.  Burleigh  was  elected  a delegate  to 
the  39th  Congress  in  1864,  and  in  1866  to  the  40th 
Congress.  In  1877  he  was  elected  a member  of 
the  legislature  of  Dakota,  and  chosen  president 
of  the  council.  He  was  a member  of  the  last 
legislature  of  Montana  territory,  and  was  elected 
to  the  convention  of  1889,  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  that  state.  He  also  engaged  in  many 
private  enterprises,  having  at  one  time  a fleet  of 
steamboats  on  the  Missouri  river,  which  did  a 
large  carrying  trade  between  St.  Louis  and  Fort 
Benton.  Burleigh  county,  North  Dakota,  was 
named  in  his  honor.  He  graded  fifty  miles  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  and  erected  the 
first  house  in  Bismarck.  He  practised  law  for 
twelve  years  in  the  courts  at  Miles  City,  and  Bil- 
lings, in  Montana.  He,  upon  removing  to  Dakota, 
made  his  home  at  Yankton,  where  he  erected  a 
magnificent  mansion  overlooking  the  Missouri, 
and  having  a wide  range  of  scenery  scarcely 
equalled  by  any  in  the  country. 

BURLEIGH,  William  Henry,  poet  and  jour- 
nalist, was  born  at  Woodstock,  Conn.,  Feb.  2, 
1812;  son  of  Rinaldo  Burleigh,  educator,  who 
became  blind  in  1827  and  died  in  1863.  On  his 
mother’s  side  he  was  lineally  descended  from 
Governor  Bradford.  William  worked  on  a farm, 
was  apprenticed  to  a tailor  and  afterwards  to 
a printer,  and  while  working  at  the  case,  he  fre- 
quently contributed  articles  to  the  columns  of  the 
journals  on  which  he  was  employed.  He  was  an 
advocate  of  anti-slavery,  temperance  and  peace, 
and  both  as  editor  and  lecturer  exercised  a 
widespread  influence  in  behalf  of  reform,  having 
editorial  charge  at  different  times  of  the  Literary 
Journal , the  Temperance  Banner , the  Christian 
Freeman,  and  the  Washington  Banner.  His  fear- 
less denunciation  of  vice  and  depravity  exposed 
him  on  several  occasions  to  mob  violence.  He  had 
no  taste  for  controversy,  preferring  the  quiet  of 
literary  pursuits,  and  he  several  times  estab- 
lished purely  literary  journals,  which,  though 
short-lived,  were  of  a high  order  of  merit,  some 
of  the  poems  and  prose  articles  from  his  own  pen 
being  gems  of  exquisite  ray.  In  1850  he  removed 
to  Albany  and  became  the  general  agent  and 
lecturer  of  the  New  York  state  temperance 
society,  editing  its  organ,  the  Prohibitionist . He 
removed  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1855,  and  was  ap- 
pointed harbor  master  of  the  port  of  New  York, 
and  he  continued  to  discharge  the  duties  of  that 
office,  or  of  that  of  port  warden,  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  A small  collection  of  his 
poems  was  published  in  1841,  and  enlarged  editions 
were  issued  in  1845  and  1850.  After  his  death  a 


BURLESON. 


BURLINGAME. 


memoir,  acc®mpanied  by  a choice  collection  of 
his  poems,  was  published  (1871)  by  his  wife, 
Mrs.  Celia  (Burr)  Burleigh.  He  died  at  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y. , March  18,  1871. 

BURLESON,  RUFUS  C.,  educator,  was  born 
near  Decatur,  Ala.,  Aug.  7, 1823,  son  of  Jonathan 
Burleson.  He  attended  Nashville  university,  and 
in  1840  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  First  Baptist 
church  of  Nashville.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
Western  Baptist  literary  and  theological  institute 

at  Covington,  Ky., 
in  1847.  A post- 
graduate course  of 
seven  months  com- 
pleted his  theolog- 
ical  studies,  and 
he  was  elected  pas- 
tor of  the  First 
Baptist  church, 
Houston,  Texas, 
which  he  built  up 
until  it  became  the 
largest  church  in 
the  city  and  the 
most  liberal  in  the 
state.  In  June. 
1852,  he  was  elected  president  of  Baylor  university 
to  succeed  Dr.  H.  L.  Groves.  In  1861,  with  his 
brother,  Richard  Burleson,  LL.D.,  vice-president, 
and  the  entire  faculty  he  removed  to  Waco,  Texas, 
as  a more  accessible  location,  and  founded  Waco 
university,  which  became  one  of  the  leading 
co-educational  institutions  of  the  south.  As  a 
preacher,  in  his  early  days,  Dr.  Burleson  bap- 
tized Mrs.  Dickenson,  the  heroine  of  the  Alamo, 
and  Gen.  Sam  Houston,  the  hero  of  San  Jacinto. 
His  interest  extended  beyond  his  pastoral  and 
educational  work,  and  he  joined  in  advancing  the 
political  and  material  interests  of  Texas  in  the 
direction  of  reform.  He  received  the  degrees  of 
D.D.  and  LL.  D. 

BURLINGAME,  Anson,  statesman,  was  born 
in  New  Berlin,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  14,  1820.  His  ancestors 
were  among  the  first  settlers  of  Rhode  Island. 
His  early  education  was  received  in  the  schools  of 
Seneca  county,  Ohio,  whither  his  father  had 
removed  in  1823,  and  later  in  those  of  Detroit, 
Mich.,  where  the  family  settled  in  1833.  His  col- 
legiate training  was  gained  at  the  University  of 
Michigan,  and  he  subsequently  entered  the  law 
school  at  Harvard  college,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated in  1846.  He  engaged  in  the  practice  of  the 
law  in  Boston,  and  took  an  .active  part  in  the 
Free  Soil  movement,  attaining  some  distinction 
as  an  orator  during  the  political  campaign  of  1848. 
In  1852  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate,  and  in 
1853  was  a member  of  the  convention  for  revising 
the  constitution  of  Massachusetts.  In  1854  he 
joined  the  American  party,  by  whom  he  was 


elected  a representative  in  the  34th  Congress.  In 
Congress  he  was  distinguished  for  his  eloquence 
in  upholding  anti-slavery  principles.  His  de- 
nunciation of  Preston  S.  Brooks,  for  his  assault 
upon  Charles  Sumner,  called  out  a challenge 
which  he  accepted,  naming  rifles  as  the  weapons, 
and  Canada  as  the  place  of  combat.  Mr.  Brooks 
objected  to  these  arrangements  and  the  duel  was 
never  fought.  Mr.  Burlingame  was  a represen- 
tative in  the  35th  and  36tli  congresses,  and  his 
non-election  to  the  37tli.  in  1860,  terminated 
his  congressional  service.  He  was  appointed 
minister  to  Austria  by  Mr.  Lincoln,  but  that  gov- 
ernment refused  to  receive  him  because  of  opin- 
ions expressed  by  him  regarding  the  politics  of 
Austria.  He  was  subsequently  sent  as  minister  to 
China,  where  his  wise  diplomacy  benefited  the 
commerce  of  the  United  States,  and  where  he  suc- 
ceeded in  framing  articles  supplementary  to  the 
treaty  of  1858,  which  was  China’s  first  formal 
recognition  of  international  lawr  and  was  known 
as  the  Burlingame  Tx-eaty.  The  Chinese  regent 
and  prime  minister,  Prince  Kung,  appreciated 
Mr.  Burlingame’s  services  so  highly  that  when, 
in  1867,  he  was  about  to  return  home  that  offi- 
cial requested  him  to  act  as  special  envoy  to 
the  United  States  government  and  the  principal 
European  powers,  to  establish  with  them  treaties 
on  behalf  of  China,  and  before  the  close  of  1869 
lie  had  concluded  satisfactory  treaties  with  the 
United  States,  Great  Britain,  Sweden.  Prussia. 
Holland,  and  Denmark,  and  while  negotiating 
one  with  Russia,  at  St.  Petersburg,  he  was  stricken 
with  pneumonia,  and  after  a short  illness  died  on 
February  23,  1870. 

BURLINGAME,  Edward  Livermore,  editor, 
was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  May  30,  1848,  son  of 
Anson  Burlingame.  He  accompanied  his  father 
on  several  of  his  diplomatic  missions,  thus  enjoy- 
ing unusual  advantages  of  travel.  He  left  Har- 
vard before  completing  his  course  and  became 
private  secretary  to  his  father,  then  minister  to 
China.  The  years  1867-’69  were  spent  in  study  at 
Heidelberg,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  Ph.D.. 
and  a part  of  the  year  1870  at  Berlin.  Returning 
to  America  in  1870  he  was  engaged  for  a time  on 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  New  York  Tribune,  and 
from  1872  to  1876  he  was  connected  editorially 
with  the  revision  of  “The  American  Cyclopaedia." 
In  1879  he  joined  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Scrib- 
ner publishing  house,  and  in  1886  became  the 
editor  of  the  new  Scribner’s  Magazine.  He  was 
also  associated  with  others  in  the  preparation  of 
several  historical  works  and  has  made  numerous 
contributions  to  periodical  literature.  He  trans 
lated  and  edited  “ Art  Life  and  Theories  of 
Richard  Wagner”  (1875),  and  edited  “Current 
Discussion  : a Collection  from  the  Chief  English 
Essays  oix  Questions  of  the  Time  ” (2  vols.,  1878). 
[500] 


BURNET. 


BURNET. 


BURNET,  David  Gouverneur,  president  of  tion  society  of  Cincinnati,  he  did  much  to  aid 


Texas,  was  born  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  April  4,  1788; 
son  of  William  Burnet,  surgeon-general  of  the 
Continental  army.  He  left  school  before  grad- 
uating and  in  1806,  joining  Miranda’s  expedition, 
took  up  arms  on  behalf  of  Venezuelan  liberty. 
He  was  lieutenant  in  command  of  a launch,  and 
gave  the  order  for  the  first  shot  fired  in  the  cam- 
paign. Returning  to  the  United  States  he  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits,  at  Nachitoches, 
La.,  and  some  years  later  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  law  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  In  1826  he  took 
up  his  residence  in  Texas,  and  his  first  efforts 
were  directed  toward  freeing  the  state  from 
Mexican  rule.  He  was  a member  of  the  San 
Felipe  convention  of  1833,  which  presented  a 
memorial  to  the  Mexican  government,  written  by 
him,  praying  that  Texas  be  separated  from  Coa- 
huila.  In  1834  he  was  appointed  district  judge 
of  Austin,  and  on  March  16,  1836,  was  chosen 
provisional  president  of  the  new  republic  formed 
upon  the  declaration  of  independence.  Santa 
Anna  drove  the  new  government  from  Austin, 
and  Burnet  escaped  to  Galveston,  which  he  made 
the  capital,  and  though  he  discharged  the  onerous 
duties  of  his  position  with  great  skill  and  pru- 
dence he  did  not  escape  the  charge  of  treason. 
On  Oct.  22,  1836,  he  turned  the  government  over 
to  Sam  Houston,  the  president  elected  under  the 
new  constitution.  In  December,  1838,  he  was 
elected  vice-president  of  the  republic,  and  during 
the  last  year  of  his  three  years’  term  of  office, 
owing  to  the  illness  of  President  Lamar,  he  once 
more  occupied  the  presidential  chair.  He  was 
defeated  by  Ex-President  Houston  in  the  presi- 
dential election  of  1841.  He  took  an  active  part 
in  the  civil  war,  and  though  he  deplored  secession 
he  remained  in  the  south  with  his  people.  In  1866 
he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  under 
President  Johnson’s  plan  of  reconstruction,  but 
was  not  permitted  to  take  his  seat.  The  latter 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  retirement  on  his 
plantation  near  Houston,  and  his  death  occurred 
at  Galveston,  Texas,  Dec.  5,  1870. 

BURNET,  Jacob,  jurist,  was  born  in  Newark, 
N.  J.,  Feb.  22,  1770;  son  of  William  Burnet, 
surgeon-general  in  the  revolutionary  war.  After 
his  graduation  at  Princeton  in  1791,  he  studied 
law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1796  removed 
to  Cincinnati.  He  was  a member  of  the  territor- 
ial councils  of  Ohio  from  1799  until  the  establish- 
ment of  the  state  government  in  1803 ; was  a state 
legislator  in  1812;  a supreme  court  judge  of  Ohio 
from  1821  to  1828,  and  a United  States  senator 
from  1828  to  1831,  having  been  elected  to  fill  the 
unexpired  term  of  William  H.  Harrison,  resigned. 
He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  arbitrate  the 
“statute  of  limitation”  question  between  Ken- 
tucky and  Virginia.  As  president  of  the  coloniza- 


western  settlers  in  adjusting  their  accounts  with 
the  government.  The  debts  due  to  the  govern- 
ment for  lands  amounted  to  more  than  twenty 
million  dollars,  these  obligations  exceeding  the 
amount  of  currency  then  in  circulation  in  the 
west,  the  banks  suspended  payment,  and  the 
farmers  were  threatened  not  only  with  bank- 
ruptcy, but  witli  eviction,  which  they  determined 
to  oppose  by  force.  In  this  crisis  Judge  Burnet  pre- 
sented a memorial  to  Congress,  praying  on  behalf 
of  the  debtors,  that  the  back  interest  due  be  can- 
celled, and  that  permission  be  granted  the  land- 
holders to  relinquish  such  part  of  their  land  as 
they  were  not  able  to  use  or  pay  for.  Congress 
granted  the  desired  relief,  greatly  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  the  settlers  of  the  south,  as  well  as  the 
west.  In  1830,  upon  the  forfeiture,  by  the  state 
of  Ohio,  of  the  land  granted  by  Congress  for  the 
extension  of  the  Miami  canal,  Judge  Burnet 
entered  a forcible  protest  and  secured  not  only 
the  revocation  of  the  forfeiture,  but  also  an  addi- 
tional grant  of  land.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Lancastrian  academy,  and  of  the  Cincin- 
nati college,  of  which  he  was  also  president  for 
some  time.  He  assisted  in  the  reorganization  of 
tile  Ohio  medical  college,  and  acted  as  the  presi- 
dent of  its  board  of  trustees  for  many  years. 
Upon  the  nomination  of  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette, 
he  was  made  a member  of  the  French  academy, 
and  he  belonged  to  many  prominent  literary 
and  scientific  associations  in  the  United  States. 
In  1847  he  published,  “ Notes  on  the  Early  Settle- 
ment of  the  Northwestern  Territory,”  a work 
containing  much  authentic  information,  especially 
on  the  growth  and  progress  of  the  state  of  Ohio. 
He  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  May  10,  1853. 

BURNET,  William,  colonial  governor,  was 
born  at  the  Hague,  Holland,  in  March,  1688,  son  of 
Bishop  Burnet.  He  relinquished  his  office  of 
comptroller  of  customs  in  England  on  being  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  colonies  of  New  York  and 
New  Jersey  in  1720.  He  was  zealous  in  defend- 
ing and  promoting  the  interests  of  the  British 
crown,  established  a trading  post  at  Oswego,  N.  Y. , 
and  was  the  first  to  plant  the  British  flag  on  the 
Great  Lakes.  He  secured  treaties  with  the  east- 
ern Indians,  and  prohibited  traffic  with  the  habi- 
tants. He  became  extremely  unpopular  in  New 
York,  and  his  successor,  John  Montgomerie,  was 
sent  out  in  1728,  and  Burnet  was  made  governor 
of  Massachusetts.  He  gained  odium  in  that  col- 
ony by  His  endeavor  to  exact  from  the  assembly  a 
fixed  income.  After  much  wrangling  he  was 
forced  to  withdraw  his  demand.  He  was  ap- 
pointed governor  also  of  New  Hampshire.  He 
was  fond  of  astronomical  study,  and  published 
observations  in  the  transactions  of  the  royal 
society.  He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  7,  1729. 


[5011 


BURNETT. 


BURNETT. 


BURNETT,  Frances  Hodgson,  author,  was 
born  in  Manchester,  England,  Nov.  24,  1849. 
When  a mere  child  she  improvised  stories  and 
plays,  and  had  planned  a novel  before  she  was 
thirteen.  Upon  the  death  of  her  father,  in  1865, 
the  family  removed  to  America,  settling  first  in 
Newmarket,  Tenn.,  and  later  in  Knoxville.  Dur- 
ing the  five  years  following,  she  contributed  a 
number  of  stories  to  Godey's  Lady's  Book  and 
Peterson’s  Magazine,  and  in  1872,  she  sent  to 
Scribner’s  Magazine  ‘ ‘ Surly  Tim’s  Troubles.  ” writ- 
ten in  the  Lancashire  dialect,  which  was  accepted, 
and  the  publishers  invited  her  to  send  other 
stories.  Early  in  1873  she  contributed  to  Peter- 
son’s Magazines  serial,  entitled  “ Dorothea,”  and 
this  was  afterward  published  in  book  form  as 
“ Vagabondia.”  In  this  same  year  she  was  mar- 
ried to  Dr.  L.  M.  Burnett,  an  oculist  and  otologist, 
of  Knoxville,  and  after  a European  tour  the 
young  couple  settled  in  Washington,  D.  C.  Some 
four  years  of  literary  silence  followed  Mrs.  Bur- 
nett's marriage,  and  then  “That  Lass  o'  Low- 
rie’s,”  a serial,  appeared  in  Scribner’s  Magazine . 
The  story  created  a pronounced  sensation,  and 
when  published  in  book  form  it  ran  through  many 
editions  in  England  and  America,  was  twice 
dramatized,  and  netted  for  its  author  a large 
amount  of  money.  Then  followed,  in  leisurely 
succession,  “ Haworth’s,”  “ Jarl’s  Daughter,” 
“Louisiana,”  “A  Fair  Barbarian.  ” and  “Through 
One  Administration.”  In  1886  she  wrote  a story 
suggested  to  her  by  the  character  and  sayings 
of  one  of  her  own  sons;  and  “Little  Lord 
Fauntleroy,”  published  as  a serial  in  St.  Nicholas, 
achieved  for  her  a greater  triumph  than  she  had 
won  by  any  of  her  stories  for  adults;  and  when 
the  tale  was  dramatized  by  her  and  put  upon  the 
stage,  thousands  of  people  who  had  never  before 
entered  a theatre,  laid  aside  their  prejudices  to 
witness  the  performance.  In  recognition  of  her 
triumph  in  a suit  at  law  in  England  to  defend  her 
right  to  this  dramatization,  Mrs.  Burnett  was  pre- 
sented by  the  authors  of  England  with  a valuable 
diamond  bracelet,  together  with  a congratulatory 
address.  A number  of  books  for  children  suc- 
ceeded “Little  Lord  Fauntleroy,”  including: 
“Sarah  Crewe,  or  What  Happened  at  Miss  Min- 
chin’s,”  “Little  St.  Elizabeth,  and  Other  Stories,” 
and  “Giovanni  and  the  Other;”  while  among  her 
other  popular  and  later  stories  are:  “Miss  De- 
farge.”  “ Editha’s  Burglar,”  “Piccino”  (1894); 
“A  Lady  of  Quality”  (1896),  and  “The  One  I 
Knew  Best  of  All.” 

BURNETT,  Peter  Hardeman,  governor  of  Cal- 
ifornia, was  born  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Nov.  15, 
1807.  His  youth  was  passed  in  Howard  county, 
Mo.,  whither  his  parents  removed  when  he  was 
ten  years  of  age.  In  1826  lie  returned  to  Tenn- 
essee and  engaged  in  business,  at  the  same  time 

* i 


studying  law,  which  he  practised  upon  his  return 
to  Missouri.  He  made  the  overland  journey  to 
Oregon  in  1843.  and  helped  to  organize  the  terri- 
torial government,  and  in  1844,  and  again  in  1848, 
served  in  the  legislature  and  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court.  He  went  to  Califor- 
nia immediately  upon  the  discovery  of  gold,  and 
after  working  in  the  mines  for  a few  weeks  he 
became  the  agent  in  managing  the  Sutter  estate. 
He  opposed  the  establishment  of  military  rule 
over  the  territory,  and  advocated  the  organization 
of  a state  government  with  such  zeal  as  to  carry 
the  project  to  a successful  issue  without  awaiting 
the  action  of  Congress.  He  was  the  first  governor 
under  the  new  constitution  and  held  office  until 
September,  1850,  when  he  resigned  upon  the  ad 
mission  of  the  state  to  the  union.  He  then  devoted 
himself  to  the  management  of  his  private  prop- 
erty and  to  the  practice  of  law.  In  1857  and  1858 
he  was  a judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state, 
and  from  1863  to  1880  he  was  the  president  of  the 
Pacific  bank  of  San  Francisco.  He  was  the  author 
of  ‘ ‘ The  Path  which  led  a Protestant  Lawyer  to 
the  Catholic  Church”  (1860);  “The  American 
Theory  of  Government  considered  with  Reference 
to  the  Present  Crisis”  (2d  ed.,  1861);  “ Recollec- 
tions and  Opinions  of  an  Old  Pioneer”  (1880);  and 
“Reasons  why  we  should  Believe  in  God.  Love 
God,  and  Obey  God”  (1884).  He  died  in  Saa 
Francisco,  Cal.,  May  16.  1895. 

BURNETT,  Waldo  Irving  , naturalist,  was  born 
in  Soutliboro,  Mass.,  July  12,  1828.  son  of  Dr.  Joel 
Burnett.  His  studies  were  directed  by  his  father, 
who  from  earliest  childhood  fostered  his  interest 
in  science.  When  sixteen  years  of  age.  he  was 
thrown  upon  his  own  resources  by  the  death  of 
his  father  and  he  taught  school  and  studied  medi- 
cine. He  was  graduated  at  the  Tremont  medical 
school,  Boston,  in  1849,  studied  at  the  European 
universities,  devoting  especial  attention  to  nat- 
ural history  and  microscopy.  Ill-health  prevented 
him  from  accepting  active  positions  on  his  return 
to  America,  and  he  devoted  himself  to  literary 
work.  He  contributed  to  many  scientific  publi- 
cations. His  prize  essay,  “ The  Cell,  its  Physiol- 
ogy, Pathology  and  Philosophy,  as  deduced  from 
Original  Observations ; to  which  is  added  its  His- 
tory and  Criticism”  (1852),  was  published  by  the 
American  medical  association,  of  which  he  was 
an  honored  member.  His  translation  of  Siebold  s 
“ Anatomy  of  the  Invertebrate”  passed  through 
two  editions,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  engaged  in  translating  the  “Comparative 
Anatomy  ” of  Siebold  and  Stannius.  He  died  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  July  1, 1854. 

BURNETT,  Ward  Benjamin,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1811.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1832,  and  after  serving 
in  the  Black  Hawk  war  and  on  garrison  duty  at 
d 


BURNHAM. 


BURNHAM. 


Fort  Jackson,  La.,  he  returned  to  the  military 
academy  and  served  for  a year  as  assistant 
instructor  of  infantry  tactics.  He  resigned  his 
commission  in  1836  to  engage  in  civil  engineer- 
ing. He  re-entered  the  service  in  1846,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  Mexican  war  as 
colonel  of  the  2d  N.  Y.  volunteers,  receiving  in 
recognition  of  his  gallantry  a brevet  brigadier- 
generalship  and  a vote  of  thanks  from  the 
legislature  of  New  York,  a silver  medal  from 
the  city  of  New  York,  and  from  the  surviving 
members  of  his  regiment  a gold  medal  and 
the  gold  snuff-box  in  which  the  freedom  of  the 
city  of  New  York  had  been  presented  to  Gen. 
Andrew  Jackson  forty  years  before.  From  1849 
to  1854  General  Burnett  was  engaged  in  dry 
dock  construction  at  the  Brooklyn  and  Phila- 
delphia navy  yards,  from  1853  to  1856  on  the 
Brooklyn  and  Norfolk  waterworks,  and  from 
1858  to  1860  as  surveyor-general  of  Kansas  and 
Nebraska.  He  was  an  invalid  during  the  later 
years  of  his  life,  and  died  at  Washington,  D.  C., 
June  24,  1881. 

BURNHAM,  Cassandra  V.,  educator,  daugh- 
ter of  James  Washburn,  of  Abington,  Mass.,  was 
graduated  at  Mt.  Holyoke  seminary  in  1869,  and 
for  a time  taught  music  in  St.  Margaret’s  insti- 
tute, Waterbury,  Conn.  In  February,  1871,  she 
was  married  to  the  Rev.  Michael  Burnham.  She 
proved  herself  remarkably  successful  as  a teacher 
of  young  men  during  the  nine  years’  Springfield 
pastorate  of  her  husband,  holding  a class  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty.  In  1892  she  was  appointed 
a trustee  of  her  alma  mater,  her  term  lasting 
two  years.  She  acted  as  an  officer  of  the  Wo- 
man’s branch  of  foreign  missions  in  Massachu- 
setts, served  on  the  state  home  missionary  board 
of  that  state,  and  in  1896  was  elected  president 
of  the  Missouri  state  board  for  foreign  missionary 
work. 

BURNHAM,  Gordon  Webster,  manufacturer, 
was  born  in  Hampton,  Conn.,  March  20,  1803. 
He  worked  oh  his  father’s  farm,  served  as  host- 
ler at  a country  tavern,  and  afterwards  became 
a salesman.  This  led  him  to  enter  the  firm  of 
Benedict  & Coe  of  Waterbury,  Conn.,  and  after 
spending  two  years  there  he  aided  in  establish 
ing  branch  houses  in  Boston  and  New  York.  This 
business  proved  so  profitable  that  before  many 
years  his  share  in  the  business  was  estimated  at 
several  millions  of  dollars.  In  1853  he  removed 
to  New  York  city.  He  presented  two  handsome 
statues  to  the  city  of  New  York,  for  erection  in 
Central  Park,  — the  bronze  group  of  a lioness  at- 
tacked by  eagles,  and  Ball’s  heroic  bronze  statue 
of  Daniel  Webster.  He  donated  to  Trinity  col- 
lege, Hartford,  a bronze  statue  of  Bishop  Brown- 
ell, whose  daughter  he  had  married.  He  held  large 
interests  in  many  prominent  New  York  and  Con- 


necticut manufacturing  companies,  including 
the  Waterbury  clock  company,  the  Waterbury 
watch  company,  and  the  American  pin  com- 
pany, of  which  he  was  president.  He  died  in 
New  York  city,  March  18,  1885. 

BURNHAM.  Michael,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Essex,  Mass.,  June  28,  1839.  In  1860,  he  entered 
Phillips  academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  and  was 
graduated  from  Amherst  college  in  1867,  and 
from  the  Andover  theological  seminary  in  1870. 
In  1868'-69,  he  was  licensed  to  preach,  and  in 
1870  was  ordained  and  _ 

installed  pastor  of  the 
Centr  a 1 Congrega- 
tional church,  Fall 
River,  Mass.,  resigning 
in  1882  to  accept  the 
pastorate  of  Immanuel 
church.  Boston  High- 
lands, where  he  re- 
mained three  years. 

On  Feb.  27,  1885,  he  as- 
sumed charge  of  the 
First  Church,  Spring- 
field,  Mass.,  and  in  1894 
accepted  a call  to  the 
Pilgrim  church,  St. 

Louis,  Mo.,  and  was 

installed  as  its  pastor  June  1.  He  received  from 
Amherst  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1877,  and  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Beloit  college  in  1887.  He 
served  several  years  on  the  board  of  trustees 
of  Hartford  theological  seminary,  of  Wheaton 
seminary,  of  the  French  Protestant  college,  and 
of  the  School  for  Christian  workers,  at  Spring- 
field,  Mass.  In  1885  he  was  made  corporate  mem- 
ber of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  and  in  1888  was  elected 
trustee  of  Amherst  college.  He  was  made 
trustee  of  the  Chicago  theological  seminary  in 
1894,  and  of  the  newly  organized  American 
university  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  1895. 

BURNHAM,  Sherburne  Wesley,  astronomer, 
was  born  at  Thetford,  Vt..  in  1840.  He  was 
educated  at  Thetford  academy,  adopted  steno- 
graphy as  a profession,  and  during  the  civil  war 
was  with  the  army  at  New  Orleans  as  shorthand 
reporter.  At  a book  auction  there  he  chanced 
to  buy  “ Burritt’s  Geography  of  the  Heavens,” 
and,  becoming  interested  in  the  charts,  the  next 
clear  night  he  traced  out  the  constellations  and 
principal  stars  in  the  heavens.  This  served  to 
heighten  the  fascination  of  the  study,  and  lie  pur- 
chased a cheap  telescope,  which  he  used  until  he 
exchanged  it  for  a larger  instrument.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where 
for  many  years  be  acted  as  court  stenographer. 
On  reading  Webb’s  “ Celestial  Objects  for  Com- 
mon Telescopes,”  he  determined  to  devote  all  his 
leisure  time  to  astronomical  investigations. 


[503J 


BURNHAM. 


BURNHAM. 


When  Alvan  Clark  & Sons  of  Cambridge,  Mass., 
set  up  tlie  great  telescope  in  the  Dearborn  obser- 
vatory in  the  University  of  Chicago,  Burnham 
ordered  from  them  a telescope  with  a six-inch 
object  glass,  costing  eight  hundred  dollars.  For 
an  observatory  he  erected  a large  piece  of  timber 
in  his  back  yard,  around  which  he  built  what 
his  friends  called  a “cheese  box, ” surmounted 
by  a dome,  which  could  be  easily  turned.  It 
was  here  that  he  made  his  first  discoveries  of 
double  stars.  Every  clear  night  he  spent  in  his 
“cheese  box,”  leaving  it  only  when  the  dawn 
sent  the  stars  from  his  vision.  He  found  his 
progress  somewhat  impeded  by  his  lack  of  meas- 
uring instruments,  but  he  overcame  this  diffi- 
culty by  sending  a list  of  his  discoveries  to  Baron 
Dembowski,  then  the  greatest  living  star  meas- 
urer. These  stars  the  baron  took  pleasure  in 
verifying  and  measuring,  and  this  resulted  in  a 
friendly  correspondence,  which  lasted  until  the 
baron’s  death  in  1881.  Soon  after  this  Mr.  Webb 
began  a correspondence  with  the  American 
astronomer,  resulting  in  his  election  as  a fellow 
of  the  Royal  astronomical  society,  his  work 
creating  great  excitement  among  European 
astronomers.  In  March,  1873,  his  first  cata- 
logue, comprising  eighty-one  newly  discovered 
double  stars,  was  published  in  England,  and  at 
intervals  he  published  four  more  catalogues, 
making  three  hundred  new  double  stars,  all  close 
and  difficult,  discovered  and  catalogued  in  less 
than  two  years  by  an  amateur  astronomer,  who 
worked  with  a six-inch  telescope.  This  was 
more  than  all  the  observations  of  the  previous 
twenty  years  had  contributed  to  this  part  of 
astronomy.  Mr.  Burnham  was  corresponding 
with  many  of  the  leading  astronomers  of  Europe, 
and  when  M.  Angot  came  to  the  United  States 
to  visit  the  principal  American  observatories, 
lie  was  amazed  to  find  the  crudity  of  the  working 
place  of  Burnham.  Later,  however,  lie  was 
given  access  to  the  great  184  inch  telescope  at 
the  Dearborn  observatory,  and  he  became  as 
great  an  expert  in  the  measurement  of  double 
stars  as  Baron  Dembowski.  He  was  dissatisfied 
with  the  micrometer  in  general  use,  and  invented 
one  which  was  afterwards  almost  universally 
adopted.  He  had  for  four  years  been  a regular 
contributor  to  many  prominent  European  jour- 
nals, and  had  published  nine  catalogues,  embra- 
cing nearly  five  hundred  of  his  new  double  stars, 
when  it  was  proposed  that  he  be  permitted  to  use 
the  telescope  in  the  Dearborn  university,  and  then 
the  president  of  the  Chicago  astronomical  society 
asked,  “ Who  is  Mr.  Burnham?  ” He  kept  persis- 
tently on  with  his  work,  and  achieved  enviable 
fame  in  the  world  of  science;  lie  discovered  and 
measured  more  than  one  thousand  double  stars. 

In  1879  he  was  recommended  by  Prof.  Simon 

[504] 


Newcomb,  and  employed  by  the  trustees  of  the 
Lick  observatory  in  California  as  the  most  compe- 
tent person  to  make  a series  of  observations  to  test 
the  atmospheric  and  other  conditions  of  Mount 
Hamilton,  the  proposed  site  of  the  observatory. 
Burnham’s  naturally  acute  vision  aided  him 
greatly  in  his  remarkable  career.  John  Fraser 
said  of  him : “ The  five  great  names  in  this  depart- 
ment of  astronomy  are.  Sir  William  and  Sir  John 
Herschel,  Wilhelm  and  Otto  Struve,  and  S.  W. 
Burnham.” 

BURNHAM,  Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  di- 
vine, was  born  at  Deckertown,  N.  J.,  Aug.  31, 
1845;  son  of  Abner  and  Elizabeth  Linn  (Whit- 
aker) Burnham.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  city  of  New  York  in  1871,  and 
at  the  Union  theological  seminary  in  1874.  He 
was  ordained  to  the  Presbyterian  ministry,  and 
preached  in  Freeport,  N.  Y.,  from  1874  to  1878; 
in  South  Amenia,  N.  Y.,  from  1878  to  1890;  in 
Millerton,  N.  Y.,  from  1890  to  1892,  and  in  the 
last  named  year  became  pastor  of  a Presbyterian 
church  at  Vallejo,  Cal.  In  1893  he  founded  the 
naval  union  for  the  men  of  the  U.  S.  navy,  at 
Mare  Island,  Vallejo,  of  which  he  became  super- 
intendent. He  was  founder  and  first  president 
of  the  Passaic  free  library,  and  a life  director 
of  the  American  Bible  society.  He  received  the 
degree  of  A.M.  in  1878  from  the  University  of  the 
city  of  New  York.  His  published  writings 
include  sermons,  addresses,  and  contributions  to 
periodicals. 

BURNHAM,  Thomas  Oliver  Hazard  Perry, 

bookseller,  was  born  in  Essex,  Mass.,  in  1813. 
His  father,  Thomas  M.  Burnham,  founded  the 
“ Antique  Bokestore  ” on  Cornhill,  Boston, 
about  1825.  Perry  began  business  as  a peddler 
of  apples  and  candies,  and  as  an  assistant  of  his 
elder  brother,  Thomas,  who  had  a little  bookstall 
at  one  end  of  Faneuil  Hall  market.  In  1834  he 
entered  the  Cornhill  shop,  where  he  was  associ 
ated  with  his  father  and  two  brothers.  The  shop 
was  soon  enlarged,  and  they  continued  to  do 
business  there  until  about  1860,  when  Perry 
removed  to  Washington  street,  his  brother,  La- 
fayette, retaining  the  Cornhill  stand.  At  the 
close  of  a twenty  years'  lease  he  removed  to  the 
corner  of  School  and  Tremont  streets,  and  his 
shop  became  familiar  to  every  antiquary  in  New 
England.  In  1883  he  sold  the  land  on  which  his 
house  stood  to  the  Parker  house  for  one  dollar 
per  square  inch,  and  removed  his  stock  of  books 
to  the  basement  of  the  Old  South  church.  “ The 
Old  Honest  Publisher,  Burnham,”  as  he  was 
called,  was  a constant  attendant  at  book  auc- 
tions and  many  quaint  and  curious  volumes  could 
be  found  on  his  dusty  shelves.  His  knowledge 
of  books  was  marvellous.  He  died  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  Nov.  14,  1891. 


BURNS. 


BURNS. 


BURNS,  Anthony,  fugitive  slave,  was  born 
in  Virginia  about  1830.  When  twenty  years 
old  he  made  his  escape  and  reached  Boston, 
where  he  worked  during  the  years  1853-’54. 
The  fugitive  slave  law  which  had  recently  been 
signed  by  President  Fillmore  made  possible  his 
arrest,  May  24,  1854.  Burns  was  confined  in 
the  court  house  and  his  trial  was  opened  on  the 
morning  of  May  25,  Richard  H.  Dana,  Jr., 
Charles  M.  Ellis,  and  Robert  Morris  volunteering 
as  his  counsel.  The  case  was  adjourned  to  the 
27th,  and  on  the  26th  a mass  meeting  was  held 
in  Faneuil  Hall,  which  was  addressed  by  Judge 
Russell,  Theodore  Parker,  and  Wendell  Phillips; 
when  news  that  a mob  had  gathered  around  the 
court  house  reached  Faneuil  Hall  the  meeting 
dissolved  and  its  excited  members  rushed  there. 
A door  was  forced,  and  in  the  struggle  that 
followed  one  Bachelder  was  killed,  while  others 
were  wounded,  among  them  Rev.  Thomas  Went- 
worth Higginson.  Finding  the  court  house 
garrisoned  by  marines  and  soldiers,  the  besiegers 
retreated.  On  the  27th  overtures  were  made  to 
Colonel  Suttle  for  the  purchase  of  Burns.  The 
Colonel  agreed  to  part  with  him  for  the  sum  of 
twelve  hundred  dollars,  provided  the  money  was 
tendered  before  12  o’clock,  P.M.,  May  27.  The 
money  and  pledges  were  provided  by  the  exer- 
tions of  L.  A.  Grimes,  pastor  of  the  church  for 
colored  people,  and  the  deed  of  manumission 
needed  only  the  signature  of  the  marshal,  which 
he  was  prevented  from  affixing  by  District- 
Attorney  Hallett.  A decision  was  given  by  the 
commissioners,  June  2,  in  favor  of  the  slave- 
owner, and  Burns  was  marched  to  the  wharf 
surrounded  by  soldiers.  There  were  fifty  thou- 
sand spectators,  but  no  attempt  at  rescue  was 
made,  the  streets  being  lined  with  soldiers.  In 
State  street  the  windows  were  draped  with  black, 
a coffin  inscribed  with  the  legend,  “ The  Funeral 
of  Liberty,”  was  suspended  from  a window  oppo- 
site the  old  state  house,  and  a U.  S.  flag  was  hung 
across  the  street  draped  with  black  and  with  the 
Union  down.  Burns  was  placed  on  board  a U.  S. 
cutter  and  taken  to  Richmond,  when  he  was 
fettered  and  confined  in  a slave  pen  for  four 
months,  and  treated  with  loathsome  cruelty.  He 
was  then  sold  to  a Mr.  McDaniel,  of  North  Caro- 
lina, who  is  entitled  to  credit  for  the  kindness 
with  which  he  treated  Burns,  and  the  resolute 
help  he  gave  in  restoring  him  to  his  friends  at  the 
north.  The  twelfth  Baptist  church  in  Boston,  of 
which  Burns  was  a member,  purchased  his  free- 
dom through  the  contributions  made  by  the 
citizens.  He  returned  to  Boston,  and  by  the 
benevolence  of  a lady  was  given  a scholarship  at 
Oberlin  in  1855:  from  there  he  entered  Fairmont 
institute.  In  1860  he  was  put  in  charge  of  the 
colored  Baptist  church  in  Indianapolis,  but  under 


the  threat  of  the  enforcement  of  the  Black  laws, 
with  penalty  of  fine  and  imprisonment,  he  re- 
mained there  only  three  weeks.  Not  long  after 
he  found  a field  of  labor  at  St.  Catherine’s, 
Canada,  where  he  worked  with  commendable 
zeal  until  his  death,  July  27,  1862. 

BURNS,  Francis,  M.  E.  bishop,  was  born  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  5,  1809;  of  free  negro  par- 
ents, who  bound  him  out  as  a servant  when  lie 
was  but  five  years  old.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
entered  the  academy  at  Lexington  Heights, 
where  he  studied  for  the  ministry.  After  years 
of  service  in  the  home  field  was  sent  out  as  a mis- 
sionary to  Liberia,  where  the  greater  part  of  his 
remaining  years  were  spent.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  for  a short  visit  in  1844,  and  was 
ordained  deacon  and  elder.  Soon  after  his  return 
to  Africa  he  was  appointed  presiding  elder  of  the 
Palmas  district,  and  in  1851  became  superinten- 
dent of  the  missionary  settlement  at  Monrovia, 
opening  an  academy  at  the  latter  place,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  board  of  missions.  He  was  or- 
dained bishop  in  1858,  returning  to  the  United 
States  for  the  ceremony,  which  was  performed 
by  Bishops  Janes  and  Baker.  The  five  years  fol- 
lowing his  ordination  were  spent  in  laboring  in 
the  African  field,  and  in  1863,  returned  to  Amer- 
ica, and  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  April  18,  1863. 

BURNS,  James  Austin,  educator,  was  born  at 
Oxford,  Me.,  Jan.  25,  1840.  He  studied  at  Bow- 
doin  college  in  the  class  of  '62,  and  at  the  opening 
of  the  civil  war  became  a lieutenant  of  the  7th 
Connecticut  volunteers,  August,  1861,  and  was 
promoted  to  a captaincy  in  1862.  He  served  on 
the  staffs  of  Generals  Viele,  Stevens,  Seymour, 
Strong  and  Terry ; was  present  at  the  sieges  of 
Forts  Pulaski,  Sumter,  and  Wagner,  and  the  in- 
vestment of  Petersburg.  He  resided  in  Atlanta 
after  the  civil  war,  and  was  for  many  years  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  the  Southern  medical  col- 
lege. He  is  the  author  of  a series  of  “ Juxtalinear 
Translations  of  the  Classics.”  He  received  the 
degree  of  A.B.  in  1882,  and  of  Ph.D.  in  1885  from 
Bowdoin  college. 

BURNS,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  Burling- 
ton, N.  J.,  Sept.  5,  1793.  He  was  among  the 
earliest  volunteers  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  was  a 
member  of  Colonel  Miller’s  regiment,  which 
turned  the  tide  of  battle  in  favor  of  the  Ameri- 
cans at  Lundy’s  Lane.  He  served  during  the 
Mexican  war,  and  again  volunteered  his  service 
in  1861,  and  when  not  accepted,  owing  to  his 
advanced  age  he  became  a teamster  in  the  army, 
in  time  of  battle  taking  a place  in  the  ranks.  He 
was  constable  of  Gettysburg  when  Early’s  troops 
occupied  the  town,  and  single-handed  assumed 
his  official  prerogative,  and  was  locked  up  by 
the  Confederates.  While  the  battle  was  at  its 
height  he  took  musket  and  ammunition  from  a 


[505] 


BURNSIDE. 


BURNSIDE. 


wounded  soldier  and  kept  up  a deadly  fire  dur- 
ing the  whole  day,  when  he  was  wounded  and 
captured,  narrowly  escaping  execution  as  an 
ununiformed  combatant.  As  the  Confederates 
retreated  he  was  left  behind.  He  afterwards 
made  his  home  on  the  battle-field,  and  was 
placed  beyond  want  through  the  generosity  of 
thousands  of  visitors.  The  “ hero  of  Gettys- 
burg " finally  lost  his  mind,  wandered  to  New 
York  city,  and  in  December,  1871,  was  found 
in  the  streets  nearly  frozen.  He  was  cared  for 
and  sent  to  his  home  in  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  where 
he  died  Feb.  7,  1872. 

BURNSIDE,  Ambrose  Everett,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Liberty,  Ind.,  May  23,  1824;  fourth  son 
of  Edgeliill  and  Pamelia  (Brown)  Burnside. 
His  first  American  ancestor,  Robert  Burnside, 
settled  in  South  Carolina  about  1746,  having  fled 
from  Scotland  upon  the  final  defeat  of  the 
“Young  Pretender,” 
whose  cause  he  had 
espoused.  Of  his  three 
sons  born  in  America, 
James  during  the 
period  of  the  revolu- 
tion remained  loyal 
to  the  crown,  and  was 
captain  of  a regiment 
of  loyalists,  who  op- 
erated with  the  Brit- 
ish army  in  the  south- 
ern campaigns.  As  a 
Tory  he  fled  to  the 
island  of  Jamaica,  but 
in  1786  returned  to 
South  Carolina,  where 
he  died  in  1798.  His  widow,  with  four  sons  then 
grown,  joined  a band  of  Quaker  emigrants  bound 
for  a free  state,  and  before  setting  out  gave  free- 
dom to  all  her  slaves.  She  crossed  the  Ohio  river 
and  located  in  Indiana.  The  third  son,  Edgehill, 
made  his  home  in  Liberty,  a new  town  then  just 
forming.  Here  he  married  and  brought  up  a 
family  of  nine  children.  His  life  was  a constant 
struggle  with  poverty,  and  Ambrose,  when  seven- 
teen years  old,  was  apprenticed  to  a tailor.  The 
business  was  irksome  and  he  showed  his  inclina- 
tion to  a military  life  by  reading  stories  of  heroes 
and  talking  with  the  old  soldiers  who  had  served 
in  the  war  of  1812.  This  trait  was  made  the  sub- 
ject of  comment  by  the  patrons  of  the  shop,  and 
one  of  these,  Caleb  B.  Smith,  at  the  time  a rep- 
resentative in  Congress,  offered  to  procure  for 
him  an  appointment  to  West  Point,  which  he 
obtained  in  1843,  and  upon  his  graduation  with 
the  class  of  1847,  Lieutenant  Burnside  was  or- 
dered to  the  city  of  Mexico,  then  under  military 
occupation  by  United  States  troops.  He  did  gar- 
rison duty  there  until  the  return  of  the  army, 


when  he  served  at  Fort  Adams,  at  Las  Vegas, 
N.  M.,  where  he  was  wounded,  and  at  Jefferson 
Barracks,  Mo.  He  resigned  his  commission  as 
1st  lieutenant  of  the  3d  artillery  in  1853,  and 
established  at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  a factory  for  the 
manufacture  of  a breech-loading  rifle,  which  he 
had  invented,  and  which  had  received  the  ap- 
proval of  a board  of  commissioners  appointed  by 
Congress  to  test  its  merits  in  competition  with 
some  eighteen  different  breech-loading  arms 
which  had  been  submitted.  This  decision  justi- 
fied him  in  expecting  an  order  from  the  govern- 
ment, which  not  being  forthcoming  he  went  to 
Washington  and  was  informed  that  he  could 
have  the  contract  upon  the  payment  of  a bonus 
of  five  thousand  dollars  to  a lobbyist  who  enjoyed 
the  favor  of  the  war  department.  This  proposi- 
tion he  indignantly  refused,  and  he  was  there- 
upon obliged  to  make  an  assignment  for  the 
benefit  of  his  creditors,  and  with  fifteen  dollars 
in  his  pocket  he  started  west  to  retrieve  his  for- 
tunes. With  the  assistance  of  old  friends  in 
Indiana  he  secured  a position  in  Chicago  as  cash- 
ier of  the  land  department  of  the  Illinois  Central 
railroad,  of  which  his  classmate,  Capt.  Geo.  B. 
McClellan,  was  vice-president,  and  after  a year's 
service  became  treasurer  of  the  road,  with  an 
office  in  New  York  city.  By  practising  the 
strictest  economy  he  paid  his  debts  in  full.  In 
1861  he  was  appointed,  by  Governor  Sprague, 
colonel  of  the  1st  Rhode  Island  volunteers,  which 
he  had  organized.  He  led  the  regiment  to  Wash- 
ington by  way  of  Annapolis,  Md. , and  was  one 
of  the  first  to  assist  in  its  defence.  He  after- 
wards participated  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run, 
where  he  commanded  a brigade  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  engagement,  and  succeeded  to 
the  command  of  General  Hunter’s  division  after 
that  officer  was  wounded.  He  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  and  received  many  public  testi 
monials  for  his  part  in  that  battle.  In  the  winter 
of  1861-62  General  Burnside  was  entrusted  with 
the  organization  of  an  expedition  designed  to  effect 
a lodgment  upon  the  shores  of  North  Carolina, 
and  to  carry  a force  into  the  interior  in  the  rear 
of  the  Confederate  army  in  Virginia,  to  cut  off 
communication  with  the  south.  The  attack  was 
to  be  made  by  sea,  and  the  first  move  proposed 
was  the  capture  of  Roanoke  Island.  Some  twelve 
thousand  troops  were  recruited  and  organized, 
sixty-five  vessels  collected  and  armed,  and  on 
Jan.  12,  1862,  the  fleet  put  to  sea  from  Hampton 
Roads,  arriving  in  Pamlico  Sound  on  the  25th. 
after  a most  tempestuous  voyage.  The  island 
was  captured  on  February  8,  after  several  sharp 
engagements.  Control  of  Pamlico  and  Albe- 
marle sounds  being  thus  secured,  the  next  step 
was  the  capture  of  the  town  on  the  mamlanil 
A series  of  brilliant  manoeuvres  resulted  in  the 
[506] 


BURNSIDE. 


BURR. 


capture  of  Newbem,  Beaufort,  Fort  Macon,  and 
a number  of  less  important  points  of  vantage  to 
the  north,  and  upon  General  Burnside’s  return 
to  the  north  he  was  presented  with  a handsome 
sword,  together  with  a vote  of  thanks  by  the 
state  of  Rhode  Island,  congratulatory  resolutions 
from  the  Massachusetts  and  Ohio  legislatures, 
and  was  promoted  major-general  of  volunteers 
by  nomination  of  President  Lincoln  and  confirma- 
tion of  the  senate.  General  Burnside  was  next 
attached  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  with 
his  famous  9tli  corps  assisted  General  McClellan 
in  withdrawing  from  the  peninsula.  He  marched 
into  Maryland  in  command  of  the  right  wing 
of  the  army,  reaching  Frederick  on  September 
12,  and,  pushing  on  in  pursuit  of  the  retreating 
enemy,  came  into  collision  on  the  14th  with  the 
Confederate  rear  in  the  passes  of  South  Moun- 
tain. The  engagement  was  spirited ; the  enemy 
was  driven  at  all  points  and  a signal  advantage 
gained.  Three  days  later  Burnside's  troops  pre- 
vented the  battle  of  Antietam  from  being  alto- 
gether a decisive  victory  for  the  Confederates  by 
carrying  and  holding  the  stone  bridge  which 
crossed  the  Antietam.  When  General  McClellan 
was  deprived  of  his  command  and  ordered  to 
report  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  General  Burnside,  on 
Nov.  10,  1862,  assumed  command  of  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac.  Then  followed  the  disaster  at 
Fredericksburg,  all  responsibility  for  which  was 
generously  assumed  by  Burnside,  and  after  the 
occurrence  of  several  minor  misfortunes  he  was 
superseded,  Jan.  26,  1863,  by  General  Hooker. 
The  president  refused  to  accept  his  resignation, 
and  appointed  him  to  the  command  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Ohio,  where  he  rendered  conspicuous 
service,  clearing  the  country  of  guerillas,  en- 
forcing stringent  measures  against  the  southern 
sympathizers  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and 
affording  protection  to  the  loyal  population.  In 
August,  1863,  he  marched  a force  of  eighteen 
thousand  men  across  the  Cumberland  mountains, 
captured  Cumberland  Gap,  and  advancing  toward 
Knoxville  resisted  an  attack  by  Longstreet  as 
he  proceeded.  He  occupied  Knoxville,  which 
had.  been  evacuated  by  General  Buckner  upon  his 
approach.  Here  he  entrenched  himself  and  sus- 
tained a terrific  assault  made  by  Longstreet, 
and  held  his  position  in  the  face  of  fearful  odds, 
until  relieved  at  the  end  of  a month  by  General 
Sherman’s  approach.  Again  assigned  to  the 
command  of  his  old  9th  corps,  General  Burnside 
was  actively  engaged  in  the  closing  operations 
of  the  war  under  General  Grant  in  the  Wilder- 
ness, Cold  Harbor  and  Petersburg  campaigns. 
The  losses  in  his  corps  in  the  Petersburg  mine 
explosion  were  very  heavy,  and  General  Meade, 
whom  he  had  outranked,  but  to  whom  he  had 
magnanimously  yielded  the  command  when  the 


exigencies  of  the  occasion  seemed  to  indicate 
that  a juncture  of  forces  would  be  effective, 
preferred  charges  of  disobedience  against  him 
and  ordered  a court  martial.  General  Grant  dis- 
approved of  this  method  of  procedure,  but  at 
Burnside’s  request  a court  of  inquiry  was  held. 
He  was  judged  “ answerable  for  the  want  of  suc- 
cess, ” but  subsequently  it  was  determined  by  a 
congressional  committee  appointed  to  investigate 
the  matter,  that  General  Burnside’s  plans  had 
been  well  laid  and  would  without  doubt  have 
been  crowned  with  success  had  they  been  carried 
out  according  to  his  orders.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  General  Burnside  resigned  his  commission 
and  retired  to  private  life.  In  1866  he  was  elected 
governor  of  Rhode  Island,  and  being  twice  re- 
elected served  until  1869,  when  he  refused  a 
fourth  nomination,  and  once  more  engaged  in 
railroad  construction  and  management.  He  was 
in  Paris  at  the  time  of  the  Franco-Prussian 
war,  and  was  requested  to  act  as  envoy  between 
besiegers  and  besieged.  The  attempted  negotia- 
tions were  not  consummated,  but  General  Burn- 
side won  the  respect  of  both  armies  through  the 
incident  of  his  offices.  In  January,  1875,  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  senate  from  Rhode 
Island,  and  soon  gained  prominence  in  that  body. 
He  proved  himself  an  able  statesman,  was  ap- 
pointed a member  of  several  important  commit- 
tees, and  in  1880  was  re-elected.  See  “ Life  and 
Public  Services  of  Ambrose  E.  Burnside,”  by 
Ben  Perley  Poore  (1882).  He  died  in  Bristol, 
R.  I.,  Sept.  3,  1881. 

BURR,  Aaron,  educator,  was  born  at  Fair- 
field,  Conn.,  Jan.  4,  1716;  son  of  Daniel  and  Eliza 
Burr, and  grandson  of  Jehu  (2d)  and  Mary  (Ward) 
Burr.  He  was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1735,  and 
awarded  one  of  the  Berkeley  scholarships,  which 
enabled  him  to  pursue  his  theological  studies. 
In  1737  he  was  admitted  to  the  Presbyterian 
ministry,  and  installed  as  pastor  of  the  church  at 
Newark,  N.  J.  There  he  opened  a school  for 
boys,  which  he  managed  successfully  for  some 
years,  and  in  1748  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
College  of  New  Jersey,  which  had  grown  from 
the  school  started  by  William  Tennent  at  Nesh- 
aminy,  N.  J.,  in  1726,  which  became  known  as 
the  “ Log  College.”  The  school  was  removed 
to  Newark,  N.  J.,  so  that  he  might  attend  to  the 
duties  of  the  presidency  without  resigning  his 
parish.  The  first  class  was  graduated  in  1748, 
and  was  composed  of  six  young  men.  In  1752 
President  Burr  married  Esther,  daughter  of  Jona- 
than Edwards.  The  fruit  of  this  union  was  a 
daughter,  who  married  Tapping  Reeve,  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecticut, 
and  a son,  Aaron,  who  became  vice-president  of 
the  United  States.  President  Burr  resigned  his 
pastorate  at  Newark  in  1756,  and  removed  the 


[50”  J 


BURR. 


BURR. 


college  to  Princeton,  N.  J.  He  published  “ The 
Newark  Grammar,”  which  was  used  for  a num- 
ber of  years  at  Princeton,  and  " The  Supreme 
Deity  of  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,”  a small  volume 
(new  edition,  1791),  and  several  sermons.  He  died 
of  overwork  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  24,  1757. 

BURR,  Aaron,  vice-president  of  the  United 
States,  was  born  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  Feb.  G,  1756; 
son  of  Aaron  and  Esther  (Edwards)  Burr.  His 
father  came  of  a distinguished  stock  and  was 
president  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  His 
mother  was  a daughter  of  Jonathan  Edwards. 

Both  of  his  parents  died 
while  he  was  still  an 
infant,  and  from  them 
he  inherited  a consid- 
erable estate,  of  which 
his  uncle  acted  as  guar- 
dian during  his  minor- 
ity. He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  College 
of  New  Jersey  in  1772, 
and  he  was  about  to 
commence  the  study  of 
law  when  the  revolu- 
tionary war  broke  out. 

In  July,  1775,  he  rode 
t0  Cambridge,  Mass., 
and  enlisted  as  a pri- 
vate in  the  Continental  army,  and  for  the  next 
five  years  he  was  a successful  soldier.  He  ac- 
companied Benedict  Arnold  to  Canada,  and  in 
the  storming  of  Quebec  displayed  so  much  dash 
and  brilliancy  that  he  was  made  a major  and 
given  a place  in  General  Washington’s  military 
family.  Owing  to  disagreements  with  Washing- 
ton, however,  he  was  soon  transferred  to  the  staff 
of  General  Putnam,  whom  he  assisted  in  the 
defence  of  New  York.  In  1777  he  was  promoted 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  distinguished  himself  at 
Hackensack  and  at  Monmouth.  For  a portion 
of  the  winter  of  1778-’79  he  was  in  command  at 
West  Point,  and  in  January  of  the  latter  year  he 
was  put  in  charge  of  Westchester  county,  at 
that  time  the  most  exposed  district  in  New  York 
state.  Although  but  twenty -three  years  of  age, 
he  displayed  in  this  difficult  position  such  skill 
and  valor  that  he  won  the  admiration  both  of  his 
soldiers  and  of  the  people  of  the  state.  But  in 
March,  1779,  ill-health  forced  him  to  withdraw 
from  the  army  and  he  sent  in  his  resignation  to 
Washington,  who  in  accepting  it  remarked  that 
“ he  not  only  regretted  the  loss  of  a good  officer, 
but  the  cause  which  rendered  his  resignation 
necessary.”  Three  years  later  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  his  success  as 
a lawyer  was  as  brilliant  and  rapid  as  his  suc- 
cess as  a soldier.  At  this  time  he  married  a 
Mrs.  Prevost,  who  is  described  as  a very  charm- 

|50$1 


ing  and  highly  cultivated  woman,  the  widow  of 
an  English  officer.  She  was  ten  years  older  than 
Burr,  and  had  two  sons,  but  neither  of  these 
facts  detracted  from  the  felicity  of  the  marriage, 
in  the  first  year  of  which  Burr’s  only  child, 
Theodosia,  was  born.  The  following  ten  years 
witnessed  the  climacteric  of  his  happiness  and 
prosperity.  He  was  at  the  head  of  his  profession, 
a leader  in  political  life,  happy . in  his  domestic 
relations  at  Richmond  Hill,  his  beautiful  man- 
sion, the  scene  of  a luxurious  hospitality,  which 
had  for  its  guests,  besides  the  distinguished  per- 
sonages of  the  republic,  Louis  Philippe,  Volney 
and  Talleyrand.  In  1788  he  was  appointed 
attorney-general  of  the  state.  In  1791,  when  he 
was  elected  United  States  senator  by  a Federal 
legislature,  having  in  the  meantime  served  as  a 
Republican  representative  to  the  assembly,  he 
had  but  one  rival  as  a lawyer  in  New  York, 
Alexander  Hamilton.  He  was  a skilful  and 
adroit  political  manager,  who  understood  how  to 
hold  and  use  the  balance  of  power  in  his  own 
party  (the  Republican)  by  keeping  in  the  favor 
of  both  the  Schuyler  and  Clinton  factions,  with- 
out swearing  entire  allegiance  to  either,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  maintain  friendly  relations  with 
his  opponents,  the  Federalists.  In  1794  Mrs. 
Burr  died,  and  thenceforth  Aaron  Burr  centred 
the  whole  affection  of  his  passionate  nature 
upon  his  daughter,  then  eleven  years  old. 
He  personally  superintended  her  education,  and 
made  her  his  companion,  a devotion  which  was 
repaid  in  full  measure  in  later  years.  In  the 
presidential  election  of  1800  lie  secured  the  vote 
of  New  York  state  to  the  Republicans,  and  there- 
fore the  national  election  • — Jefferson  and  him- 
self both  receiving  seventy-three  votes,  Adams 
sixty -five  and  Pinckney  sixty-four — being  at  this 
time  “ the  chosen  head  of  northern  Democracy, 
idol  of  the  ward  of  New  York  city,  and  aspirant 
to  the  highest  offices  he  could  reach  by  means 
legal  or  beyond  law.”  After  an  exciting  contest 
in  the  house  of  representatives,  in  which  the 
Federalists  attempted  to  elect  Burr  to  the  presi- 
dency, and  in  which  Burr  himself  has  been  ac- 
cused of  intriguing  with  them  to  elect  himself. 
Jefferson  was  made  President  and  Burr  became 
vice-president.  For  his  alleged  treachery.  Burr 
was  deserted  by  his  party.  In  1804  he  was  the 
candidate  of  the  Federalists  for  governor  of  New 
York,  and  would  probably  have  been  elected  but 
for  the  opposition  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  who 
had  also  been  instrumental  in  keeping  him  out 
of  the  presidency.  This  opposition,  aggravated  by 
certain  uncomplimentary  epithets,  which  Hamil- 
ton is  alleged  to  have  applied  to  Burr,  gave  rise  to 
quarrel  between  them,  which  culminated  in  a duel 
at  Weehawken-on-the  -Hudson,  July  7. 1804,  Burr 
being  the  challenging  party.  Hamilton  was 


BURR. 


BURR. 


killed.  As  the  news  spread,  it  carried  a wave 
of  emotion  over  the  states  and  roused  every- 
where sensations  strangely  mixed.  In  New  York 
the  Clinton  interest,  guided  by  James  Cheetham, 
editor  of  the  American  Citizen,  seized  the  mo- 
ment to  destroy  Burr's  influence  forever.  Cheet- 
ham affected  to  think  the  duel  a murder,  and  pro- 
cured Burr’s  indictment,  which  drove  him  from 
the  state.  Charges  were  invented  to  support 
this  theory  and  were  even  accepted  as  history. 
In  the  south  and  west,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
duel  was  considered  a simple  affair  of  honor,  in 
which  Burr  appeared  to  better  advantage  than 
his  opponent.  Burr  spent  some  time  with  his 
daughter,  who  was  happily  and  prosperously 
married  to  Mr.  Joseph  Allston,  and  was  living  at 
her  husband’s  estate  in  South  Carolina,  but  later 
he  returned  to  Washington  and  resumed  his 
duties  as  vice-president.  His  resolution  and 
fortitude  stood  him  in  good  stead ; the  loss  of  his 
prestige  and  popularity  did  not  affect  him  as  it 
would  have  done  a weaker  man,  and  his  active 
mind  had  already  formulated  new  courses  of 
action.  Failing  in  his  effort  to  procure  from  the 
administration  an  office  suitable  to  his  talents,  at 
the  expiration  of  his  presidential  term  in  1805, 
he  made  a journey  through  the  southwest,  in 
the  course  of  which  he  developed  what  seems  to 
have  been  a scheme  of  empire  dependent  partly 
on  conquest  and  partly  on  the  secession  of  the 
southwest  from  the  Union.  Just  before  setting 
out  on  this  journey,  he  wrote  to  his  son-in-law: 
“ In  New  York  I am  to  be  disfranchised,  and  in 
New  Jersey  hanged.  Having  substantial  objec- 
tions to  both,  I shall  not  for  the  present  hazard 
either,  but  shall  seek  another  country.”  With 
forty  thousand  dollars,  which  Blennerhassett 
put  into  his  hands  for  that  purpose,  he  bought 
four  hundred  thousand  acres  of  Red  River  land, 
with  a somewhat  doubtful  title,  as  a rendezvous 
and  base  of  operations,  and  then  proceeded-  to 
secure  co-operators.  He  did  this  so  successfully 
that  many  men  of  prominence  at  Washington, 
as  well  as  in  the  southwest,  became  implicated 
in  the  enterprise  to  a greater  or  less  extent. 
As  nearly  as  can  be  judged  in  the  lack  of  positive 
knowledge,  this  was  the  scheme:  Burr  was  to 
become  ruler  of  Louisiana  under  British  protec- 
tion, in  which  capacity  he  would  give  validity 
to  the  disputed  land-title;  the  western  states 
were  to  secede  from  the  Union,  and  join  the  new 
government;  Spanish  possessions  to  the  south- 
ward were  to  be  conquered;  then  the  enfeebled 
Union  of  the  seaboard  states  would  fall  to  pieces. 
Burr  would  get  an  empire,  and  Blennerhassett 
fabulous  wealth  in  return  for  his  forty  thousand 
dollar  investment.  But  before  this  elaborate 
programme  could  be  carried  out,  the  American 
people  became  so  suspicious  and  alarmed  that 


President  Jefferson  ordered  Burr's  arrest.  Hj 
was  indicted  for  high  treason.  His  trial,  which 
lasted  from  March  27  to  Sept.  7,  1806,  is  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  events  in  American  history. 
Chief  Justice  Marshall  presided.  Wirt,  Rodney 
and  Hay  took  part  in  the  prosecution,  and  Luther 
Martin  and  Edmund  Randolph  in  the  defence. 
The  presence  and  devotion  of  his  daughter,  then 
in  the  full  height  of  her  beauty  and  intellectual 
power,  awakened  much  sympathy  and  interest, 
and  doubtless  had  an  influence  in  procuring  his 
release.  The  jury  brought  in  the  following 
carefully  worded  verdict  : “ We  of  the  jury  say 

that  Aaron  Burr  is  not  proved  to  be  guilty  under 
the  indictment  by  any  evidence  submitted  to  us. 
We,  therefore,  find  him  not  guilty.”  Later  Burr 
and  the  principal  conspirators  were  tried  for 
misdemeanor  n fitting  out  an  expedition  against 
Mexico,  but  were  acquitted  on  technical  grounds. 
Burr  went  to  Europe  in  1808,  hoping  to  obtain 
there  the  means  of  making  an  attack  upon 
Mexico.  It  was  a bootless  mission,  however,  and 
after  four  years  of  disappointment  and  privation 
he  returned  to  New  York,  disguised  and  poverty- 
stricken,  to  meet  the  severest  blow  fortune  had 
yet  dealt  to  him.  A few  faithful  friends  had 
scarcely  welcomed  him  to  their  midst,  when  the 
death  of  Theodosia's  only  child  was  announced 
to  him;  the  faithful  and  grief-stricken  daughter 
hastening  to  greet  her  idolized  father  perished 
a few  months  later  in  a storm  off  Cape  Hatteras. 
Burr,  who  attained  only  moderate  success  in  his 
practice  in  New  York,  after  twenty-three  years 
married,  in  his  seventy -eighth  year,  Madame 
Jumel,  a French  woman,  a widow  of  means, 
but  later  he  separated  from  her.  Burr  was  the 
most  fascinating  and  brilliant  man  of  his  time. 
Perhaps  no  better  summary  of  his  character  has 
been  made  than  that  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  who 
called  him  “ a great  man  in  little  things,  a small 
man  in  great  things.  ” He  is  remembered  chiefly 
for  his  adventures  and  misfortunes.  (See  “ Life 
and  Times  of  Aaron  Burr,”  by  James  Parton; 
“Life  of  Burr,”  by  M.  L.  Davis;  Burr's  “ Eu- 
ropean Diary,”  and  “The  Report  of  the  Trial 
for  Treason.")  He  died  at  Staten  Island,  N.  Y., 
Sept.  14,  1836. 

BURR,  Enoch  Fitch,  lecturer,  was  born  at 
Green's  Farms,  Conn.,  Oct.  31,  1818;  a member  of 
the  same  family  as  Aaron  Burr.  He  was  fitted 
for  college,  and  was  graduated  class  orator  at 
Yale  in  1839.  The  next  three  years  he  spent  in 
post-graduate  studies,  including  theology, 
science,  higher  mathematics  and  physical  as- 
tronomy. In  1850  he  became  pastor  of  a Congre- 
gational church  in  Lyme,  Conn.  He  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  London,  and  in  1868 
the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Amherst  college,  and 
he  was  chosen  lecturer  on  the  scientific  evidences 


BURR. 


BURR  ALL. 


of  religion  in  that  institution.  At  the  request 
of  a large  number  of  the  leading  clergymen  and 
laity  of  New  York  and  Boston,  he  delivered,  in 
1874,  a course  of  lectures  in  both  cities  on  “ The 
Latest  Astronomy  against  the  Latest  Atheism,” 
and  later  repeated  the  course  before  the  Sheffield 
scientific  school,  Williams  college,  and  other 
institutions.  He  was  a voluminous  writer  on 
scientific  and  theological  subjects.  Among  his 
published  works  are:  “Application  of  the  Cal- 
culus to  the  theory  of  Neptune  ” (1848) ; “ Pater 
Mundi  ” (1870);  “Ad  Fidem  ” (1871);  “ Ecce 
Coelum,  or  Parish  Astronomy  ” (six  lectures, 
1872) ; “ Doctrine  of  Evolution  ” (1873) ; “ A 
Song  of  the  Sea  ” (poem,  1873) ; “ The  Voyage  ” 
(1874);  “Toward  the  Strait  Gate”  (1875);  “In 
the  Vineyard  ” (1876) ; “ Dio,  the  Athenian  ” 
(1881);  “Celestial  Empire”  (1885);  “Universal 
Beliefs”  (1887);  “ Long  Ago  ” (1888);  “Practi- 
cal Relations  ” (1889),  and  “Aleph,  the  Chaldean” 
(1891). 

BURR,  Frank  A.,  journalist,  was  born  Nov. 
24,  1843.  When  but  three  years  old  his  father 
consigned  him  to  the  care  of  a band  of  Chippewa 
Indians,  who,  when  he  was  eight  years  of  age, 
took  him  to  Detroit,  where  he  was  a newsboy. 
Senator  Chandler,  on  whose  front  steps  he  was 
accustomed  to  fold  his  papers,  became  interested 
in  him,  and  gave  him  an  opportunity  to  advance 
himself.  When  he  was  eighteen  years  old  he 
went  to  the  war  as  a private,  and  was  advanced 
to  the  rank  of  colonel  of  cavalry.  Afterward  he 
became  a locomotive  engineer,  an  unsuccessful 
candidate  for  representative  in  Congress,  United 
States  district  attorney,  an  official  in  the  patent 
office,  and  a journalist.  He  published  a memor- 
able interview  with  Jefferson  Davis,  and  claimed 
to  have  induced  James  G.  Blaine  to  write  his 
letters  on  the  distribution  of  the  surplus  among 
the  states.  He  wrote  a life  of  General  Grant, 
and  one  of  Gen.  James  A.  Beaver.  For  many 
years  he  was  connected  with  the  Philadelphia 
Press,  but  toward  the  close  of  his  life  wrote 
mainly  for  syndicates.  He  died  at  Camden, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  15,  1894. 

BURR,  George  Lincoln,  educator,  was  born 
at  Oramel  on-the-Genesee,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  30, 1857 ; son 
of  Dr.  William  Josiah  and  Jane  (Lincoln)  Burr. 
He  prepared  for  college  at  Homer,  N.  Y. , and  in 
1873,  to  gain  means  for  li is  further  education, 
he  taught  school,  then  learned  the  printer's  trade 
at  Cortland,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1877  entered  Cornell 
university,  where  lie  had  charge  of  the  presi- 
dent's library,  and,  at  his  graduation  in  1881, 
President  White  made  him  his  secretary.  In 
1884  to  1886  he  studied  abroad,  and  was  for  two 
years  engaged  with  Mr.  White  in  historical 
research  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  In  1888 
he  became  an  instructor  in  history  at  Cornell, 


and  later  was  raised  to  a professorship,  still  retain- 
ing his  charge  of  the  White  historical  library, 
afterwards  transferred  to  the  university.  The 
commission  appointed  by  President  Cleveland 
in  1896  to  investigate  and  report  upon  the  true 
divisional  line  between  Venezuela  and  British 
Guiana  made  Professor  Burr  its  historical  expert, 
and  sent  him  abroad  • to  search  in  European 
archives  for  further  light  upon  the  disputed 
boundaries.  His  reports  and  maps,  together  with 
the  transcripts  brought  by  him  from  Europe, 
were  published  by  the  commission.  Besides, 
portions  of  a catalogue  of  the  White  historical 
library,  he  published  several  studies  of  the  witch- 
persecution. 

BURR,  Theodosia,  daughter  of  Aaron  Burr. 
(See  Allston,  Theodosia.) 

BURRAGE,  Henry  Sweetser,  author,  was 
born  at  Fit  diburg,  Mass.,  Jan.  7,  1837.  He  was 
graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1861,  and  at 
Newton  theological  institution  in  1867,  after 
which  he  studied  at  the  University  of  Halle, 
Germany,  1868-'69;  was  pastor  of  the  Baptist 
church,  Waterville,  Me.,  to  October,  1873,  when 
he  became  editor  and  proprietor  of  Zion's  Advo- 
cate, Portland,  Me.  While  a divinity  student, 
in  1862,  he  enlisted  in  the  36th  Massachusetts 
volunteers;  was  commissioned  2d  and  1st  lieu- 
tenant and  captain ; was  wounded  at  Cold 
Harbor,  June  3.  1864 ; prisoner  of  war  from  Nov. 
1.  1864,  to  Feb.  22,  1865;  was  appointed  assistant 
adjutant-general  on  the  staff  of  the  1st  brigade, 
2d  division,  9th  army  corps;  brevetted  major: 
mustered  out  of  service  June  8,  1865,  and  re- 
turned to  his  studies.  He  became  a member  of 
the  Maine  historical  society  and  of  the  military 
order  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  and  of  the  Sons  of 
the  American  revolution.  He  published  numer- 
ous review  articles,  and  also,  “ The  Act  of  Bap- 
tism in  the  History  of  the  Christian  Church  " 
(1879);  “History  of  the  Anabaptists  in  Switzer- 
land” (1882).  and  “Baptist  Hymn  Writers  and 
their  Hymns  ” (1887) ; “ History  of  the  Baptists 
of  New  England”  (1894);  "The  First  Mention 
of  Pemaquid  in  History  ” (1894) ; "The  St.  Croix 
Commission”  (1895;.  He  also  edited  "Brown 
University  in  the  Civil  War  " (1868) ; " Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow,  Seventy-fifth  Birthday  " 
(1882) ; “ History  of  the  36th  Mass.  Vols."  (1884) : 
“ Rosier’s  Relation  of  Waymouth's  Voyage  to 
the  Coast  of  Maine  in  1605  " (1887).  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Brown  university 
in  1883.  and  was  elected  a trustee  in  1889. 

BURRALL,  William  Porter,  railroad  presi- 
dent, was  born  in  Canaan.  Conn.,  in  1806.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1826.  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1829.  Ten  years  of  successful 
practice  followed,  and  in  1839  he  became  the 
president  of  the  Housatonic  railroad  compauv, 

1510] 


BURRILL. 


BURRITT. 


retaining  that  office  for  fifteen  years.  He  was 
treasurer  and  afterward  president  of  the  Illinois 
central  railroad  company,  vice-president  and 
subsequently  president  of  the  Hartford  and  New 
Haven  railroad  company,  and  upon  the  consoli- 
dation of  the  two  roads  he  became  vice-president 
of  the  New  York,  New  Haven  and  Hartford 
company.  In  1859  he  took  up  his  residence  in 
Salisbury,  Conn.,  and  served  several  terms  in  the 
assembly  and  for  one  term  in  the  state  senate. 
He  died  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  March  3,  1874. 

BURRELL,  David  James,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Mount  Pleasant,  Pa.,  Aug.  1,  1844.  His 
father  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Illinois, 
having  located  at  Freeport  in  1850.  In  1860  he 
entered  Phillips  academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  and 
was  graduated  from  Yale  college,  in  1867  being 
awarded  the  De  Forest  gold  medal  for  oratory. 
He  then  entered  the  Union  theological  seminary, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1871  and  at  once 
entered  upon  the  work  of  the  ministry  in  con- 
nection with  the  city  missions  of  Chicago.  He 
accepted  the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Presby- 
terian church  at  Dubuque,  Iowa,  in  1876,  where 
he  remained  eleven  years.  He  then  accepted  a 
call  from  Westminster  Presbyterian  church  at 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  and  also  the  presidency  of 
Macallister  college.  In  1891  he  assumed  the 
pastorship  of  the  Marble  collegiate  church  of 
New  York  city.  He  contributed  liberally  to 
current  literature,  both  secular  and  religious, 
and  published,  “The  Great  Religions,”  “The 
Gospel  of  Gladness,  ” and  “ The  Morning  Cometh,  ” 
and  in  connection  with  his  brother,  Rev.  Jos. 
Dunn  Burrell,  “ Hints  and  Helps,”  for  the  years 
1892,  '93  and  ’94.  He  had  charge  of  the  interna- 
tional lesson  column  of  the  Chicago  Interior 
for  eleven  years,  filled  the  chairs  of  Greek  and 
Hebrew  in  the  German  theological  seminary  of 
the  northwest,  and  had  a seat  on  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  United  society  of  the  Dutch  re- 
formed churches. 

BURRILL,  James,  senator,  was  born  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  April  25,  1772.  He  was  graduated 
at  Rhode  Island  college  in  1788,  and  that  insti- 
tution conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in 
1813,  he  serving  as  trustee  1813-'20.  He  studied 
law  and  became  eminent  at  the  bar.  In  1797  he 
was  attorney -general  of  the  state  of  Rhode  Is- 
land; in  1813  he  resigned  his  office  and  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature,  serving  as  speaker 
of  the  house;  in  1816  he  was  appointed  justice 
of  the  supreme  court,  in  1817  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  senate,  and  died,  while  in  office, 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Dec.  25,  1820. 

BURRILL,  Thomas  Jonathan,  naturalist, 
was  born  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  April  25,  1839.  In 
1867  he  went  with  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell  on  his 
famous  Rocky  Mountain  expedition.  He  was 


graduated  from  the  State  Normal  university, 
Normal,  111.,  in  1868.  In  1871  he  was  elected  to 
the  chair  of  botany  and  horticulture  in  the  uni- 
versity; in  1877  was  made  dean  of  the  depart- 
ment of  natural  sciences,  and  held  the  office 
seven  years,  meanwhile  making  important  in- 
vestigations and  discoveries  in  his  branch  of 
science,  and  in  1882  was  elected  its  vice-president. 
He  served  as  president  of  the  Illinois  state  horti- 
cultural society,  vice-president  of  the  American 
horticultural  society,  vice-president  of  the  bio- 
logy department  of  the  American  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science,  and  from  1885  to 
1886  as  president  of  the  American  society  of 
microscopists.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Uredinea?, 
or  Parasitic  Fungi  of  Illinois  ” (1885),  and  many 
periodical  articles,  addresses  and  papers. 

BURRITT,  Elihu,  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
New  Britain,  Conn.,  Dec.  8.  1810.  He  mastered 
the  rudiments  of  English  in  the  intervals  of  hard 
labor  on  the  farm.  Upon  the  death  of  the  father 
in  1828,  he  apprenticed  himself  to  a blacksmith, 
served  his  time  and  then  worked  diligently  at  his, 
trade.  He  was  a natural  mathematician  and 
linguist,  and  with  some  little  assistance  from  his 
brother,  Elijah  H.  Burritt,  who,  through  the 
benevolence  of  friends,  had  received  a college 
training,  he  mastered  Greek,  Latin,  French, 
Italian,  Spanish  and  arithmetic,  while  at  work 
at  the  bellows.  He  extemporized  his  problems 
and,  solving  them  without  the  use  of  writing 
materials,  announced  the  result,  together  with  the 
process  of  solution,  to  his  brother,  who  proved 
them  invariably  correct.  Having  made  great 
progress  with  his  studies  he  exchanged  the  forge 
and  anvil  for  the  teacher’s  desk,  but  was  com- 
pelled at  the  end  of  a year  to  seek  a less  confining 
field  of  labor.  He  became  a commercial  traveller 
and  afterwards  a grocer.  The  financial  crisis  of 
1837  wrecked  his  business,  whereupon  he  re- 
moved to  Worcester,  Mass.,  where  he  resumed 
his  work  at  the  anvil  and  his  study  of  the  lan- 
guages in  the  library  of  the  Antiquarian  society. 
In  1839  he  commenced  the  publication  of 
the  Literary  Gemince,  a monthly  periodical, 
printed  in  French  and  English,  and  designed 
principally  as  a guide  to  students  of  the  French 
language.  His  translation  of  the  Icelandic  sagas, 
relating  to  the  discovery  of  America,  drew  atten- 
tion to  his  scholastic  achievements.  He  acquired 
the  sobriquet  of  “ The  Learned  Blacksmith,  ” and 
during  the  season  of  1841-42  delivered  his  lecture, 
“ Application  and  Genius,”  in  not  less  than  sixty 
cities  and  towns  and  attracting  unusually  large 
audiences.  He  argued  that  all  attainment  was 
the  natural  result  of  persistent  application,  of  the 
possibilities  of  which  he  was  himself  an  exponent, 
since  he  had  mastered  some  thirty-two  languages 
during  the  course  of  his  busy  life.  His  next. 


BURROUGH. 


BURROUGHS. 


lecture,  “ Universal  Peace,”  was  delivered  before 
a large  audience  at  Boston.  He  was  warmly  wel- 
comed as  an  able  co-worker  by  the  prominent  little 
band  of  peace  advocates  at  Boston,  and,  upon  liis 
return  to  Worcester,  established  and  edited  The 
Christian  Citizen,  a journal  advocating,  among 
other  reforms,  the  peaceable  settlement  of  inter- 
national disagreements.  In  1846  he  sailed  for 
England,  where  he  accomplished  much  good 
work  in  conjunction  with  the  peace  advocates  of 
that  country,  and  while  there  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  the  international  association,  called 
“ The  League  of  Universal  Brotherhood,”  with 
which  his  name  is  indissolubly  linked.  He  edited 
and  published  for  many  years  The  Bond  of 
Brotherhood,  a periodical  which  he  established 
while  in  England,  and  he  was  prominently  instru- 
mental in  organizing  the  first  peace  congress, 
held  in  1848,  and  also  those  held  in  1849  and  1850. 
In  the  latter  year  he  returned  to  America,  lec- 
turing on  peace,  temperance,  anti-slavery  and 
self -culture.  In  1852  he  assumed  editorial  charge 
of  the  Citizen  of  the  World,  a Philadelphia  paper, 
and  in  its  columns  he  strenuously  advocated  the 
emancipation  of  the  slaves  by  purchase.  The  fail- 
ure of  this  project  caused  him  bitter  disappoint- 
ment. He  was  successful  in  his  efforts  to  secure 
cheap  ocean  postage.  In  1865  he  was  appointed 
U.  S.  consul  at  Birmingham,  retaining  that  office 
until  the  inauguration  of  President  Grant.  The 
later  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  retirement  on 
his  farm  at  New  Britain,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  study,  to  literary  work,  and  to  the  moral, 
religious,  and  educational  development  of  his 
fellow-citizens.  A list  of  his  books  includes 
some  thirty-two  volumes,  among  which  the  more 
notable  are:  “Sparks  from  the  Anvil  ” (1847) ; 
“Peace  Papers  for  the  People”  (1848);  “Olive 
Leaves”  (1850— ’53) ; “Thoughts  and  Things  at 
Home  and  Abroad”  (1854);  “Year  Book  of 
Nations”  (1856);  “Walk  from  London  to  John 
O’Groat’s,  with  Notes  by  the  Way”  (1864); 
“ Walk  from  London  to  Land’s  End  and 
Back”  (1865);  “Lectures  and  Speeches ”(1866) ; 
“The  Mission  of  Great  Sufferings”  (1867); 
“Walks  in  the  Black  Country  and  its  Green 
Borderland”  (1868);  “Ten  Minute  Talks  on  all 
Sorts  of  Subjects:  with  Autobiography”  (1873); 
“Why  I left  the  Anvil”  (1877);  and  “ Chips 
from  Many  Blocks  ” (1878).  See  “ Eliliu  Burritt; 
A Sketch  of  His  Life  and  Labors,”  by  Charles 
Northend  (1879).  He  died  in  New  Britain, 
Conn.,  March  9,  1879. 

BURROUGH,  George,  clergyman,  was  born 
about  1650.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1670,  and  was  first  settled  at  Fal- 
mouth, Me.,  as  minister.  He  removed  to  Salem, 
Mass,  .in  1680,  but  some  disagreement  with  His 
parishioners  caused  him  to  return  to  Falmouth. 


His  place  of  residence  in  1690-’91  is  not  known, 
but  in  1692  he  became  a victim  of  the  witch- 
craft fanaticism,  was  tried  on  August  5 on  a 
charge  of  tormenting  one  Mary  Wolcott,  con- 
demned to  death,  and  executed,  being  the  only 
minister  who  perished  in  that  extraordinary  per- 
secution. He  died  in  Salem,  Mass.,  Aug.  19,  1692. 

BURROUGHS,  John,  author,  was  born  in 
Roxbury,  N.  Y.,  April  3,  1837.  His  boyhood 
was  passed  on  his  father’s  farm,  and  his  educa- 
tion was  obtained  at  the  district  school  and  in 
the  neighboring  academies,  after  which  he  taught 
school  for  several  years,  and  then  engaged  as  a 
journalist  in  New  York.  In  1864  he  was  employed 
in  the  treasury  department  at  Washington,  as 
assistant  in  the  office  of  comptroller  of  the  cur- 
rency, and  later  as  chief  of  the  organization 
division  of  that  bureau.  In  1872  he  resigned, 
having  been  appointed  receiver  of  the  Wallkill 
national  bank  at  Middletown,  N.  Y.,  and  after- 
wards as  national  bank  examiner.  He  settled  on 
a fruit  farm  at  Esopus-on-the-Hudson.  A lover 
of  nature  from  childhood,  he  early  learned  to 
record  his  observations,  his  most  congenial  study 
being  the  habits  and  peculiarities  of  birds, 
animals,  trees,  plants,  flowers,  and  insect  life. 
His  books  are  widely  read  and  used  in  American 
schools.  His  first  magazine  article,  “ Expression  " 
was  published  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  in  1860.  His 
first  book,  ‘ ‘ Notes  on  Walt  Whitman,  as  Poet  and 
Person”  appeared  in  1867;  “Wake  Robin’' 
(1871);  “Winter  Sunshine”  (1875);  “Birds  and 
Poets”  (1877);  “Locusts  and  Wild  Honey" 
(1879);  “Pepacton”  (1881);  “Fresh  Fields’ 
(1884);  “Signs  and  Seasons”  (1886);  “Indoor 
Studies”  (1889);  “Riverby”  (1894).  In  1895  a 
limited  9-vol.  edition  of  “The  Writings  of  John 
Burroughs”  was  published,  and  in  1896  "Little 
Nature  Studies  for  Little  People.”  selected  from 
his  essays. 

BURROUGHS,  John  Curtis,  educator,  was 
born  in  Stamford,  Delaware  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  7. 
1818.  After  graduation  at  Yale  college  in  1842, 
and  at  Drew  theological  seminary  in  1846.  he 
preached  for  a year  at  Waterford,  N.  Y.,  and  for 
five  years  held  a pastorateat  West  Troy.  In  1852 
he  accepted  a call  from  the  First  Baptist  church 
of  Chicago,  111.,  and  helped  to  found  the  Chris 
tian  Times,  afterwards  the  Standard.  In  1855.  in 
connection  with  Senator  Douglas,  who  donated 
ten  acres  of  ground  for  the  university  site,  he  in- 
augurated a movement  which  resulted  in  the 
establishment  of  the  Chicago  university,  and  in 
1856  became  its  first  president  and  after  18<6  its 
chancellor.  For  many  years  he  devoted  his  entire 
time  and  energies  to  the  interests  of  the  institu- 
tion, and  to  him  is  largely  due  its  continued  ex 
istence.  He  resigned  the  chancellorship  in  18. s. 
subsequently  becoming  a member  of  the  Chicago 
1512] 


BURROWES. 


BURROWS. 


board  of  education,  and  later  serving  as  assistant 
superintendent  of  the  Chicago  public  schools. 
The  degree  of  S.T.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
the  University  of  Rochester,  in  1858,  and  that  of 
LL.D.  by  Madison  University  in  1869.  He  died  in 
Chicago,  111..  April  21,  1892. 

BURROWES,  George,  educator,  was  born  in 
Trenton,  N.  J. , April  8,  1811.  He  was  graduated 
at  Princeton  in  1832,  and  studied  theology  there 
for  three  years,  acting  as  tutor  in  the  college  in 
1835.  He  was  installed  as  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
terian church  at  West  Nottingham.  Md.,  in  1830, 
and  in  1850  accepted  a professorship  of  Latin  and 
Greek  at  Lafayette  college,  Easton,  Pa.  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Washington  col- 
lege, Pa.,  in  1853.  In  1859  he  removed  to  San 
Francisco,  where  he  founded  City,  afterwards 
University,  college.  This  work  he  began  with 
four  pupils  and  without  a dollar  in  the  treasury, 
and  when  six  years  later  he  was  obliged,  owing 
to  ill-health,  to  resign  the  care  of  the  institution, 
it  numbered  two  hundred  pupils,  had  a corps  of 
ten  teachers,  and  possessed  property  valued  at 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars.  After  a period  of 
rest,  he  again  engaged  in  the  teaching  of  Latin 
and  Greek  at  Lafayette  college,  and  in  1869,  re- 
turning to  California,  he  established  at  University 
Mound  another  school,  of  which  he  was  principal 
until  1873.  From  1873  to  1875  he  taught  Hebrew 
at  the  Presbyterian  theological  school,  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  in  1875  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Greek 
exegesis  in  that  institution.  He  was  a frequent 
contributor  to  the  periodical  literature  of  his  de- 
nomination, and  was  the  author  of  a “Commen- 
tary on  the  Song  of  Solomon”  (1853);  “ Octo- 
rara.  a Poem,  and  Other  Pieces”  (1855).  and 
“Advanced  Growth  in  Grace”  (1885). 

BURROWES,  Thomas  H.,  educator,  was  born 
at  Strasburg,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  Nov.  16, 
1805.  He  was  educated  at  Quebec,  Canada,  and 
at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  Ireland.  In  1831  and 
1832  he  was  elected  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives of  the  Pennsylvania  legislature,  and  in  1835 
Governor  Ritner  appointed  him  secretary  of  the 
commonwealth,  in  which  office  he  may  be  said  to 
have  initiated  the  free-school  system  of  education 
in  Pennsylvania.  In  1851  he  began  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Pennsylvania  School  Journal,  which, 
by  act  of  the  legislature,  was.  in  1855,  made  the 
organ  of  the  school  department  of  the  state.  In 
1854  he  prepared  for  the  state  the  descriptive  mat- 
ter for  “ Pennsylvania  School  Architecture,”  and 
after  1856  he  drafted  most  of  the  important  school 
laws  passed  by  the  Pennsylvania  legislature,  in- 
cluding the  normal  school  law.  In  1858  he  was 
elected  mayor  of  Lancaster,  and  in  1860  was  ap- 
pointed state  superintendent  of  common  schools 
of  Pennsylvania.  In  1864  he  was  made  superin- 
tendent of  the  soldier’s  orphan  schools  of  Penn- 


sylvania, and  he  established  similar  institutions 
throughout  the  state.  Five  years  later  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Pennsylvania  agricultural 
college.  He  died  March  25,  1871. 

BURROWS,  Julius  C.,  senator,  was  born  at 
Northeast,  Erie  county,  Pa.,  Jan.  9,  1837.  He 
received  a common-school  and  academic  edu- 
cation, studied  law,  and  during  the  civil  war 
served  as  an  officer  in  the  Union  army.  1862-’64. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  removed  to  Michigan, 
and  was  prosecuting  attorney  of  Kalamazoo 
county,  1865-’67.  He  declined  the  position  of 
supervisor  of  internal  revenue  for  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin  in  1867.  He  was  elected  in  1872  to 
represent  his  district  in  the  national  house  of 
representatives  in  the  43d,  and  was  again  elected 
to  the  46th  and  47tli  congresses.  President 
Arthur  appointed  him  solicitor  of  the  United 
States  treasury  department,  but  he  declined  to 
serve.  He  was  a delegate-at-large  from  Michigan 
to  the  national  Republican  convention  at  Chicago 
in  1884;  was  again  a representative  in  Congress, 
serving  in  the  49th,  50th,  51st,  52d,  53d,  and  54th 
congresses.  He  resigned  his  seat  Jan.  23,  1895,  to 
become  U.  S.  senator,  being  elected  to  fill  the  un- 
expired term  of  Francis  B.  Stockbridge,  deceased. 
He  was  active  in  Congress,  serving  on  the  house 
committee  on  ways  and  means,  and  doing  valu- 
able service,  when  the  McKinley  bill  was  framed. 
In  the  senate  he  made  a masterly  argument  in 
April.  1896,  in  favor  of  seating  Henry  DuPont  as 
senator  from  Delaware. 

BURROWS,  William,  naval  officer,  was  born 
in  Kensington,  Pa.,  Oct.  6, 1785,  son  of  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Burrows,  a marine  naval  officer.  He 
received  a midshipman’s  warrant  in  1799,  was  as- 
signed to  the  Portsmouth,  and  in  1803  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Constitution,  as  acting  lieutenant, 
serving  in  that  capacity  throughout  the  Tripolitan 
war.  In  1808,  in  command  of  a gunboat,  he  was 
engaged  on  the  Delaware  river  in  enforcing  the 
embargo  law,  and  in  1809  was  appointed  1st  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Hornet.  Finding  himself  outranked 
by  his  former  subordinates,  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission, but  it  was  not  accepted.  Secretary  Ham- 
ilton granting  him  a furlough  of  a year,  during 
which  he  visited  India,  and  at  its  close  was 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  sloop  Enterprise. 
On  Sept.  1.  1813,  while  off  the  coast  of  Portland, 
Me.,  he  fell  in  with  the  British  brig  Boxer,  and 
captured  her  after  an  engagement  of  forty -five 
minutes.  Burrows  was  mortally  wounded,  but 
lived  long  enough  to  receive  the  surrender  of  the 
Boxer,  whose  commanding  officer,  Captain  Blythe, 
had  fallen  in  the  early  moments  of  the  action. 
Blythe  and  Burrows  were  buried  in  adjoining 
graves  in  Portland,  and  Congress  recognized  his 
gallantry  by  awarding  a gold  medal  to  his  nearest 
male  relative.  His  death  occurred  Sept.  5,  1813. 
[513] 


BURRUS. 


BURT. 


BURRUS,  John  Houston,  educator,  was  born 
near  Murfreesboro,  Tenn.,  in  1849;  son  of  William 
C.  Burrus,  a wealthy  planter,  lawyer,  and  politi- 
cian ; bis  mother,  Nancy,  was  a slave  of  mulatto 
and  Indian  extraction.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Bur 
rus  in  1860,  Nancy  and  her  three  surviving  sons 

were  divided  with  his 
other  property  among 
his  heirs.  President 
Lincoln’s  emancipa- 
tion proclamation 
gave  them  freedom, 
and  John  with  his 
mother  and  brothers 
settled  in  Nashville, 
Tenn.  He  entered  the 
University  as  a stu- 
dent in  1867,  and  was 
graduated  in  1875.  He 
was  engaged  for  two 
years  as  an  instructor 
in  Fisk  university,  but 
in  1879  he  resigned  to 
devote  himself  exclusively  to  his  legal  studies. 
He  vvas  admitted  to  the  bar  in  January,  1881,  and 
in  September,  1883,  became  president  of  Alcorn 
agricultural  and  mechanical  college  at  Rodney, 
Miss.,  his  elder  brother,  J.  D.  Burrus,  M.  A.,  being 
a member  of  the  faculty.  The  youngest  brother, 
P.  R.  Burrus,  was  a practising  physician  at  Nash- 
ville, Tenn. 

BURT,  John  Otis,  physician,  was  born  at  Syra- 
cuse, N.  Y.,  April  27, 1835.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1858,  and  studied  medicine  at 
the  Harvard  medical  school,  and  the  New  York 
college  of  physicians  and  surgeons.  On  July  30, 
1861 , lie  received  a commission  as  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  U.  S.  navy.  His  first  service  was  on 
the  frigate  Colorado,  attached  to  the  Gulf  squad- 
ron under  Farragut,  then  at  a naval  hospital  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  subsequent  to  which 
he  was  assigned  to  the  iron-clad  Cairo,  which  was 
destroyed  by  a torpedo  when  up  the  Yazoo  river. 
Dr.  Burt  escaped,  but  the  hardships  and  exposure 
he  underwent  so  undermined  Ids  health,  that  on 
November  23,  1863,  he  was  obliged  to  resign  and 
return  home.  The  following  year  he  spent  in 
Paris  and  Vienna,  occupied  in  medical  study,  and 
was  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  College  of  phy- 
sicians and  surgeons,  New  York  city,  in  1864.  He 
resided  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y..  where  he  occupied  the 
position  of  professor  in  the  medical  department 
of  Syracuse  university.  He  died  in  1894. 

BURT,  Nathaniel  Clark,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Fairton,  N.  J.,  April  23,  1825.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Princeton  in  1846,  from  the  theological 
seminary  in  1849,  and  was  ordained  to  preach  in 
1850.  He  served  as  pastor  of  churches  at  Spring- 
field,  Ohio,  1850— ’55 ; at  Baltimore,  Md.,  1855-’60; 


and  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1860-66.  The  years. 
1866  and  1867  were  spent  in  travelling  through 
Europe,  Egypt,  and  the  Holy  Land,  where  he 
made  investigations  and  observations  of  much 
value  to  Bible  students.  In  1868  he  became 
president  of  the  Ohio  female  college,  but.  after 
two  years’  service,  his  ill-health  constrained 
him  to  seek  a permanent  home  in  southern 
Europe.  * He  received  the  degree  of  S.T.D.  from 
Hanover  college,  Ind.,  in  1861.  He  was  a fre- 
quent contributor  to  denominational  periodicals, 
and  he  was  the  author  of  “Hours  Among  the 
Gospels”  (1865);  “The  Far  East”  (1867);  and 
“The  Land  and  its  Story”  (1869).  He  died  in 
Rome,  Italy,  March  4,  1874. 

BURT,  Stephen  Smith,  physician,  was  born  in 
Oneida,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  1,  1850,  son  of  Oliver  T.,  and 
Rebecca  (Johnston)  Burt,  and  grandson  of  Aaron 
Burt,  identified  with  the  early  history  of  central 
New  York,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  city  of  Syra- 
cuse. and  a lineal  descendant  of  Henry  Burt,  who 
came  to  New  England 
in  1635.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  English 
and  classical  school, 

West  Newton,  Mass., 
the  Eagleswood  mili- 
tary academy  in  New 
Jersey,  the  Edwards 
Place  school  at  Stock-  ^ . 
bridge,  Mass.,  and  had  m 
two  years’  tuition  at.^O» 

Cornell  university.  He  '"i  jm 
was  graduated  from  the  ’ “ 

College  of  physicians 
and  surgeons  of  New 
York,  in  1875,  valedic- 
torian of  his  class,  and 
from  Roosevelt  hospital  in  1877.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  state  and  county  medical  societies, 
and  of  the  New  York  academy  of  medicine,  and 
was  professor  of  thoracic  diseases  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Vermont  in  1884  and  1885.  In  1882  lie 
became  a teacher,  and  in  1884  was  made  professor 
of  physical  diagnosis  and  clinical  medicine  in  the 
New  York  post-graduate  medical  school  and  hos- 
pital. and  attending-physician  to  the  New  York 
post-graduate  hospital.  He  was  a charter  member 
of  the  Hospital  graduates’  club  of  New  York.  In 
1890  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  from 
Yale  university.  He  published  in  pamphlet  form 
“ A Clinic  on  Heart  Disease”  (1886) ; “ Pleurisy 
(1887) ; “ Views  on  the  Prevention  and  Treatment 
of  Typhoid  Fever"  (1889);  “801116  of  the  Limita- 
tions of  Medicine  ” (1889);  Pulmonary  Consump- 
tion in  the  Light  of  Modern  Research"  (1*90): 

“ Bacteriology  and  Preventive  Medicine  (1891 ) ; 
“The  Ethics  of  Experimentation  L'pon  Living 
Animals”  (1891). 


X A. 


[514] 


BURT. 


BURTON. 


BURT,  William  Austin,  surveyor,  was  born 
in  Worcester,  Mass.,  June  13,  1792.  He  acquired 
some  experience  as  a civil  engineer  in  Erie 
county,  N.  Y.,  and  became  U.  S.  deputy -surveyor 
at  Detroit,  Mich.,  in  1840.  He  surveyed  the  entire 
northern  part  of  Michigan.  The  solar  compass 
was  originated  by  him,  and  he  introduced  a 
number  of  important  improvements  in  geological 
surveying.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  en- 
gaged in  perfecting  an  equatorial  sextant,  which 
he  had  patented  in  1856.  He  served  several  terms 
in  the  territorial  council  of  Michigan  and  in 
the  state  legislature,  and  he  was  for  some  years 
a judge  of  the  circuit  court.  As  a member  of  the 
legislature  he  was  largely  instrumental  in  secur- 
ing the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  canal.  He  died  at  De- 
troit, Mich.,  Aug.  18,  1858. 

BURTON,  Asa,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Ston- 
ington,  Conn.,  Aug.  23,  1752.  He  was  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1777,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
in  September  of  the  same  year.  In  1779  he  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  of 
Thetford,  Vt.,  and  the  pastoral  relation  thus 
established  continued  for  fifty-two  years.  Mid- 
dlebury  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree 
of  D.D.  in  1804.  He  was  well  known  as  a theo- 
logical teacher,  and  during  the  active  years  of 
his  life  trained  over  sixty  young  men  for  the 
ministry.  He  published  many  of  his  sermons 
and  a series  of  “ Essays  on  some  of  the  First 
Principles  of  Metaphysics,  Ethics  and  Theology  " 
(1824).  His  memoir  was  published  by  Thomas 
Adams.  He  died  at  Thetford,  Vt.,  May  1,  1836. 

BURTON,  Charles  Germman,  representative, 
was  born  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  April  4,  1846.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Warren, 
Ohio,  enlisted  in  1861  in  the  19th  Ohio  infantry, 
and  served  in  the  civil  war  until  discharged  for 
disability,  Oct.  29,  1862,  and  served  again  in  1864 
with  the  “one  hundred  days”  men.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1867,  and  removed  to  Virgil 
City,  Mo.,  in  1868;  to  Erie,  Kan.,  in  1869;  and  to 
Nevada,  Mo.,  in  1871.  He  served  as  circuit  attor- 
ney and  judge  of  the  25th  Missouri  circuit,  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Republican  national  convention 
of  1884,  in  1894  was  elected  a representative 
from  the  fifteenth  district  of  Missouri  to  the 
54th  Congress,  and  in  1896  was  again  a candi- 
date, but  was  defeated  in  the  election  by  M.  E. 
Benton,  Democrat. 

BURTON,  Henry  S.,  soldier,  was  born  in 
New  York  city  in  1818.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1839,  and  after  serving  as  lieuten- 
ant in  the  3d  artillery  in  the  Florida  war,  he 
returned  to  the  military  academy  and  spent 
from  1842  to  1845  as  assistant  instructor  of  in- 
fantry and  artillery  tactics.  He  engaged  in  the 
Mexican  war  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  N.  Y.  vol- 
unteers, being  prominent  at  the  defence  of 


La  Paz  and  at  Todos  Santos.  The  years  be- 
tween 1847  and  1861  were  spent  principally  in 
garrison  at  various  posts  in  the  south  and  west, 
and  in  1861  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
major,  and  from  that  year  until  1863  was  in 
charge  of  the  Fort  Delaware  prison.  From  1863 
to  1864  he  commanded  the  artillery  reserve  of  the 
army  of  the  Potomac ; was  inspector  of  artillery 
in  the  Richmond  campaign  and  in  the  department 
of  the  east  until  he  was  made  a member  of  the 
retiring  board  in  1864.  He  was  brevetted 
brigadier-general  in  March,  1865,  in  recognition 
of  his  gallantry  at  the  capture  of  Petersburg. 
After  the  war  he  served  in  command  of  the  5th 
artillery  at  Fort  Monroe,  Va. ; at  Columbia,  S.  C. ; 
at  Richmond,  Va. ; and  at  Fort  Adams.  R.  I.  ; and 
he  was  on  court-martial  duty  in  New  York  city 
from  October,  1868,  to  March,  1869.  He  died  in 
Fort  Adams,  Newport,  R.  I.,  April  4,  1869. 

BURTON,  Theodore  Elijah,  representative, 
was  born  in  Jefferson,  Ashtabula  county,  Ohio, 
Dec.  20,  1851.  He  removed  to  Iowa  in  1865,  and 
in  1867  commenced  his  collegiate  studies  at  Iowa 
college.  In  1870  he  removed  to  Oberlin  college, 
Ohio,  where  lie  was  graduated  in  1872,  and  re- 
mained as  tutor  two  years.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1875,  commencing  practice  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  In  1888  he  was  elected  a representa- 
tive to  the  51st  Congress  from  the  twenty-first 
district  of  Ohio;  was  defeated  for  election  in 
1890,  but  was  elected  in  1894  to  the  54th  Con- 
gress and  in  1896  to  the  55th  Congress.  He  gave 
special  study  to  problems  pertaining  to  currency 
and  economic  subjects,  and  as  a member  of  the 
committee  on  river  and  harbor  improvements 
advanced  the  development  of  traffic  on  the  Great 
Lakes.  Oberlin  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
A.M.  in  1875. 

BURTON,  William  Evans,  comedian,  wVis 
born  in  London,  England,  Sept.  24,  1804;  son  of 
William  George  Burton,  a printer,  and  author 
of  “ Biblical  Researches.”  He  was  educated  at 
St.  Paul's  school,  London,  and  at  Oxford  uni- 
versity, and  intended  to  enter  the  church,  but 
before  he  had  taken  orders  his  father’s  death 
forced  him  to  undertake  the  management  of  the 
printing  establishment  in  order  to  support  his 
mother.  He  also  edited  The  Cambridge  Quarterly 
Review,  which  he  established,  and  which  intro- 
duced him  to  members  of  the  theatrical  profes- 
sion. He  joined  a company  of  amateur  actors, 
and  in  1825  made  his  debut,  appearing  in  low 
comedy  with  a provincial  company.  He  devoted 
himself  to  comedy  with  such  earnestness  that  he 
soon  became  the  leading  comedian  of  the  company. 
In  1831  he  made  his  first  professional  appearance 
before  a London  audience  as  Wormwood  in  “ The 
Lottery  Ticket,  ” and  won  much  praise  from  critics 
and  audiences.  He  played  Marall  to  Edmund 


[515] 


BURTON. 


BURTSELL. 


Kean's  Sir  Giles  Overreach,  and  Mrs.  Glover's 
Meg  in  “ A New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts."  His 
American  debut  was  made  in  1834,  at  the  Arch 
street  theatre,  Philadelphia,  in  the  characters  of 
Dr.  Ollapod,  in  “ The 
Poor  Gentleman,”  and 
Wormwood  in  “The 
Lottery  Ticket.  ’ ’ In 
the  four  years  of  his 
stay  in  Philadelphia 
he  won  for  himself  a 
substantial  popularity. 
For  nine  years  follow- 
ing he  appeared  in 
nearly  all  the  large  cit- 
ies of  the  Unit  ed  States. 

In  1841  he  was  mana- 
ger of  the  Church  street 
theatre  of  New  York, 
when  the  theatre  was  consumed  by  fire,  and  all 
his  scenery,  books  and  manuscripts  were  de- 
stroyed. In  1848  he  leased  Palmo's  opera  house  in 
Chambers  street,  N.  Y.,  and  changed  its  name  to 
Burton’s  theatre.  For  eight  years  this  house  was 
known  as  the  home  of  comedy  in  America,  and 
Burton  achieved  the  richest  triumphs  as  its  mana- 
ger. Here  many  a highly  popular  play  was  first 
produced,  and  here  Shakespeare’s  comedies  were 
revived  on  a scale  of  great  magnificence.  The 
most  famous  actors  of  the  time  appeared  on  his 
boards,  and  many,  afterwards  famous,  gained  here 
their  first  experience  and  belonged  at  various 
times  to  his  stock  company.  His  Shakespearian 
roles  were  among  his  masterpieces.  “ His  Cali- 
ban, Dogberry,  Autolycus,  Verges,  Touchstone, 
Nick  Bottom,  and  his  Falstaff  are  by  impartial 
judges  said  to  have  been  among  the  most  com- 
plete embodiments  of  the  great  poet’s  ideas  that 
his  works  have  ever  seen, ” says  Lawrence  Hut- 
ton in  “ Plays  and  Players.”  “ Among  his  other 
creations,  his  ‘ Timothy  Toodles’  and  his  ‘ Amin- 
adab  Sleek,’  were  so  absolutely  his  own  that 
when  an  actor  nowadays  essays  either  character, 
he  plays  the  Toodles  and  Sleek  of  Burton.”  His 
repertoire  included  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
four  characters.  In  1856  Mr.  Burton  became  the 
manager  of  the  Metropolitan  theatre,  but  the 
venture  was  so  meagrely  successful  that  in  1858 
he  abandoned  it,  and  began  a starring  career, 
which  ended  two  years  later  with  his  untimely 
death.  His  last  appearance  was  made  Dec.  16, 
1859,  at  Hamilton,  Canada,  where  he  played 
“ Aminadab  Sleek  ” and  “ Guy  Goodluck.”  Mr. 
Burton  wrote  several  farces  and  a number  of 
plays.  His  “ Ellen  Wareham,”  a play  published 
in  1833,  had  the  extraordinary  fortune  of  being 
produced  in  five  different  London  theatres  on  the 
same  evening.  He  contributed  stories  and 
sketches  to  the  periodicals  of  the  time,  and 

[516] 


edited  the  Literary  Souvenir  and  the  Gentle- 
man's Magazine.  This  latter  periodical  he  estab- 
lished, and  Edgar  Allan  Poe  was  at  one  time  his 
assistant  in  its  editorial  management.  Among 
his  writings,  “The  Actor's  Alloquy,”  “Wag- 
garies  and  Vagaries,”  and  “ A Cyclopaedia  of  Wit 
and  Humor  ” (1858),  are  notable.  See  “ William 
E.  Burton:  a Sketch  of  his  Career,”  by  Wm.  L. 
Keese.  Mr.  Burton  died  in  New  York  city.  Feb. 
10,  1860. 

BURTT,  John,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Knock  - 
marlocli,  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  May  26,  1789. 
After  receiving  a classical  education  and  serving 
an  apprenticeship  to  a weaver,  he  was  pressed 
into  the  navy,  and  was  five  years  before  the 
mast.  He  then  effected  his  escape,  and  taught 
school  at  Kilmarnock  and  Paisley  for  a time.  In 
1816  he  attended  medical  lectures  at  the  Glas- 
gow university,  and  in  1817,  becoming  involved 
in  political  disturbances,  he  fled  to  the  United 
States.  He  studied  for  a year  at  Princeton  theo- 
logical seminary,  and  served  as  a city  missionary 
at  Trenton  and  at  Philadelphia  until  1824,  when 
he  was  ordained  by  the  presbytery  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  was  pastor  over  churches  at  Salem, 
N.  J.,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  at  Blackwood  - 
town,  N.  J.  He  edited  the  Philadelphia  Presby 
terian  from  1830  to  1833,  and  the  Cincinnati 
Standard  from  1833  to  1835.  A collection  of  Ins 
verses  was  published  in  Glasgow  in  1817.  and 
republished,  with  additions,  in  Bridgeton.  N.  J. 
in  1819,  under  the  title  “ Horae  Poeticse."  In 
1859  he  resigned  his  pastorate,  and  spent  his  re 
maining  years  in  retirement  at  Salem,  N.  J.. 
where  he  died,  March  24,  1866. 

BURTSELL,  Richard  Lalor,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  New  York  city,  April  14,  1840.  He 
studied  theology  at  the  Propaganda  in  Rome,  and 
was  ordained  priest,  Aug.  10,  1862.  He  returned 
to  New  York,  was  first  assistant  pastor  of  St. 
Ann’s  R.  C.  church,  and  in  1868  was  given 
charge  of  the  new  parish  of  the  Epiphany.  In. 
1884  the  office  of  “ The  Defender  of  the  Marriage 
Tie  ” was  introduced  into  the  United  States  by 
the  third  plenary  council  of  Baltimore,  the  iffice 
having  been  originally  created  by  Pope  Benedict 
XIV.  in  1741.  The  duty  of  the  incumbent  is  to 
act  as  guardian  of  the  tie  in  cases  of  dispute 
concerning  marriages.  Archbishop  Corrigan  ap- 
pointed Dr.  Burt  sell  to  this  office  in  1886.  The 
next  year  he  acted  as  counsel  and  adviser  to  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Edward  McGlynn  in  his  controversy 
with  Archbishop  Corrigan.  In  April  of  the 
same  year  his  office  was  taken  from  him.  In 
1888  he  appeared  under  subpoena  at  the  lawsuit 
over  the  Maguire  burial,  and  in  1889  celebrated 
mass  at  the  funeral  of  Miss  Kelly,  a member  of 
the  anti-poverty  society.  Archbishop  Corrigan 
ordered  him  to  retire  to  a parish  in  Rondout, 


BUSBEE. 


BUSEY. 


N.  Y.  Appealing  from  the  archbishop's  order 
to  the  congregation  of  the  Propaganda  at  Rome, 
he  was  ordered  to  submit  to  the  archbishop’s 
decree.  He  therefore  preached  his  farewell  ser- 
mon at  the  church  of  the  Epiphany,  July  27, 
1890,  and  obeyed  his  ecclesiastical  superior,  tak- 
ing charge  of  St.  Mary's  church  in  Rondout,  Nov. 
8,  1890. 

BUSBEE,  Charles  Manly,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  Oct.  23,  1845;  son  of  Perrin 
Busbee,  lawyer,  grandson  of  Johnson  Busbee, 
jurist,  and  maternal  grandson  of  James  F.  Tay- 
lor, attorney -general  of  North  Carolina.  He  was 
a student  at  Hampden-Sidney  and  in  1863,  when 
just  eighteen  years  of  age,  left  college  and  vol- 
unteered in  the  Confederate  service,  and  from 
the  rank  of  private  rose  to  the  position  of  ser- 
geant-major in  the  5th  North  Carolina  infantry. 
In  the  battle  of  Spottsylvania  Court  House  he  was 
captured  by  the  Union  forces,  sent  to  the  prison 
at  Fort  Delaware,  subsequently  transferred  to 
Fort  Pulaski,  and  afterwards  to  Morris  Island, 
where,  to  retaliate  on  the  Confederate  govern- 
ment for  placing  five  hundred  Union  prisoners 
within  that  portion  of  the  city  of  Charleston, 
which  was  being  bombarded  by  the  Union  guns, 
he  was  one  of  a like  number  of  Confederate 
prisoners  placed  in  front  of  the  redoubts  on  Mor- 
ris Island,  directly  in  the  face  of  the  fire  from 
the  Confederate  batteries  on  Sullivan's  Island. 
He  was  afterward  allowed  to  return  home  on 
parole,  and  a few  months  later  was  exchanged. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  entered  the  North  Caro- 
lina state  university,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1867,  and  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  practised  his 
profession  in  his  native  city,  and  in  1874  was 
elected  a member  of  the  state  senate.  In  1884 
he  was  elected  a member  of  the  lower  house  of 
the  state  legislature,  and  was  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  Democratic  state  executive  com- 
mittee. In  1890  he  was  elected  grand  sire  of  the 
sovereign  grand  lodge  of  the  I.  O.  O.  F.,  the  high- 
est honor  of  this  great  fraternal  order,  and  Mr. 
Busbee  was  the  youngest  man  ever  selected  for 
the  position. 

BUSBEE,  Fabius  Haywood,  lawyer,  was 
born  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  March  4,  1848;  son  of 
Perrin  and  grandson  of  Johnson  Busbee,  well- 
known  members  of  the  North  Carolina  bar.  His 
early  education  was  received  at  the  Lovejoy 
academy  at  Raleigh,  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  entered  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  but 
withdrew  in  February,  1865,  to  volunteer  as  a 
private  in  the  71st  N.  C.  regiment.  He  was  a 
lad  of  only  sixteen  years,  but  his  bravery  and 
good  conduct  so  won  the  admiration  of  his  com- 
rades that  they  elected  him  to  a lieutenancy.  He 
acquitted  himself  with  credit  in  the  battles  of 
Kinston  and  the  struggle  at  Bentonville,  N.  C., 


on  March  19,  1865.  After  Johnston  surrendered, 
young  Busbee  re-entered  the  university,  where  he 
was  graduated  with  first  honors  in  1868.  In 
June  of  that  year  he  passed  examination  for  ad- 
mission to  the  bar,  but  his  license  was  withheld 
until  the  following  year  as  he  had  not  reached 
legal  age.  He  practised  law  at  Raleigh,  and  in 
1875  was  elected  attorney  for  the  city,  a position 
he  held  until  1884.  In  1876  he  was  an  elector  for 
the  fourth  N.  C.  district  on  the  Tilden  and  Hen- 
dricks ticket.  In  1880  he  was  chosen  elector  for 
the  state  at  large  on  the  Hancock  and  English 
ticket.  During  the  administration  of  President 
Cleveland  he  was  United  States  attorney  for  the 
eastern  district  of  North  Carolina.  During  the 
years  1885  and  1886  he  was  grand  master  of  Ma- 
sons in  North  Carolina.  He  received  the  degree 
of  A.M.  from  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
in  1869,  and  a like  honor  from  Princeton  college 
and  from  Trinity  college,  Hartford,  Conn.,  in 
1871.  He  was  elected  in  1892  one  of  the  trustees 
of  the  University  of  North  Carolina. 

BUSEY,  Samuel  Thompson,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Greencastle,  Ind.,  Nov.  16,  1835.  When  but 
a child  he  was  taken  by  his  parents  to  Urbana, 
111.,  where  he  labored  on  a farm,  attended  a dis- 
trict school  at  intervals,  and  was  clerk  in  a store. 
In  1862,  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  recruiting  ser- 
vice, he  organized  a company  of  volunteers,  of 
which  he  was  elected  captain,  and  on  the  organi- 
zation of  the  76th  Illinois  regiment  was  com- 
missioned lieutenant-colonel ; in  the  ensuing 
January  he  succeeded  to  the  command  of  the 
regiment,  and  in  May  was  mustered  in  as  colonel. 
He  was  on  several  occasions  mentioned  in 
general  orders  for  meritorious  services  and 
distinguished  bravery,  and  was  brevetted  briga- 
dier-general for  leading  the  assault  on  Fort 
Blakeley,  Ala.,  on  April  9,  1865,  when  he  scaled 
the  enemy’s  works  alone,  and  engaged,  unsup- 
ported, in  a hand-to-hand  encounter  with  a gun 
squad,  killing  the  gunner  anti  wounding  two 
others  of  the  squad.  Though  severely  wounded 
himself,  he  received  in  person  the  surrender  of 
the  Confederate  officer  and  his  staff.  He  was 
mustered  out  of  service  in  August,  1865,  with 
the  rank  of  brevet  brigadier-general.  In  1867  he 
organized  Busey's  bank  at  Urbana,  which  he 
successfully  managed  for  twenty-one  years, 
when  he  retired  from  business  in  1888.  In  1880 
he  was  elected  mayor,  and  president  of  the  board 
of  education  of  the  city  of  Urbana,  by  five 
successive  elections  held  those  offices  for  nine 
years,  and  in  1890  was  elected  a representative 
to  the  52d  Congress  as  a Democrat,  defeating 
Joseph  G.  Cannon,  the  Republican  incumbent, 
in  a district  that  had  been  Republican  for  years, 
and  had  been  represented  by  Mr.  Cannon  con- 
tinuously from  1873. 


BUSH. 


BUSHNELL. 


BUSH,  George,  educator,  was  born  at  Nor- 
wich. Vt.,  June  12,  1796.  He  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  in  1818,  and  pursued  a theological 
course  at  Princeton  seminary,  where  he  was 
a tutor  in  1823-’24.  After  his  ordination  as  a 
minister  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  he  gave 
four  years’  service  to  missionary  work  in  Indi- 
ana. From  1831  to  1846  he  held  the  chair  of 
Hebrew  language  and  literature  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  city  of  New  York.  He  was  liberal 
and  progressive  in  the  Presbyterian  church, 
which  he  left  in  1845  and  joined  the  New  Jeru- 
salem church.  He  issued  in  1844  the  Hierophant, 
a monthly  periodical,  and  in  1845  became  editor 
of  the  New  Church  Repository,  a Swedenborgian 
publication.  He  published  a “ Treatise  on  the 
Millenium  ” (1832) ; “ Notes  Critical  and  Practi- 
cal on  the  Book  of  Genesis  ” (1838) ; “ Notes  on 
the  Book  of  Exodus  ” (1841) ; “ Notes  on  the 
Book  of  Leviticus  ” (1842) ; “ Notes  on  the  Book 
of  Joshua,”  and  “ Notes  on  the  Book  of  Judges  ” 
(1844) ; “ The  Soul,  or  an  inquiry  into  Scriptural 
Psychology,”  and  “ Anastasis  ” (1845);  “ Mes- 
mer  and  Swedenborg”  (1847);  “ The  Resurrec- 
tion of  Christ,”  ‘‘New  Church  Miscellanies” 
(1855);  ‘‘Priesthood  and  Clergy  unknown  to 
Christianity  ” (1857) ; “ Notes  Critical  and  Prac- 
tical on  the  Book  of  Numbers  ” (1858) ; ‘‘  The  Life 
of  Mohammed  ” (1858).  He  died  in  Rochester 
N.  Y.„  Sept.  19,  1859. 

BUSH,  Norton,  artist,  was  born  at  Rochester, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  22,  1834.  He  studied  art,  first  with 
James  Harris  in  his  native  city,  and  then  with 
J.  F.  Cropsey  in  New  York.  In  1852  he  went  to 
California  by  way  of  the  Isthmus,  and  his  first 
ideas  of  tropical  scenery  were  received  while 
crossing  Nicaragua,  and  made  a lasting  impres- 
sion on  his  after  career.  As  an  amateur  he 
painted  Mount  Diablo  in  1857,  his  picture  being 
exhibited  at  the  Mechanics’  institute  in  San 
Francisco.  In  1868  he  opened  a studio  in  San 
Francisco,  and  the  same  year  visited  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama,  where  he  obtained  the  material  for  a 
series  of  pictures.  In  1875  he  extended  his  jour- 
ney to  Ecuador  and  Peru,  crossed  the  Andes 
three  times  and  made  sketches  of  Mount  Chim- 
borazo; visited  Lake  Titicaca,  in  southern  Peru, 
making  sketches  of  the  volcano  El  Miste  and 
Mount  Meiggs.  On  his  return  to  California  he 
painted  a series  of  pictures  of  the  scenery  of 
Ecuador  and  Peru  for  John  G.  Meiggs.  of  Lon- 
don, which  were  exhibited  at  the  rooms  of  the 
San  Francisco  art  association  in  1876,  of  which 
society  he  was  in  the  same  year  made  a director, 
having  been  elected  a member  in  1874.  He  re- 
ceived four  gold  medals  from  the  state  fair  of 
California.  Among  his  notable  works  are: 
“ Lake  Nicaragua.”  ‘‘ Bay  of  Panama,”  “ Sum- 
mit of  the  Sierra,"  and  “ River  San  Juan.  Nica- 


ragua,” “Mount  Chimborazo,”  “Volcano  El 
Miste,”  and  “Mount  Meiggs,  Andes  of  Peru.” 

“ Western  Slope  of  Cordilleras,”  “ Cordilleras  of 
Ecuador.  ” 

BUSHNELL,  Asa  Smith,  governor  of  Ohio, 
was  born  at  Rome,  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.,  Sept. 
16.  1834;  son  of  Daniel  Bushnell,  and  grandson 
of  Jason  Bushnell,  a soldier  of  the  revolution,  and 
a member  of  a Connecticut  family.  He  removed 
to  Springfield,  Ohio,  in  1851,  where,  without 
friends  or  money,  he 
entered  upon  his  busi- 
ness career,  being  suc- 
cessively a dry-goods 
clerk,  book-keeper, 
and  e m ployee  and  \ 
member  of  a manu- 
facturing firm.  In 
1885  he  was  m a d e 
chairman  of  the  Re- 
publican state  execu- 
tive committee,  which 
elected  Joseph  B. 

Foraker  governor, 
and  re-elected  John 
Sherman  to  the 
LTnited  States  senate. 

In  1895  he  accepted 
from  the  Republican  state  convention  the  nomina- 
tion for  governor,  and  was  elected  by  a plurality 
of  92,622  over  James  E.  Campbell.  In  1892  he 
was  a delegate-at-large  to  the  national  conver. 
tion  at  Minneapolis,  and  in  March,  1896.  was 
unanimously  chosen  a delegate-at-large  to  the 
Republican  convention  at  St.  Louis. 

BUSHNELL,  David,  inventor,  was  born  in 
Saybrook,  Conn.,  about  the  year  1742.  Upon  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  sold  his  interest  in  the 
farm  and  devoted  the  proceeds  to  his  education. 
Assisted  by  the  village  pastor,  he  fitted  himself 
for  college,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1775. 
He  made  a study  of  submarine  warfare  and  navi 
gation.  and  constructed  a diving  boat,  which 
resembled  two  tortoise  shells,  and  was  for  that 
reason  called  The  American  Turtle.  A fidl  de- 
scription of  the  boat  and  torpedo  will  be  found 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  American  philosophi- 
cal society,  and  in  Silliman's  American  Journal 
of  Science  (1820).  In  addition  to  this  torpedo, 
Mr.  Bushnell  invented  a number  of  devices  for 
the  destruction  of  the  enemy’s  ships,  but  his 
“ internals, ” as  they  were  called  by  the  British, 
failed  of  accomplishing  their  purpose,  owing  to  a 
series  of  unfortunate  accidents.  In  177.  he 
attempted  to  destroy  the  Cerberus,  a frigate  at 
anchor  off  New  London.  Conn.  The  machine, 
becoming  fixed  to  a schooner  at  anchor  astern 
the  frigate,  exploded,  demolishing  that  vessel  and 
killing  several  men.  In  December.  1777.  he 


m] 


BUSHNELL. 


BUSSEY. 


arranged  and  set  adrift  kegs  charged  with  pow- 
der, so  as  to  destroy  the  British  ships,  which  held 
possession  of  the  Delaware  river.  In  the  dark- 
ness he  made  a miscalculation  as  to  the  distance, 
and  the  explosion  did  not  occur  until  the  follow- 
ing day.  when  it  caused  slight  damage,  though 
creating  consternation  among  the  officers  and 
sailors  aboard  the  ships.  A humorous  poem, 
"The  Battle  of  the  Kegs,’’  written  by  Hon. 
Francis  Hopkinson,  was  founded  on  this  inci- 
dent. Though  the  principles  on  which  Mr. 
Bushnell's  machines  were  constructed  were 
shown  to  be  correct,  the  accidents  attending 
his  experiments  and  his  disappointment  at  not 
receiving  government  support,  rendered  him 
very  dejected,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  he 
went  to  France.  Years  passed  without  his 
friends  hearing  from  him,  and  it  was  supposed 
that  he  had  perished  during  the  French  revolu- 
tion. He  returned  to  America  and  for  years  had 
charge  of  a large  school  in  Georgia,  after  which 
he  practised  medicine,  under  the  name  of  Dr. 
Bush.  The  tidings  of  his  death  was  the  first  news 
his  friends  had  had  of  him  in  forty  years.  His 
death  occurred  at  Warrenton,  Ga.,  in  1826. 

BUSHNELL,  Horace,  theologian,  was  born 
in  New  Preston,  Litchfield  county,  Conn.,  April 
14,  1802.  In  boyhood  he  worked  on  his  father's 
farm  and  in  a fulling  and  carding  mill.  When 
he  was  nineteen  years  old  he  first  began  to  de- 
vote himself  to  study,  and  he  was  graduated 
from  Yale  with  honor  in  1827.  He  taught  school 
in  Norwich,  Conn.,  and  then  engaged  as  literary 
editor  of  the  New  York  Journal  of  Commerce . 
He  returned  to  Yale  in  1829,  to  take  a course  in 
law,  and  accepted  a tutorship  in  the  college.  In 
1831,  when  about  to  be  admitted  to  the  bar,  a 
religious  revival  in  the  college  led  him  to  enter 
the  Yale  divinity  school,  and  upon  completing 
the  course  and  receiving  his  license,  he  was 
unanimously  chosen  as  pastor  of  the  North  Con- 
gregational church,  Hartford,  May.  1833.  He 
was  married  on  Sept.  13,  1833,  to  Mary  Apthorp 
of  New  Haven.  In  1839  he  delivered  an  address 
on  “ Revelation  ” before  the  society  of  inquiry, 
at  Andover  theological  seminary,  and  his  views 
upon  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  awakened  sus- 
picions as  to  his  orthodoxy,  as  they  did  again  in 
1849,  upon  the  publication  of  his  “ God  in 
Christ,”  and  he  was  called  before  a committee, 
appointed  by  the  Hartford  central  association, 
of  which  he  was  a member,  to  answer  to  a charge 
of  heresy.  Among  his  accusers  were  the  leading 
theological  authorities,  but  they  did  not  agree 
as  to  what  the  heresy  was.  Dr.  Bushnell  made 
a spirited  defence,  and  the  committee  reported 
through  its  chairman,  Dr.  Noah  Porter,  that 
‘‘though  there  were  in  the  views  presented, 
variations  from  the  historic  formulas  of  faith, 


the  errors  were  not  fundamental.”  This  re- 
port was  accepted,  with  but  three  dissenting 
votes,  and  although  the  Central  association 
was  again  appealed  to  in  1850  and  also  in  1852, 
it  refused  to  render  any  further  judgment  in  the 
case,  and  the  agitation  gradually  subsided.  His 
defence,  “Christ  in  Theology,”  was  published 
after  the  trial.  For  twenty-six  years  he  re- 
mained at  Hartford,  his  only  pastorate,  and 
when,  in  1859,  ill-health  compelled  him  to  resign, 
the  great  sorrow  manifested  by  his  parishioners 
bore  eloquent  testimony  to  the  strong  hold  he  had 
upon  their  hearts.  Dr.  Bushnell,  outside  of  his 
church,  fostered  every  influence  which  tended 
to  the  improvement  of  the  minds,  habits,  man- 
ners and  principles,  as  well  as  the  surrounding, 
of  the  people.  He  advocated  setting  aside  the 
land  surrounding  the  state  house  in  Hartford 
for  a public  park,  and  his  aggressive  persistence 
overcame  the  opposition,  afterward  the  park  be- 
ing named  in  his  honor,  “ Bushnell  Park.”  His 
principal  works  are:  “ Christian  Nature  ” (1847); 
“God  in  Christ”  (1849);  “Christ  in  Theology  ” 
(1851);  “Nature  and  the  Supernatural  ” (1858); 
“ Sermons  for  the  New  Life  ” (1858);  “ Charac- 
ter of  Jesus”  (1861);  “Work  and  Play,  a col- 
lection of  Addresses”  (1864);  “Christ  and  his 
Salvation  ” (1864) ; “ The  Vicarious  Sacrifice  ” 
1865);  “Moral  Uses  of  Dark  Things”  (1868); 
“ Woman  Suffrage,  the  Reform  against  Nature  ” 
(1869);  “ Sermons  on  Living  Subjects”  (1872), 
and  “ Forgiveness  and  Law  ” (1874).  He  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Wesleyan  uni- 
versity in  1842,  and  from  Harvard  in  1852,  and 
Yale  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1871. 
His  daughter,  Mary  Bushnell  Cheney,  published 
“ Life  and  Letters  of  Horace  Bushnell  ” (1880). 
A mural  tablet  was  erected  to  his  memory  in 
the  church  where  he  so  long  served.  He  died 
at  Hartford,  Conn.,  Feb.  17,  1876. 

BUSSEY,  Benjamin,  philanthropist  was  born 
at  Canton,  Mass.,  March  1,  1757.  At  the  age  of 
eighteen  he  enlisted  in  the  continental  army.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  engaged  in  business  as 
a silversmith  and  acquired  a large  fortune.  In 
1806  he  retired  from  business  and  devoted  his 
life  to  agricultural  pursuits  on  his  estate  in  Rox- 
bury.  By  his  will  he  provided  that  upon  the 
death  of  his  last  survivor,  one  half  of  his  estate 
should  go  to  Harvard  college  to  endow  a farm 
school,  for  promoting  a knowledge  of  scientific 
agriculture,  and  the  other  half  to  endow  the  la  w 
and  divinity  schools  of  the  university.  In 
compliance  with  the  terms  of  his  will,  Harvard 
college  in  1869  established  a school  of  practical 
agriculture  and  horticulture  on  his  estate  at 
Jamaica  Plain.  The  value  of  the  property  thus 
distributed  exceeded  three  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  dollars.  He  died  Jan.  13,  1842. 

[519 1 


BUSSEY. 


BUTLER. 


BUSSF.Y,  Cyrus,  soldier,  was  born  at  Hub- 
bard, Trumbull  county,  Ohio,  Oct.  5,  1833;  son  of 
Rev.  A.  Bussey,  a prominent  Methodist  clergy- 
man. At  sixteen  he  commenced  business  on  his 
own  account  at  Dupont,  Ind.,  having  acquired 
two  years’ experience  in  a dry-goods' store.  In 
1855  lie  removed  to  Bloomfield,  Iowa,  established 
himself  in  a mercantile  business,  and  became 
prominent  in  politics.  In  185^ he  was  elected  as 
a Democrat  to  the  Iowa  senate,  and  in  1860  was 
chosen  a delegate  to  the  national  Democratic  con- 
vention which  nominated  Stephen  A.  Douglas 
for  the  presidency.  In  1861  lie  was  appointed 
aid-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  Governor  Kirkwood, 
and  vvas  charged  with  the  defense  of  the  southern 
borders  of  the  state.  Hearing,  in  July,  that  the 
Confederates  were  massing  near  the  northern 
frontier  of  Missouri  preparatory  to  entering  Iowa 
and  taking  Keokuk  by  storm,  lie  seized  a con- 
signment of  a thousand  guns,  in  transit  from  the 
war  department  to  some  point  in  the  west,  and 
arming  the  4th  Iowa  infantry,  he  forestalled  the 
proposed  movement  by  advancing  into  Missouri 
and  dispersing  the  invaders.  He  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  3d  Iowa  cavalry,  a volunteer  regi- 
ment, which  he  had  raised,  and  being  ordered 
to  join  the  army  of  the  southwest,  then  stationed 
at  Sugar  Creek,  Ark.,  lie  covered  the  distance  of 
two  hundred  miles  in  four  days.  He  commanded 
a brigade  at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  and  after 
the  engagement  pursued  the  defeated  foe  as  far 
as  the  Boston  mountains.  His  gallantry  on  this 
occasion  won  the  enthusiastic  admiration  of  his 
men,  who  presented  him  with  a handsome  sword. 
In  the  Arkansas  campaign  of  1862  he  commanded 
a brigade,  and  in  1863  was  assigned  first  to  the 
command  of  the  district  of  east  Arkansas,  and 
later  to  the  command  of  the  2d  cavalry  division 
of  the  army  of  the  Tennessee.  In  the  Vicksburg 
campaign  he  led  the  advance,  under  General 
Sherman,  in  pursuit  of  Johnston,  whom  lie  over- 
took and  defeated  in  an  engagement  at  Canton, 
Miss.,  finally  forcing  him  to  retreat  across  Pearl 
river.  His  conduct  in  this  engagement  was 
rewarded  in  January,  1864,  with  promotion  to 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  and  he  was  given 
command  of  a division  of  the  7th  corps,  and  also 
of  the  district  including  western  Arkansas  and 
the  Indian  territory.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
retired  to  private  life  with  the  rank  of  brevet 
major-general,  and  engaged  in  the  commission 
business  at  St.  Louis,  later  removing  to  New 
Orleans,  where  he  was  president  of  the  chamber 
of  commerce  for  six  years,  and  was  conspicuously 
identified  with  the  procuring  of  the  congressional 
appropriation  for  the  Eads  jetties  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi  river.  He  was  a delegate  to 
the  Republican  national  convention,  1868,  and  in 
the  convention  of  1884  he  was  an  active  sup- 


porter of  Mr.  Blaine's  candidacy.  In  1889  he 
was  appointed  assistant  secretary  of  the  interior, 
and  in  adjudicating  the  appeals  from  the  adverse 
decisions  of  the  pension  commissioners  some  of 
his  rulings  attracted  great  attention,  and  the 
department  collected  and  published  these  rulings 
in  four  large  volumes.  General  Bussey  resigned 
from  the  interior  department  in  1893,  and  opened 
an  office  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  where  he  con- 
ducted a general  law-  practice  berore  the  district 
courts,  the  departments  and  congressional  com- 
mittees. 

BUSTEED,  Richard,  lawyer,  was  born  in 

Cavan,  Ireland,  Feb.  16,  1822;  son  of  George 
Washington  Busteed,  a colonel  in  the  British 
army,  and  afterwards  a barrister  at  Dublin.  The 
father  was  a strong  emancipationist,  which  fact 
caused  his  removal  from  his  office  as  chief  secre- 
tary of  the  island  of  St.  Lucia  in  1829.  He  left 
Ireland  and  settled  in  London,  Canada,  where  he 
published  the  True  Patriot.  During  his  boyhood 
Richard  worked  as  a compositor  in  the  office  of 
his  father  and  followed  the  same  trade  subse- 
quently at  Cincinnati,  Ohio ; at  Hartford,  Conn. . 
and  at  New  York,  where  he  also  engaged  in  local 
preaching,  by  license  of  the  Methodist  church. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846,  and  his  able 
defense  of  a number  of  extradition  cases  assured 
his  success  as  a lawyer.  From  1856  to  1859  he 
was  corporation  counsel  of  New  York  city.  He 
supported  Douglas  in  the  presidential  campaign 
of  1860,  and  joined  the  Union  army  in  1861.  He 
was  appointed  brigadier-general  of  volunteers, 
and  commanded  a brigade  at  Yorktown,  Va.,  but 
lie  sent  in  his  resignation  to  President  Lincoln 
March  10,  1863,  hearing  that  the  strong  combina- 
tion likely  to  be  brought  against  him  on  account 
of  his  attitude  in  the  slavery  question  would  pre- 
vent the  confirmation  of  His  appointment  by  the 
senate.  In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
U.  S.  district  judge  for  Alabama  by  President 
Lincoln;  his  appointment  being  unanimously 
confirmed  by  the  senate.  His  decisions,  especially 
as  to  the  unconstitutionality  of  the  test  oath 
prescribed  by  Congress,  as  applied  to  attorneys 
practising  in  U.  S.  courts,  which  were  after- 
wards confirmed  by  the  U.  S.  supreme  court, 
and  his  rulings  in  regard  to  the  habeas  corpus 
act  in  1875,  are  noteworthy.  In  1874  he  resigned 
his  office  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  New  York  city. 

BUTLER,  Andrew  Pickens,  senator,  was  born 
in  Edgefield  district,  S.  C.,  Nov.  17,  1796;  son  of 
William  Butler,  revolutionary  soldier.  He  was 
graduated  at  South  Carolina  college  in  181 7,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1819,  and  soon  rose  to  a 
prominent  position  in  his  profession.  He  became 
a member  of  the  state  legislature  in  1824.  com- 
manded a cavalry  regiment  during  the  nullifica- 


BUTLER. 


BUTLER. 


tion  troubles  of  1831 ; was  a judge  of  the  general  Baltimore  and  held  possession  of  that  city.  On 

sessions  in  1833,  and  of  the  state  court  of  com-  May  16  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major  - 

mon  pleas  in  1835.  In  1847  he  was  chosen  by  the  general  of  volunteers,  in  command  of  Fort  Mon- 
governor of  South  Carolina  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  roe  and  the  department  of  eastern  Virginia  In 

the  U.  S.  senate,  caused  by  the  death  of  Senator  June  his  troops  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Big 
McDuffie.  Subsequently  he  was  twice  elected  by  Bethel,  Va.,  which  resulted  disastrously  to  the 
the  legislature  as  United  States  senator,  and  Federal  army,  and  in  August  he  was  relieved  of 
retained  his  seat  during  the  remaining  years  of  his  command.  In  the  same  month  he  commanded 
his  life.  The  memorable  assault  made  by  Pres-  the  expedition  that  captured  forts  Hatteras  and 
ton  S.  Brooks  on  Charles  Sumner  was  provoked  Clark  on  the  North  Carolina  coast.  He  returned 
by  some  remarks  which  the  latter  addressed  to  to  Massachusetts  to  recruit  an  expedition  to 
Judge  Butler,  who  was  a relative  of  Mr.  Brooks.  operate  against  the  Confederates  on  the  Virginia 
The  ability,  eloquence  and  humor  of  Judge  But-  peninsula,  which  a misunderstanding,  first  with 
ler  made  him  a conspicuous  figure  in  the  senate.  Governor  Andrew  and  afterwards  with  the 
where  he  took  an  active  part  in  all  debates,  commanding  general,  prevented.  It  was  finally 
especially  those  bearing  on  the  interests  of  South  decided  to  send  him  with  his  six  thousand 
Carolina  and  the  other  southern  states.  He  died  men  on  an  expedition  to  co-operate  with  Ad 
at  his  home  near  Edgefield  Court  House,  S.  C.,  miral  Farragut  from  the  mouth  of  the  Missis 
May  35,  1857.  sippi  river,  and  he  reached  Ship  Island,  March  23, 

BUTLER,  Benjamin  Franklin,  governor  of  1863.  On  April  17,  he  followed  Farragut  s fleet’ 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Deerfield,  N.  H.,  which  captured  New  Orleans,  April  24.  and  on 
Nov.  5,  1818;  son  of  Capt.  John  Butler.  He  first  May  1 General  Butler  took  possession  of  that  city, 
attended  a district  school,  later  studied  at  He  obtained  much  odium  by  his  vigorous  In  ilitary 
Phillips  Exeter  academy  and  was  graduated  at  government,  by  arming  free  colored  people,  by 
Waterville  college  in  1838.  In  1840  he  was  causing  a man  named  Mumford,  who  had  pulled 

admitted  to  the  bar,  down  the  U.  S.  flag  from  the  mint,  to  be  hanged, 
began  the  practice  and  by  promulgating  an  obnoxious  order  in- 
of  law  at  Lowell,  tended  to  prevent  insults  being  offered  to  the 
Mass.,  and  early  ob-  soldiery  by  women.  President  Davis  proclaimed 
tained  distinction  as  him  an  outlaw,  and  set  a price  upon  his  head, 
a criminal  lawyer,  On  May  11,  1862,  he  seized  a large  sum  of  money 
his  readiness  of  re-  which  had  been  intrusted  to  the  Dutch  consul, 
tort  and  his  quick-  claiming  that  it  was  intended  for  the  purpose  of 
ness  to  perceive  and  purchasing  arms  for  the  Confederates.  The 
take  advantage  of  a matter  being  investigated,  the  United  States 
legal  flaw  in  his  op-  government  restored  the  money  On  Dec.  16, 
ponent’s  case  render-  1862,  General  Butler  was  recalled,  and  late  in 
ing  him  a formidable  1863  was  placed  in  command  of  the  department 
adversary.  He  was  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  afterwards 
a member  of  the  known  as  the  army  of  the  James.  On  March  12, 
Democratic  party  1864,  Grant  planned  his  great  campaign,  on 
and  early  became  prominent  in  political  life.  He  assuming  command  of  all  the  armies  of  ’ the 
was  elected  to  the  Massachusetts  house  of  rep-  United  States,  and  in  the  simultaneous  move- 
resentatives  in  1853,  and  in  1859  took  his  seat  in  ment  to  be  begun  May  4,  1864,  gave  to  General 
the  state  senate.  He  served  in  the  Massachusetts  Butler  the  direction  of  the  army  of  the  James, 
delegation  to  the  Democratic  national  convention  He  was  to  operate  south  of  the  James  river, 
held  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1860,  was  active  in  move  westward  towards  Petersburg,  and  attack 
the  proceedings,  but  later  refused  to  sit  in  a con-  Lee’s  army  in  the  rear,  while  Grant  personally 
vention  which  “approvingly  advocated  the  directed  the  operations  of  the  army  of  the 
African  slave-trade.”  He  received  the  Demo-  Potomac  against  the  front.  Butler  moved  cau- 
cratic  nomination  for  the  governorship  of  Massa-  tiously  and  was  opposed  in  his  march  by  General 
chusetts  in  1860,  but  was  defeated.  At  the  Beauregard,  who  occupied  Petersburg  and  had 
opening  of  the  civil  war,  as  brigadier -general  of  entrenched  the  peninsula  from  the  Appomattox 
militia  he  offered  his  services  on  the  first  call  to  the  James.  Butler  adopted  similar  tactics, 
or  troops,  and  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  and  undertook  to  take  Petersburg  by  siege 
the  8th  Mass,  regiment.  On  April  17,  1861,  he  This  left  his  troops  inactive,  except  as  builders 
proceeded  to  Annapolis,  Md.,  and  was  placed  in  of  fortifications  and  diggers  of  canals,  and  Lee 
command  of  the  district,  which  included  the  city  had  no  foe  in  his  rear.  Grant  ordered  Butler  to 
of  Baltimore,  and  on  May  13,  1861,  he  entered  make  a demonstration  against  the  enemy’s  line 

f521 1 


BUTLER. 


BUTLER. 


on  October  27,  which  was  ineffectual,  and  on 
Deoember  14  he  was  given  command  of  the  land 
forces  to  operate  against  Fort  Fisher,  N.  C.  They 
landed  at  Fort  Fisher,  December  25,  and,  after  a 
vigorous  bombardment  of  the  fort  by  Porter's 
fleet,  the  troops  were  ordered  to  assault  the 
works.  Just  as  they  had  gained  the  outposts, 
and  success  seemed  assured,  they  were  ordered 
to  fall  back  and  re-embark,  and  on  his  return  to 
Fort  Monroe  Butler  was  removed  from  his  com- 
mand by  order  of  General  Grant.  He  resumed 
the  practice  of  his  profession,  and  became  promi- 
nent in  political  life.  In  1866  he  was  elected  as 
a representative  from  Massachusetts  to  the  40th 
Congress  on  the  Republican  ticket,  and  was  re- 
elected to  five  of  the  six  succeeding  congresses. 
In  1868  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  impeachment 
trial  of  President  Johnson.  In  1871  he  was  the 
unsuccessful  Republican  candidate  for  guberna- 
torial honors,  and  he  was  in  1879  on  the  Demo- 
cratic and  Greenback  tickets.  In  1882  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Massachusetts  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket.  The  principal  act  of  administration 
was  the  charge  brought  by  him  against  the 
management  of  the  Tewksbury  almshouse,  which 
resulted  in  an  investigation  of  the  matter  before 
the  legislature.  In  1883  he  was  renominated, 
but  was  defeated,  and  1884  was  nominated  for 
the  presidency  of  the  United  States  by  the  Anti- 
monopolist  and  Greenback  parties.  Colb}'  uni- 
versity conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  in 
1852  and  LL.D.  in  1862;  Williams  college  giving 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1863.  He 
was  married  to  Sarah,  daughter  of  Dr.  Israel 
Hildreth  of  Lowell,  Mass.,  in  1842,  and  their 
daughter  married  Gen.  Adelbert  Ames.  General 
Butler  died  in  Washington,  D.  C..  Jan.  11,  1893. 

BUTLER,  Charles,  philanthropist,  was  born  at 
Kinderhook  Landing,  Columbia  county,  N.  Y., 
Feb.  15, 1802;  son  of  Medad  Butler,  and  a descend- 
ant of  Jonathan  Butler  who  was  born  in  Ireland, 
settled  in  Saybrook  Conn.,  in  1724,  and  married 
Temperance,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Daniel  Buck- 
ingham, one  of  the  founders  of  Yale  college.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Greenville  (N.  Y.)  academy, 
and  studied  law  in  the  office  of  his  brother,  Ben- 
jamin Franklin  Butler,  a partner  of  Martin  Van 
Buren  and  subsequently  President  Jackson’s  attor- 
ney-general. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1824, 
and  practised  first  at  Lyons  and  later  at  Geneva, 
N.  Y.  In  1833  he  visited  Chicago,  then  a mere  set- 
tlement of  about  three  hundred  inhabitants,  and 
invested  heavily  in  real  estate.  He  afterwards 
became  identified  with  many  financial  enterprises 
in  that  section  of  the  country,  holding  large 
shares  in  railroad  companies.  In  1844  he  became 
agent  for  the  holders  of  foreign  and  domestic 
bonds  in  Indiana,  retaining  the  position  for 
twenty-eight  years.  He  also  interested  himself 


in  educational  institutions,  and  in  1835  aided  in 
founding  the  Union  theological  seminary  in  New 
York  city,  of  which  he  was  chosen  president.  In 
1889  he  gave  to  the  seminary  8100.000  to  endow  a 
chair  of  biblical  theology.  In  1836  he  was  elected 
a member  of  the  council  of  the  University  of  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  from  1849  to  1851  was  pres- 
ident of  the  council.  He  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  council  in  1882,  serving  as  such  until 
lie  was  again  elected  its  president  in  1886.  In  1889 
he  presented  to  the  university  the  sum  of  8100,000. 
In  addition  to  his  educational  interests  he  bestowed 
generous  sums  upon  various  charitable  institu- 
tions, among  them  the  Westchester  home  for 
destitute  children  in  White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  and  the 
Protestant  half-orphan  asylum,  of  which  he  was 
a founder  and  afterwards  president.  In  1853  he 
received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Wabash  col- 
lege, and  in  1887  the  same  degree  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  city  of  New  York. 

BUTLER,  Clement  Moore,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  16,  1810.  He  was 
graduated  at  Washington  college,  Hartford. 
Conn.,  in  1833,  and  at  the  General  theological 
seminary.  New  York,  in  1836,  was  ordained  to 
the  priesthood  of  the  Episcopal  church,  and  held 
rectorates  successively  in  New  York  city ; at  Pal- 
myra. N.  Y. ; Georgetown,  D.  C. ; Boston,  Mass., 
and  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1847  he  received  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  from  Kenyon  college.  He  was  the 
chaplain  of  the  United  States  senate  from  1849  to 
1853.  Dr.  Butler  was  rector  of  Christ  church, 
Cincinnati,  from  1854  to  1857,  and  from  1857  to 
1861  had  charge  of  Trinity  church,  Washington. 
D.  C.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  rector  of  Grace 
church,  Rome,  Italy,  and  became  chaplain  to  the 
U.  S.  minister  there.  Upon  his  return  to  the 
United  States  in  1864  he  accepted  the  professor- 
ship of  ecclesiastical  history  in  the  divinity  school 
of  the  P.  E.  church,  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1884,  when  ill-health  compelled  his 
resignation.  He  published:  ‘‘The  Year  of  the 
Church”  (1840);  ••The  Flock  Fed:  Instructions 
preparatory  to  Confirmation”  (1845) ; “ The  Book 
of  Common  Prayer  interpreted  by  its  History  ” 
(1846;  enl.  ed.  1849);  “Old  Truths  and  New 
Errors  ” (1849) ; “ Ritualism  of  Law  ” (1859) ; “ St. 
Paul  in  Rome”  (1865);  “Inner  Rome:  Political. 
Religious,  and  Social  ” (1866) ; “ Manual  of  Eccles- 
iastical History  from  the  First  to  the  Nineteenth 
Century”  (2  vols.,  1868-  72);  “History  of  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer”  (1880),  and  “ The  Refor- 
mation of  Sweden  under  Charles IX.”  (1S83).  He 
died  in  Germantown,  Pa.,  March  5.  1890. 

BUTLER,  Cyrus,  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
1767 ; son  of  Samuel  Butler,  shoemaker,  who  after- 
wards acquired  wealth  in  the  shipping  business  in 
Providence.  Cyrus  inherited  a fortune  which  he 
greatly  increased,  and,  in  1844,  at  the  suggestion 


BUTLER. 


BUTLER. 


of  Dorothea  Dix,  gave  §40,000  to  found  a hospital 
in  Providence.  The  Butler  hospital  £or  the  insane 
was  opened  in  1847.  Mr.  Butler’s  heir,  Alexander 
Duncan,  continued  to  patronize  the  hospital, 
giving  fifteen  acres  of  land,  the  porter’s  lodge, 
Ray  hall,  the  David  Duncan  ward,  and  Duncan 
lodge.  Mr.  Butler  died  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Aug. 
22,  1849. 

BUTLER,  Ezra,  governor  of  Vermont,  was 
born  in  Lancaster,  Mass.,  Sept.  24,  1763,  son  of 
Asaph  and  Jane  (McAllister)  Butler.  He  was 
engaged  in  farming  in  early  life,  and  served  as  a 
soldier  in  the  patriot  army  when  seventeen  years 
old.  In  1785  he  was  married  and  went  with  his 
bride  through  the  wilderness  to  Vermont,  where 
he  had  built  the  first  house  in  Waterbury.  In  1791 
he  joined  the  Baptist  church,  and  in  1800  did  his 
first  preaching  in  the  neighboring  town  of  Bolton, 
later  becoming  pastor  of  the  newly  established 
church  at  Waterbury,  where  he  continued  as  elder 
and  preacher  until  within  a few  years  of  his  death. 
He  was  the  town  clerk,  a member  of  the  legisla- 
ture for  eleven  years,  and  a member  of  the  council 
sixteen  years.  In  1813-T4  he  was  a representative 
to  the  13th  Congress,  and  served  as  county  judge 
and  chief  justice  until  1825,  when  he  was  elected 
first  assistant  judge.  In  1822  he  was  a delegate 
to  the  state  constitutional  convention.  In  1826 
he  was  elected  governor  of  the  state  and  was  re- 
elected in  1827  without  opposition.  During  his 
administration  he  was  active  in  forwarding  the 
■cause  of  education  and  in  suppressing  lotteries. 
He  was  a presidential  elector  in  1804,  1820  and 
1830,  a member  of  the  committee  that  fixed  the 
site  for  the  first  state  house,  and  planned  the 
state’s  prison  and  state  arsenal.  From  1810  to 
1816  he  was  a trustee  of  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont. He  died  in  Waterbury,  Vt.,  July  12,  1838. 

BUTLER,  Francis  Eugene,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Suffolk,  Conn.,  Feb.  7,  1825.  In  early 
manhood  he  was  a merchant  in  New  York  city, 
and  interested  himself  in  religious  work.  He  was 
made  secretary  of  the  New  York  Bible  society, 
was  active  in  establishing  the  Young  Men’s  Chris- 
tian association,  and  engaged  in  the  management 
of  several  philanthropic  enterprises.  In  1854  he 
determined  to  devote  his  life  to  the  work  of  the 
ministry,  and  after  his  graduation  at  Yale  an 
A.M.,  in  1857,  and  three  years  at  the  Princeton 
theological  school  and  one  year  at  Andover,  he 
preached  at  Bedford  Springs,  Pa.,  and  in  the  sec- 
ond Presbyterian  church,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  He 
was  ordained  as  a Congregational  minister,  April 
16,  1862,  and  preached  in  Paterson,  N.  J.  In  1863 
he  joined  the  25th  New  Jersey  volunteers  as  chap- 
lain, and  while  attempting  to  relieve  the  suffer- 
ings of  a wounded  soldier  of  another  regiment  on 
a battlefield  near  Suffolk.  Va.,  he  was  shot  by  a 
sharpshooter,  and  died  May  4,  1863. 

r 52 


BUTLER,  James  Davie,  educator,  was  born  in 
Rutland,  Vt.,  March  15.  1815.  son  of  James  Davie 
and  Rachel  (Maynard,  born  Harris)  Butler.  He 
was  prepared  for  college  at  the  Wesleyan  semin 
ary  in  Wilbraham,  Mass.,  and  was  graduated  at 
Middlebury  college  in  1836.  After  studying  a 
year  in  the  theological  school  of  Yale  college  he 
became  a tutor  at  Middlebury  college,  and  in 
December,  1838,  acting  professor.  In  1840  he  was 
graduated  at  Andover  theological  seminary,  and 
being  elected  an  Abbott  resident  he  remained  at 
Andover  until  1842.  From  June,  1842,  he  trav- 
elled and  studied  in  Europe.  He  was  engaged  as 
a supply  for  Congregational  churches  in  West 
Newbury,  Mass.,  and  Burlington,  Vt.  From  1845 
to  1847  he  was  professor  and  acting  president  of 
the  university  of  Norwich,  Vt.  From  1847  to  1852 
he  was  pastor  at  Wells  River,  Vt.,  Norwich,  Vt., 
and  South  Danvers,  Mass.  From  1852  to  1855 
he  was  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  resigning  to  accept  the  chair 
of  Greek  in  Wabash  college  in  Indiana.  In  1858 
he  accepted  a similar  position  in  the  university 
of  Wisconsin,  where  he  remained  until  1867. 
After  a year  of  foreign  travel  he  spent  a winter 
on  the  lecture  platform.  From  1869  to  1873,  in 
the  interest  of  a western  railroad  company,  he 
explored,  studied  and  described  the  region  through 
which  the  road  ran.  He  then  took  up  his  residence 
at  Madison,  Wis. , and  engaged  in  literary  work . lec- 
turing and  preaching.  In  1854  he  was  elected 
a member  of  the  American  antiquarian  society, 
the  fifth  to  receive  that  honor,  and  delivered  an 
address  before  that  society  in  April,  1894.  con- 
cerning the  journal  of  Sergeant  Lloyd.  He  also 
became  a member  of  the  Wisconsin  state  histor- 
ical society,  of  which  he  was  acting  president  in 
1897.  Middlebury  college  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  in  1862.  His  published  writings 
include  “ Deficiencies  in  Our  History  (1846) ; “ In- 
centives to  Mental  Culture  among  Teachers” 
(1852);  “Nebraska”  (1873);  “The  Naming  of 
America”  (1874);  “Governmental  Patronage  of 
Knowledge”  (1877);  “American  Pre-Revolu- 
tionary Bibliography”  (1879) ; “ First  French  Foot- 
prints beyond  the  Lakes”  (1882);  “The  Hapax 
Legomera  in  Shakespeare  ” (1882) ; “ Portraits  of 
Columbus”  (1883);  “The  words  once  used  in 
Shakespeare”  (1886);  “Alexander  Mitchell,  the 
Financier  ” (1888) ; “ Butleriana,  Genealogica  et 
Biographica”  (1888);  “Prehistoric  Pottery” 
(1894),  and  “British  Convicts  shipped  to  Ameri- 
can Colonies  ” (1896). 

BUTLER,  John  Jay,  educator,  was  born  at 
Berwick,  Me.,  April  9,  1814.  He  was  graduated  at 
Bowdoin  college  in  1837,  and  at  Andover  theologi- 
cal seminary  in  1844,  when  he  was  elected  profes- 
sor of  systematic  theology  in  Whitestown  (N.  Y. ) 
seminary.  He  was  ordained  a minister  in  the  Free 
31 


BUTLER. 


BUTLER. 


Baptist  church,  Jan.  28,  1846.  From  1854  to  18T0 
lie  was  professor  of  theology  in  the  New  Hampton 
(N.  H.)  theological  school;  held  the  same  chair  in 
the  theological  department  of  Bates  college, 
Maine,  from  1870  to  1873,  and  was  professor  of 
sacred  literature  at  Hillsdale  college,  Michigan, 
from  1873  to  1883.  Under  his  forty  years  of 
preaching,  about  five  hundred  students  entered 
the  ministry.  In  1834  he  assumed  partial  editorial 
direction  of  the  Morning  Star,  the  Free  Baptist 
denominational  organ.  He  published:  “Natural 
and  Revealed  Theology”  (1861);  “ Commentary 
on  the  Gospels”  (1870),  and  “ Commentary  on  the 
Acts,  Romans,  and  First  and  Second  Corinthians” 
(1871).  He  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  from 
Hamilton  college  in  1849,  and  D.D.  from  Bowdoin 
college  in  1860.  He  died  at  Hillsdale,  Mich., 
June  16,  1891. 

BUTLER,  Josiah,  jurist,  was  born  in  Pelham, 
N.  H.,  in  1779.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
with  honor  in  1803,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
to  practice  about  1807.  In  1809  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  legislature  from  Deerfield,  and  be- 
came a leading  member  of  the  Democratic  party. 
He  was  appointed  sheriff  of  the  county  of  Rock- 
ingham in  1810,  and  was  removed  from  office  in 
1813  by  the  ascendant  Federalist  party  and 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession.  He 
was  clerk  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and 
in  1815  was  returned  a member  of  the  state  legis- 
lature, and  again  elected  in  1816.  He  was  elected 
a representative  to  the  15th  Congress  in  1816,  and 
was  re  elected  to  the  16th  and  17th  congresses. 
In  1825  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrill 
associate  justice  of  the  State  court  of  common 
pleas  of  New  Hampshire,  remaining  on  the  bench 
until  1833,  when  the  court  was  abolished.  He 
died  at  Deerfield,  N.  H.,  Oct.  29.  1854. 

BUTLER,  Matthew  Calbraith,  senator,  was 
born  in  Greenville,  S.  C.,  March  8,  1836;  son  of 
William  and  Jane  (Tweedy)  Butler,  grandson  of 
William  Butler,  revolutionary  soldier  and  repre- 
sentative in  Congress,  and  nephew  of  Andrew 
Pickens  Butler,  jurist.  His  father  was  a physician 
a naval  officer,  and  a representative  in  the  27th 
Congress,  and  his  mother  was  a sister  of  Oliver 
Hazard  and  Matthew  Calbraith  Perry,  the  naval 
heroes  of  the  war  of  1812.  He  received  his  prepar- 
atory education  in  the  schools  of  Edgefield  and  at 
Liberty  Hall,  and  entered  South  Carolina  college 
in  1854.  remaining  thereuntil  1856,  when  he  began 
the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  his  uncle,  Hon. 
A.  P.  Butler.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1857, 
commenced  practice  at  Edgefield  Court  House, 
was  elected  to  the  legislature  from  that  district 
in  1859,  resigning  the  office  in  1861  to  enter  the 
Confederate  service.  He  served  with  honor  and 
distinction  through  the  entire  war,  passed 
through  the  usual  grades  of  promotion,  and  in 


1863  received  a major-general’s  commission.  He 
lost  his  right  leg  at  the  battle  of  Brandy  Station. 
He  resumed  the  practice  of  law  after  the  war, 
was  returned  to  the  state  legislature  in  1866,  and 
in  1870  stood  for  election  to  the  office  of  lieuten- 
ant-governor and  to  that  of  U.  S.  senator,  but 
was  defeated,  the  state  being  overwhelmingly 
Republican.  In  1876,  when  South  Carolina  had 
two  legislatures,  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate  by  one  faction,  and  David  T.  Corbin  by 
the  other,  Butler  winning  the  seat  after  a notable 
contest  before  the  senate  committee.  He  was  re- 
elected in  1882  and  again  in  1888.  At  the  end  of 
his  third  senatorial  term.  March  3,  1895,  he  retired 
from  public  life. 

BUTLER,  Marion  , senator,  was  born  in  Honey- 
cutts township,  Sampson  county,  N.  C.,  May 
25.  1863.  He  received  the  greater  part  of  his 
preparatory  education  from  his  mother,  and  was 
graduated  from  the  University  of  North  Carolina, 
in  1885.  He  commenced  a law  course,  but  the 
death  of  his  father  obliged  him  to  return  home  to 
assist  in  the  support  of  his  mother  and  his  six 
brothers  and  sisters.  He  taught  in  a local  acad- 
emy, worked  the  home  farm,  and  saved  suffi- 
cient money  to  buy  the  Clinton  Caucasian,  a 
weekly  newspaper,  the  only  one  published  in  the 
county.  Later  he  removed  the  Caucasian  to 
Raleigh,  where  it  acquired  a large  circulation  and 
became  influential.  He  was  elected  a trustee  of 
his  alma  mater.  He  joined  the  Farmers’  Alli- 
ance movement  in  1888,  was  appointed  president 
of  the  county  lodge,  and  became  prominent  in 
the  Alliance  work.  In  1890  he  was  elected  to  the 
state  senate,  where  he  held  the  Affiance  forces, 
and  succeeded  in  bringing  about  a number  of 
much-needed  reforms.  He  became  the  president 
of  the  State  Farmers’  Alliance  in  1891,  was  re- 
elected in  1892,  became  first  vice-president  of  the 
national  organization  in  1893,  and  its  president  in 
1894.  Immediately  after  the  adjournment  of  the 
Chicago  convention  of  1892  he  severed  his  con- 
nection with  the  Democratic  party,  and  began 
the  work  of  organizing  the  People's  party,  con- 
ceiving and  carrying  out  the  successful  campaign 
of  1894.  He  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
senate  in  1895,  and  in  1896  was  chairman  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  People's  party  at  the 
national  convention  at  St.  Louis.  July  24,  where 
he  declined  the  nomination  as  vice-presidential 
candidate  on  account  of  not  having  reached  the 
legal  age. 

BUTLER,  Moses,  surveyor,  was  born  in  Ber- 
wick, Me.,  July  13,  1702;  son  of  Thomas  Butler, 
descended  from  the  house  of  Ormond  in  Ireland. 
Moses  is  first  mentioned  in  the  colonial  records  in 
connection  with  the  seizure  of  logs  by  the  king's 
surveyor  of  woods,  which  aroused  such  a spirit 
of  resistance  that  sixty  pounds  was  voted  at  a 
1521] 


BUTLER. 


BUTLER. 


town  meeting  in  1729  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
an  aggressive  campaign  against  him,  and  Mr. 
Butler  was  chosen  to  represent  the  remonstrants 
of  the  colonists  before  the  general  court  at  Bos- 
ton, whence  the  complaint  had  come.  Upon  his 
return  to  Berwick,  the  town  paid  his  expenses, 
and  in  1733  elected  him  to  the  board  of  selectmen 
until  1738.  From  1734  to  1756  he  held  the  office 
of  crown  surveyor,  and  from  1747  to  1756  again 
served  on  the  board  of  selectmen.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  chosen  moderator  of  town  meeting. 
In  1744  he  was  among  the  first  to  recruit  a com- 
pany for  the  service  of  the  Louisburg  campaign 
which  he  commanded,  under  Sir  William  Pepper- 
ell,  during  the  siege  and  captured  the  fort.  In 
1748  he  again  attended  the  general  court  in  Bos- 
ton to  reply  to  a petition  executed  against  the 
town  of  Berwick,  and  in  the  following  year  was 
chosen  a representative  to  the  general  court.  In 
1754  he  again  took  the  field  and  served  through 
the  campaign  of  1754-55.  See  “Thomas  Butler 
and  his  Descendants,”  by  Geo.  H.  Butler.  M.  D. 
(1886).  His  death  occurred  at  Berwick,  Me., 
between  Sept.  15  and  Dec.  13,  1756. 

BUTLER,  Nathaniel,  educator,  was  born  at 
Eastport,  Me.,  May  22,  1853.  He  was  graduated 
from  Colby  university  in  1873,  and  engaged  in 
teaching  in  Chicago  and  other  parts  of  Illinois 
until  1884,  when  he  accepted  the  professorship  of 
rhetoric  and  English  literature  in  the  old  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago.  In 
1886,  when  this  institu- 
tion closed  its  doors,  he 
was  called  to  the  chair 
of  Latin,  and  later  to 
that  of  rhetoric  and 
English  literature  in  the 
University  of  Illinois, 
and  in  1892  became 
associate  professor  o f 
s English  literature  and 
subsequently  director  of 
the  university  extension 
department  of  the  Uni- 
versity  of  Chicago, 
which  he  represented  at 
the  university  extension  congress  held  in  London 
in  1894.  In  1884  he  was  ordained  to  the  Baptist 
ministry,  following  the  example  of  his  father  and 
grandfather,  and  though  he  had  no  settled  pas- 
torate, supplied  many  pulpits  and  preached  some 
excellent  sermons.  Professor  Butler,  in  1895,  was 
called  to  the  presidential  chair  of  Colby  univer- 
sity and  began  his  duties  on  Jan.  1,  1896.  He  was 
one  of  the  editors  of  “Johnson’s  Cyclopaedia,” 
and  the  author  of  a Latin  text-book  and  a number 
of  syllabi  on  English  and  American  literature. 
Colby  university  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
A.M.  in  1876,  and  that  of  D.D.  in  1896. 


BUTLER,  Percival,  soldier,  was  born  in  Penn- 
sylvania in  1760,  fourth  of  the  patriot  Butler 
brothers, — Richard,  William.  Thomas,  and  Perci- 
val. He  entered  the  revolutionary  army  when  a 
boy,  was  with  Morgan  at  Saratoga,  commanded 
a brigade  in  the  conflict  with  Simcoe  at  Spencer’s 
Ordinary  in  June,  1781,  and  was  engaged  in  the 
siege  of  Yorktown.  He  served  in  the  war  of  1812 
as  adjutant-general.  His  death  occurred  at  Port 
William,  Ky.,  Sept.  11,  1821. 

BUTLER,  Pierce,  was  born  in  Ireland,  July  11. 
1744,  son  of  Sir  Richard  Butler,  fifth  baronet.  He 
held  a commission  as  lieutenant  in  the  22d  foot  in 
the  British  army  before  he  was  eleven  years  of  age. 
and  by  regular  promotion  attained  the  rank  of 
major  in  April.  1766.  He  was  stationed  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  for  some  years,  moving  subsequently 
to  Charleston,  S.  C.,  where  he  sold  his  commis- 
sion in  1773.  He  became  actively  engaged  in 
politics,  was  a delegate  from  South  Carolina  to 
the  Continental  Congress  of  1787-’88,  and  a mem- 
ber of  the  Federal  constitution  convention  of  1787. 
He  occupied  a seat  in  the  United  States  senate 
during  the  sessions  of  the  1st,  2d.  3d.  and  4th 
congresses  from  1789  to  1796,  when  he  resigned, 
and  in  the  8th  Congress.  1803  to  1805.  when  he 
again  resigned.  His  pride  of  birth  subjected 
him  to  the  criticism  of  his  political  oppon- 
ents. He  opposed  some  of  the  administration 
measures  of  Washington,  approved  of  the  second 
war  with  Great  Britain,  and  was  a director  of  the 
United  States  bank.  He  died  in  Philadelphia.  Pa., 
Feb.  15.  1822. 

BUTLER,  Pierce  Mason,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  was  born  in  Edgefield  district.  S.  C., 
April  11.  1798;  son  of  William  Butler,  soldier  in 
the  American  revolution.  He  was  educated  for 
the  army,  and  entering  the  service  in  1819  he 
soon  displayed  ability  which  led  to  rapid  promo- 
tion. In  1829,  having  attained  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain, he  resigned  his  commission  and  engaged  in 
the  banking  business  at  Columbia,  S.  C. . return- 
ing to  the  army  in  1835  upon  the  commencement 
of  the  Seminole  disturbances  in  Florida,  and  win- 
ning renown  by  his  gallantry  on  several  hotly 
contested  fields.  In  1836  he  became  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  and  upon  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  office  in  1838  was  appointed  by  President 
Van  Buren  agent  for  the  Cherokees  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  retaining  the  office  until  the  beginning 
of  the  Mexican  war  in  1846,  when  he  entered  the 
army  as  a colonel  of  the  “Palmetto”  regiment, 
which  he  had  organized.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo 
and  afterwards  at  the  battle  of  Churubusco,  where 
he  was  twice  wounded,  in  spite  of  which  he  con 
tinued  to  lead  his  men  into  the  thickest  of  the 
fight  until  he  was  shot  through  the  head.  He 
died  on  the  battlefield  Aug.  20,  1847. 


1 525 j 


BUTLER, 


BUTLER. 


BUTLER,  Richard,  soldier,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land, the  eldest  of  the  four  Butler  brothers,  all 
celebrated  soldiers  in  the  American  revolution. 
William  was  also  born  in  Ireland,  and  Thomas 
and  Percival  in  Pennsylvania.  He  came  to 
America  with  his  parents  at  some  time  {trior  to 
1754,  and  in  1776  entered  the  patriot  army  as 
lieutenant-colonel  in  a Pennsylvania  regiment. 
He  served  with  distinction  through  the  entire 
war,  and  at  its  close  had  attained  the  rank  of 
colonel.  From  1787  to  1791  he  was  agent  for  In- 
dian affairs  in  Ohio,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
made  a brigadier-general  and  commanded  the 
right  wing  in  the  St.  Clair  expedition  against  the 
Indians.  He  was  tomahawked  and  scalped  in  the 
disastrous  engagement  of  Nov.  4,  1791. 

BUTLER,  Thomas  Belden,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Wethersfield,  Conn.,  August  22,  1806.  After 
graduating  from  the  Yale  medical  school  in  1828 
he  practised  medicine  until  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1837,  when  he  opened  a law  office  at 
Norwalk,  Conn.  He  served  in  the  state  legisla- 
ture from  1832  to  1846,  was  a member  of  the  state 
senate  1848-’53,  and  was  elected  a representative 
to  the  31st  Congress  in  1848.  He  was  made  judge 
of  the  superior  court  of  Connecticut  in  1855,  of 
the  supreme  court  in  1831.  and  chief  justice  in 
1870.  He  was  interested  in  mechanics,  agricul- 
ture, and  meteorology.  A speech  delivered  by 
him  in  the  house  of  representatives  on  the  “slave 
question  ” in  1850  was  printed  by  order  of  Con- 
gress. He  published  ‘ • The  Philosophy  of  the 
Weather  and  a Guide  to  its  Changes”  (1856). 
He  died  in  Norwalk,  Conn.,  June  8,  1873. 

BUTLER,  Wentworth  S.,  librarian,  was  born 
in  Deerfield,  N.  PI.,  in  1826;  youngest  son  of 
Josiahand  Jenness  Butler.  He  obtained  his  early 
education  at  a private  school  and  at  Derry,  Gil- 
manton,  and  Pembroke  academies,  and  was 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1848.  From 

1850  to  1853  he  pur- 
sued a course  in  the- 
ology with  a view  to 
holy  orders.  In  1855 
Mr.  Butler  became 
temporary  assistant 
to  the  librarian  of 
the  New  York  society 
library,  and  remained 
until  the  spring  of 
1856,  when  he  super- 
intended the  removal 
of  the  library  to  the 
new  building  in  Uni- 
versity place,  and  on 
tbe  resignation  of 
Mr.  MacMullen,  the 
librarian,  Mr.  Butler  was  elected  to  the  vacant 
office.  The  collection  of  books  known  as  the 


“ Publick  Library,”  from  its  foundation  in  1700  by 
the  Earl  of  Bellomont,  was  merged  in  the  New 
York  society  library,  which  was  organized  in 
1754,  and  a royal  charter  was  soon  after  granted 
to  the  consolidated  institution  by  King  George  III. 
The  membership  of  the  library  corporation,  from 
its  foundation,  embraced  members  of  the  oldest 
families  of  New  York,  and  many  of  the  shares 
have  descended  in  the  same  families  from  1754 
and  1790.  Among  its  trustees  before  the  Revolu- 
tion were  the  Rt.  Hon.  James  DeLancey, 
governor  of  the  province,  its  first  chairman  in 
1754;  the  Rev.  Dr.  Auchmuty,  rector  of  Trinity 
church;  Chancellor  Livingston;  and  after  the 
revolution,  the  Baron  de  Steuben,  Edward  Liv- 
ingston, Gulian  C.  Verplanck,  Bishop  Wain- 
right.  Washington  Irving,  Frederic  de  Peyster, 
and  other  distinguished  men.  Mr.  Butler  was 
personally  instrumental  in  securing  an  endow- 
ment for  the  library  of  870,000,  and  in  1880  had 
'been  successful  in  obtaining  871,000  in  gifts  and 
bequests.  After  forty  years’  service  he  retired 
from  the  active  duties  of  librarian,  and  was  made 
librarian  emeritus  by  the  shareholders  at  their 
annual  meeting  in  1896. 

BUTLER,  William,  soldier,  was  born  in  Prince 
William  county,  Va.,  in  1759;  son  of  James  But- 
ler, and  moved  with  his  father  from  Virginia  into 
South  Carolina  about  the  year  1772.  He  was 
graduated  in  medicine  at  South  Carolina  college, 
and  in  1779  entered  the  patriot  army  as  lieuten- 
ant in  General  Lincoln's  southern  Continental 
forces,  in  which  his  father  was  also  an  officer. 
He  was  afterwards  attached  to  the  ponnnand  of 
General  Pickens  and  later  to  that  of  General 
Lee.  He  commanded  a detachment  of  mounted 
rangers  and  was  engaged  in  the  successful  battle 
at  Dean's  Swamp.  He  was  promoted  brigadier- 
general.  and  in  1796  was  made  a major-general  of 
militia.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  Federal  con- 
stitutional convention  of  1787,  and  voted  against 
its  adoption.  He  was  also  a member  of  the  state 
convention  which  adopted  the  South  Carolina 
constitution.  He  served  in  the  legislature,  oc- 
cupied the  office  of  sheriff  and  that  of  magis- 
trate, and  was  elected  a representative  to  the 
7tli,  8th,  9th,  10th,  11th  and  12th  congresses, 
serving  from  1801  to  1813.  In  command  of  the 
South  Carolina  troops  he  was  engaged  in  the 
defence  of  the  state  during  the  war  of  1812.  He 
died  in  Columbia.  S.  C.,  Nov.  15,  1821. 

BUTLER,  William  Allen,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Abany,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  20.  1825;  son  of  Benjamin 
Franklin  and  Harriet  (Allen)  Butler.  His  father 
was  attorney-general  under  Presidents  Jackson 
and  Van  Buren,  and  was  lineally  descended 
from  Oliver  Cromwell  on  the  distaff  side.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  University  of  the  city  of 
New  York,  1S43,  read  law  with  his  father,  and 
[526] 


I'wm 

N 


BUTTERFIELD. 


BUTTERFIELD. 


«-as  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846.  He  travelled 
abroad,  1846-'48,  and  returned  to  begin  a success- 
ful practice,  always  interspersed  with  literary 
recreations.  He  was  lecturer  on  admiralty  and 
maritime  law,  jurisdiction,  and  practice  in  the 
University  of  the  city  of  New  York ; member  of 
the  conn  fission  of  cities,  1875-’76;  president  of 
the  New  York  bar  association,  1886-’87 ; of  the 
American  bar  association,  1886;  member  of  the 
council  of  the  University  of  the  city  of  New 
York  after  1862,  and  a vice-president  after  1891, 
ai  l a member  of  the  New  York  geographical 
an  l New  York  historical  societies.  He  received 
the  degrees  A.B.,  1843;  A.M.,  1846;  and  LL.D., 
1880, — from  the  University  of  the  city  of  New 
York.  His  first  poem,  “ The  Future,”  appeared 
in  1846,  and  from  that  time  he  wrote  much  for 
the  Literary  World,  Democratic  Review  and 
other  periodicals.  “ Barnum’s  Parnassus” 
(1850)  followed  the'  lines  of  the  famous  “ Re- 
jected Addresses.”  His  most  popular  satire, 
•'  Nothing  to  Wear,  ” appeared  without  name  in 
Harpers  Weekly,  February,  1857.  It  created  a 
sensation,  and  was  reprinted  in  various  English 
editions,  translated  into  French  prose  and  Ger- 
man verse,  and  was  claimed  by  another,  so  that 
the  author  was  forced  to  reveal  himself.  “ Two 
Millions  ” was  read  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
society  of  Yale,  July  28,  1858.  “ General  Aver- 

age ” followed  (1860).  More  serious  topics  were 
chosen  in  “ The  Bible  by  Itself”  (1859);  ‘‘Mar- 
tin Van  Buren  ” (1862),  and  “Lawyer  and 

Client  ” (1871).  His  collected  “ Poems  ” ap- 
peared (1871).  In  fiction  he  wrote  “ Mrs.  Lim- 
ber’s Raffle  ” (1875);  “ Domesticus  ” (1886). 

“The  Revision  of  the  Statutes  of  New  York  and 
the  Revisers”  (1888),  and  “ Oberammergau  ” 
(1891),  were  also  from  his  pen. 

BUTTERFIELD,  Consul  Willshire,  author, 
was  born  in  Mexico,  N.  Y.,  July  28,  1824.  He 
was  educated  at  the  state  normal  school  at  Al- 
bany, N.  Y. ; was  elected  superintendent  of 
schools  for  Seneca  county,  Ohio,  in  1847,  and  re- 
elected in  1848;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854. 
In  1875  he  removed  to  Madison,  Wis.,  to  engage 
in  historical  writing  with  Lyman  C.  Draper, 
with  whom  he  had  formed  a partnership  for  that 
purpose.  In  1883  he  was  one  of  the  editors  of 
The  Northwest  Review;  in  1885  associate  editor  of 
Descriptive  America,  and  from  January,  1886,  to 
April,  1887,  editor  of  The  Magazine  of  Western 
History.  He  wrote  for  the  periodical  last  men- 
tioned, a history  of  the  University  of  Michigan, 
a pre-territorial  history  of  Ohio,  and  histories  of 
early  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  Omaha,  besides 
biographical  and  descriptive  sketches.  He  is  the 
author  of  a “ History  of  Seneca  County,  Ohio,” 
" An  Historical  Account  of  the  Expedition  against 
Sandusky  under  Col.  William  Crawford,  in  1782,” 


“ History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Northwest  by 
John  Nicolet,  in  1634,”  “History  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin,”  and  “History  of  the 
Girtys.”  He  edited:  “The  Washington  Craw- 
ford Letters,”  “ Washington-Irvine  Correspon- 
dence,” “A  Short  Biography  of  John  Leith,” 
and  the  “Journal  of  Capt.  Jonathan  Heart.” 
In  1875-"76  he  wrote,  in  connection  with  Dr. 
Draper,  “Border  Forays  and  Adventures,”  in 
1884,  with  Hon.  Frank  A.  Flower,  “ The  Giants 
of  the  West.”  In  1892  he  completed,  in  MS.: 
“ History  of  the  Conquest  of  the  Illinois  and 
Wabash  Towns,  1778-  79”;  in  1893-  94,  a “ His- 
tory of  Brule’s  Discoveries  and  Explorations, 
1610-26”;  in  1895,  a “History  of  Williamson’s 
Expedition  to  the  Tuscarawas,  1782,”  and,  in 
1896,  “ Chicago  of  Old.” 

BUTTERFIELD,  Daniel,  soldier,  was  born  at 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  31,  1831;  son  of  John  Butter- 
field. After  graduating  from  Union  college  in 
1849  he  became  engaged  in  business  as  general 
eastern  superintendent  of  the  American  express 
company.  He  joined  the  71st  regiment  N.  G.  S. 
N.  Y.  in  1851,  transfer- 
red to  and  had  risen  to 
rank  of  colonel  of  the 
12tli  regiment  in  1860, 
w h i c.  h regiment  he 
took  to  W ashington, 

D.  C.,  in  April,  1861. 

For  his  valuable  ser-- 
vices  and  ability  he 
was  co m mi ssioned 
lieutenant-colonel  in 
the  regular  army  and 
brigadier  and  maj.  gen- 
eral of  volunteers.  At 
the  head  of  his  New 
York  citizen  regiment, 
lie  led  the  advance 
over  the  Long  Bridge 
into  Virginia,  and  afterwards  at  Hanover  Court 
House  he  took  the  first  trophy  guns  captured  by 
the  army  of  the  Potomac.  He  was  present  at 
Meclianicsville,  at  Gaines’  Mill,  and  at  all  the  bat- 
tles fought  by  McClellan  and  Pope  in  August  and 
September,  1862.  With  his  famous  brigade  he 
was  sent  by  McClellan  across  the  James  at  Har- 
rison's Landing  to  cover  the  withdrawal  of  the 
army  of  the  Potomac  when  it  changed  base  to 
join  Pope’s  columns.  In  November,  1862,  he  was 
promoted  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  in 
July,  1863,  he  became  colonel  of  the  5tli  U.  S. 
infantry,  commanding  the  5th  army  corps  in  the 
battle  of  Fredericksburg,  covering  the  with- 
drawal of  the  Union  army  across  the  river.  At 
Chancellorsville  and  at  Gettysburg  he  was  chief 
of  staff  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  he  also 
acted  as  marshal  of  the  field  at  the  latter  battle. 


BUTTERFIELD. 


BUTTERWORTH. 


during  which  he  was  seriously  wounded.  Sub- 
sequently transferred  with  the  11th  and  12th 
corps  to  the  army  of  the  Cumberland,  he  served 
as  chief  of  staff  under  General  Hooker  at  Look- 
out Mountain  and  Missionary  Ridge.  In  the 
Georgia  campaign  which  followed  he  com- 
manded a division  of  the  20th  corps,  under 
Generals  Thomas  and  Hooker,  at  the  battles  of 
Buzzard’s  Roost,  Resaca,  Dallas,  and  New  Hope 
church,  and  at  Lost  and  Kenesaw  mountains. 
At  Resaca  he  captured  the  only  rebel  guns  Sher- 
man became  possessed  of  before  the  fall  of  At- 
lanta. For  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  he 
was  brevetted  brigadier-general  and  major- 
general  of  the  regular  army,  and  he  received  the 
nation’s  medal  of  honor  for  especial  heroism  at 
the  battle  of  Gaines’  Mill,  where  he  was  wounded. 
He  was  stern  and  severe  in  drill  and  discipline ; 
liis  valor  and  fearlessness,  as  he  dashed  forward 
to  an  attack,  captured  the  hearts  of  his  men,  who 
stood  ready  to  follow  his  lead.  After  the  close 
of  the  war  he  had  charge  of  the  recruiting  ser- 
vice of  the  U.  S.  army,  with  headquarters  at  New 
York,  and  he  had  command  of  the  forces  at  Bed- 
loe’s,  Governor’s  and  David’s  islands  in  New 
York  harbor  from  1865  to  1869,  when  he  accepted 
the  position  of  United  States  sub-treasurer  at 
New  York  city.  Later  he  resigned  office,  and 
travelled  in  Europe  for  several  years.  He  was 
the  originator  of  the  system  of  corps  badges, 
flags,  and  insignia  adopted  in  the  army  of  the 
Potomac  and  in  others,  afterwards  worn  by  all 
veterans.  After  the  war  his  organizing  powers 
were  frequently  called  into  requisition  on  the 
occasion  of  great  public  demonstrations  and 
parades,  notably  the  Sherman  funeral,  and  the 
Washington  centennial  celebration  in  New  York 
city,  May  1,  1889,  when  he  organized  one  hundred 
thousand  civilians  into  companies  and  divisions 
and  moved  them  on  time  and  in  perfect  order 
through  the  streets.  He  received  the  degrees  of 
A.B.,  A.M.,  and  LL.D.  from  Union  college.  He 
is  the  author  of  “ Camp  and  Out-Post  Duty  ” 
(1862). 

BUTTERFIELD,  John,  pioneer  expressman, 
was  born  at  Berne,  near  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  18, 
1801.  He  began  to  earn  his  living  in  passenger 
and  freight  work  at  Albany,  before  the  days  of 
railroads,  by  conveying  passengers  by  lines  of 
stages  from  Utica,  afterwards  establishing  stage 
routes  throughout  New  York  state;  acquired 
interests  in  packet  boats  and  steamboats  on 
Lake  Ontario;  originated  the  street  railroad  in 
Utica,  and  constructed  local  plank -roads.  When 
railroads  superseded  these  modes  of  transporta- 
tion he  organized  the  Black  river  railroad  and 
railroads  from  Utica  south.  In  1850,  at  his  sug- 
gestion. the  express  firm  of  Butterfield,  Wasson 
& Co.,  of  which  he  was  the  principal,  and  Liv- 


ingston, Fargo  & Co.,  and  Wells  & Co.,  were 
consolidated,  as  the  American  express  company, 
of  which  corporation  he  was  director  until  his 
death.  He  was  among  the  early  investors  in  the 
electric  telegraph,  and  built  the  Morse  line  be- 
tween New  York  and  Buffalo.  He  also  put  in 
operation  the  Overland  mail  route,  and  con- 
tracted with  the  government  to  carry  the  U.  S. 
mail  between  Mississippi  river  and  the  Pacific 
ocean.  He  was  interested  in  other  stock  com- 
panies and  business  enterprises,  while  farming 
also  occupied  his  attention  towards  the  latter 
part  of  his  busy  life.  He  served  as  an  officer  in 
the  New  York  state  agricultural  society,  was 
elected  mayor  of  Utica  and  was  one  of  its  most 
energetic,  popular  and  public-spirited  citizens. 
He  died  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  14,  1869. 

BUTTERWORTH,  Benjamin,  representative, 
was  born  in  Warren  county,  Ohio,  Oct.  22.  1837. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Ohio  university,  settled 
in  Cincinnati,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1861.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  district 
attorney,  and  was  elected  a member  of  the  state 
senate  in  1873.  In  1878  he  was  elected  a repre- 
sentative to  the  46th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  47th  Congress.  He  was  appointed  by 
President  Arthur  in  1883  a Northern  Pacific 
railroad  commissioner,  as  special  government 
counsel  to  prosecute  the  South  Carolina  election 
cases  of  1883,  and  as  United  States  commissioner 
of  patents.  In  1884  he  was  elected  a representa- 
tive to  the  49th  Congress  and  was  re-elected  to 
the  50th  and  51st  congresses.  He  served  on  the 
committees  on  the  Pacific  railroad,  reform  in  the 
civil  service  and  appropriations,  and  as  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  patents.  He  prepared 
the  act  providing  for  the  compulsory  retire- 
ment of  army  officers,  introduced  a bill  in  the 
50th  Congress  to  abolish  all  customs  duties 
between  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and 
in  the  51st  Congress  made  a vigorous  attack 
on  the  McKinley  tariff  bill.  After  retiring 
from  Congress  he  gave  his  whole  time  to  his 
profession. 

BUTTERWORTH,  Hezekiah,  author,  was 
born  at  Warren,  Bristol  county,  R.  L,  Dec  22. 
1839.  His  education  was  acquired  at  the  schools 
of  his  native  place  and  as  a special  student  at 
Brown  university.  He  remained  at  home  until 
1857,  editing  a newspaper  and  contributing  fre 
quently  to  various  periodicals.  He  spent  some 
years  in  foreign  travel,  including  in  his  journey  - 
ings  South  America,  and  in  his  wanderings  he 
collected  much  material  for  his  subsequent  books. 
In  1870  he  became  assistant  editor  of  the  I outh  s 
Companion,  and  was  influential  in  promoting  the 
success  and  high  standing  of  that  paper.  Among 
his  published  books  are:  “The  Story  of  the 


Hymns:  or  Hymns  that  have  a History  ” (1875' : 

f 5'2S  1 


BUTTRE. 


BYFIELD. 


"The  Story  of  the  Notable  Prayers  of  Christian 
History”  (1880);  “Young  Folks'  History  of 
America”  (1881);  “Young  Folks'  History  of 
Boston  ” (1883);  “The  Great  Composers”  (1884, 
rev.  and  enl.,  1894);  “Poems  for  Christmas, 
Easter  and  New  Year"  (1884);  “Wonderful 
Christmases  of  Old”  (1885);  “Ballads  and 
Stories  for  Readings,  with  Musical  Accompani- 
ments for  Public  Entertainments  ” (1886) ; 

“Songs  of  History”  (1887);  “ The  Story  of  the 
Tunes”  (1890);  “The  Log  Sclioolhouse  on  the 
Columbia”  (1890);  “In  the  Eoyhood  of  Lin- 
coln ” (1892) ; “ Little  Arthur's  History  of  Rome, 
from  the  Golden  Age  to  Constantine  ” (1892) ; 
“The  Parson’s  Miracle,  and  My  Grandmother’s 
Grandmother’s  Christmas  Candle  ” (1894) ; “ The 
Patriot  Schoolmaster”  (1894);  “In  Old  New 
England:  the  Romance  of  a Colonial  Fireside” 
v1895);  “The  Knight  of  Liberty:  A Tale  of  the 
Fortunes  of  LaFayette  ” (1895) ; “ The  Wampum 
Belt”  (1896),  and  “Zig-Zag  Journeys”  in  all 
parts  of  the  world,  in  fifteen  volumes,  from  1880 
to  1894.  Of  the  “ Zig-Zag  Journeys  " more  than 
five  hundred  thousand  volumes  were  sold.  He 
also  wrote  librettos  for  several  successful  can- 
tatas, including  “Under  the  Palms,”  “Faith,” 
and  “ Faith  Triumphant.” 

BUTTRE,  John  Chester,  engraver,  was  born 
at  Auburn,  N.  A’.,  June  10,  1821.  He  received 
an  academical  education,  studied  portrait -paint- 
ing, but  abandoned  it  for  wood-engraving,  and 
removed  to  New  York  city  in  1841,  where  he 
later  applied  himself  wholly  to  engraving  on 
steel.  A unique  method  in  the  treatment  of 
portraits  by  which  he  secured  life-like  expression 
brought  him  into  prominence,  and  after  his  nota- 
ble engraving  of  President  Buchanan  many 
orders  came  to  him  unsolicited.  He  executed  a 
fine  portrait  of  Lincoln,  and  a full-length  of 
Martha  Washington.  His  work  was  in  great 
demand  for  standard  illustrated  publications. 
He  engraved  a number  of  large  plates  for  popu- 
lar sale,  notably  “ Only  a Little  Book,”  “ Wel- 
come Home,”  “The  First  Step,”  “The  Empty 
Sleeve,”  “ The  Old  Oaken  Bucket,”  and  “ Prayer 
in  Camp.”  His  last  engraving  was  a vignette  of 
Grant,  published  after  the  general’s  death.  He 
also  published  the  “American  Aid  Gallery,”  in 
3 vols.,  containing  the  portraits  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  prominent  persons  in  the  United  States, 
with  letter-press  by  his  daughter,  Lillian  C. 
Buttre.  He  possessed  a very  large  collection 
of  steel  engraved  portraits,  daguerreotypes  and 
photographs.  He  died  at  Ridgewood,  N.  J., 
Den.  2,  1893. 

BUTTS,  Isaac,  journalist,  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  11,  1816. 
He  removed  with  his  parents  in  early  life  to 
Rochester,  where  he  obtained  an  ordinary  edu- 


cation. In  1845  he  purchased  the  Rochester 
Advertiser,  assumed  editorial  control  of  the 
paper,  and  soon  became  known  as  an  able  politi- 
cal writer  and  a stanch  supporter  of  Democratic 
principles  of  government.  In  1846,  when  the 
question  of  slavery  in  the  acquired  territory 
came  prominently  before  the  country,  Mr.  Butts 
opposed  both  parties  to  the  controversy  by  main- 
taining that  the  people  of  the  territories  should 
adjust  the  matter  to  suit  themselves.  His  view, 
afterwards  known  as  “ Squatter  Sovereignty,  ” 
was  adopted  by  Daniel  S.  Dickinson,  Lewis  Cass, 
and  Stephen  A.  Douglas.  From  1848  to  1850  he 
took  an  active  personal  interest  in  the  promotion 
of  electric  telegraphing,  and  he  became  a member 
of  the  House  printing  telegraph  company,  and 
of  the  New  York  and  Mississippi  valley  printing 
telegraph  company  and  he  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers and  first  directors  of  the  Western  V nion 
telegraph  company,  into  which  the  other  two 
corporations  were  merged.  In  1850  he  pur- 
chased an  interest  in  the  Rochester  Union,  which 
was  afterward  consolidated  with  the  Advertiser, 
and  he  continued  to  edit  the  journal  until  1864, 
when  he  retired  from  active  pursuits.  He  pub- 
lished a number  of  brochures  on  finance,  the 
tariff  and  other  subjects,  political,  economic  and 
financial,  and  he  also  published,  “ Brief  Reasons 
for  Repudiation,  Applicable  to  the  War  Debts  of 
all  Countries  ” (1869).  His  “ Protection  and 
Free  Trade:  an  Inquiry  whether  Protective 

Duties  can  Benefit  the  Interests  of  a Country 
in  the  Aggregate,”  was  published  posthumously 
(1875),  and  contains  a brief  memoir  by  the  editor. 
He  died  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  20,  1874. 

BUTTZ,  Henry  Anson,  educator,  was  born  at 
Middle  Smithtield,  Pa.,  April  13,  1835.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  Prince- 
ton, in  1858.  He  took  a course  in  theology  at 
the  New  Brunswick  seminary,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  ministry  in  the  Newark  conference  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  where  he  ful- 
filled appointments  in  a number  of  cities  until 
1870.  He  was  tutor  and  adjunct  professor  of 
Greek  and  Hebrew  in  Drew  theological  semi- 
nary, 1868-’70;  Cobb  professor  of  New  Testament 
Greek  and  exegesis,  1870-’80,  and  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Drew  theological  seminary  in  1880. 
Wesleyan  university  conferred  on  him  the  A.M. 
degree  in  1866,  and  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
made  him  A.M.  in  1861  and  D.D.  in  1875.  From 
1876  to  1879  he  edited  the  epistles  to  the  Romans, 
in  Greek  (a  comparison  of  texts).  He  has  also 
published  a remarkably  fine  edition  of  the 
Greek  Testament. 

BYFIELD,  Nathaniel,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Long  Ditton,  Surrey,  England,  in  1653;  son  of 
Richard  Byfield,  a Westminster  assembly  divine. 
He  emigrated  to  America  in  1664,  settling  in 
1529] 


BYINGTON. 


BYNAM. 


Boston,  where  he  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits. 
He  removed  to  Bristol,  R.  I.,  in  1674,  and  ac- 
quired a proprietary  interest  in  one-fourth  of 
the  land  of  that  town  after  King  Philip’s  war. 
He  took  an  active  interest  in  the  growth,  devel- 
opment and  government  of  the  town,  served  as 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  for  a 
season,  and  as  judge  of  the  Bristol  county  court 
of  common  pleas  for  thirty -eight  years.  He  was 
judge  of  the  vice-admiralty  from  1704-’15,  and 
again  in  1720.  He  returned  to  Boston  in  1724, 
was  appointed  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas  of  Suffolk  county,  and  later  became  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  council,  retaining 
the  latter  office  for  many  years.  He  was  the  author 
of  an  “ Account  of  the  late  Revolution  in  New 
England;  together  with  the  Declaration  of  the 
Gentlemen,  Merchants  and  Inhabitants  of  Bos- 
ton "(1689).  He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  June  6, 1733. 

BYFORD,  William  Heath,  physician,  was 
born  in  Eaton,  Preble  county,  Ohio,  March  20, 
1817.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Ohio  medical 
school  in  1844,  and  practised  at  Mt.  Vernon,  Ind. 
In  1852  he  became  professor  of  anatomy,  and  in 
1854  professor  of  theory  and  practice  in  the 
Evansville  medical  college.  In  1857  he  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  in  the  Rush  medi- 
cal college,  Chicago,  and  in  1859  to  the  chair  of 
obstetrics  in  the  Chicago  medical  college.  He 
returned  in  1879  to  the  Rush  medical  college  to 
fill  the  chair  of  gynaecology,  which  had  been  cre- 
ated for  him.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Woman’s  medical  college  of  Chicago,  and  for 
many  years  its  president,  and  its  professor  of 
obstetrics  and  gynaecology.  His  published  works 
are:  “Chronic  Inflammation  of  the  Cervix’’ 
(Philadelphia,  1864) ; “ Treatise  on  the  Chronic 
Inflammation  and  Displacement  of  the  Uterus  ’’ 
(1864,  new  ed.,  1871) ; “ Practice  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery  applied  to  Diseases  of  Women”  (1865, 
new  ed.,  revised,  1871) ; “ Philosophy  of  Domestic 
Life  ” (1868),  and  a “ Treatise  on  the  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Obstetrics”  (1870).  He  died  in  Chi- 
cago, 111.,  May,  1890. 

BYINGTON,  Ezra  Hoyt,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Hinesburg,  Vt.,  Sept.  3,  1828.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  University  of  Vermont  in  1852, 
and  from  Andover  theological  seminary  in  1857. 
For  more  than  thirty  years  he  was  a parish  min- 
ister: at  Royalston,  Vt.,  1857-'58;  at  Windsor, 
Vt.,  1858-’69;  at  the  American  Presbyterian 
church  in  Montreal,  1870 ; at  the  College  church 
in  Brunswick,  Me.,  1871— ’78,  and  at  Monson.  Mass., 
1880-'87.  After  that  time  he  made  his  home  at 
Newton,  Mass.,  and  preached  in  the  vicinity  of 
Worcester  and  Boston;  served  for  many  years 
as  an  active  member  of  the  New  England  historic 
genealogical  society,  the  American  society  of 
church  history  and  a number  of  other  societies 


of  the  same  character.  From  1890  to  1894  he 
was  engaged  in  teaching  theology.  In  1855  he 
received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  and  in  1890  that  of 
D.D.  from  the  University  of  Vermont.  He  pub- 
lished in  1890,  “ The  Centennial  of  the  Congrega- 
tional church  in  Hinesburg,  Vt.,”  and  in  1896 
“ The  Puritan  in  England  and  New  England.” 

BYINGTON,  Swift,  clergyman,  was  born  at 
Bristol,  Conn.,  Feb.  4,  1825.  In  his  boyhood  he 
studied  with  A.  Bronson  Alcott  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  and  was  graduated  from  Yale  college  in 
1847,  and  from  Andover  theological  seminary  in 
1850.  From  1850  to  1852  he  was  resident  licenti- 
ate at  Andover,  and  after  his  ordination  to  the 
Congregational  ministry  in  1852  he  preached  for 
several  years  at  West  Brookfield,  Mass.  In  1859 
he  preached  at  the  North  Avenue  church  in 
Cambridge;  in  1861-'62  at  North  Woburn;  in 
1862-’63  at  the  Old  South  church  in  Boston;  from 
1864  to  1871  in  Stoneham,  and  from  1871  to  1894 
in  Exeter,  N.  H.  He  retired  from  active  work 
Feb.  15,  1894,  and  died  May  26,  1895. 

BYLES,  Mather,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  March  15,  1707.  He  was  descended 
on  his  mother’s  side  from  Richard  Mather  and 
John  Cotton.  After  graduating  from  Harvard 
in  1725  he  studied  for  the  ministry,  and  was  or- 
dained pastor  of  the  Congregational  church, 
Hollis  street,  Boston,  in  1733,  where  he  officiated 
for  forty-three  years.  He  was  an  eloquent 
preacher,  and  many  of  his  sermons  are  preserved 
in  the  public  libraries.  He  was  a Tory,  and  this 
brought  about  his  dismissal  from  the  Hollis 
street  church  in  1776.  He  was  denounced  in 
town  meeting,  and,  after  a trial,  sentenced  to 
imprisonment  for  forty  days  and  then  lo  be 
deported  with  his  family  to  England.  This  sen- 
tence was  commuted  to  confinement  to  his  own 
house  and  subsequently  remitted  altogether.  He 
published:  “Poem  on  the  Death  of  George  I." 
(1727) ; “ A Poetical  Epistle  to  Governor  Belcher 
on  the  Death  of  his  Lady  ” (1736),  and  “ Miscel- 
laneous Poems  ” (1744) ; also  “ The  Comet,”  “ The 
Conflagration,”  and  “ The  God  of  the  Tempest.” 
He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  July  5,  1788. 

BYNUM,  John  Gray,  jurist,  was  born  in  Gil- 
bertown,  Rutherford  county,  N.  C.,  Feb.  15, 
1846;  son  of  John  Gray  and  Mary  Moffate 
(McDowell)  Bynum.  His  mother  was  a grand- 
daughter of  Major  Joseph  McDowell,  who  com- 
manded the  right  wing  of  the  American  forces 
at  the  battle  of  King's  mountain.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  volunteered  as  a private  in  the  Con- 
federate army.  After  the  Mine  Run  campaign 
in  1863  he  was  discharged  for  disability.  Gov- 
ernor Vance,  in  1864,  appointed  him  clerk  on 
the  blockade-runner  Ad  Vance,  and  he  was  cap- 
tured with  tlie  vessel  in  September.  1864.  by  the 
United  States  steamer  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and 


BYRD. 


BYRNE. 


was  for  some  time  imprisoned  in  New  York  city. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  studied  law  with 
his  stepfather,  Chief  Justice  Pearson,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  January,  1867,  practising 
his  profession  at  Morgan  toil,  N.  C.  In  1878  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  senate.  In  January, 
1889,  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scales  judge 
of  the  superior  court  for  the  tenth  judicial  dis- 
trict of  North  Carolina,  and  in  1890  he  was 
elected  to  the  same  position. 

BYNUM,  William  D.,  representative,  was  born 
near  Newberry,  Greene  county,  Ind.,  June  26, 
1846.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Indiana  uni- 
versity in  1869,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
the  same  year.  He  was  city  attorney  of  Wash- 
ington, Ind.,  from  1871  to  1875,  and  was  mayor 
from  1875  to  1879.  In  1876  he  was  a Democratic 
elector.  He  removed  to  Marion  county  in  1881, 
and  was  elected  a member  of  the  state  legislature 
in  1882,  and  speaker  of  the  house  in  1883.  In 
1884  he  was  elected  a representative  from  the 
seventh  Indiana  district,  and  served  from  the 
49th  to  the  53d  Congress,  inclusive.  In  1894  he 
was  defeated  in  the  election  by  Charles  L.  Henry, 
Republican,  and  resumed  liis  law  practice  at 
Indianapolis. 

BYRD,  William,  colonist,  was  born  in  London, 
England,  in  1650;  son  of  John  and  Grace  (Stegge) 
Byrd.  He  emigrated  to  America  in  1674  to 
take  possession  of  a large  “ tract  of  land  in 
Virginia,”  which  had  been  bequeathed  to  him 
by  his  uncle,  Capt.  Thomas  Stegge,  “gent.”  The 
present  site  of  Richmond  was  included  in  the  es- 
tate, and  that  town  was  founded  some  years  later 
by  his  son  and  heir.  By  reason  of  his  wealth  and 
ability  he  at  once  obtained  prominence  in  the 
colony.  He  was  a member  of  the  council  and 
of  the  house  of  burgesses,  and  he  was  “ receiver- 
general  of  his  majesty's  revenues  for  the  colony,'’ 
serving  in  each  capacity  for  many  years.  “ West- 
over,”  the  mansion  purchased  by  Mr.  Byrd  from 
Theodorick  Bland,  became  one  of  the  old-time 
landmarks  in  Virginia,  and  was  still  owned  by 
his  descendants  in  1897.  He  died  in  Westover, 
Va. . Dec.  4,  1704. 

BYRD,  William,  lawyer,  was  born  in  West- 
over,  Va.,  March  16,  1674;  son  of  William  and 
Mary  (Horsemanden)  Byrd.  He  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  the  Middle  Temple,  London,  England, 
and  returning  to  Virginia  he  became  one  of  the 
most  prominent  and  influential  citizens  of  the 
colony.  He  succeeded  his  father  as  “ receiver- 
general  of  revenues,”  undertook  and  successfully 
executed  three  important  missions  to  England 
on  behalf  of  the  colony,  and  was  for  thirty- 
seven  years  a member  of  the  colonial  council, 
acting  for  some  years  as  its  president.  When  in 
1699  some  three  hundred  Huguenots  sought 
shelter  in  the  colony  he  received  them  with 


fatherly  affection  and  his  liberality  to  them  was 
princely.  He  was  indefatigable  in  his  efforts  to 
promote  the  growth  and  development  of  the 
colony,  and  offered  large  tracts  of  his  own  pri- 
vate property  by  way  of  inducement  to  attract 
settlers.  He  was  a fellow  of  the  Royal  society 
of  Great  Britain,  and  was  noted  for  his  literary 
and  scientific  tastes,  and  for  his  patronage  of  the 
arts.  To  the  library  left  him  by  his  father  he  made 
valuable  additions  until  it  comprised  some  thirty- 
five  hundred  volumes.  He  served  on  a commis- 
sion appointed  to  adjust  the  boundary  line  between 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  and  on  his  return 
from  his  tour  of  inspection  had  his  notes  of  the 
journey  copied.  Later  these  notes  were  edited 
and  published  under  the  titles:  “ The  History  of 
the  Dividing  Line  between  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina,"’  “ A Journey  to  the  Land  of  Eden” 
(1733),  and  “A  Progress  to  the  Mines,”  known 
as  the  “Westover  Manuscripts.”  He  died  at 
Westover,  Va.,  Aug.  26,  1744. 

BYRNE,  Andrew,  R.  C.  bishop,  was  born  at 
Navan,  Ireland,  Dec.  5,  1802.  While  a student 
at  the  College  of  Navan  he  decided  to  join  the 
American  mission,  and  in  1820  he  accompanied 
Bishop  England  to  the  United  States,  where  he 
finished  his  theological  studies,  and  was  ordained 
in  1827.  He  was  sent  as  a missionary  priest  to 
the  scattered  Catholic  families  in  North  and 
South  Carolina.  Three  years  of  this  arduous 
work,  with  its  long  and  fatiguing  journeys, 
made  inroads  upon  his  health,  which  caused  his 
return  to  Charleston  in  1830,  where  he  was  made 
vicar-general,  and  accompanied  Bishop  England 
as  theologian  to  the  council  of  Baltimore.  In 
1836  he  was  assistant  pastor  at  the  cathedral  in 
New  York,  and  afterwards  pastor  of  St.  James's 
church  in  that  city.  In  1841  he  made  a journey 
to  Ireland  at  the  request  of  Bishop  Hughes,  to 
induce  Christian  brothers  to  take  chai-ge  of  the 
parochial  schools  in  New  York,  but  was  unsuc- 
cessful in  accomplishing  the  object  of  his  mis- 
sion. Father  Byrne  now  became  pastor  of  the 
church  of  the  Nativity  in  New  York  until,  in  1841, 
he  opened  the  new  St.  Andrew’s  church,  which 
through  his  exertions  had  been  transformed 
from  a secular  edifice  into  a Christian  church. 
In  1844  the  new  diocese  of  Little  Rock,  Ark., 
was  erected,  and  he  was  chosen  its  first  bishop, 
and  consecrated  at  St.  Patrick's  cathedral,  by 
Bishop  Hughes,  March  10,  1844.  His  missionary 
labors,  which  extended  to  the  Indian  nation, 
were  even  more  arduous  than  those  of  his  first 
charge,  as  he  had  often  to  travel  from  seven 
hundred  to  one  thousand  miles  from  one  mission 
to  another.  He  twice  visited  Ireland,  where  he 
procured  a number  of  assistants  and  co-laborers. 
He,  with  the  assistance  of  a colony  of  sisters 
of  mercy,  founded  five  convents  and  numerous 


[531] 


BYRNE. 


BYRNE. 


parochial  schools.  He  attended  the  sixth  provin- 
cial council,  and  in  1856  attended  the  first  pro- 
vincial council  of  New  Orleans.  His  efforts  were 
constant  and  widespread,  his  zeal  unflagging. 
The  Catholic  population  to  which  he  ministered 
increased  from  five  thousand  in  1844  to  over  fifty 
thousand  in  1862,  and  his  efforts  in  behalf  of 
Catholic  immigration  to  his  diocese  were  of  great 
benefit  to  the  south  and  west,  in  furnishing  an 
industrious  class  of  settlers.  Bishop  Byrne  died 
at  Helena,  Ark.,  Jan.  10,  1862. 

BYRNE,  Sebastian  Thomas,  R.  C.  bishop, 
was  born  at  Hamilton,  Out.,  July  19,  1842,  of 
Irish  parents.  His  father  died  when  he  was  but 
nine  years  old,  and  the  direction  of  his  early 
education  and  religious  training  entirely  de- 
volved on  his  mother.  He  was  sent  to  such 
schools  as  the  town  of  Hamilton  afforded,  and  at 
the  age  of  eleven  was  apprenticed  to  learn  a 
trade.  He  served  bis  time  and  became  a practi- 
cal and  skilled  machinist.  This  walk  in  life  did 
not  satisfy  the  natural  craving  of  his  soul ; he 
was  ambitious  to  become  a priest,  and  having 
accumulated  enough  money  by  his  savings  to  pay 
his  way  through  the  preparatory  seminary,  he, 
at  the  age  of  eighteen,  entered  St.  Thomas’ 
seminary,  Bardstown,  Ky.  From  there  he  was 
advanced  to  St.  Mary’s  of  the  West,  where  he 
finished  his  classics  under  Father  Xavier  Donald 
McLeod.  After  a year’s  philosophy,  Archbishop 
Purcell  decided,  in  December,  1865,  that  he 
should  be  sent  to  the  American  college  in  Rome 
to  complete  bis  course.  He  pursued  his  studies 
in  theology  and  philosophy  for  nearly  three  years 
at  this  institution,  when  his  health  began  to  fail 
and  he  was  recalled  to  Cincinnati,  and  on  Dec. 
16,  1868,  he  received,  from  Archbishop  Purcell, 
tonsure  and  minor  orders  in  the  chapel  of  the  sem- 
inary ; on  December  18  he  was  made  sub-deacon, 
and  deacon  on  the  following  day.  He  was  then 
appointed  a member  of  the  seminary  faculty  and 
the  important  office  of  procurator  was  intrusted 
to  him.  On  May  22,  1869,  he  was  ordained  a 
priest  in  the  seminary  chapel  by  Archbishop 
Purcell.  In  1877  Father  Byrne  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  church  of  St.  Vincent-de-Paul,  and 
in  1879,  when  the  seminary  was  closed,  he  took 
up  his  permanent  residence  at  St.  Joseph's,  the 
Mother  house  of  the  sisters  of  charity,  until  1886, 
when  he  was  appointed  pastor  of  the  cathedral 
in  Cincinnati.  He  had  about  completed  the 
“Springer  Institute,”  one  of  the  finest  school 
buildings  in  the  archdiocese,  when,  in  1887,  the 
generous  bequest  of  Mr.  Reuben  Springer  made 
possible  the  reopening  of  the  seminary,  of  which 
Dr.  Byrne  was  appointed  rector.  On  July  25, 
1894.  in  St.  Joseph's  church,  Nashville,  Tenn.. 
lie  was  consecrated  fifth  bishop  of  the  diocese  by 
the  archbishop  of  Cincinnati,  assisted  by  the 

[53' 


bishop  of  Columbus  and  the  bishop  of  Covington. 
In  connection  with  Dr.  Pabisch  of  the  seminary 
he  published  “ Alzog's  Universal  Church  His- 
tory.” 

BYRNE,  William,  educator,  was  born  in 
Wicklow,  Ireland,  in  1780;  of  humble,  hard- 
working parents,  who  were  not  able  to  encour- 
age the  ambition  of  the  boy  to  become  a priest, 
and  he  worked  for  the  support  of  his  brothers 
and  sisters  until  he  was  twenty-five  years  old. 
In  1805  he  emigrated  to  America  and  proceeded 
at  once  to  seek  admission  to  Georgetown  college, 
D.  C.  He  was  refused  matriculation  on  account 
of  his  deficient  preparation,  but  nothing  daunted 
he  applied  to  Mount  St.  Mary’s,  Emmittsburg, 
Md.,  and  was  given  admission,  and  when  thirty 
years  old  began  his  Latin  grammar.  His  progress 
was  rapid  and  in  a few  years  he  took  his  theo- 
logical course  at  St.  Mary’s  seminary,  Baltimore. 
He  was  ordained  a priest  in  1819,  and  in  1821 
located  in  Marion  county,  Ky.,  where  he  built 
St.  Mary’s  college  on  Mount  Mary  farm.  In  1831 
after  it  had,  under  his  direction,  become  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  Catholic  schools  in  the  state, 
he  turned  it  over  to  the  Jesuits,  and  he  remained 
one  year  as  its  president,  that  no  sudden  transi- 
tion in  its  government  should  work  harm  to  its 
future  welfare.  On  relinquishing  his  office  he 
ministered  in  the  neigborliood  among  the 
negroes,  and  while  so  engaged  contracted  chol- 
era, from  which  he  died  in  1833. 

BYRNE,  William,  clergyman,  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  Kilmessan,  County  Meath.  Ireland,  in 
1836.  He  obtained  his  primary  education  in  the 
national  school  of  liis  native  village,  removed  to 
the  United  States  in  1853.  and  in  1855  began  to 
read  Latin  and  Greek  in  St.  Mary's  college,  Wil- 
mington, Del.  He  entered  Mount  St.  Mary's  col- 
lege, Emmittsburg,  Md.,  Sept.  1858,  where  lie 
finished  his  classical  and  philosophical  studies 
and  graduated  in  1860.  After  four  years  of 
theological  study  lie  was  ordained  priest  in  the 
Baltimore  cathedral,  by  Archbishop  Spalding, 
Dec.  31.  1864.  For  some  years  before  his  ordina 
tion,  and  for  about  a year  after,  he  was  professor 
of  Greek  and  mathematics  in  Mount  St.  Mary’s 
college.  In  the  fall  of  1865  he  was  called  to  Bos 
ton  and  assigned  to  duty  at  the  cathedral.  April 
2,  1866,  he  was  given  charge  of  the  chancery  office, 
by  the  Rt.  Rev.  John  J.  Williams,  D.D.,  who  was 
consecrated  bishop  in  March  of  that  year.  He 
held  that  position  for  ten  years,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed rector  of  St.  Mary’s  church.  Charlestown, 
and  July  15,  1878.  was  made  vicar-general  of  the 
archdiocese  of  Boston.  In  1881  Vicar-Geneval 
Byrne  rendered  a conspicuous  service  to  the  R C. 
church  in  America  by  accepting,  on  the  invitation 
of  the  faculty  and  the  advice  of  Cardinal  Mc- 
Closkey  and  Archbishop  Gibbons,  the  presidency 
2] 


BYRNE. 


BYRON. 


of  Mount  St.  Mary's  college,  Emmittsburg,  and 
extricating  it  from  the  financial  embarrassments 
which  threatened  its  existence.  On  his  return 
to  Boston,  after  three  years'  leave  of  absence,  he 
was  made  rector  of  St.  Joseph's  church  in  that 
city,  February,  1884.  In  1888  Father  Byrne  rep- 
resented the  archbishop  of  Boston  at  the  golden 
jubilee  of  Pope  Leo  XIII.  in  Rome.  In  the  same 
year  he  visited  Ireland,  and  in  recognition  of 
his  services  to  the  cause  of  Irish  nationalism  in 
America  received  distinguished  attentions  from 
the  Irish  clergy,  the  Irish  parliamentary  party, 
and  the  people  generally ; and  an  ovation  in  his 
birthplace,  Kilmessan.  Father  Byrne  founded 
the  Boston  temperance  missions,  and  actively 
interested  himself  in  prison  reform.  He  is  the 
author  of  an  able  and  popular  book  on  “ Catholic 
Doctrine,”  and  contributed  the  chapter,  “The 
Roman  Catholic  Church  in  Boston  ” to  the  great 
“Memorial  History  of  Boston,”  published  by 
Messrs.  J.  R.  Osgood  & Co.  His  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  Spanish  language  and  literature 
enabled  him  to  make  many  prose  and  poetical 
translations  from  that  tongue.  In  1888,  on  the 
invitation  of  the  Universalist  ministers  of  Bos- 
ton, he  addressed  them  on  “ Aids  to  Practical 
Piety.”  In  1892  he  addressed  a club  of  students 
of  Harvard  university  on  “ Authority  as  a Medium 
of  Religious  Knowledge.”  Before  the  Catholic 
section  of  the  congress  of  religions  at  the  Chicago 
world's  fair,  he  read  a paper  on  “Authority  in 
Matters  of  Faith.”  He  was  one  of  the  preachers 
in  the  doctrinal  courses  of  the  Catholic  summer 
school  of  America,  at  the  sessions  of  1893  and 
1896.  He  gave  a lecture  on  one  phase  of  modern 
Spanish  literature  before  the  Catholic  university 
of  America  in  1895.  It  was  largely  through 
Father  Byrne's  efforts,  in  memory  of  his  close 
friendship  with  the  dead  poet,  that  S.  J.  Kitson's 
bust  of  John  Boyle  O'Reilly  was  placed  in  the 
Catholic  University  at  Washington.  At  the  ded- 
ication of  the  John  Boyle  O'Reilly  statue  in  Bos- 
ton in  1896,  he  gave  the  closing  benediction.  He 
served  as  president  of  the  corporation  of  St.  Eliza- 
beth's hospital,  Boston,  and  was  officially  con- 
nected, as  trustee  or  otherwise,  with  many  of  the 
educational  and  charitable  institutions  conducted 
by  members  of  his  faith. 

BYRON,  John  W.,  bacteriologist,  was  born  at 
Lima,  Peru,  July  24,  1861.  He  studied  medicine 
and  practised  for  a few  years  in  his  native  city, 
after  which  he  studied  and  practised  in  Eu- 
rope where  he  made  a specialty  of  diseases  origi- 
nating in  bacteria.  When  he  returned  to  Peru 
yellow  fever  was  raging  there,  and  he  was  put  in 
charge  of  several  large  public  hospitals.  From 
Lima  he  went  to  Havana  to  study  the  malarial 
fevers  of  Cuba,  during  an  epidemic  of  yellow 
fever.  He  was  only  twenty-four  years  of  age, 


but  the  local  officials,  recognizing  his  ability, 
deposed  the  older  physicians,  and  put  him  in 
charge  of  the  many  yellow  fever  hospitals 
which  had  been  erected.  He  was  finally  taken 
down  with  the  disease,  was  treated  according 
to  his  own  instructions,  and  soon  recovered. 
When  the  plague  finally  left  Havana,  Dr. 
Byron  went  back  to  Lima  and  continued  his 
studies  there.  On  cholera  breaking  out  in  Cuba, 
in  1884,  he  went  to  Havana  again,  giving  up 
everything  to  study  the  disease.  He  showed  the 
same  fearlessness  of  contagion  that  he  had  dur- 
ing the  yellow  fever  epidemics,  and  escaped 
infection.  Later  when  he  went  to  Europe  again 
his  knowledge  of  cholera  was  recognized  by  the 
leading  men  of  France  and  Germany.  He  visited 
Paris  and  Berlin,  attending  lectures  at  the  uni- 
versities, and  pursuing  original  investigation  at 
the  hospitals.  His  fame  as  a bacteriologist  had 
preceded  him  to  New  York,  where  he  went  in 
1890,  and  was  made  chief  of  the  bacteriological 
department  of  the  Loomis  laboratory ; he  also 
became  lecturer  in  that  branch  of  medicine  in 
the  university  medical  college,  and  later  was 
connected  with  the  New  York  dispensary 
for  three  years.  In  his  original  work  Dr.  Byron 
made  special  advance  in  two  subjects, — the 
forms  of  the  micro-organisms  which  produce 
malarial  fevers,  and  the  bacteria  of  leprosy,  which 
had  not  long  been  known  as  a disease  produced 
by  bacteria.  With  some  of  the  bacilli  of  leprosy 
in  his  possession  he  produced  leprosy  in  his 
laboratory  in  a gelatine  medium,  upon  which  the 
bacilli  act  the  same  as  they  do  on  the  human 
system.  He  also  made  extensive  studies  in 
smallpox,  and  he  wrote  many  papers  on  the  sub- 
ject of  bacteriological  diseases;  he  wrote  and 
lectured  on  it  frequently  before  medical  men. 
When  cholera  reached  New  York  in  September, 
1892,  Dr.  Byron  decided  to  go  where  the  disease 
was  quarantined  and  make  as  extensive  study  of 
it  as  possible,  and  for  over  a month  lived  with  the 
cholera  patients,  studying  the  diseases  and  doing 
as  much  good  as  he  could.  While  in  charge  of  the 
Loomis  laboratory,  and  experimenting  with  the 
bacilli  of  tuberculosis,  he  contracted  consumption. 
He  discovered  his  condition  on  March  13,  1894, 
when  he  had  been  infected  a month.  Familiarity 
with  dangerous  bacteria  had  made  him  careless, 
and  both  his  lungs  were  badly  affected.  He  con- 
tinued his  experiments  until  July,  when  he  went 
abroad  for  Ids  health,  and  returned  slightly  im- 
proved. He  assisted  Health  Officer  Jenkins  in 
opening  a hospital  for  contagious  diseases  at 
Fort  Wadsworth,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  of  which 
he  was  to  have  entire  charge,  but  before  the 
work  was  entirely  completed  Dr.  Byron  suc- 
cumbed to  his  disease,  and  died,  a martyr  to  his 
devotion  to  science,  May  8,  1895. 


[533] 


CABELL. 


C 


CABELL. 


CABELL,  Edward  Carrington,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  Feb.  5,  1816;  third  son  of 
Judge  William  H.  and  Agnes  Sarah  Bell  (Gamble) 
Cabell.  He  studied  at  Washington  college,  1832- 
’33;  Reynolds’  classical  academy,  1833-34,  and 
the  University  of  Virginia,  1834-’36.  He  was 

first  engaged  as  a 
civil  engineer  in  sur- 
veying and  locating 
the  James  river  and 
Kanawha  canal.  In 
the  fall  of  1836  he 
removed  to  Florida. 
He  was  a delegate 
to  the  convention 
which  framed  the 
state  constitution  in 
1838,  which  was  rati- 
fied by  the  people, 
and  the  state  was 
admitted  into  the 
&.  Cy.  dyks/rcCl/;  Union  in  1845.  In 
1839  he  returned  to 
Virginia,  where  he  studied  law  and  was  licensed 
to  practise  in  1840.  He  then  settled  at  Talla- 
hassee, and  was  the  Florida  representative  in  the 
29th,  30th,  31st,  and  32d  congresses,  serving  from 
1845  to  1853.  He  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Mo. , in 
1859.  He  served  in  the  Confederate  army  as  aid 
to  Gen.  John  Letcher  of  Virginia,  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  was  at  the  battles  of 
Seven  Pines,  Gaines’  Mill,  Malvern  Hill,  and 
Frasier’s  farm,  serving  subsequently  on  the  staffs 
of  Generals  Price  and  Kirby  Smith,  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  practised  law  in  New  York 
city  from  1868  to  1872,  and  subsequently  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  and  from  1878  to  1882  he  occupied  a 
seat  in  the  Missouri  senate,  retiring  from  public 
life  on  the  expiration  of  his  term.  He  was  mar- 
ried Nov.  5,  1850,  to  Anna  Maria,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Daniel  Pinchbeck  and  Elizabeth  (Moss)  Wilcox. 
He  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Feb.  28,  1896. 

CABELL,  George  Craighead,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Danville,  Va.,  Jan.  25,  1836;  son  of  Benjamin 
W.  S.  and  Sarah  Epes  (Doswell)  Cabell.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Danville  academy,  and  at  the 
University  of  Virginia,  and  in  1858  began  to  prac- 
tice law  in  his  native  town.  In  1858  he  was  made 
commonwealth's  attorney,  and  served  until  April 
23,  1861,  when  he  volunteered  as  a private  soldier 
in  the  Confederate  army.  He  was  commissioned 
major,  in  June,  1861,  and  served  throughout  the 
war,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  resumed  his  law  practice,  and  in 
1874  he  was  elected  to  represent  the  fifth  Virginia 
district  in  the  44th  Congress,  and  remained  in  that 
body  until  1887. 


CABELL,  James  Laurence,  physician,  was 
born  in  Nelson  county,  Va.,  Aug.  26,  1813;  son  of 
Dr.  George  and  Susanna  (Wyatt)  Cabell.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Virginia  in  1833, 
where  he  studied  medicine,  and  the  following  year 
received  his  M.  D.  degree  from  the  University  of 
Maryland.  He  continued  his  studies  at  the  Balti- 
more almshouse,  in  the  Philadelphia  hospitals, 
and  at  Paris,  France,  being  summoned  home  in 
1837  to  become  professor  of  anatomy,  surgery  and 
physiology  in  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
faculty  during  1846-’47.  He  had  charge  of  the 
Confederate  militia  hospitals  during  the  civil 
war,  was  chairman  of  the  national  sanitary  con- 
ference at  Washington  during  the  prevalence  of 
yellow  fever  at  Memphis,  and  was  president  of 
the  national  board  of  health  from  1879  to  1884. 
The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
the  Hampden-Sidney  college  in  1873.  He  wrote 
for  the  medical  journals,  and  published  “ The 
Testimony  of  Modern  Science  to  the  Unity  of 
Mankind”  (1858).  He  died  Aug.  13,  1889. 

CABELL,  Joseph,  surgeon,  was  born  near  Dover, 
on  Licking-Hole  Creek,  Goochland  county.  Va., 
Sept.  19,  1732;  the  second  son  of  Dr.  William  and 
Elizabeth  ( Burks)  Cabell.  He  received  a thorough 
medical  education  from  his  father,  and  established 
a wide  reputation  as  a skilful  physician  and  sur- 
geon. At  the  age  of  twenty  he  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Arthur  Hopkins.  On  Sept.  20, 
1751,  he  became  a deputy  sheriff,  was  a jus- 
tice of  Albemarle  county  probably  as  early  as 
1755,  and  held  the  office  for  many  years.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  house  of  burgesses  about 
1764,  and  in  this  position  he  represented  Bucking- 
ham county  until  1771,  signing  the  non-importa- 
tion articles  of  1769  and  of  June  22.  1770.  In  1771, 
he  removed  to  Amherst  county,  and  in  Decem- 
ber of  that  year  was  elected  a representative 
from  there  to  the  house  of  burgesses,  where 
he  remained  until  the  body  was  finally  dissolved 
in  1775.  Immediately  after  this  began  the  revo- 
lutionary conventions,  to  all  of  which  he  was 
elected,  and  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  and 
active  delegates.  In  1776  he  acted  as  paymaster 
to  the  troops  commanded  by  Gen.  Andrew  Lewis. 
From  1776  to  1779  he  was  a member  of  the  house 
of  delegates  from  Andover,  and  in  1778  was 
made  count}’  lieutenant  or  chief  commander  of 
Amherst  county.  In  1779  he  removed  to  his  es- 
tate in  Buckingham,  representing  that  county  in 
the  house  of  delegates  during  1780  and  1781.  He 
commanded  a regiment  at  the  siege  of  Yorktown, 
and  was  present  at  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis. 
A company  of  students  of  William  and  Mary 
college  were  attached  to  his  regiment.  Through- 


|534] 


CABELL. 


CABELL. 


out  the  revolution  he  gave  his  services  and  also 
large  contributions  of  provisions,  horses,  and 
money  to  the  patriot  cause.  He  was  state  sena- 
tor probably  continuously  from  1781  to  1785,  and 
a member  of  the  house  of  delegates  from  1788  to 
1790.  Soon  after  this  lie  removed  to  Sion  Hill, 

Va.,  where  he  died,  March  1,  1798. 

CABELL,  Samuel  Jordan,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Virginia,  Dec.  15,  1756,  son  of  Colonel  William 
and  Margaret  (Jordan)  Cabell.  From  1771  to 
1775  he  was  a student  at  William  and  Mary  col- 
lege. In  1776  Amherst  county  was  requested  to 
furnish  a company  of  volunteers,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed captain.  After  marching  to  Williams- 
burg, he  was  assigned  to  the  6th  Virginia  regi- 
ment, and  fought  in  many  battles,  including  Tren- 
ton and  Princeton.  For  his  action  in  the  battle  of 
Saratoga  in  1777,  he  was  promoted  major,  and 
served  in  Washington’s  army  during  the  cam- 
paigns of  1778  and  1779,  being  promoted  lieuten- 
ant-colonel in  the  latter  year.  He  was  with  the 
Virginia  troops  under  Brigadier-General  Wood- 
ford, who  entered  Charleston,  S.  C.,  on  April  7, 
1780,  after  an  enforced  march  of  five  hundred 
miles  in  thirty  days.  At  the  surrender  of 
Charleston,  May  12,  1780,  he  was  taken  prisoner 
and  afterwards  returned  home,  remaining  on 
parole  until  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1781  he 
married  Sally,  daughter  of  Col.  John  Syme,  who 
was  a half-brother  to  Patrick  Henry.  In  1783  he 
was  elected  deputy  adjutant-general  of  Amherst 
county,  and  in  1784  became  county-lieutenant. 
From  1785  to  1795  he  was  a delegate  for  Amherst 
county,  and  when  the  town  of  Cabellsburg  was 
founded  he  was  made  one  of  its  trustees.  In  1794 
he  was  elected  to  the  4th  United  States  Congress 
as  a representative  from  Virginia,  holding  the 
office  until  the  end  of  the  7th  Congress.  For 
many  years  he  was  a justice  of  Amherst  county, 
and  after  its  division  in  1808  he  was  one  of  the 
first  justices  of  Nelson  county.  A letter  from  one 
who  knew  him  personally  says:  “His  people  idol- 
ized him.  For  a long  time  they  regarded  him 
as  next  to  General  Washington.”  He  died  at 
“Soldier’s  Joy,”  Nelson  county,  Va.,  Aug.  4,  1818. 

CABELL,  William,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Warminster,  England,  March  20,  1700,  the  eldest 
son  of  Nicholas  and  Rachel  (Hooper)  Cabell,  and 
a grandson  of  William  Cabell,  who  went  to  War- 
minster about  1664,  and  died  there  in  1704,  prob- 
ably belonging  to  the  Frome-Selwood  family. 
William  Cabell,  the  descendant,  was  graduated 
from  the  Royal  college  of  medicine  and  surgery 
in  London,  and  after  practising  a number  of  years 
entered  the  British  navy  as  a surgeon.  He  came 
to  America  about  the  year  1723,  and.  settled  in 
Virginia.  The  first  really  authentic  record  of 
him  is  in  1726,  when  he  was  deputy -sheriff  in  St. 
James  parish,  Henrico  county,  an  office  of  great 

1535J 


importance  at  that  time.  Probably  some  time  in 
1726  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Burks,  and  in  1728 
removed  to  a settlement  on  Licking-Hole  Creek, 
in  what  is  now  Goochland  county,  where  he  was 
elected  a justice  of  the  first  county  court,  held 
from  May  21  to  June  1,  1728.  In  November  of 
the  same  year  he  was  made  a member  of  the  first 
grand  jury,  and  in  December  was  qualified  as  a 
coroner,  his  knowledge  of  medicine  and  surgery 
fitting  him  for  the  office.  From  1730  to  1734  he 
spent  much  time  in  locating  lands  for  settlement 
in  the  region  west  of  the  mouth  of  the  Rockfish 
river,  being  the  first  Englishman  to  make  such  an 
attempt.  In  1733,  having  located  a large  tract  of 
land,  he  “entered  for”  it,  but,  before  finally 
securing  the  legal  right  to  the  land,  was  obliged 
to  go  to  England,  leaving  his  wife  and  two  friends 
as  his  attorneys.  The  survey  was  made  in  1737, 
extending  for  twenty  miles  along  both  sides  of 
the  James  river.  In  1738  a patent  for  4,800  acres 
of  land  was  issued  to  him  by  Gov.  William  Gooch, 
and,  in  1739  a grant  of  440  acres  was  added.  Dr. 
Cabell  returned  in  1741.  In  1743  he  was  granted 
1,200  acres  adjoining  his  patent  of  4,800  acres,  and 
soon  after  his  return  from  England  he  removed 
from  Licking-Hole  Creek  to  the  mouth  of  Swan 
Creek,  in  Nelson  county.  After  erecting  dwell- 
ing houses,  a mill,  a warehouse  and  other  build- 
ings, he  named  the  place  Warminster,  and  for 
more  than  half  a century  it  was  a thriving  com- 
mercial centre.  In  1744  Albemarle  county  was 
formed,  and  he  was  one  of  the  first  justices;  in 
August,  1746,  he  was  commissioned  coroner,  and 
in  September  assistant  surveyor  of  the  county. 
In  December,  1753,  having  increased  his  land  by 
about  26,000  acres,  he  gave  up  his  surveying  busi- 
ness to  his  son  William.  He  practised  in  his  own 
county  and  those  adjacent,  and  charged  from  one 
to  five  pounds,  Virginia  currency,  for  each  visit. 
His  services  were  usually  engaged  with  the  agree- 
ment that  if  the  patient  was  not  cured,  the  doctor 
would  receive  no  pay  beyond  the  immediate  ex- 
pense incurred.  His  wife,  Elizabeth,  died  Sept. 
21,  1756,  and  on  Sept.  30,  1762,  he  married  Mar- 
garet, widow  of  Samuel  Meredith.  The  bulk  of 
his  property  he  left  to  his  son  Nicholas,  who  was 
married  April  16,  1772,  to  Hannah,  daughter  of 
Col.  George  Carrington.  See  “The  Cabells  and 
Their  Kin,”  by  Alexander  Brown  (1895).  Dr. 
Cabell’s  death  occurred  April  12,  1774. 

CABELL,  William,  soldier,  was  born  near 
Dover,  on  Licking-Hole  creek,  Goochland  county, 
Va.,  March  13, 1730;  son  of  William  and  Elizabeth 
(Burks)  Cabell.  It  is  probable  that  his  education 
was  finished  at  William  and  Mary  college.  In 
December,  1749,  he  began  to  assist  his  father  in 
surveying,  and  continued  to  do  so  until  1753.  In 
1751  he  became  a vestryman  of  St.  Ann’s  parish. 
Albemarle  county,  and  held  this  office  for  ten 


CABELL. 


CABLE. 


years.  In  February,  1754,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  French  and  Indian  war,  lie  raised  a troop  of 
horse,  of  which  he  was  made  captain.  About 
1755  he  became  a lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Albe- 
marle militia,  and  on  Oct.  11.  1760,  was  promoted 
colonel.  He  was  also  a justice  of  the  peace. 
From  1757  to  1761  he  was  a member  of  the  house 
of  burgesses.  In  1760  he  subscribed  with  others 
to  a premium  to  be  given  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
couraging the  production  of  wine  and  silk  in  the 
colony.  In  1761,  at  the  first  Amherst  court,  he 
qualified  as  the  first  presiding  magistrate,  the 
first  county  lieutenant,  the  first  county  surveyor, 
and  the  first  county  coroner,  holding  the  offices 
until  1775.  He  also  held  the  offices  of  burgess 
from  Amherst  county,  of  vestryman,  and  of  sur- 
veyor by  appointment  of  William  and  Mary  col- 
lege, thus  he  ling  all  of  the  leading  offices  of 
Amherst  county  during  the  colonial  era.  On 
May  2,  1763,  he  received,  from  his  father,  a deed 
to  1,785  acres  of  land  in  Amherst  county,  which, 
with  the  460  acres  already  patented,  an  addition 
of  579  acres  in  1764,  and  many  subsequent  addi- 
tions, made  a large  and  valuable  estate.  Colonel 
Cabell  was  one  of  the  original  subscribers  to  the 
stock  of  the  first  James  river  canal  company,  and 
was  prominent  in  all  plans  for  the  improvement 
of  the  country.  From  1774  to  1776  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  Amherst  county  committee,  and  from 
September,  1776,  to  March,  1781,  he  served  as 
state  senator,  when  he  was  appointed  a member 
of  the  council  of  state.  He  was  elected  to  the 
house  of  delegates,  in  1782,  in  1783,  and  again  in 
1787,  being  one  of  the  few  members  to  oppose  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  constitution.  In  1788  he 
was  again  in  the  house  of  delegates,  and  in  1789 
was  made  presidential  elector,  voting  for  George 
Washington.  His  wife  was  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Colonel  Samuel  Jordan,  by  whom  lie  had  seven 
children.  At  his  death  he  left  an  estate  of  about 
thirty  thousand  acres  of  land,  many  slaves,  and 
personal  property,  although  he  had  given  several 
of  his  children  fair  estates.  His  deatli  occurred 
March  23,  1798. 

CABELL,  William  H.,  governor  of  Virginia, 
was  born  at  “ Boston  Hill,”  Cumberland  county, 
Va  . Dec.  16,  1772,  the  eldest  son  of  Col.  Nicholas 
and  Hannah  (Carrington)  Cabell.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  home  and  at  private  schools,  studied 
at  Hampden-Sidney  college  from  1785  to  1789,  and 
at  William  and  Mary  college  from  1790  to  1793. 
After  taking  a course  of  law  in  Richmond,  V;f. , 
he  was  admitted  to  practice,  June  13,  1794.  The 
following  year  he  was  married  to  Elizabeth, 
youngest  daughter  of  Col.  William  Cabell,  and 
lived  in  the  family  until  the  death  of  his  wife, 
which  occurred  Nov.  5,  1801.  In  1796  he  was 


named  year,  he  was  married  to  Agnes  Sarah  Bell, 
oldest  daughter  of  Col.  Robert  Gamble.  From 
1805  to  1808,  he  was  governor  of  the  state,  and  in 
the  latter  year  was  elected  by  the  legislature  a 
judge  of  the  general  court,  holding  the  office  until 
1811,  when  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  court 
of  appeals.  This  office  he  retained  until  the  time 
of  his  death,  being  elected  president  of  the  court 
in  1842.  He  signed  his  name  William  Cabell 
prior  to  1795,  when  he  inserted  the  letter  “ H ” to 
distinguish  himself  from  the  other  William  Ca- 
bells.  Among  the  events  which  occurred  during 
his  administration  was  the  trial  of  Aaron  Burr. 
On  the  division  of  Kanawha  county,  in  1809,  the 
new  county  was  named  in  his  honor.  He  died  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  Jan.  12,  1853. 

CABLE,  George  Washington,  author,  was 
born  in  New  Orleans,  La.,  Oct.  12,  1844.  His 
father  was  of  Virginian  parentage  and  his  mother 
was  a descendant  from  the  Puritans.  In  1859, 
upon  the  death  of  his  father,  he  obtained  employ- 
ment as  a clerk  in  a New  Orleans  store.  In  1863 
he  enlisted  in  the  4th 
Mississippi  cavalry  and 
remained  in  the  Con- 
federate service  until 
the  close  of  the  war, 
when  he  returned  to 
New  Orleans  and  ob- 
tained employment  in 
a mercantile  house. 

From  there  he  went  to 
Kosciusko,  Miss. , where 
he  studied  civil  engin- 
eering. Later  he  went 
to  the  Teche  country  on 
a surveying  and  ex- 
ploring party.  He  be- 
gan his  literary  career  by  making  occasional  con- 
tributions to  the  New  Orleans  Picayune  under 
the  pseudonym  “ Drop  Shot,”  and  subsequently 
became  editorially  connected  with  that  journal. 
Meanwhile  he  produced  a tale  entitled  “Sieur 
George,”  which  attracted  favorable  comment 
and  was  followed  by  other  short  tales  of  creole 
life,  which  were  given  a warm  welcome  as 
something  entirely  new  in  literature.  In  1885 
he  accompanied  Mark  Twain  on  a tour  of  the 
cities  of  the  north  lecturing  on  creole  life,  and 
reading  from  his  own  works.  He  afterwards 
made  his  home  in  Massachusetts.  Among  his 
published  writings  are:  ‘'Old  Creole  Days”  (1879, 
’80,  ’95);  “ The  Grandissimes ” (1880,  ’95);  “Mad- 
ame Delphine ” (1881);  "The  Creoles  of  Louisi- 
ana” (1884);  “Dr.  Sevier”  (1885,  ’94);  “ The 
Silent  South”  (1885);  “ Bona  venture  ” (1888); 

“Strange  True  Stcries  of  Louisiana”  (1889); 
“ The  Negro  Question”  ( 1 890 ) , and  “ John  March, 


elected  to  the  assembly,  and  served  again  in  1798, 

1802.  1803,  1804,  and  1805.  In  March,  of  the  last  Southerner”  (1894). 

1 536] 


CABOT. 


CABOT. 


CABOT,  George,  senator,  was  born  in  Salem, 
Mass.,  Dec.  3,  1751.  He  entered  Harvard  college 
but  left  at  the  expiration  of  his  second  year,  and 
went  to  sea  as  a cabin  boy.  He  became  master 
of  a vessel  and  was  engaged  with  great  success  in 
foreign  trade.  Returning  to  Salem  in  1776  he  be- 
came a member  of  the  provincial  congress  of 
Massachusetts ; a member  of  the  state  convention 
which,  in  1788,  adopted  the  Federal  constitution ; 
and  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  serv- 
ing from  1791  to  1796,  when  he  resigned.  He 
was  selected  by  President  Adams  as  secretary  of 
the  navy,  when  that  office  was  first  created,  and 
he  served  from  May  3 to  May  21,  1798.  As  a 
financier  and  political  economist  he  had  few 
superiors  in  his  day,  and  he  rendered  valuable 
assistance  to  Alexander  Hamilton  in  the  forma- 
tion of  his  financial  system.  He  was  elected  to 
the  Massachusetts  council  in  1808  and  was  chosen 
president  of  the  Hartford  convention  of  December, 
1814.  Theodore  Dwight’s  “ History  of  the  Hart- 
ford Convention  ” contains  his  financial  views. 
He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  18,  1823. 

CABOT,  John,  discoverer,  was  a citizen  of 
Venice.  He  was  a commercial  navigator,  and 
was  described  at  the  beginning  of  his  voyage  to 
America  as  “a  distinguished  mariner,  with  great 
ability  in  discovering  new  islands.”  He  settled  in 
Bristol,  England,  about  1477,  and  after  the  voy- 
age of  Columbus  in  1492  he  profited  by  the  dis- 
covery made,  and,  with  his  three  sons,  Lewis, 
Sanchel,  and  Sebastian,  obtained  a patent  from 
Henry  VII.,  dated  Mar.  5, 1496,  empowering  them 
and  their  heirs  and  deputies  to  sail  in  all  seas 
under  the  banner  of  England.  They  immediately 
started  out  with  two  stout  ships  and  three  hun- 
dred able  mariners,  sailing  first  to  Iceland  and 
then  past  Greenland  and  what  is  now  called  Labra- 
dor, to  land  which  they  called  Newfoundland, 
landing  near  the  strait  of  Belle  Isle ; they  gave 
the  place  the  name  of  St.  John.  Returning  to 
England  in  August  he  was  received  by  the  king 
with  great  rejoicings,  and  presented  with  ten 
pounds  in  money.  In  February,  1498,  a special 
charter  was  granted  by  the  king,  and  authorities 
disagree  as  to  whether  or  not  Cabot  sailed  under 
this  charter.  The  date  and  place  of  his  birth  and 
death  are  unknown. 

CABOT,  Sebastian,  explorer,  was  born  prob- 
ably either  at  Venice,  Italy,  or  at  Bristol,  Eng- 
land, about  the  year  1476;  son  of  John  Cabot. 
As  early  as  1496  we  find  his  name  associated 
with  that  of  his  father  and  brothers  in  a petition 
to  Henry  VII.  for  letters  patent,  commissioning 
them  to  sail  for  the  discovery  of  islands  and 
countries  “unknown  to  all  Christians.”  The 
letters  were  granted  March  5,  1496,  and  John 
Cabot  and  his  sons  entered  upon  a voyage,  which 
resulted  in  the  discovery  of  land,  which  it  is  sup- 


posed was  Cape  Breton  Island  or  Nova  Scotia. 
Letters  patent  dated  February,  1498,  were 
granted  to  John  Cabot  for  a second  expedition, 
and  it  is  believed  that  many  of  the  discoveries 
usually  credited  to  Sebastian  were  in  reality 
made  by  his  father.  Under  this  patent  New- 
foundland was  discovered  and  the  coast  explored 
as  far  south  as  to  the  Chesapeake  Bay.  About 
the  year  1512  he  entered  the  service  of  Ferdi- 
nand V.  as  cartographer,  and  became  a member 
of  the  “Council  of  the  New  Indies,”  with  the 
rank  of  captain  and  a yearly  salary  of  fifty 
thousand  maravedis.  He  was  one  of  the  cosmog- 
raphers,  who,  in  November,  1515,  met  to  define 
the  rights  of  the  Spanish  crown  to  the  Moluccas, 
and  in  1518  he  became  pilot-major  of  the  king- 
dom. In  April,  1526,  he  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand an  expedition  to  Brazil.  He  visited  the 
river  and  adjoining  district  of  La  Plata  and  es- 
tablished a fort  at  San  Salvador,  spending  nearly 
four  years  in  attempting  to  lay  the  foundation 
for  a Spanish  conquest  of  South  America.  Upon 
his  return  to  Spain  in  1530  he  was  arrested  and 
imprisoned  for  a year,  and  then  banished  to 
Africa  for  two  years.  In  1547  a warrant  for  the 
return  to  England  of  “one  Shabot,  a pilot,” 
was  issued  by  Edward  VI.  This  writ  Cabot 
answered  in  person,  hoping  to  be  commissioned 
to  extend  his  discoveries,  and,  settling  at  Bristol, 
he  was  granted  a pension  of  £ 166  13s  4 cl.  It  was 
at  this  period  that  he  made  public  the  explanation 
to  the  king  of  the  phenomenon  of  the  variation 
of  the  needle.  So  great  was  his  popularity  and 
influence  that  in  1550  and  again  in  1553  Charles 
V.  made  imperious  demand  of  the  British  sov- 
ereign that  “ Sabastian,  grand  pilot  of  the  em- 
peror’s Indies,  then  in  England,  be  sent  over  to 
Spain  as  a very  necessary  man  for  the  emperor, 
whose  servant  he  was  and  had  a pension  of  him.” 
These  demands  Sebastian  ignored,  preferring  to 
remain  in  England,  where  he  was  given  general 
supervision  of  the  maritime  affairs  of  the  country, 
and  a renewal  of  the  charter  granted  by  Henry 
VII.  and  lost.  In  reply  to  the  appeals  of  “ certain 
grave  citizens  of  London  for  advice  as  to  the 
best  method  of  removing  the  stagnation  in  trade, 
resulting  from  the  disturbed  and  warlike  state  of 
the  continent,”  he  suggested  the  plan  of  an  ex 
pedition  ‘‘for  the  searche  and  discoverie  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  world  bv  sea,  to  open  a way 
and  passage  to  Cathay  by  the  northeast.”  His 
advice  was  acted  upon,  a company  called  the 
“ Merchant  Adventurers  ” was  formed,  of  which 
he  was  made  the  chief,  and  an  expedition  fitted 
out  under  his  supervision.  On  the  first  voyage, 
in  1553,  Russia  was  accidentally  discovered,  and 
five  years  later,  trade  was  opened  up  with  central 
Asia,  across  the  Caspian  sea.  In  1553,  after  the 
accession  of  Queen  Mary,  Charles  V.  made  a final 

[537] 


CADILLAC. 


CADWALADER. 


attempt  to  induce  his  return  to  Spain.  On  Feb. 
23,  135(5,  a new  company  was  formed  and  Cabot 
made  president.  The  expedition  was  sent  off  the 
next  spring,  and  on  May  25,  1557,  his  resignation 
of  the  pension  and  its  re-issue  two  days  later  ends 
the  recorded  accounts  of  this  remarkable  charac- 
ter. Cabot's  “ mappemonde,  ” the  original  of 
which  was  drawn  on  parchment  and  illuminated 
with  gold  and  colors,  served  as  the  model  for  all 
the  general  maps  of  the  world  afterward  published 
in  Italy.  The  only  extant  account  of  his  death  is 
that  by  his  friend  Eden,  who  writes:  “Sebastian 
Cabot  on  his  death-bed  told  me  that  he  had 
knowledge  [of  the  art  of  finding  longitude]  by 
divine  revelation,  yet  so  that  he  myght  not  teach 
any  man.  But  I tliiuk  that  the  goode  olde  man 
in  that  extreme  age  somewhat  doted,  and  had 
not  yet,  even  in  the  article  of  death,  utterly 
shaken  of  (sic)  all  worldly  vayne  glorie.”  See 
Biddle’s  “ Memoir  of  Sebastian  Cabot  ” (London 
and  Philadelphia,  1831),  and  Harrisse’s  “Jean 
and  Sebastian  Cabot  ” (Paris,  1882).  The  place 
and  date  of  his  death  are  also  unknown,  but  he 
is  believed  to  have  died  in  London,  at  some  time 
immediately  subsequent  to  1557. 

CADILLAC,  Antoine  de  la  Mothe,  founder  of 
Detroit,  was  born  in  France  some  time  between 
1657  and  1661 ; he  was  the  son  of  Jean  de  la 
Mothe,  Seigneur  Cadillac,  de  Launay,  de  Semon- 
tel  and  Jeanne  de  Malenfant.  He  was  well 
educated,  was  a cadet  in  the  regiment  of  Dam- 
piferre-Lorraine,  and  a lieutenant  in  the  regiment 
of  Clairembault  in  1677.  In  1683  he  visited  New 
France  and  settled  at  Port  Royal,  where  he  mar- 
ried Marie  Therese,  daughter  of  Denys  Guyon  of 
Quebec.  July  23,  1688,  he  received  a grant  of 
land  called  Donaquec,  in  the  present  state  of 
Maine,  and  a part  of  the  Island  of  Mount  Desert. 
He  determined  to  use  the  dowry  his  wife  had 
brought  him  in  founding  an  establishment  on 
this  land,  and  probably  went  to  live  there  in 
1688.  He  accompanied  Cal  lie  res  and  Frontenac 
when  they  set  out  to  take  New  York,  and  drive 
the  English  from  New  England,  according  to 
Callieres’  programme.  On  reaching  the  harbor 
of  New  York  and  finding  that  the  project  had 
been  abandoned,  they  set  sail  for  France,  and  dur- 
ing the  next  seven  months  Cadillac  remained  in 
attendance  at  court.  He  returned  to  Canada 
with  a letter  of  recommendation  to  Frontenac 
from  the  king,  and,  in  obedience  to  the  wishes 
of  the  monarch,  he  was  made  lieutenant  of  the 
troops  in  the  colony.  In  April,  1692,  the  king  sent 
for  him  to  come  to  France  and  give  information 
that  might  help  the  French  to  gain  possession  of 
New  England;  and  Cadillac  drew  up  a report 
that  displayed  extensive  knowledge  of  the  entire 
coast  with  its  fortifications,  harbors,  depths  of 
bays,  soundings  of  rivers,  villages,  and  traits  of 


character  of  the  inhabitants.  This  report  is  in  the 
French  archives.  In  1694  Frontenac  sent  him  to 
command  the  Indians  at  Mackinac,  where  he 
remained  until  1697,  when  he  was  recalled  at  his 
own  desire.  Investigation  had  convinced  him 
that  a fort  on  the  Detroit  river  was  necessary  to 
repel  the  English.  He  had  some  difficulty  in 
convincing  the  new  governor,  de  Callieres,  of  its 
practicability,  but  finally,  through  his  own  great 
influence  at  the  French  court,  a commission  was 
granted  him.  On  June  2,  1701,  he  set  out  from 
Montreal  with  one  hundred  men.  fifty  soldiers, 
fifty  civilians,  two  Catholic  priests,  one,  Father 
Vaillant,  being  a Jesuit.  July  24,  1701,  with  a 
fleet  of  twenty-five  birchen  boats,  he  entered  the 
Detroit  river.  At  a point  in  the  river  where  the 
broad  stream  narrows  to  about  half  a mile,  the 
canoes  were  drawn  up,  and  the  voyagers  as- 
cended ; level  plateau  to  a height  of  about  fifty 
feet,  and  formed  a temporary  encampment. 
Within  two  days  he  had  laid  the  foundation  of  a 
church,  staked  out  the  ground  for  a fort  and 
stockade,  and  begun  house  building.  By  the 
close  of  the  following  month  the  chapel,  the  fort, 
and  dwellings  for  the  settlers  were  erected.  His 
wife  had  been  left  behind  in  Quebec,  and  her 
bravery  and  wifely  devotion  in  journeying 
through  a thousand  miles  of  wilderness  has  few 
parallels  in  history.  With  Detroit  as  his  capital, 
Cadillac  assumed  the  governorship  of  a large 
territory,  encouraged  his  soldiers  to  marry  the 
young  Indian  women,  and  colonized  the  Indians 
about  him  in  friendly  settlements.  He  contin- 
ued in  possession  from  1705  until  1710,  when  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  Louisiana.  His  prop- 
erty in  Detroit  was  taken  without  compensation 
by  La  Forest,  his  successor.  He  sailed  to  France, 
and,  returning  with  a shipload  of  marriageable 
girls  to  become  wives  of  his  colonists,  arrived 
in  Louisiana,  June  15,  1713  (Margry  says  1712) 
and  fqpnded  Natchez.  In  March,  1717,  another 
was  appointed  to  succeed  him.  and  little  is  known 
of  this  energetic  colonizer  after  he  returned  to 
France.  His  grand-daughter,  Madame  Gregoire, 
in  1787,  was  allowed  by  the  commonwealth  of 
Massachusetts  all  of  Mount  Desert  Island  that 
had  not  been  granted  to  others.  He  died  in 
France,  Oct.  18.  1730. 

CADWALADER,  George,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1804:  son  of  Gen.  Thomas 
Cadwalader,  a distinguished  soldier.  He  was 
educated  in  the  schools  of  Philadelphia,  and  was 
engaged  for  many  years  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine. He  entered  the  Mexican  war  as  briga- 
dier-general of  volunteers,  and  was  brevetted 
major-general  for  especial  gallantry  at  the  battle 
of  Chapultepec.  He  continued  to  practise  medi- 
cine in  Philadelphia  until  the  outbreak  of  t lie 
civil  war,  when  Governor  Curtin  appointed  him 
[538 1 


CADWALADER. 


v 


CADWALADER. 


major-general  of  state  volunteers,  and  in  May, 
1861,  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  city  of 
Baltimore,  and  in  the  following  month  accom- 
panied General  Patterson  on  his  Winchester 
expedition  as  second  in  command.  Subsequently 
he  was  commissioned  major-general  of  U.  S. 
volunteers,  and  was  chosen  a member  of  the 
board  appointed  to  revise  the  military  laws  and 
regulations  of  the  United  States.  He  published 
“Services  in  the  Mexican  Campaign  of  1847'’ 
(1848).  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  3,  1879. 

CADWALADER,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  10,  1742.  His  name  ap- 
pears in  the  list  of  members  of  the  Philadelphia 
committee  of  safety,  1775,  where  he  was  captain 
of  a company  of  volunteers,  known  as  the  silk- 
stocking  company,  whose  members  afterwards, 
with  scarcely  an  exception,  received  commis- 
sions in  the  regular  army.  He  served  for  a time 
as  colonel  of  the  Philadelphia  battalions  and  was 
then  promoted  brigadier -general  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania militia.  He  was  in  command  of  one  of 
the  three  divisions  of  Washington's  force,  which 
crossed  the  Delaware  in  December.  1776,  and 
was  present  at  the  attack  on  Trenton  on  Jan.  3, 
1777.  General  Washington,  writing  to  the  presi- 
dent of  Congress  shortly  after  this  engagement, 
spoke  of  General  Cadwalader  as  a “ man  of 
ability,  a good  disciplinarian,  firm  in  his  princi- 
ples and  of  intrepid  bravery.”  General  Cad- 
walader was  the  possessor  of  great  wealth.  He 
twice  refused  a commission  as  brigadier-general 
in  the  regular  army,  and  when  not  engaged  in 
the  field  at  the  head  of  his  Pennsylvania  troops 
he  served  as  a volunteer,  or  under  special  orders 
for  particular  service.  He  engaged  in  a duel 
with  Thomas  Conway,  the  leader  of  the  “ Con- 
way Cabal,”  escaped  injury,  but  shot  his  antago- 
nist in  the  mouth,  wounding  him  severely.  He 
died  at  Shrewsbury,  Pa.,  Feb.  10,  1786. 

CADWALADER,  John,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  1,  1805;  son  of  Thomas 
and  Mary  (Biddle)  Cadwalader.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1821,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Philadelphia  bar 
Sept.  20,  1825.  He  soon  became  solicitor  for 
the  United  States  bank  and  was  retained  by  the 
government  in  the  famous  Blackburne  “ Cloth 
cases.”  He  was  associated  with  Walter  Jones 
and  Daniel  Webster  in  the  Girard  will  case.  In 
1834  he  was  admitted  to  the  United  States  su- 
preme court.  During  the  city  riots  in  1844  he 
raised  and  commanded  a company  of  militia, 
composed  of  prominent  Philadelphia  men.  In 
1854  he  was  elected  a representative  to  the  34th 
Congress,  and  declined  a renomination.  In  1858 
he  was  appointed  by  President  Buchanan  judge 
of  the  U.  S.  district  court  of  eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  made  a member  of  the  American 

[539] 


philosophical  society  in  1867,  and  in  1870  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  twice  married; 
first  to  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Horace  Bin- 
ney,  and  second  to  Henrietta  Maria,  widow  of 
Bloomfield  Mcllvaine  and  daughter  of  Charles  N. 
Bancker,  of  Philadelphia.  He  died  in  Philadel- 
phia. Pa.,  Jan.  26.  1879. 

CADWALADER,  John  Lambert,  lawyer,  was 
born  near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Nov.  17,  1836;  son  of 
Thomas  and  Maria  C.  (Gouverneur)  Cadwalader. 
In  1856  he  was  graduated  an  A.  B.  from  Prince- 
ton, and  in  1860  an  LL.B.  from  Harvard  college. 
He  read  law  with  Daniel  Lord  of  New  York,  and 
in  1874  was  appointed  assistant  secretary  of  state 
of  the  United  States,  remaining  in  this  office 
until  March  3,  1877.  He  then  became  junior 
member  of  the  New  York  law  firm  of  Bliss  & 
Cadwalader,  afterwards  Eaton,  Taylor  & Cadwal- 
ader, and  later  Strong  & Cadwalader. 

CADWALADER,  Lambert,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  in  1742;  son  of  Dr.  Thomas 
and  Hannah  (Lambert)  Cadwalader.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1760,  and  entered  into  mercantile  business.  In 
1765  he  signed  the  non -importation  agreement, 
and  in  1774  was  made  a member  of  the  commit- 
tee of  superintendence  and  correspondence  for 
Philadelphia.  In  January,  1775,  lie  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  provincial  convention,  and  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution  lie  was  chosen 
captain  of  one  of  the  four  military  companies 
called  “The  Greens.”  He  was  a member  of  the 
constitutional  convention  which  met  at  Philadel- 
phia in  1776.  On  November  16  of  that  year  he 
was  among  the  prisoners  taken  at  Fort  Washing- 
ton, and  with  the  captured  garrison  was  marched 
to  New  York.  He  was  unable  to  procure  a 
release,  and  in  January,  1779,  resigned  from  the 
army.  In  1784  he  was  elected  a delegate  to  the 
Continental  Congress,  and  took  his  seat  in  Janu- 
ary, 1785.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  two  suc- 
ceeding congresses.  Upon  the  adoption  of  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States  he  was  elected, 
in  1788,  a representative  from  New  Jersey  to 
the  1st  U.  S.  Congress,  taking  his  seat  in  1789. 
He  also  served  in  the  3d  Congress.  He  died  at 
Greenwood,  near  Trenton,  N.  J..  Sept.  13,  1823. 

CADWALADER,  Richard  McCall,  lawyer, 
was  born  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  17,  1839;  son 
of  Thomas  and  Maria  C.  (Gouverneur)  Cadwala- 
der, grandson  of  Lambert  and  Mary  (McCall) 
Cadwalader.  He  was  graduated  from  Princeton 
in  1860  and  from  Harvard  law  school  in  1863. 
The  following  year  he  was  admitted  to  the  Phila- 
delphia bar.  He  was  married  Nov.  26,  1873,  to 
Christine,  daughter  of  J.  Williams  Biddle.  He 
is  the  author  of  “The  Law  of  Ground  Rents” 
(1879). 


CADWALADER. 


CADWALADER. 


CADWALADER,  Thomas,  physician,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1708;  son  of  John 
and  Martha  (Jones)  Cadwalader.  His  father 
emigrated  from  Pembrokeshire,  Wales,  to  Phila- 
delphia, towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  He  was  educated  at  the  Friends’  public 
school,  in  Philadelphia,  and  began  the  study  of 
medicine  with  his  uncle,  Evan  Jones.  He  then 
went  to  London,  England,  where  he  studied  for 
his  profession,  returning  in  1731.  During  the 
winter  of  1736-'37  he  inoculated  for  small  pox. 
In  1745  he  published  his  essay  on  the  “ West 
Indies  Dry  Gripes,”  one  of  the  first  medical 
essays  published  in  America.  On  June  18,  1738, 
he  was  married  to  Hannah,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Lambert  of  New  Jersey,  and  settled  at  Trenton, 
N.  J.  In  1746  he  was  chosen  first  burgess  of  the 
new  city  of  Trenton.  He  returned  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1751,  was  elected  a member  of  the 
common  council,  and  served  until  1774,  also  serv- 
ing from  1755  in  the  provincial  council.  He 
subscribed  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania hospital  in  1751,  and  was  one  of  the  original 
physicians  of  the  institution.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Philadelphia  library  company, 
and  a director  periodically  from  1731  to  1774;  a 
trustee  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  from 
1751  to  1779,  and  a member  of  the  philosophical 
society  and  the  society  for  promoting  useful 
knowledge.  He  gave  a course  of  lectures  in  the 
medical  college  of  Philadelphia,  of  which  insti- 
tution he  was  elected  a trustee  in  1765.  He  was 
a signer  of  the  non  importation  articles.  In  July, 
1776,  he  was  appointed  by  the  committee  of 
safety  to  examine  candidates  for  positions  as 
surgeons  in  the  navy,  at  the  same  time  was  made 
a medical  director  of  the  army  hospitals,  and  in 
1778  succeeded  the  elder  Dr.  William  Shippen, 
as  surgeon  of  the  Pennsylvania  hospital.  He 
died  at  his  farm,  " Greenwood,”  near  Trenton, 
N.  J.,  Nov.  14,  1799. 

CADWALADER,  Thomas,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.  28,  1779;  son  of  Gen. 
John  and  Williamina  (Bond)  Cadwalader.  He 
was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1795,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In 
April,  1799,  as  a private  in  a troop  of  cavalry,  he 
aided  in  capturing  the  ringleaders  of  an  insur- 
rection in  Pennsylvania,  which  grew  out  of  a 
resistance  to  the  enforcement  of  a law  levying  a 
whiskey  tax.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was  a lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  cavalry  and  was  later  placed  in 
command  of  an  advanced  light  brigade.  He  was 
afterwards  major-general  of  Pennsylvania  militia. 
He  was  offered  by  President  Monroe  the  position 
of  minister  to  the  court  of  St.  James,  but  declined 
the  mission.  In  1826  he  was  made  one  of  three 
commissioners  to  revise  the  tactics  of  the  U.  S. 
army.  From  1816  to  1836  he  was  a trustee  of 


the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  mar- 
ried, June  25,  1804,  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Col. 
Clement  Biddle.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Oct.  31,  1841. 

CADWALADER,  Thomas,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Greenwood,  near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Sept.  11,  1795; 
son  of  Lambert  and  Mary  (McCall)  Cadwalader. 
He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1815,  and  stud- 
ied law  but  did  not  practise.  He  was  appointed, 
June  2,  1830,  deputy  adjutant-general  in  a bri- 
gade of  the  New  Jersey  militia,  and  on  April  10, 
1833,  lieutenant-colonel  and  aid-de-camp  to 
Governor  Seeley.  On  July  30,  1842,  he  was  com- 
missioned brigadier -general  and  made  adjutant- 
general  of  New  Jersey.  In  1856  he  was  sent  by 
the  governor  to  Europe,  to  report  on  the  fire- 
arms in  use  in  the  European  countries.  In 
March,  1858,  he  was  brevetted  major-general  by 
the  legislature.  He  was  married,  Dec.  27,  1831, 
to  Maria  C.,  daughter  of  Nicholas  Gouverneur. 
He  died  at  Greenwood,  N.  J.,  Oct.  22,  1873. 

CADY,  Albemarle,  soldier,  was  born  in  Keene, 
N.  H. , Feb.  15,  1807.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1829,  and  was  engaged  in  frontier  and 
engineering  duty  until  1838,  when  he  was  ordered 
to  service  in  the  Florida  war.  In  the  Mexican 
war  he  was  at  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  in  the 
battles  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Churubusco  and  Molino 
del  Rey,  being  wounded  in  the  latter  engagement, 
and  receiving  the  brevet  of  major  for  his  gal 
lantry.  He  participated  in  the  action  against 
the  Sioux  Indians  at  Blue  Water,  Dakota,  in 
1855,  and  in  1857  was  promoted  major.  He  was 
on  duty  on  the  Pacific  coast  during  the  early 
years  of  the  civil  war,  and  was  placed  on  the 
retired  list  in  May,  1864,  although  on  duty  in 
New  Haven,  Conn.,  until  November,  1865.  He 
was  brevetted  brigadier-general  March  13,  1865, 
for  long  and  faithful  service,  and  died  in  New 
Haven,  Conn..  March  14,  1888. 

CADY,  Daniel,  jurist,  was  born  in  Canaan, 
Columbia  county,  N.  Y.,  April  29,  1773;  son  of 
Eleazer  Cady,  a farmer.  He  was  educated  at  the 
town  school  and  academy,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1795,  and  began  practising  law  at 
Florida,  Montgomery  county,  but  soon  removed 
to  Johnstown.  Fulton  county.  In  politics  he  was 
a Federalist.  He  was  elected  to  the  New  York 
state  assembly  in  1809  and  was  re-elected  a num- 
ber of  times.  In  1814  he  was  elected  a represen- 
tative to  the  14th  Congress.  He  was  in  active 
practice  for  over  fifty-five  years.  He  was  elected 
a judge  of  the  New  York  supreme  court  in  1847. 
was  re-elected  in  1849.  and  during  that  year  was 
ex-officio  a judge  of  the  court  of  appeals.  He  re- 
signed from  the  bench  in  1855,  being  eighty -two 
years  old.  The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred 


on  him  by  Hamilton  college  in  1834.  On  July  8, 
1801,  he  married  Margaret  Chinn,  daughter  of 
[540] 


CADY. 


CAINE. 


Colonel  James  Livingston,  an  officer  in  the 
revolutionary  army.  They  had  a large  family  of 
cliildren,  the  most  distinguished  being  Elizabeth 
Cady  Stanton,  the  reformer.  A sketch  of  Daniel 
Cady  as  a lawyer,  by  his  son-in-law,  Henry  B.  Stan- 
ton, will  be  found  in  Barbour’s  New  York  supreme 
court  reports,  vol.  xviii..  p.  662.  He  died  in  Johns 
town.  N.  Y„  Oct.  31,  1859. 

CADY,  Josiah  Cleveland,  architect,  was  born 
in  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1838.  He  was  graduated 
at  Trinity  college  with  the  class  of  1860,  studied 
architecture,  and  located  in  New  York  city, 
where  he  designed  some  of  the  prominent  public 
buildings  in  that  city,  including  the  homes  of  the 
Century,  University,  Manhattan,  and  Athletic 
clubs ; the  Metropolitan  opera  house ; the  Museum 
of  natural  history,  Presbyterian  hospital,  and 
several  church  edifices.  He  also  designed  the 
Peabody  museum.  North  Sheffield  hall,  Chitten- 
den Memorial  library,  Dwight  hall,  White  and 
Berkeley  dormitories,  and  Winchester  hall  at 
Yale  university ; Morgan  hall  and  the  Lvell  gymna- 
sium at  Williams  college ; Jarvis  hall  of  science. 
Epsilon  chapter  house  for  Delta  Psi  at  Trinity  col- 
lege ; and  the  building  for  scientific  purposes  and 
the  new  gymnasium  at  Wesleyan  university. 
He  was  a member  of  the  American  institute  of 
architects  and  the  architectural  league,  and  an 
officer  of  several  scientific  and  philanthropic  as- 
sociations, including  the  American  science  asso- 
ciation, the  State  charities  aid  association,  the 
skin  and  cancer  hospital,  the  Demilt  dispensary, 
and  the  New  York  city  mission.  In  1860  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.M.  from  Trinity  college. 

CAFFERY,  Donelson,  senator,  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Mary,  La.,  Sept.  10,  1835.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  Mary’s  college,  Maryland,  and 
was  afterwards  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1861  he 
joined  the  Confederate  army,  serving  first  as  a 
private,  and  later  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  W.  II.  T. 
Walker.  In  1879  he  was  a member  of  the  consti- 
tutional convention,  and  in  1892  was  elected  to 
the  state  senate.  In  1893  he  was  appointed 
United  States  senator  to  succeed  R.  L.  Gibson, 
deceased,  taking  his  seat  Jan.  7,  1893.  He  was 
elected  by  the  legislature  in  1894  to  fill  out  the 
term,  and  also  for  the  full  senatorial  term  expiring 
March  4, 1901 . He  is  the  author  of  “ Aldredge  on 
Free  Coinage  of  Silver”  (1896). 

CAHOONE,  J.  Benjamin,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Rhode  Island  in  1800.  He  served  as  a 
purser  in  the  United  States  navy  from  1830  to 
1861,  when  he  reached  the  age  limit  and  was 
retired.  During  the  civil  war  he  was  assigned  to 
emergency  duty  at  the  Portsmouth  and  Boston 
navy  yards,  became  pay  director,  and  in  1868  was 
again  retired,  receiving  in  consideration  of  extra 
service  the  relative  rank  of  commodore.  He  died 
in  New  York  city,  July  27,  1873. 


CAIN,  Richard  H.,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Greenbrier  county,  Va.,  April  12,  1825.  He  was 
a negro  and  had  no  education  except  such  as  he 
received  in  the  Sabbath-school,  until  1846,  when 
he  commenced  to  study  for  the  ministry.  He 
spent  the  year  1860  at  Wilberforce  university. 
Xenia,  Ohio,  and  engaged  in  pastoral  labors  in 
Brooklyn  from  1861  to  1864,  when  he  was  sent  as 
a missionary  to  the  freedmen  of  South  Carolina, 
and  was  for  many  years  identified  with  the  Afri- 
can M.  E.  church  in  that  state.  He  was  a dele- 
gate to  the  state  constitutional  convention  of 
1867,  a member  of  the  state  senate  in  1868,  and  a 
representative  from  Charleston  in  the  45th  Con 
gress.  He  was  appointed  bishop  by  the  general 
conference  of  the  African  M.  E.  church  in  1880, 
and  was  assigned  to  the  district  of  Louisiana  and 
Texas.  He  founded  Paul  Quinn  college  at  Waco, 
Texas,  and  advanced  education  within  his  district. 
Subsequently  he  became  presiding  bishop  of  the 
first  episcopal  district  of  the  African  M.  E. 
church,  embracing  the  conferences  of  New  York. 
New  Jersey,  New  England,  and  Philadelphia. 
He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Wilberforce 
university  in  1873. 

CAINE,  John  T.,  delegate,  was  born  in  the  Isle 
of  Man,  Jan.  8,  1829,  where  he  received  a gram- 
mar-school education,  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  early  in  1846,  and  resided  for  a time  in 
New  York  city,  where  he  became  identified  with 
the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day  Saints. 
In  the  fall  of  1848  he  went  to  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
where  he  cast  his  first  ballot,  and  was  active 
from  1849  to  1852  in  forwarding  the  large  number 
of  Mormon  immigrants  who  passed  through  St. 
Louis  bound  for  Utah.  In  1852,  with  his  wife  and 
child,  lie  settled  in  Salt  Lake  city.  In  the  spring 
of  1854  he  was  appointed  on  a mission  to  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  from  which,  having  fulfilled 
its  duties,  he  returned  in  the  winter  of  1856.  In 
1870,  he  became  connected  with  the  Salt  Lake 
Herald,  was  for  a time  its  managing  editor,  and 
president  of  the  Herald  company.  He  served 
as  secretary  of  the  legislative  council,  was  elected 
a member  of  that  body  1874,  ’76,  ’80,  and  ’82,  in 
1876  was  elected  a regent  of  the  University  of 
Deseret,  which  position  he  occupied  by  re-election 
for  twelve  years ; he  was  elected  recorder  of  Salt 
Lake  city  in  1876,  and  by  successive  elections 
served  until  1882;  was  a member  of  the  constitu- 
tional conventions  of  Utah  of  1872,  1882,  and 
1887 ; was  president  of  the  convention  of  1887 
which  adopted  a constitution  containing  a clause 
punishing  polygamy  and  bigamy,  and  asked  ad 
mission  into  the  Union  as  a state;  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  the  47th  Congress  to  fill  a vacancy, 
and  was  re-elected  to  the  48th  and  successive 
congresses,  including  the  52d,  as  a Democrat,  in 
1892  receiving  the  support  of  the  People’s  party. 


CALDWELL. 


CALDWELL. 


CALDWELL,  Alexander,  senator,  was  born  in 
Huntington  county.  Pa.,  March  1,  1830;  son  of 
Captain  Janies  Cakhvell.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  entered  into  business  and  in  1847  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Mexican  war  he  enlisted  in  a com- 
pany raised  and  commanded  by  his  father.  In 
1861  he  removed  to  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  and 
in  1865  he  helped  in  forwarding  the  construction 
of  the  Missouri  river  and  the  Kansas  central 
railroads.  In  1870  he  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  senate  and  served  throughout  the42d,  43d, 
and  44th  congresses,  his  term  .ending  March  3, 
1877,  when  he  retired  from  public  life. 

CALDWELL,  Charles,  physician,  was  born 
in  Caswell  county,  N.  C.,  May  14,  1772.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
medical  school  in  1793,  and  served  with  great 
zeal  during  the  yellow  fever  epidemic  of  that 
year.  He  was  brigade  surgeon  under  General 
Lee  during  the  “ whiskey  insurrection  ” of 
1791-!94,  and  became  professor  of  materia  medi* 
ca  in  Transylvania  university,  Lexington,  Ky., 
in  1819.  He  published,  in  addition  to  some  two 
hundred  technical  pamphlets  and  essays,  the 
“ Life  and  Campaigns  of  Gen.  Greene  ” (1819); 
“ Memoirs  of  Horace  Holley”  (1828),  and  some 
translations  of  German  and  Arabic  works.  He 
was  Nicholas  Biddle's  successor  as  editor  of  the 
Port-Folio  in  1814,  and  was  also  the  editor  of 
Cullen's  “ Practice  of  Physic  ” (1816).  His  “ Au- 
tobiography,” with  notes  and  a preface,  was 
published  in  Philadelphia  in  1855.  He  died  in 
Louisville,  Ky.,  July  9,  1853. 

CALDWELL,  Charles  Henry  Bromedge, 
naval  officer,  was  born  in  Hingham,  Mass.,  June 
11,  1823.  He  entered  the  navy  in  1838  as  a mid- 
shipman, was  promoted  master  in  1851  and 
lieutenant  in  1852.  He  defeated  a tribe  of  canni- 
bals in  an  engagement  at  Wega  Fiji,  in  October, 
1858,  and  burned  their  town.  He  was  actively 
and  conspicuously  engaged  in  the  civil  war, 
distinguishing  himself  at  the  bombardment  of 
Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip.  He  participated 
in  the  action  at  Grand  Gulf  in  June,  1862,  was 
in  command  of  the  Essex  of  the  Mississippi 
squadron  in  1862-'63,  taking  part  in  the  Port 
Hudson  operations  of  the  latter  year.  He  com- 
manded  the  Glaucus  of  the  North  Atlantic 
blockading  squadron  from  1863  to  1864,  and  the 
R.  R.  Cuyler  of  the  same  squadron  from  1864  to 
1865.  He  reached,  by  regular  promotion,  the 
rank  of  commodore,  June  14,  1874.  He  died  in 
Waltham,  Mass.,  Nov.  30,  1877. 

CALDWELL,  David,  educator,  was  born  in 
Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  March  22,  1725.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in 
1761,  and  in  1763  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
New  Brunswick  presbytery.  He  was  ordained 
at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  in  1765,  and  went  as  a mis- 


sionary to  North  Carolina,  holding  pastorates  in 
Alamance  county,  besides  practising  medicine 
and  conducting  a private  classical  school  for 
fifty  years.  He  was  a member  of  the  state  con- 
stitutional convention  that  met  at  Halifax  in 
1776.  He  opposed  the  adoption  of  the  Federal 
constitution  in  the  convention  called  to  ratify  it. 
During  the  revolutionary  war,  Cornwallis  offered 
a large  reward  for  his  capture,  and  allowed  the 
troops  to  loot  his  plantation,  burn  his  books,  and 
destroy  his  property.  He  was  offered  the  presi- 
dency of  the  University  of  North  Carolina  on  its 
foundation  in  1791,  but  declined  the  office.  The 
degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  in  1810.  In  1812 
in  a sermon  at  the  Alamance  court  house,  when 
he  was  eighty -seven  years  old,  he  urged  the  duty 
of  self-defence  and  the  enlistment  of  volunteers 
to  carry  on  the  war  with  England.  See  bio- 
graphy by  E.  W.  Caruthers,  D.D.  (1842).  He 
died  Aug.  25,  1824. 

CALDWELL,  George  Chapman,  chemist,  was 
born  at  Framingham,  Mass.,  Aug.  14,  1834.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  Lawrence  scientific  school, 
Harvard,  in  1855,  and  from  Gottingen  university, 
with  the  degree  of  Ph.D.,  in  1856.  Soon  after 
his  return  to  the  United  States  he  became  assist- 
ant in  chemistry  at  Columbia  college.  During 
1859-’62  he  was  professor  of  chemistry  and  phys- 
ics at  Antioch  college,  Ohio,  and  from  1862  to 
1864,  hospital  visitor  of  the  U.  S.  sanitary  com- 
mission. He  was  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
Pennsylvania  agricultural  college,  1864-"67 ; vice- 
president  of  the  college,  1867-'68,  and  in  the 
latter  year  professor  of  agricultural  and  analyti- 
cal chemistry  at  Cornell  university.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Society  for  the  promotion 
of  agricultural  science,  president  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  official  agricultural  chemists,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  American  chemical  society.  Besides 
his  reports  and  special  papers  he  published: 
“ Agricultural  Qualitative  and  Quantitative 
Chemical  Analysis”  (1869);  “A  Manual  cf 
Introductory  Chemical  Practice,”  with  A.  A. 
Breneman  (1875);  “A  Manual  of  Qualitative 
Chemical  Analysis,”  with  S.  M.  Babcock  (1882). 
and  “ Elements  of  Qualitative  and  Quantitative 
Chemical  Analysis  ” (1892). 

CALDWELL,  Henry  Clay,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Marshall  county,  Va.,  Sept.  4,  1832;  son  of 
Van  and  Susan  Caldwell.  In  1836  his  parents 
removed  to  Wisconsin  territory,  where  he  gained 
admission  to  the  bar  in  1852 ; in  1856  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney  of  the  district,  and  in  1858 
was  sent  to  the  state  legislature.  In  1861  he 
joined  the  Union  army  and  was  commissioned 
major,  and  afterwards  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  colonel  of  the  3d  Iowa  cavalry.  In 
June,  1864,  he  was  appointed  by  President 


CALDWELL. 


CALDWELL. 


Lincoln  district  judge  for  the  district  of  Arkansas. 

On  March  4,  1890,  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Harrison  circuit  judge  for  the  eighth  circuit,  to 
succeed  Judge  David  J.  Brewer.  He  received 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Little  Rock  university. 
Little  Rock,  Ark. 

CALDWELL,  James,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Charlotte  county,  Va.,  in  April,  1734;  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1759,  and 
in  1762  assumed  the  pastorate  of  a church  at 
Elizabethtown,  N.  J.  He  made  many  enemies  by 
his  advocacy  of  the  cause  of  independence,  and 
during  the  revolution  earned  the  sobriquet  of 
the  “ Soldier  parson,”  while  acting  as  chaplain  of 
the  New  Jersey  brigade.  In  1780  his  church  and 
house  were  burned  by  Tories,  and  his  family  fled 
to  Connecticut  Farms,  N.  J.,  where  his  wife  was 
killed  by  a stray  bullet,  during  a sortie  made 
by  British  troops  from  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.  In 
1780  he  successfully  defended  Springfield,  N.  J., 
against  an  attack  by  the  British.  He  met  his 
death  at  the  hands  of  an  American  sentry,  dur- 
ing a dispute,  and  his  murderer  was  delivered  to 
the  civil  authorities  and  hanged  in  1782.  His 
son,  John  E.  Caldwell,  was  educated  in  France 
by  General  Lafayette.  In  1846  a monument  was 
erected  to  Mr.  Caldwell  and  his  wife  in  Elizabeth- 
town, N.  J.  He  died  Nov.  24,  1781. 

CALDWELL,  John,  politician,  was  born  in 
Prince  Edward  county,  Va.  He  went  to  Nelson 
county,  Ky.,  in  1781,  where  he  became  promi- 
nent in  state  politics.  He  attained  the  rank  of 
major-general  during  the  Indian  troubles  in  Ken- 
tucky. In  1787,  ’88,  '89  he  was  elected  to  the 
state  conventions  at  Danville.  In  1792  lie  was  a 
member  of  the  Kentucky  senate  under  the  first 
constitution,  and  served  a second  term  in  1793. 

In  August,  1804,  he  was  elected  lieutenant- 
governor  of  Kentucky.  He  had  six  sons,  two  of 
whom,  Anthony  and  William,  fought  in  the  siege 
of  Yorktown.  He  died  while  presiding  over  the 
senate  in  Frankfort,  Ky.,  Nov.  9,  1804. 

CALDWELL,  John  A.,  representative,  was 
born  at  Fair  Haven,  Preble  county,  Ohio,  April 
21,  1853;  son  of  Alexander  and  Sarah  Caldwell. 

His  education  was  acquired  in  the  common 
schools,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  he  began  to 
teach  school.  In  1871  he  went  to  Cincinnati, 
and,  after  teaching  for  three  years  in  Mill  Creek 
township,  began  the  study  of  law.  In  1876  he 
was  graduated  from  the  Cincinnati  law  school,’ 
and  after  teaching  for  another  year  he  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  1881  he 
was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  for  the  city, 
and  re  elected  in  1883.  In  1887  he  was  elected 
city  judge,  and  in  the  succeeding  year  president 
of  the  Ohio  Republican  league.  He  was  a repre- 
sentative in  the  51st,  52d  and  53d  congresses.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  Republican  congressional 

|543J 


committee  in  1892.  He  resigned  his  seat  in  Con- 
gress to  accept  the  mayoralty  of  Cincinnati, 
assuming  this  office  May  4,  1894,  for  the  term 
expiring  June  30,  1897.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
anti-lottery  bill. 

CALDWELL,  John  Curtis,  diplomatist,  was 
born  in  Lowell,  Vt.,  April  17,  1833;  son  of  George 
Morrison  and  Betsey  (Curtis)  Caldwell.  He  was 
graduated  at  Amherst  in  1855,  and  became  princi- 
pal of  Washington  academy,  East  Machias,  Me. 
In  October,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  colonel 
of  the  11th  Maine  volunteers,  and  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  in  April,  1862. 
He  served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  from  its 
organization  until  tire  last  year  of  the  war, 
when  he  was  president  of  the  advisory  board  of 
the  war  department.  He  sat  for  a term  in  the 
Maine  senate,  and  from  1867  to  1869  served  as 
adjutant-general  of  the  state.  In  1869  President 
Grant  made  him  consul  to  Valparaiso,  Chili,  and 
in  1874  United  States  minister  to  Montevideo, 
Uruguay.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
1882,  and  subsequently  removed  to  Kansas,  where, 
in  1885,  he  was  appointed  president  of  the  board 
of  pardons  of  that  state. 

CALDWELL,  Joseph,  educator,  was  born  at 
Lammington,  N.  J.,  April  21,  1773;  son  of  Joseph 
and  Rachel  (Harker)  Caldwell.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1791 ; in 
1795  was  tutor  at  Princeton,  and  in  1796  was 
elected  professor  of  mathematics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina,  of  which  institution 
he  became  president  in  1804.  In  1812  he  resigned 
the  office  and  returned  to  the  chair  of  mathe- 
matics, but  on  the  resignation  of  his  successor 
in  1816  he  again  became  president.  In  1824  he 
was  sent  to  Europe  by  the  trustees  of  the  uni- 
versity for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  books  and 
apparatus.  In  1827  he  built  an  astronomical 
observatory  at  the  university,  the  first  in  the 
United  States.  In  1816  the  college  of  New  Jersey 
and  the  University  of  North  Carolina  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  is  the  author 
of  a “ Compendious  System  of  Elementary  Geom- 
etry ” (1822).  He  died  at  Chapel  Hill,  N.  C., 
Jan.  27,  1835. 

CALDWELL,  Lisle  Bones,  educator,  was  born 
in  Wilna,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  10,  1834.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Baldwin  university,  Berea,  Ohio,  in  1868. 
While  engaged  in  teaching  he  studied  theology 
and  spent  some  years  in  preaching  in  various 
Methodist  Episcopal  churches.  From  1877  to 
1886  he  occupied  the  chair  of  natural  sciences  and 
physics  in  the  east  Tennessee  Wesleyan  univer- 
sity, and  in  the  latter  year  became  professor  of 
applied  chemistry  and  agriculture  in  the  U.  S. 
Grant  university,  Athens,  Tenn.  He  published : 
“Wines  of  Palestine;  or,  the  Bible  Defended” 
(1859),  and  “ Beyond  the  Grave  ” (1884). 


CALDWELL. 


CALHOUN. 


CALDWELL,  Merritt,  educator,  was  born  in 
Hebron,  Oxford  county,  Me.,  Nov.  29,  1806. 
Immediately  after  lus  graduation  at  Bowdoin 
college  in  1828  lie  was  elected  principal  of  the 
Wesleyan  seminary  at  Readfield,  Me.,  succeed- 
ing his  brother  Zenas.  He  was  elected  vice- 
president  of  Dickinson  college,  Pa.,  in  1834, 
retaining  the  position  during  the  remainder  of 
his  life,  and  filling  the  chairs  of  mathematics 
1834-’37,  and  metaphysics  and  English  literature 
1837- '48.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  world’s  con- 
vention which  met  in  England  in  1846  and 
formed  the  evangelical  alliance,  and  he  was  also 
a delegate  to  the  world’s  temperance  convention. 
He  wrote  “ The  Doctrine  of  the  English  Verb  ” 
(1837),  “Manual  of  Elocu.ion”  (1846);  “Phil- 
osophy of  Christian  Perfection  ” (1847),  and 
“ Christianity  Tested  by  Eminent  Men  ” (1852). 
His  memoir  was  published  by  S.  M.  Vail,  D.D. 
He  died  in  Portland,  Me.,  June  6,  1848. 

CALDWELL,  Samuel  Lunt,  educator,  was 
born  in  Newburyport,  Mass.,  Nov.  13  1820.  He 
was  graduated  at  Waterville  college  in  1839 
and  was  principal  of  the  Hampton  Falls,  N.  H., 
academy,  and  head  master  of  the  grammar 
school  of  Newburyport.  In  1842  he  entered  the 
theological  seminary  at  Newton,  Mass.,  and  was 
graduated  in  1845.  He  was  called  to  the  First 
Baptist  church  of  Bangor,  Me.,  in  1846,  his  pastor 
ate  there  covering  a period  of  twelve  years. 
From  185S  to  1873  he  was  pastor  of  the  First 
Baptist  church  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  when  he 
became  professor  of  church  history  in  the  New- 
ton theological  seminary.  In  1878  he  accepted 
the  presidency  of  Vassal-  college,  and  filled  the 
office  for  eight  years.  He  was  a fellow  of  Brown 
university  from  1859  to  the  time  of  his  death. 
In  1885  he  removed  to  Providence,  R.  I.,  and 
occupied  his  time  with  writing  and  lecturing. 
He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Colby  in 
1858,  and  that  of  LL.D.  from  Brown  university 
in  1884.  His  publications  include  an  indepen- 
dence day  oration  (1861) ; a “ Memorial  of  Prof. 
R.  P.  Dunn  ” (1867) : an  oration  entitled  “ Lit- 
erature in  Account  with  Life  ” (1885).  two  lec- 
tures in  “The  Newton  Lectures’’  (1886),  and 
sermons ; and  lie  contributed  frequently  to 
periodical  literature.  He  also  edited  volumes  iii. 
and  iv.  of  “ Publications  of  the  Narragansett 
Club”  (1865).  He  died  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
Sept,  26,  1889. 

CALDWELL,  Zenas,  poet,  was  born  in  He- 
bron, Me.,  March  31,  1800;  brother  of  Merritt 
Caldwell.  After  his  graduation  from  Bowdoin 
college,  in  1824,  he  was  appointed  first  principal 
of  the  Maine  Wesleyan  seminary,  holding  the 
position  until  his  death.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
volume  of  prose  and  poetry,  published  in  1855. 
lie  died  Dec.  21,  1826. 


CALEF,  or  CALFE,  Robert  author,  was 

born  in  the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. He  was  a Boston  merchant  who,  with  his 
plain  common-sense  arguments  in  “ More  Won- 
ders of  the  Invisible  World,”  did  much  to  dispel 
the  witchcraft  delusion.  His  book  created  a 
great  stir.  It  was  first  published  in  London  in 
1700,  and  Cotton  Mather,  who,  with  other  pastors 
figured  in  the  narrative,  instituted  proceedings 
against  the  author  for  slander.  Increase  Mather, 
then  president  of  Harvard  college,  caused  the 
wicked  little  volume  to  be  burned  in  the  college 
yard;  and  a number  of  members  of  the  Old 
North  church  published  a defence  of  their  old 
pastors,  the  Mathers,  entitled,  “ Remarks  upon 
a Scandalous  Book  against  the  Government  and 
Ministry  of  New  England.”  Dr.  Elliot  says;  “It 
is  worthy  of  observation  that  Hutchinson  — who 
was  nearly  related  to  the  Mather  family  — 
speaks  of  R.  Calef  as  a man  of  fair  mind  who 
substantiates  his  facts.”  He  died  in  1720. 

CALHOUN,  Edmund  R.,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Chambersburg,  Pa..  May  6,  1821.  He 
entered  the  navy  as  midshipman,  April  1,  1839, 
receiving  his  appointment  from  Missouri.  He 
served  in  the  Bx-azil  and  Mediteri-anean  squad- 
rons until  1845,  when  he  was  assigned  to  the 
naval  school  at  Philadelphia.  In  July,  1845,  he 
was  appointed  passed  midshipman  and  was  nxade 
master  Jan.  6,  1853,  resigning  June  27  of  that 
year.  He  re-entered  the  navy  as  acting  lieuten- 
ant Sept.  24,  1861 ; was  commissioned  commander 
Nov.  17,  1862;  captain,  March  2,  1869:  commo- 
dore, April  26,  1876,  and  rear  admiral,  Dec.  3, 
1882,  when  he  was  retired  from  active  service. 
He  served  in  the  Mexican  war  in  the  first  attack 
on  Alvarado,  under  Conner,  and  in  the  assault 
on  Tabasco,  under  Perry.  In  1861— ’62  he  com- 
manded the  steamer  Hunchback  of  the  North 
Atlantic  blockading  squadron,  and  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Roanoke  Island,  the  capture  of  New- 
bern  and  the  engagements  below  Franklin  in 
the  Blackwater  river  in  October,  1862.  In  1863 
he  commanded  the  steamer  Ladona,  and  after- 
wards the  monitor  IVeehaicken , of  the  South 
Atlantic  squadron,  in  her  various  engagements 
with  Forts  Sumter,  Wagner  and  Beauregard  in 
1863.  In  1864-‘65  he  commanded  the  monitor 
Satigus  of  the  North  Atlantic  squadron,  and 
engaged  Hewlett's  battei-y  on  the  James  river 
June  21,  and  again  Dec.  5,  1864.  also  taking  part 
in  the  bombai-dment  of  Fort  Fisher.  From  the 
close  of  the  war  until  1876  he  was  in  command 
of  the  Asiatic  and  South  Pacific  stations,  and 
on  April  17,  1877,  he  took  command  of  the  navy 
yard  at  Mare  Island,  California,  where  he  re- 
mained until  Jan.  15,  1881.  He  was  then  on 
special  duty  until  his  retirement  in  December, 
1882.  He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C..  Feb.  17. 1897. 
[544J 


CALHOUN. 


CALHOUN. 


CALHOUN,  John  Caldwell,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Abbeville  district,  S.  C.,  March  18,  1782; 
son  of  Patrick  and  Martha  (Caldwell)  Calhoun. 
Patrick  came  to  America  with  his  father,  Janies 
Calhoun,  when  six  years  old.  They  left  Ireland 
in  1733,  settled  in  Pennsylvania,  later  moving 
to  the  banks  of  the  Kanawha  in  Virginia,  and 
after  Braddock’s  defeat,  being  driven  by  the 
hostility  of  the  Indians  to  seek  a new  home,  he 
moved  southward,  and  in  1756,  with  his  sons, 
established  the  Calhoun  settlement  in  that  part 
of  South  Carolina  afterwards  known  as  Abbeville 
district.  The  paternal  and  maternal  ancestors 
of  John  Caldwell  Calhoun  were  alike  distin- 
guished for  their  fidelity  to  the  patriot  cause, 
and  for  their  gallant  and  active  participation  in 
the  continual  warfare  between  the  Indians  and 
the  settlers;  both  families  were  of  the  Presby- 
terian faith.  His  father  was  a surveyor  by  pro- 
fession. He  was  prepared  for  college  at  the 
academy  of  his  brother-in-law,  Dr.  Waddell,  a 
Presbyterian  clergyman,  and  in  1802  entered  Yale 
college,  where  he  was  graduated  with  distinc- 
tion in  1804.  He  studied  in  a law  office  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  and  was  graduated  at  the  law 
school,  Litchfield,  Conn.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1807,  and  practised  his  profession  at 
Abbeville,  S.  C.,  where  he  soon  rose  to  the  first 
grade  of  professional  eminence.  In  1808  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  legislature,  and  an  address 
which  he  made  to  the  people  of  the  district  of 
Abbeville,  denouncing  the  British  outrages  upon 
the  United  States  frigate  Chesapeake,  resulted 
in  his  election  as  a representative  to  the  12th 
Congress,  where  he  took  his  seat.  Nov.  4,  1811, 
and  was  named  by  Speaker  Clay  for  second  place 
upon  the  committee  on  foreign  relations.  The 
genius  of  Calhoun  admirably  fitted  him  to  act  as 
a leader  in  the  crisis  through  which  the  country 
was  then  passing.  The  threatening  clouds  of 
war  had  long  shadowed  the  councils  of  the  na- 
tion ; the  Congress  had  been  divided  for  three  or 
four  years  in  regard  to  the  policy  to  be  pursued 
in  dealing  with  Great  Britain,  and  it  was  owing 
to  his  attitude  on  this  question  that,  at  the  first 
meeting  of  the  committee  on  foreign  relations, 

Mr.  Calhoun  was  chosen  chairman,  a position 
which,  next  to  that  of  speaker,  was  the  most  im- 
portant in  the  house  of  representatives.  On 
NoV.  29,  1811,  the  committee  submitted  its 
report,  embodying  six  resolutions  in  favor  of 
declaring  war  with  Great  Britain,  Mr.  Calhoun 
having  written  the  report,  one  clause  of  which 
read:  “The  period  has  arrived  when,  in  the 
opinion  of  your  committee,  it  is  the  sacred  duty 
of  Congress  to  call  forth  the  patriotism  of  the 
country,”  and  on  Dec.  12,  1811,  Mr.  Calhoun 
made  his  first  speech  in  Congress,  defending  the 
resolutions,  refuting  the  arguments  of  John 

[M5] 


Randolph,  the  dissentient  member  of  the  com- 
mittee, and  declaring  “a  sense  of  national  in- 
feriority the  greatest  of  political  evils.”  He 
recommended  the  embargo  of  sixty  days  laid 
uixjn  all  shipping  by  President  Madison,  and 
earnestly  advocated  the  repeal  of  the  non- 
importation act,  the  increase  of  the  navy,  the 
tariff  of  1816,  the  bank  bill  and  the  building  of 
a system  of  canals  and  post  roads,  and  of  other 
internal  improvements,  which  would  have,  in  his 
opinion,  the  effect  of  nationalizing  the  Union. 
In  1817  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war  by 
President  Monroe,  and  lie  served  through  both 
terms,  his  conduct  of  the  war  department 
evincing  his  administrative  capacity.  In  1824 
Mr.  Calhoun’s  name  was  mentioned  as  a possi- 
ble candidate  for  the  presidency,  but  the  promi- 
nence of  General  Jackson,  the  opposition  candi- 
date, whose  war  exploits  were  fresh  in  the  minds 
of  a gratified  nation,  induced  the  friends  of  Mr. 
Calhoun  to  place  his  name  upon  the  list  as  a 
vice-presidential  candidate,  and  upon  his  election 
as  vice-president  he  removed  his  family  to 
Pendleton  district  in  South  Carolina,  where  his 
wife  had  inherited  an  estate  known  as  Fort  Hill, 
and  here  he  resided  until  his  death.  During  the 
administration  of  John , Quincy  Adams,  Mr. 
Calhoun,  though  prevented  by  his  office  from 
being  an  active,  was  an  indirect  supporter  of  the 
opposition,  and  upon  the  nomination  of  General 
Jackson  as  President  in  1828  he  was  placed  on 
the  same  ticket  as  vice-president.  He  became 
the  head  of  the  Free  Trade  party,  which  was  at 
this  time  acquiring  prominence,  the  cotton  states 
universally  being  in  favor  of  that  policy,  and 
the  manufacturing  states  as  persistently  op- 
posed to  it.  In  the  summer  of  1828  he  embodied 
what  afterwards  became  known  as  the  doctrine 
of  nullification,  or  state  rights,  in  an  elaborate 
paper,  which,  being  put  into  the  hands  of  a com- 
mittee of  the  South  Carolina  legislature,  was 
ordered  to  be  printed,  and  became  known  as 
“The  South  Carolina  exposition.”  He  claimed 
that  each  state  of  the  Union  had  the  power  to 
decide  for  itself  in  respect  to  the  constitution- 
ality of  any  federal  law,  and  to  resist  its  enforce- 
ment within  the  state  if  the  people  regarded  it 
as  unconstitutional.  He  apprehended  more  dan- 
ger to  the  Union  from  consolidation  of  power 
than  from  assertion  of  state  rights.  These 
proposed  measures  were  brought  to  the  notice  of 
the  United  States  senate  by  Mr.  Hayne  of  South 
Carolina,  and  opposed  by  Mr.  Webster  in  what 
became  an  historic  debate.  In  the  meantime, 
disclosures  made  to  President  Jackson  concern- 
the  part  taken  by  Mr.  Calhoun  in  the  matter  of 
the  Seminole  war  while  in  President  Monroe’s 
cabinet,  led  to  Mr.  Calhoun’s  resignation  from 
the  vice-presidency  to  take  the  seat  in  the  senate 


CALHOUN. 


CALHOUN. 


vacated  by  Mr.  Hayne,  on  his  becoming  governor 
of  South  Carolina.  The  nullification  measures 
were  adopted  by  South  Carolina  in  1833,  and 
only  the  passage  of  the  Clay  compromise,  to 
which  Mr.  Calhoun  was  induced  to  lend  his 
countenance,  and  the  strong  position  assumed  by 
President  Jackson  and  Lewis  Cass,  secretary  of 
war,  prevented  the  threatened  collision  between 
South  Carolina  and  the  general  government. 
He  opposed  vigorously  the  withdrawal  of  the 
deposits  from  the  United  States  bank,  declaring 
that  ‘ ‘ The  whole  power  of  the  government  has 
been  perverted  into  a great  political  machine, 
with  a view  of  corrupting  and  controlling  the 
country."  He  accused  the  President  of  attempt- 
ing to  wrest  the  power  from  Congress  and  to 
hold  in  his  own  hand  both  the  sword  and  the 
purse.  In  1835  he  was  re-elected  to  the  senate 
for  the  full  term.  Since  1831  a full  band  of  abo- 
litionists in  the  north  had  declared  uncompromis- 
ing war  against  the  domestic  institution  of  the 
south,  and  no  one  understood  more  fully  than 
he  that  the  handful  of  earnest  fanatics  and  mad- 
men were  laying  the  axe  to  the  very  roots  of  the 
well  being  and  prosperity  of  the  south.  Senator 
Calhoun's  motion,  Jan.  7,  1836,  against  the  recep- 
tion of  two  petitions,  asking  for  the  abolition 
of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  opened  a 
general  debate  in  the  senate.  His  action  was 
vigorously  condemned,  and  was  characterized  by 
the  north  as  a wanton  attack  upon  the  right  of 
petition.  He  saw  with  a clearness  that  was 
prophetic  that  unless  his  views  of  the  constitu- 
tional status  of  slavery  were  accepted,  the  south 
would  be  compelled  to  sever  the  ties  which 
bound  them  to  the  north,  or  abolish  slavery. 
He  regarded  slavery  as  a natural  condition,  and 
prophesied  that  to  change  the  relations  of  master 
and  slave  would  destroy  the  prosperity  of  the 
southern  states  and  place  two  races  in  a state  of 
conflict  that  would  end  only  in  the  extirpation 
or  expulsion  of  one  or  the  other.  Mr.  Calhoun 
did  not  take  part  in  the  presidential  election  of 
1838.  He  advocated  the  depositing  of  the  surplus 
revenues  in  the  treasuries  of  the  different  states, 
to  be  used  by  them  for  internal  improvements. 
For  the  south  he  proposed  a system  of  roads 
which  should  connect  it  with  the  west,  and  bring 
it,  as  he  hoped,  to  an  equal  measure  of  com- 
mercial prosperity  with  the  north.  In  the 
financial  panic  of  the  same  year  he  was  in  favor 
of  a total  separation  of  the  government  from 
the  banking  interests,  and  favored  the  treasury 
plan.  His  attitude  on  the  slavery  question  was 
actuated  by  a spirit  of  unswerving  loyalty  to 
the  south  and  to  the  Union,  of  which  he  foresaw 
the  disruption  should  the  north  persist  in  a 
determination  to  limit  slavery  to  the  states  in 
which  it  already  existed,  and  deny  to  the  south 


equal  privileges  in  the  territories.  He  de 
nounced  the  efforts  of  the  abolitionists  as  "a 
war  of  religious  and  political  fanaticism,  min- 
gled, on  the  part  of  the  leaders,  with  ambition  and 
the  love  of  notoriety,”  and  in  defence  of  slavery 
which  he  so  consistently  defended,  said,  “ The 
relation  now  existing  between  the  two  (races) 
is,  instead  of  an  evil,  a good  — a positive  good.” 
On  March  4,  1840,  he  introduced  in  the  senate 
a set  of  resolutions  condemning  the  action  of  the 
English  government  in  refusing  to  recognize  as 
property  and  deliver  to  their  owners  certain 
negroes  from  vessels  driven  by  stress  of  weather 
into  English  ports.  In  a speech  delivei'ed  Aug. 
5,  1843,  Senator  Calhoun  discussed  the  tariff 
question  and  advanced  with  force  the  theory  of 
duty  for  revenue  as  opposed  to  a duty  for  pro- 
tection of  manufacturers,  and  claimed  that  the 
popular  party  of  the  future  would  be  for  free 
trade,  low  duties,  no  national  debt,  a banking 
system  separated  from  the  control  of  the  gen- 
eral government,  economy  in  administering  the 
affairs  of  state,  retrenchment  in  all  departments 
and  a strict  adherence  to  the  constitution.  At 
the  end  of  1843  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  senate, 
the  resignation  to  take  effect  from  the  close  of 
the  37th  Congress,  March  3,  1843.  The  legisla- 
ture of  South  Carolina  immediately  named  him 
as  candidate  for  President  of  the  United  States. 
On  March  6,  1844,  President  Tyler  appointed  Mr. 
Calhoun  as  secretary  of  state,  to  succeed  Secre 
tary  Upshur,  who  had  met  his  death  by  the 
bursting  of  a gun  on  the  steamer  Princeton.  On 
Oct.  16,  1843,  Upshur  had  proposed  to  the  repub- 
lic of  Texas  a treaty  of  annexation,  and  before 
the  people  of  Texas,  composed  of  emigrants 
from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  but  largely  of  slave- 
holders from  the  south,  who  had  brought  with 
them  their  slaves,  would  consent  to  accept  the 
treaty,  they  insisted  on  being  assured  of  military 
and  naval  protection,  not  only  against  Mexico, 
but  as  well  against  England,  who  had  threat- 
ened to  prevent  the  consummation  of  the  treaty 
unless  the  people  would  agree  to  frame  a state 
constitution  abolishing  slavery.  Mr.  Calhoun 
reluctantly  agreed  to  the  conditions  imposed, 
but,  before  signing  the  treaty,  exposed  the  scheme 
of  England  in  a series  of  papers  which  so 
changed  the  opinion  of  the  senate,  that  when 
the  treaty  came  before  that  body  it  was  rejected. 
The  presidential  campaign  of  1844  was  pivotal  on 
the  question,  and  after  Polk  was  elected  it  was 
accepted  by  the  people  that  Texas  was  to  be  treated 
as  any  other  territory ; that  is,  the  question  of  the 
admission  of  slavery  was  to  be  dependent  on 
the  popular  will  of  the  sovereign  people  of  the 
state  under  the  Missouri  compromise  act.  His 
judicious  diplomatic  correspondence  with  Great 


Britain,  in  regard  to  the  possession  of  Oregon, 
15461 


The  Cyclopaedia  Publishing  Company. 


CALHOUN. 


CALKINS. 


resulted  in  the  vindication  of  the  rights  of  the 
United  States  and  the  adjustment  of  the  matter 
by  the  treaty  of  1846.  On  March  4,  1845,  lie 
retired  from  the  cabinet  upon  the  inauguration 
of  the  new  administration,  and  on  December  1 
again  took  his  seat  in  the  senate,  where  he  did 
all  he  could  to  prevent  a war  with  Mexico, 
fearing  that  the  acquisition  of  more  territory  by 
the  United  States  would  only  keep  up  the  agita- 
tion of  the  question  of  slavery  as  new  states  were 
admitted.  Mr.  Calhoun,  on  Feb.  19,  1847,  pre- 
sented to  the  senate  resolutions  concerning  the 
slave  question  in  the  territories,  in  which  he 
asserted,  “ Congress  has  no  right  to  do  any  act 
whatever  that  shall  directly,  or,  by  its  effects, 
deprive  any  state  of  its  full  and  equal  right  in 
any  territory.”  This  expression  was  drawn  from 
him  by  a petition  from  inhabitants  of  New 
Mexico  against  the  introduction  of  slavery  into 
the  territory.  On  March  4,  1850,  his  last  ex- 
tended speech  was  read  by  Mr.  Mason,  of  Virginia, 
though  lie  afterwards  spoke  in  debate  in  that 
body,  closing  with  these  words:  “ Having  faith- 
fully done  my  duty  to  the  best  of  my  ability  both 
to  the  Union  and  to  my  section,  throughout  the 
agitation ; I shall  have  the  consolation,  let  what 
will  come,  that  I am  free  from  all  responsibility.” 
Two  friends  led  him  out  of  the  senate  chamber 
and  he  was  not  to  pass  its  threshold  again.  Three 
colleges  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D. ; 
Hamilton  in  1821,  Yale  in  1822,  and  Columbia  in 
1825.  In  1849  he  wrote  his  “ Address  to  the 
People  of  the  South,”  “ A Disquisition  on  Gov- 
ernment,” and  “ A Discourse  on  the  Constitution 
and  Government  of  the  United  States.”  His 
complete  works  were  published  by  R.  K.  Cralle 
(6  vols.  1853-'54).  He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
March  31,  1850. 

CALHOUN,  John  Erwin,  senator,  was  born 
probably  in  western  Virginia  in  1749,  and  in  1756 
was  one  of  the  members  of  the  Calhoun  settle- 
ment of  South  Carolina.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1774,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  and  achieved  distinction  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  Charleston,  S.C.,  where 
he  located  in  1789.  He  was  a commissioner  of 
estates  confiscated  during  the  revolutionary  war, 
a member  of  the  popular  branch  of  the  South 
Carolina  legislature  for  several  years,  and  was 
elected  a United  States  senator  in  1801,  serving 
from  Dec.  11,  1801,  until  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  Pendleton  district,  S.  C.,  Nov.  3,  1802. 

CALHOUN,  Simeon  Howard,  missionary,  was 
born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  15,  1804.  After 
graduating  at  Williams  college  in  1829,  he  studied 
law,  and  then  returned  to  Williams  as  tutor.  In 
1837  he  went  to  the  Levant  as  agent  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bible  society,  subsequently  serving  under 
the  American  board,  and  then  with  the  Presby- 

[547] 


terian  board.  His  work  was  in  connection  with 
the  seminary  on  the  slopes  of  Lebanon,  at  Abeih. 
He  bore  the  name  of  the  “ Cedar  of  Lebanon.” 
Williams  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 
in  1864.  In  1869  he  puolislied  in  Arabic  “ Scrip- 
ture Helps,”  done  on  the  press  at  Beirut.  It  was 
a work  of  650  pp.,  and  reached  several  editions. 
He  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  14,  1876. 

CALHOUN,  William  Barron,  representative, 
was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  29,  1796.  He 
received  a classical  education,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1814,  and  practised  law  at  Springfield, 
Mass.  He  was  a member  of  the  Massachusetts 
house  of  representatives  from  1825  to  1835,  dur- 
ing two  years  of  which  time  he  was  speaker.  In 
1834  he  was  elected  a representative  to  the  24th 
Congress,  retaining  his  seat  through  four  con- 
gresses. He  was  president  of  the  state  senate 
in  1846-’47,  secretary  of  state  for  Massachusetts 
from  1848  to  1851,  state  bank  commissioner  from 
1853  to  1855,  and  mayor  of  Springfield  in  1859. 
In  1861  he  was  again  returned  to  the  state  legis- 
lature. Amherst  conferred  upon  him  the  degree 
LL.D.  in  1858.  He  died  at  Springfield,  Mass., 
Nov.  8,  1865. 

CALKINS,  Norman  A.,  educator,  was  born 
at  Gainesville,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  9,  1822.  He  received 
a classical  education,  and  in  1840  began  teach- 
ing at  Castile,  N.  Y.,  later  becoming  principal  of 
the  central  school  at  Gainesville,  and  superin- 
tendent of  schools,  1845-'46.  In  1846  he  removed 
to  New  York  city,  and  was  engaged  in  establish- 
ing teachers’  institutes  in  New  York  and  ad- 
jacent states.  He  was  appointed  assistant 
superintendent  of  sclioolS  in  New  York  city  in 
1862,  giving  his  attention  to  the  primary  schools 
and  holding  the  office  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  was  instructor  in  methods  and  principles  of 
education  in  the  Saturday  normal  school  from 
1864  to  1871,  and  professor  of  methods  and  prin- 
ciples of  teaching  at  the  Saturday  classes  of  the 
normal  school  of  the  city  of  New  York  from 
1871  to  1882,  when  they  were  discontinued.  He 
held  important  offices  in  the  national  educational 
association  and  became  prominently  identified 
with  its  work.  He  was  treasurer  of  the  American 
Congregational  union  from  1857  until  1883.  He 
published:  “Primary  Object  Lessons”  (1861; 
new  edition,  1870:  Spanish  edition,  1879); 

“Phonic  Charts”  (1869);  “How  to  Teach,  a 
Graded  Course  of  Instruction  and  Manual  of 
Methods  ” (with  Henry  Kiddle  and  Thos.  F. 
Harrison,  1873);  “Manual  of  Object-Teaching  ” 
(1881),  and  “ From  Blackboard  to  Books  ” (1883). 
He  died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  22,  1895. 

CALL,  Richard  Keith,  soldier,  was  born  in 
1757.  He  resided  in  Virginia,  where  his  brother, 
Daniel  Call,  practised  law  and  published"  Reports 
of  the  Virginia  Court  of  Appeals”  (1790-1818). 


CALL. 


CALLENDER. 


As  major  in  the  Continental  army  lie  was  dis- 
tinguished for  having,  at  Charleston,  S.  C.,  May 
6,  1780,  cut  his  way  with  six  others  through  the 
ranks  of  the  British  cavalry  and  escaped  un- 
harmed. He  commanded  a body  of  riflemen  in 
the  action  at  Spencer's  Ordinary,  and  served 
under  Lafayette  at  Jamestown,  Ya.  In  1784  he 
was  elected  surveyor-general  of  Georgia.  He 
died  in  1792. 

CALL,  Richard  Keith,  governor  of  Florida, 
was  born  near  Petersburg,  Va.,  1791;  a nephew 
of  Richard  Keith  Call.  He  entered  the  United 
States  army  in  1814  as  1st  lieutenant  of  the  44th 
infantry,  was  appointed  aid  to  General  Jackson 
in  April,  1818,  was  promoted  captain  in  July, 
and  subsequently  became  major-general  of  Florida 
militia.  He  served  a term  in  the  Florida  assem- 
bly in  1822-’ 23  as  delegate  to  the  18th  Congress, 
and  in  1835  became  governor  of  the  territory  of 
Florida,  retaining  the  office  until  1840.  While 
governor  he  led  the  troops  against  the  Seminole 
Indians,  1835-"36,  after  which  a controversy  with 
the  secretary  of  war  relative  to  his  conduct  of 
the  Seminole  campaign  led  to  his  removal.  He 
was  re-appointed  governor  of  Florida  in  1841  by 
President  Harrison,  holding  the  office  until  1844. 
In  1845,  upon  the  admission  of  Florida  to  the 
Union  as  a state,  he  stood  for  an  election  to  the 
governorship,  but  was  defeated,  owing  to  popular 
prejudice  against  him  for  his  action  in  turning 
Whig  in  1840.  He  died  at  Tallahassee,  Fla., 
Sept.  14,  1862 

CALL,  Wilkinson,  senator,  was  born  at  Rus- 
sellville, Logan  county,  Ky.,  Jan.  9,  1834;  a 
nephew  of  Richard  Keith  Call,  governor  of  Florida. 
He  went  to  Florida  at  an  early  age,  and  became 
a lawyer  in  Jacksonville.  During  the  civil  war 
he  served  as  adjutant-general  in  the  Confederate 
army,  and  in  1865  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator 
from  Florida,  but  owing  to  the  subsequent  pas- 
sage of  the  reconstruction  act  he  was  not  al- 
lowed to  take  his  seat.  In  1872  and  1876  he  was 
presidential  elector  for  the  state  at  large,  and  in 
1876  he  was  a member  of  the  national  Demo- 
cratic executive  committee,  and  a delegate  to 
the  national  convention  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  In 
1879  he  was  elected  U.  S.  senator  to  succeed 
Simon  B.  Conover,  and  was  re-elected  in  1885 
and  in  1891,  his  term  of  service  expiring  March  3, 
1897. 

CALLENDER,  Franklin  D.,  soldier,  was  born 
in  New  York  about  the  year  1817.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1839,  and  spent  the  fol- 
lowing year  at  Watervliet  arsenal  as  assistant 
ordnance  officer.  From  1840  to  1842  he  was 
engaged  in  the  Florida  Indian  war.  receiving  a 
brevet  lieutenantcy  for  “ highly  meritorious 
services. In  the  Mexican  war  of  1846- 4 1 he 
commanded  a howitzer  and  rocket  battery, 


which  he  had  organized,  and  received  a brevet 
captaincy  for  meritorious  conduct.  The  years 
from  1861  to  1866  were  spent  in  ordnance  duty 
at  various  arsenals,  and  in  April,  1866,  he  was 
promoted  lieutenant-colonel  of  ordnance,  having 
received  the  intervening  grades  and  several 
brevets.  He  was  promoted  colonel  of  ordnance 
in  June,  1874,  and  was  retired  in  May,  1879.  He 
died  in  Davsville,  111.,  Dec.  13,  1882. 

CALLENDER,  John,  historian,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1706;  son  of  John  Callender  and 
a grandson  of  Rev.  Ellis  Callender.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1723,  and  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  Baptist  chuich  in  1 * —7. 
From  1728  to  1730  he  had  pastoral  charge  of  the 
Baptist  church  at  Swansea,  Mass.,  and  from 
1831  over  the  First  Baptist  church  in  Newport. 
R.  I.  In  addition  to  his  pastoral  duties,  Mr.  Cal- 
lender aided  in  the  conduct  of  town  and  colonial 
affairs  of  Newport,  his  name  frequently  appear- 
ing in  the  colonial  records.  In  1739  he  pub- 
lished “ An  Historical  Discourse  on  the  Civd  and 
Religious  Affairs  of  the  Colony  of  Rhode  Island 
from  the  First  Settlement  to  the  end  of  the  First 
Century,”  for  over  a century  the  only  history 
of  the  colony  in  existence.  It  was  reprinted  by 
the  Rhode  Island  historical  society  in  1838,  with 
notes  and  a memoir  of  the  author,  by  Rev . Romeo 
Elton,  D.D.  Mr.  Callender  also  published  several  , 
of  his  sermons  and  addresses,  and  collected  a 
number  of  valuable  papers  referring  to  the  his 
tory  of  the  Baptist  church  in  America,  which  ' 
were  used  by  Dr.  Backus  in  his  “ History  of  New 
England,  with  Special  Reference  to  the  Baptists 
(3  vols.,  1777-  96).  He  died  in  Newport,  R.  I., 
Jan.  26.  1748. 

CALLENDER,  John  Hill,  physician,  was  born 
near  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Nov.  28,  1831;  grandson  of 
James  Thompson  Callender,  a native  of  Scotland,  i 
who  came  to  America  as  a political  exile  in  179.. 
He  attended  a classical  school  at  Nashville  until 
his  seventeenth  year,  when  he  entered  the  I Di- 
versity of  Nashville  and  remained  there  until  m 
suspension  in  October,  1850.  He  studied  law  in 
Louisville.  Ky.,  engaged  with  a mercantile 
house  in  St,  Louis,  Mo.,  and  was  graduated  m the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  Benin 
sylvania  in  1855.  He  was  joint  proprietor^  ami 
editor  of  the  Nashville  Daily  Patriot,  18a»- •*. 
In  1858  he  was  made  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  therapeutics  in  the  Shelby  medical  college. 
Nashville.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to 
the  lltli  Tennessee  regiment,  which  position  he 
resigned  in  1862.  From  1865  to  1869  he  was  a 
political  writer  on  the  Nashville  Union  and 
American.  He  was  a delegate  from  the  state  at 
large  to  the  Union  national  convention  in  h<>< 
which  nominated  Bell  and  Everett,  and  again  m 
1868  to  the  Democratic  convention  which  nom- 


[548] 


CALTHROP. 


CALVERT. 


mated  Seymour  and  Blair.  In  1868  he  was  made 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Nashville,  and  in  1870  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  Tennessee  hospital  for  the  insane. 
The  same  year  he  was  transferred  to  the  chair 
of  diseases  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system  in 
the  University  of  Nashville,  and  in  1880  to  the 
chair  of  physiology  and  psychology  of  that  insti- 
tution and  of  Vanderbilt  university.  In  1879  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  American  medico- 
psychological  association,  and  in  1881  of  the  asso- 
ciation of  medical  superintendents  of  American 
institutions  for  the  insane.  He  was  one  of  the 
witnesses  summoned  to  give  expert  testimony 
in  the  trial  of  Guiteau,  the  assassin  of  President 
Garfield.  In  1887  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  section  on  physiology  in  the  9th  interna- 
tional medical  congress,  which  met  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  In  1889  the  University  of  Nashville 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  He 
died  Aug.  3,  1896. 

CALTHROP,  Samuel  Robert,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Swineshead  Abbey,  Lincolnshire,  Eng- 
land, Oct.  9,  1829.  His  early  education  was 
acquired  at  St.  Paul's  school,  London,  and  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  became  a Uni 
tarian  minister  in  1860  and  removed  to  the 
United  States,  where  he  was  installed  pastor  of 
the  Unitarian  society  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  in  1868. 
He  is  the  author  of  “ Physical  Development,  and 
its  relation  to  Mental  and  Spiritual  Develop- 
ment ” (1859) ; “ Cambridge  and  Kingsley  on 

American  Affairs  ” (1863) ; “ English  Colleges 
and  Schools  ” (1865);  “Religion  and  Science” 
(1874);  “The  Rights  of  the  Body”  (1879); 
“Father,  Son  and  Holy  Ghost”  (1880);  “The 
Fullness  of  God  ” (1888),  and  “ Gold  and  Silver 
as  Money  ” (1896). 

CALVERLEY,  Charles,  sculptor,  was  born  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  1,  1833;  son  of  Charles  and 
Elizabeth  (Charlton)  Calverley.  After  studying 
under  Palmer  in  Albany  for  some  years,  be  re- 
moved to  New  York  in  1868,  where  he  opened 
a studio.  In  1872  he  was  made  an  associate  of 
the  national  academy  and  three  years  later 
academician.  He  executed  a bas-relief  of  Peter 
Cooper  in  1876,  which  was  shown  in  the  Centen- 
nial exhibition  in  Philadelphia,  attracting  much 
favorable  comment.  A bronze  bust,  heroic  size, 
of  John  Brown,  which  is  owned  by  the  Union 
League  club,  was  exhibited  at  the  same  time. 
Among  his  other  works  may  be  noted:  “Little 
Ida,  ’ a medallion ; “ The  Little  Companions,”  and 
busts  of  Horace  Greeley  (at  Greenwood),  Charles 
Loring  Elliott,  the  Rev.  JohnMacLean,  of  Prince- 
ton, Elias  Howe,  and  a bronze  statue  of  Robert 
Bums. 

CALVERT,  George  (See  Baltimore,  Lord). 


CALVERT,  George  Henry,  author,  was  born 
in  Prince  George  county,  Md.,  Jan.  2,  1803.  He 
was  a lineal  descendant  of  Lord  Baltimore,  the 
first  proprietor  of  Maryland.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1823,  and  subsequently  studied  at 
the  University  of  Gottingen.  On  his  return  to 
the  United  States  he  for  a time  edited  a news- 
paper in  Baltimore,  but  in  1843  removed  to  New- 
port, R.  I.  He  was  a member  of  the  Newport 
school  committee  and  its  chairman,  and  was 
mayor  of  the  city,  1853-’54.  His  publications 
include:  “Illustrations  of  Phrenology”  (1832); 
“ A Volume  from  the  Life  of  Herbert  Barclay  ” 
(1833) ; “ Don  Carlos  ” (1836) ; “ Count  Julian  ” 
(1840);  “ Cabiro  ” (1840— ’64) ; “Scenes  and 
Thoughts  in  Europe”  ( 1846— ’52) ; “Poems” 
(1847):  “Comedies”  (1856);  “Joan  of  Arc” 
(1860);  “ The  Gentleman  ” (1863);  “ Anyta  and 
other  Poems  ” (1863) ; “ Arnold  and  Andrd  ” 
(1864);  “Ellen”  (1869);  “Goethe,  his  Life  and 
Works”  (1872);  “Brief  Essays  and  Brevities  ” 
(1874);  “Essays  A£sthetical  ” (1875),  and 
“Wordsworth,  a Biographic  ^Esthetic  Study” 
(1875).  He  died  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  May  24,  1889. 

CALVERT,  Leonard,  governor  of  Maryland, 
was  born  about  1606,  second  son  of  George 
Calvert,  first  Lord  Baltimore,  and  brother  of 
Cecil  Calvert,  second  Lord  Baltimore.  He  was 
sent  as  first  governor  of  Maryland  by  his  brother, 
Cecil,  who  had  obtained  a charter  for  the  colony 
from  Charles  I.  on  June  20,  1632.  The  expedition 
set  sail  from  Cowes  on  Nov.  22,  1633,  in  two 
ships,  the  Ark  of  Avalon  and  the  Dove,  and 
consisted  of  two  hundred  persons,  all  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  faith.  In  three  months  from 
the  time  of  setting  out  they  arrived  at  Point 
Comfort,  Va.,  and  took  possession  of  an  aban- 
doned Indian  village,  which  they  named  St. 
Mary’s.  As  soon  as  possible,  Calvert  arranged  an 
interview  with  Claiborne,  who  was  at  a trading 
station  on  Kent  Island  in  Chesapeake  Bay.  Cal- 
vert's purpose  to  establish  a colony  was  resented 
by  Claiborne,  who  incited  the  natives  against  the 
colonists.  Governor  Calvert  succeeded  in  sub* 
duing  Claiborne,  who  took  refuge  in  Virginia,  and 
it  is  supposed  that  all  went  well  until  about  1643, 
when  Calvert  made  a visit  to  England.  On  his 
return,  in  September,  1644,  with  a new  com- 
mission from  the  lord  proprietary,  he  found  that 
Captain  Claiborne  had  taken  advantage  of  his 
absence  and  had  re-established  himself  on  Kent 
Island.  He  was  compelled  to  retreat  to  Virginia, 
but  in  1646  returned,  surprised  Claiborne's  force, 
reduced  Kent  Island,  and  on  April  16,  1647, 
pardoned  all  the  rebels.  He  died  June  9.  1647. 

CALVIN,  Delano  Chipman,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  3,  1824;  son  of 
Alpheus  R.  and  Minerva  Calvin.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Black  river  institute,  Watertown; 


[549] 


CAMBRELENG. 


CAMDEN. 


Professor  Dewey's  academy,  Rochester;  Professor 
Fowler's  law  school,  Cherry  Valle}';  and  the 
law  school  at  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  July,  1849,  and  admitted  to 
the  bar.  He  was  district  attorney  of  his  native 
county,  1852-’55.  In  18C6  he  removed  to  New 
York  city,  and  not  long  after  was  associated  with 
Richard  O'Gorman,  the  corporation  counsel,  and 
Henry  H.  Anderson  in  the  celebrated  dock  litiga- 
tion. which  successfully  established  the  right  of 
the  city  to  prevent  the  obstruction  of  the  docks 
of  New  York  city  by  the  erection  of  structures  for 
the  convenience  of  private  traffic.  On  the  death 
of  Surrogate  Van  Schaick  in  April,  1876,  Mr. 
Calvin  was  chosen  to  fill  that  office,  and  in  the 
following  autumn  was  elected  to  serve  the  unex- 
pired term  which  closed  with  December,  1881. 
His  published  opinions  occupy  the  greater  part  of 
the  2d,  3d  and  4th  and  a part  of  the  5th  volumes 
of  Redfield’s  “Surrogate's  Reports,”  which  in- 
cluded the  decisions  concerning  the  wills  of  A.  T. 
Stewart,  Cornelius  Vanderbilt  and  Frank  Leslie. 
After  the  termination  of  his  official  term  as 
surrogate,  Mr.  Calvin  engaged  in  the  active 
practice  of  his  profession.  In  June,  1881,  Hobart 
college  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D. 

CALVIN,  Samuel,  geologist,  was  born  in 
Wigtonshire,  Scotland,  Feb.  2,  1840.  He  emigra- 
ted to  America  in  1851  and  settled  in  Iowa.  He 
was  educated  at  Lenox  college,  Hopkinton,  Iowa. 

In  1863  he  joined  the  Union  army,  and  served 
as  a private  until  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1873 
he  was  acting  professor  of  natural  science,  aiyl 
curator  of  the  university  cabinet  in  Iowa  state 
university,  and  the  following  year  was  made  full 
professor.  He  is  the  author  of  various  contribu- 
tions to  the  U.  S.  geological  and  geographical 
survey  of  the  territories,  including  a report  “ On 
Some  Dark  Shale  recently  Discovered  below  the 
Devonian  Limestones,  at  Independence,  Iowa; 
with  a Notice  of  New  Species  ” (1878). 

CAMBRELENG,  Churchill  Caldom,  repre- 
sentative, was  born  in  Washington,  N.  C.,  in 
1786.  He  received  an  academical  education, 
removed  to  New  York  city  in  1802,  and,  after 
acquiring  a varied  experience  in  business,  became 
associated  with  John  Jacob  Astor  in  the  man- 
agement of  his  large  interests.  In  1820  he  was 
elected  a representative  from  New  York  to  the 
17th  Congress  and  served  continuously  in  nine 
congresses.  He  was  chairman  of  the  committees 
on  foreign  affairs,  ways  and  means,  and  com- 
merce and  navigation.  Tn  1840  he  was  appointed 
minister  to  Russia  by  President  Van  Buren,  and 
served  until  July,  1841.  His  report  on  “Com- 
merce and  Navigation  ” (1830)  passed  through 
several  editions  in  America  and  one  in  London. 

He  died  at  West  Neck,  N.  Y.,  April  30,  1862. 

[550] 


CAMDEN,  Johnson  Newton,  senator,  was 
born  in  Lewis  county,  Va.,  March  6,  1828;  son 
of  John  S.  and  Nancy  (Newton)  Camden.  He 
entered  West  Point  in  1846,  but  resigned  in 
1848,  and  after  studying  law  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1851.  He  was  appointed  prosecuting 
attorney  for  Braxton  county  in  the  same  year, 
and  prosecuting  attorney  for  Nicholas  county  in 
the  following  year.  In  1854  he  became  engaged 
in  the  banking  business,  and  subsequently  en- 
tered largely  into  business  enterprises  at  Parkers- 
burg. He  was  a delegate  to  every  Democratic 
national  convention  from  1868  to  1892,  was  nomi- 
nated for  governor  in  1872,  and  was  a United 
States  senator  from  West  Virginia  from  1881  to 
1887,  and  again  from  Jan.  28,  1893,  to  March  3, 
1895,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of 
Senator  Kenna. 

CAMERON,  Angus,  senator,  was  born  in 
Caledonia,  Livingston  county,  N.  Y.,  July  4, 
1826.  He  was  graduated  at  the  national  law 
school  at  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1857  re- 
moved to  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  where  he  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  Wisconsin  senate  in  1863-'64,  and  a 
member  of  the  legislative  assembly  in  1866-'67. 
officiating  in  the  latter  year  as  speaker.  In  1871 
he  was  returned  to  the  state  senate,  and  in  1875 
was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate,  receiv- 
ing a re-election  in  1881,  as  successor  to  31.  H 
Carpenter,  deceased,  for  the  unexpired  term 
ending  March  3,  1885.  He  was  regent  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin  from  1866  to  1875,  and 
died  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  March  30.  1897. 

CAMERON,  Henry  Clay,  educator,  was  born 
in  Shepherdstown,  Va.,  Sept.  1,  1827.  He  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1847,  subsequently  tak- 
ing a course  in  theology,  which  he  finished  in 
1855.  During  1851  he  was  principal  of  the  Edge- 
hill  school.  From  1852  to  1855  was  an  instructor 
at  the  college  of  New  Jersey;  l855-'60  he 
was  adjunct  professor  of  Greek;  was  associate 
professor  during  1860;  in  1861  was  given  the 
full  chair ; and  in  1877  he  was  made  professor  of 
the  Greek  language  and  literature.  He  vas 
ordained  to  the  Presbyterian  ministry  in  1863. 
He  was  made  Ph.D.  by  the  College  of  New 
Jersey  in  1866,  and  in  1875  Rutgers  college  and 
the  University  of  Wooster  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  D.D.  Besides  editing  the  cata- 
logue of  the  college  of  New  Jersey,  he  pub- 
lished “ Princeton  Roll  of  Honor  " (1865),  and 
“ The  History  of  the  American  Whig  Society 
(1871). 

CAMERON,  Janies,  soldier,  was  born  in  May- 
town,  Pa.,  March  1,  1801;  brother  of  Simon 
Cameron.  In  1820  he  removed  to  Harrisburg. 
Pa.,  to  learn  the  printing  business  in  the  office  of 
his  brother,  who  was  editor  of  a Democratic 


CAMERON. 


CAMERON. 


newspaper.  In  1827  he  became  editor  of  the 
Political  Sentinel  at  Lancaster,  Pa.  He  served 
during  the  Mexican  war  as  sutler.  In  1861  he 
was  appointed  colonel  of  the  79th  regiment,  New 
York  state  militia,  “ Highlanders,  ” and  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Va.,  July  21,  1861. 

CAMERON,  James  Donald,  statesman,  was 
born  at  Middletown,  Dauphin  county,  Pa.,  May 

14,  1833;  son  of  Simon  and  Margaretta  Cameron. 
He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1852,  and 
entering  the  Middletown  bank  as  clerk,  soon 
became  cashier,  and  ultimately  president  of  the 
institution.  He  was  president  of  the  Northern 
central  railroad  company  from  1863  to  1874,  and 
in  this  capacity  rendered  effective  service  to  the 
Union  cause  during  the  civil  war.  He  was  a 
delegate  to  the  Republican  national  convention 
at  Chicago  in  1868,  to  that  at  Cincinnati  in  1876, 
to  that  at  Chicago  in  1880,  and  he  was  chairman 
of  the  Republican  national  committee  in  the 
latter  year.  From  May,  1876,  to  March,  1877,  he 
was  secretary  of  war  in  President  Grant’s  cabi- 
net, and  was  then  elected  to  the  seat  in  the 
United  States  senate  made  vacant  by  the  resig- 
nation of  his  father.  He  was  re-elected  for  a full 
term  in  1879,  in  1885,  and  in  1891,  the  last  term  ex- 
piring in  March,  1897,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  Boies  Penrose. 

CAMERON,  Robert  Alexander,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  22,  1828;  son  of 
Robert  A.  Cameron.  He  removed  with  his  par- 
ents to  Indiana  in  1842,  and  was  graduated  at 
the  Indiana  medical  school  in  1850,  after  which 
he  studied  for  a time  at  the  Rush  medical  school 
at  Chicago.  He  practised  his  profession,  pub- 
lished the  Valparaiso  Republican  and  served  a 
term  in  the  Indiana  legislature.  In  1861  lie 
raised  the  9th  Indiana  volunteers,  served  as  cap- 
tain, was  promoted  to  a lieutenant-colonelcy  and 
to  a colonelcy  in  the  34th  Indiana,  and  took  part 
in  the  engagements  at  Philippi,  Carrick’s  Ford, 
Island  No.  10,  New  Madrid,  Fort  Gibson,  Mem- 
phis and  Vicksburg.  He  was  promoted  brigadier- 
general  in  1863,  and  commanded  the  13th  army 
corps  in  the  Red  river  expedition  of  1864,  after 
General  Ransom  was  wounded.  From  this  time 
until  the  close  of  the  war  he  commanded  the 
district  of  La  Fourche,  La.,  and  in  March,  1865, 
received  the  brevet  of  major-general.  After  the 
war  he  became  actively  engaged  founding  col- 
onies in  the  west  — Greeley,  Manitou,  and  Colo- 
rado Springs  being  among  the  number.  In  1885 
he  was  appointed  warden  of  the  Colorado  peni- 
tentiary at  Canon  City,  and  in  1888  became 
commissioner  of  immigration  of  the  Denver, 
Texas  and  Fort  Worth  railroad,  and  directed 
public  attention  to  the  rich  resources  of  the 
southwest.  He  died  in  Carson  City,  Col.,  March 

15,  1894. 


CAMERON,  Roderick  William,  Sir,  capitalist, 
was  born  in  Glengarry  county,  Canada,  July  25, 
1825 ; second  son  of  Duncan  and  Margaret 
(McLeod)  Cameron.  He  was  educated  in 
Canada,  and  in  1849-'50  was  a member  of  the 
Canadian  delegation  which  visited  Washington 
to  advocate  a reciprocity  treaty.  In  1852  he  re- 
moved to  New  York,  and,  establishing  a line  of 
packet  ships  between  that  port  and  Australia, 
soon  made  for  himself  a great  name  in  Canada, 
Australia  and  the  United  States.  As  an  hon- 
orary commissioner  from  Australia  to  the  Inter- 
national exhibitions  at  Philadelphia  in  1876,  at 
Paris  in  1878,  and  from  Canada  to  the  Sydney- 
Melbourne  exhibitions  of  1880  and  ’81,  lie  did 
much  to  bring  the  commercial  importance  of 
those  countries  to  the  attention  of  the  business 
world,  and  to  encourage  the  breeding  of  thorough- 
bred stock  in  the  United  States,  importing  many 
well-known  horses.  In  1883,  while  on  a visit  to 
England,  he  was  knighted  by.  the  queen,  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  Marquis  of  Lome,  then 
governor  of  Canada. 

CAMERON,  Simon,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Donegal,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  March  8,  1799; 
son  of  Charles  Cameron,  a country  tailor,  whose 
ancestors  of  the  third  generation  had  immigrated 
to  Pennsylvania  from  Scotland.  Charles  Cam- 
eron’s life  was  a continual  struggle  with  poverty, 
and  at  last  his  failure 
in  business  caused  a 
dispersion  of  his  fam- 
ily. Simon,  then  but 
nine  years  of  age, 
was  adopted  by  a 
physician,  whose  idea 
of  fitting  the  boy  for 
a medical  career  de- 
termined him,  at  the 
age  of  ten  years,  to 
apprentice  himself  to 
a printer,  and  after 
learning  the  trade 
he  worked  as  a jour- 
neyman at  Lancaster, 

Harrisburg  and  in  the 

government  printing-office,  Washington.  While 
employed  in  the  office  of  the  Harrisburg  Rej)ub- 
lican  lie  met  Samuel  D.  Ingham,  then  secretary 
of  state  for  Pennsylvania,  and  owner  of  the 
Doylestown  Democrat , which  had  fallen  on  evil 
days.  He  was  invited  by  Ingham  to  undertake 
the  editorship  of  the  paper,  and  so  cleverly  did  he 
fulfill  the  requirements  of  the  position  that  the 
journal  was  shortly  restored  to  popular  favor, 
and  he  became  a prominent  figure  in  local  politi- 
cal circles.  In  1821  he  purchased  the  Harris- 
burg Republican,  which  he  renamed  the  Intelli- 
gencer. This  paper  he  conducted  with  great 
1551] 


CAMERON. 


CAMMERHOFF. 


ability,  and  his  bold  and  vigorous  advocacy  of 
high  tariff,  and  of  John  C.  Calhoun  as  a candidate 
for  the  presidency,  commanded  the  attention  of 
statesmen  and  politicians  everywhere.  With  in- 
creasing fame  came  increasing  profits,  and  after 
five  years  he  had  command  of  sufficient  funds  to 
enable  him  to  undertake  large  business  opera- 
tions, which  soon  netted  him  a handsome  fortune. 

He  was  cashier  of  a bank,  president  of  two  rail- 
road companies,  and  adjutant -general of  the  state. 

In  1845,  upon  the  resignation  of  James  Bu- 
chanan as  United  States  senator,  he  was  elected 
to  fill  the  unexpired  term,  and  as  senator  acted 
with  the  Democratic  party.  He  retired  from  the 
senate,  March  3,  1849.  In  1854,  upon  the  repeal 
of  the  Missouri  compromise  bill,  Mr.  Cameron 
left  his  party  and  helped  to  form  the  People's 
party.  In  1857  the  new  party  controlled  the 
state  legislature  and  elected  Mr.  Cameron  to  the 
senate,  to  succeed  Richard  Brodhead.  During 
his  second  term  he  took  a conspicuous  part  in 
the  discussion  of  the  vital  question  of  the  hour, 
and  he  was  so  pronounced  in  his  advocacy  of 
peace  and  conciliation  that  his  loyalty  to  the 
Union  was  at  the  time  questioned.  He  was 
one  of  the  presidential  candidates  who  had  a 
strong  support  in  the  convention  of  1860,  and  he 
failed  of  securing  the  nomination  of  vice-presi- 
dent on  the  ticket  with  Abraham  Lincoln, 
through  a lack  of  harmony  in  the  Pennsylvania 
delegation.  Immediately  upon  Mr.  Lincoln's 
election,  Mr.  Cameron  was  called  to  a place  in 
his  cabinet,  and,  resigning  his  seat  in  the  senate, 
March  4,  1861,  became  secretary  of  war.  After 
the  attack  upon  Fort  Sumter,  realizing  that  war 
was  inevitable,  Secretary  Cameron  advocated 
strenuous  war  measures,  and  went  so  far  as  to 
favor  a proclamation  of  emancipation  to  all 
slaves  who  would  desert  their  masters  and  enlist 
in  the  Union  army.  In  this  he  stood  alone 
among  his  associates,  and  feeling  that  his  useful- 
ness would  be  impaired  by  their  opposition,  he 
resigned  his  portfolio  in  January,  1862,  and  was 
at  once  appointed  by  President  Lincoln  minister 
to  Russia.  In  November,  1862,  he  resigned  this 
office  as  well,  but  during  the  short  term  of  his 
occupancy  he  had  succeeded  in  enlisting  the 
friendship  of  Russia  in  the  Federal  cause.  He 
was  a delegate  to  the  Baltimore  convention  of 
1864,  and  to  the  Loyalists’  Philadelphia  conven- 
tion of  1866,  and  he  was  again  returned  to  the 
senate  in  1867,  succeeding  Edgar  Cowan.  In 
1873  he  was  elected  to  the  senate  for  the  fourth 
time.  Not  being  in  sympathy  with  the  civil 
service  policy  inaugurated  by  President  Hayes, 
and  feeling  inadequate  to  the  undertaking  of  a 
conflict  of  such  magnitude  at  his  advanced  age, 
he  resigned  his  seat  in  1877,  and  his  son.  James 
Donald  Cameron,  was  at  once  elected  his  succes- 

1552] 


sor.  Simon  Cameron's  control  of  his  party  in 
his  own  state  was  wellnigh  absolute,  and  his 
consummate  ability  as  a political  leader  was  uni- 
versally acknowledged.  He  became  known  as 
the  “ czar  of  Pennsylvania  politics.”  He  died  at 
his  home  in  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  June  26,  1889. 

CAMMERHOFF,  John  Frederick,  Moravian 
bishop,  was  born  near  Magdeburg,  Germany,  and 
educated  at  Jena.  He  was  consecrated  a bishop 
in  London  Sept.  25,  1746,  and  shortly  afterward 
came  to  America,  where  lie  assisted  Bishop  Span- 
genberg  in  his  work  in  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  gained  many  converts  among  the 
Indians,  by  whom  he  was  greatly  revered,  and 
the  missionary,  Zeisberger,  says  the  Indians 
spoke  of  him  with  veneration  more  than  thirty 
years  after  his  death.  Hardships  and  exertions 
incident  to  a journey  of  sixteen  hundred  miles, 
which  he  made  in  1750  on  a mission  to  Onondaga, 
N.  Y.,  to  visit  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations, 
resulted  in  his  death,  April  28,  1751. 

CAMP,  David  N.,  educator,  was  born  at  Dur- 
ham, Conn.,  Oct.  3,  1820;  son  of  Elah  and  Orit 
(Lee)  Camp.  His  early  life  was  passed  on  the 
farm  of  his  father,  when  not  pursuing  his 
studies.  He  taught  school  a few  vears,  and  on 
the  incorporation  of  the  Connecticut  state  nor- 
mal school  became  a 
teacher  in  that  insti- 
tution. He  was  ap- 
pointed associate 
principal  in  1855,  and 
in  1857  was  elected 
principal  and  state 
superintendent  of 
schools.  Feeble  health 
forced  him  to  resign 
in  1866,  and  he  went 
to  Europe,  where  he 
visited  the  education- 
al institutions  of  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  Ire  j> 

land  and  the  conti- 
nent.  While  in  Paris 

he  was  appointed  to  a professorship  in  St.  John's 
college,  Maryland.  He  held  this  position  until 
the  establishment  of  the  national  bureau  of  edu- 
cation, when  he  resigned  to  engage  in  its  service 
under  Dr.  Henry  Barnard,  with  whom  he  had 
been  previously  associated  in  educational  work. 
In  1870  he  founded  the  New  Britain  seminary, 
and  was  its  principal  until  1880.  when  failing 
health  again  compelled  him  to  give  up  teaching. 
He  was  for  several  years  editor  and  manager  of 
the  Connecticut  Common  School  Journal  and  the 
New  Britain  Herald.  From  1877  to  1879  lie  was 
mayor  of  New  Britain,  represented  the  town  in 
the  general  assembly  in  1879,  and  was  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  education.  He  subsequently 


CAMP. 


CAMPBELL. 


became  auditor  of  the  national  council  of  the 
Congregational  churches  of  the  United  States, 
auditor  and  chairman  of  the  finance  committee 
of  the  Connecticut  missionary  society,  president 
or  vice-president  of  several  corporations  in  New 
Britain.  Yale  college  conferred  on  him  the  de- 
gree of  A.M.  in  1853.  He  revised  “ Mitchell's 
Outline  Maps,”  and  the  “Government  Instruc- 
tor " ; compiled  and  edited  “ The  American  Year 
Book,”  a series  of  geographies  and  school  maps, 
and  a “ Globe  Manual.”  He  is  the  author  of  the 
“History  of  New  Britain,”  and  contributed  to 
other  histories  and  to  periodicals. 

CAMP,  Hiram,  inventor,  was  born  at  Ply- 
mouth, Conn.,  April  9,  1811;  son  of  Samuel  and 
Jennette  (Jerome)  Camp.  He  was  educated  at 
the  common  school,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
entered  the  employ  of  his  uncle,  Chauncey 
Jerome,  in  the  manufacture  of  clocks  in  Bristol, 
Conn.  In  1845  the  shop  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
and  was  rebuilt  in  New  Haven.  He  made 
numerous  improvements  and  designed  an  ingen- 
ious clock  intended  for  the  use  of  schools,  for  cal- 
isthenics or  military  exercises.  In  1851  he  began 
the  manufacture  of  clock  movements.  Two 
years  later  he  organized  the  New  Haven  clock 
company,  of  which  he  was  made  president.  He 
served  in  the  city  council,  as  selectman  of  the 
town,  as  a member  of  the  state  legislature,  and 
in  numerous  local  offices.  His  philanthropic 
work  included:  supporting  two  missionaries  in 
Nebraska,  a city  missionary  in  another  state, 
founding  the  Mount  Hermon  boys'  school  at  Gill, 
Mass.,  under  the  auspices  of  D.  L.  Moody  the 
evangelist,  and  co-operating  with  Mr.  Moody  in 
establishing  the  Northfield  seminary  for  young 
ladies.  His  donations  to  the  Moody  institution 
amounted  to  nearly  one  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars, and  in  his  will  he  left  a like  sum  to  various 
charitable  organizations.  He  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  July  8,  1893. 

CAMP,  William  Augustus,  financier,  was 
born  at  Durham,  Conn.,  Sept.  23,  1822.  He  was 
educated  in  the  private  schools  of  his  native 
place,  and  when  eighteen  years  old  entered  the 
store  of  his  father  at  Middletown,  being  admitted 
as  a partner  in  the  business  on  arriving  at  the  age 
of  twenty-one.  Two  years  later  he  engaged  in 
the  hosiery  business  in  New  York  city,  but  on 
the  organization  of  the  Importers  and  traders 
bank  he  accepted  the  appointment  of  discount 
clerk  in  that  institution,  which,  however,  he  soon 
relinquished  for  that  of  first  teller  in  the  Arti- 
sans bank.  In  1857  he  was  given  the  responsible 
appointment  of  assistant  manager  of  the  New 
York  clearing-house,  which  he  held  until  Aug. 
20,  1864,  when  he  succeeded  George  D.  Lyman 
as  manager  of  that  association.  Very  early  in 
his  connection  with  the  clearing-house,  Mr.  Camp 


showed  his  peculiar  fitness  for  the  management 
of  a business  involving  such  vast  moneyed  trans- 
actions, and  in  his  twenty-seven  years  of  service 
in  that  capacity  he  had  so  won  the  confidence  of 
every  member  of  the  association  that  he  became 
practically  its  autocrat.  In  1892  when  he  retired 
from  the  management  it  was  estimated  that  its 
total  transactions  had  amounted  to  over  §1,002,- 
658,493,744.48.  He  was  a member  of  the  New 
England  society,  of  the  Union  league  club  and 
of  the  New  York  chamber  of  commerce.  He  was 
a discriminating  patron  of  art  and  literature,  as 
well  as  a liberal  contributor  to  many  charitable 
institutions.  He  resigned  from  the  management 
of  the  clearing-house  July  11,  1892.  He  died 
Dec.  10,  1895. 

CAMPBELL,  Alexander,  theologian,  was  born 
in  the  county  Antrim,  Ireland,  Sept.  12,  1788; 
son  of  Thomas  and  Jane  (Corneigle)  Campbell. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Glasgow. 
In  1809  he  came  to  America  and  settled  in  west- 
ern Pennsylvania,  where  he  joined  the  Baptist 
denomination,  refusing,  however,  to  subscribe  to 
any  creed  or  articles  of  faith  other  than  the  Bible. 
A few  years  later  he  and  his  father  withdrew 
from  the  Baptists,  because  of  ecclesiastical  oppo- 
sition, and  with  their  adherents  formed  the  sect 
known  as  “ Campbellites.  ” In  1823  Alexander 
Campbell  began  to  publish  The  Christian  Bap- 
tist, a monthly  religious  magazine,  which,  in 
1830,  changed  its  name  to  The  Millennial  Har- 
binger. In  1829  he  was  elected  to  the  Virginia 
constitutional  convention,  his  only  political 
office.  In  1840  he  founded  Bethany  college,  Vir- 
ginia, and  was  president  of  that  institution  until 
his  death.  He  died  at  Bethany,  W.  Va.,  March 
4,  1866. 

CAMPBELL,  Alexander  Augustus,  clergy- 
man, was  born  in  Amherst  county,  Va.,  Dec.  30, 
1789.  He  received  a common -school  education, 
and  was  graduated  at  the  Philadelphia  medical 
school  in  1811.  He  practised  medicine  in  North 
Carolina,  Alabama  and  Virginia.  He  was  an 
infidel  during  his  younger  days,  but  became  con- 
vinced of  the  truths  of  Christianity  during  an 
attack  of  yellow  fever.  He  studied  theology, 
was  licensed  by  the  North  Alabama  presbytery  in 
1822,  and  ordained  in  1823.  He  was  stationed 
over  churches  at  Tuscumbia,  Russellville  and 
Florence,  Ala.,  and  engaged  in  missionary  labors 
in  West  Tennessee.  In  October,  1833,  lie  became 
pastor  of  a church  at  Jackson,  Tenn.,  his  pastor- 
ate continuing  during  the  remaining  years  of  his 
life.  He  was  a lecturer,  practised  medicine, 
especially  among  the  Indian  missions,  and  was 
the  editor  of  the  Jackson  Protestant . He  was 
the  author  of  a treatise  on  “ Scripture  Baptism,” 
which  was  published  in  1844.  He  died  at  Jack- 
son,  Tenn.,  May  27,  1846. 

1553] 


CAMPBELL. 


CAMPBELL. 


CAMPBELL,  Alexander  William,  soldier, 
was  born  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  June  4.  1828.  He 
was  prepared  for  college  in  the  schools  of  his 
native  city,  and  in  1847  was  graduated  from  the 
West  Tennessee  college.  He  finished  a course  of 
study  at  the  Lebanon  law  school  in  1851,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  He  enlisted  in  the  Confed- 
erate service  in  1861,  was  placed  on  the  staff  of 
Gen.  B.  F.  Cheatham,  and  was  promoted  colonel 
of  the  34th  Tennessee  infantry  in  October  of  that 
year.  After  gaining  promotion  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  he  was  given  command  of  a 
cavalry  brigade,  under  General  Forrest,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1864.  He  died  in  Jackson,  Tenn.,  June 
13,  1893. 

CAMPBELL,  Allen,  engineer,  was  born  in 

Albany,  N Y.,  in  1815.  He  was  employed  as 
chief  engineer  of  a railroad,  and  as  civil  engineer 
on  the  Erie  canal  and  the  Ohio  river  improve- 
ment from  1836  to  1850,  when  he  went  to  Chili, 
where  he  constructed  the  first  railroad  in  South 
America.  About  1856  he  returned  to  New  York 
city  and  became  chief  engineer,  and,  later, 
president  of  the  New  York  and  Harlem  railroad, 
holding  the  latter  office  for  six  years.  During 
the  civil  war  he  was  employed  as  engineer  of  the 
harbor  defences  of  the  port  of  New  York,  and 
later  became  chief  engineer  of  construction  of 
the  Union  Pacific  railroad.  On  Jan.  21,  1876,  he 
was  appointed  commissioner  of  public  works  of 
New  York  city.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  comp- 
troller of  the  city,  and  in  1882  was  an  unsuccess- 
ful candidate  for  mayor  of  New  York  on  the 
citizens'  ticket.  He  died  in  New  York  city, 
March  18,  1894. 

CAMPBELL,  Andrew,  inventor,  was  born 
near  Trenton,  N.  J.,  June  14,  1821.  He  worked 
on  a farm  and  with  a carriage-maker,  and 
learned  to  make  brushes  in  Trenton,  his  first 
invention  being  a brush-drawer's  vice,  after- 
wards generally  used.  He  worked  as  a carriage- 
maker  at  Alton,  111.,  from  1835  to  1842,  and  as  a 
brushmaker  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  from  1842  to  1850. 
While  in  St.  Louis  he  built  the  first  omnibus 
used  in  the  city,  and  constructed  a mammoth 
omnibus  to  carry  one  hundred  persons.  He  built 
a single-span  wooden  bridge,  of  558  feet,  over 
Cedar  river,  Iowa.  In  1853  he  visited  New  York 
city  to  exhibit  at  the  World’s  fair  a lathe  for 
turning  metal  boxes,  and  there  submitted  his 
plans  for  an  improved  printing-press  and  folding 
machine.  He  entered  the  employ  of  A.  B.  Tay- 
lor & Co.,  press  builders,  and  built  for  Harper  & 
Brothers  presses  with  table  distributions,  and  for 
Frank  Leslie,  the  first  automatic  press  ever  built 
in  the  United  States,  which  was  first  operated  in 
1857.  In  1858  he  went  into  the  business  of  manu- 
facturing printing  machines  on  his  own  account. 
In  1861  he  invented  the  Campbell  country  press, 


and  in  1869,  the  two-revolution  printing  press 
on  which  illustrated  magazines  are  printed. 
In  1875  he  invented,  as  he  believed,  the  first 
stereotype  perfecting  press,  with  continuous 
folder,  paster,  inserter,  and  cutter  combined,  for 
general  newspaper  work.  His  claim  was  dis- 
puted, however,  and  his  patents  transferred  to 
another  manufacturer.  His  rapid  self  super- 
imposing press,  on  which  seven  million  impres- 
sions were  taken  from  one  form  without  ap- 
parent wear  to  the  plates,  was  a great  advance 
in  printing  machines.  His  long  list  of  devices, 
only  a few  of  which  were  patented,  comprise 
labor-saving  machinery  relating  to  hat  manu- 
facture, steam  engines,  machinists'  tools,  litho- 
graphic machinery,  and  electrical  appliances. 
He  died  in  a Brooklyn  (N.  Y.)  ambulance, 
April,  1890. 

CAMPBELL,  Bartley,  playwright,  was  born 
in  Allegheny  city,  Pa.,  Aug.  12,  1843.  After  two 
years  of  legal  study  he  became  a reporter,  and  in 
1863-'64  made  Democratic  speeches.  He  started 
the  Evening  Mail  at  Pittsburg  in  1868,  and  the 
Southern  Magazine  in  New  Orleans,  1869.  A 
year  later  he  was  official  reporter  of  the  Louisiana 
house  of  representatives.  He  began  writing 
plays,  in  1871,  with  “Through  Fire,”  “Peril,'’ 
“ Risks,”  “ Fate,”  and  “ The  Virginian  ” (1872) ; 
“Gran  Uale  ” (1874);  “On  the  Rhine”  (1875); 
“The  Big  Bonanza”  (1875);  “A  Heroine  in 
Rags  ” and  “ How  Women  Love  ” (1876) ; “Clio” 
(1878);  “Fairfax”  (1879);  “ The  Galley  Slave-’ 
(1879) ; “Matrimony”  (1880) ; and  *'  White  Slave  " 
“My  Geraldine,”  “Siberia,”  ” Paquita  ” make 
his  list  only  partially  complete.  In  1886  he  was 
obliged  to  give  up  active  work  as  his  brain 
became  affected  and  he  died  at  Middletown, 
N.  Y.,  July  30,  1888. 

CAMPBELL,  Charles,  historian,  was  born  in 
Petersburg,  Va.,  May  1,  1807 ; son  of  John  Wilson 
Campbell,  the  historian,  who,  in  1813,  published 
a “ History  of  Virginia  to  1781.”  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Princeton,  and  upon  his  graduation  in 
1825  commenced  teaching.  From  1842  to  1855  he 
conducted  a classical  school,  which  he  had  estab- 
lished at  Petersburg,  and  in  the  latter  year 
became  principal  of  the  Anderson  seminary  in 
that  city.  He  was  the  editor  of  the  famous 
“ Bland  Papers  ” (1840-‘43),  and  of  the  “ Orderly 
Book  of  Gen.  Andrew  Lewis  ” (Richmond.  1860), 
and  he  was  the  author  of  “ An  Introduction  to 
the  History  of  the  Colony  and  Ancient  Domin- 
ion of  Virginia  ” (Richmond,  1847;  Philadelphia. 
1859) ; “ Some  Materials  for  a Memoir  of  John 
Daly  Burk  " (Albany,  1868).  and  “ Genealogy  of 
the  Spotswood  Family”  (Albany,  1868).  He 
was  a contributor  to  the  Historical  Register  and 
to  the  Southern  Literary  Messenger.  He  died  in 
Staunton.  Va.,  July  11,  1876. 

L554| 


CAMPBELL. 


CAMPBELL. 


CAMPBELL,  Charles  Thomas,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Franklin  county,  Pa.,  Aug.  10,  1823.  He 
received  liis  education  at  Marshall  college.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  Mexican  war,  in  1847,  he  en- 
tered the  army  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  8th  U.  S: 
infantry,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain in  August,  1847,  and  was  mustered  out  of  the 
service  in  1848.  He  was  elected  a member  of  the 
lower  house  of  the  Pennsylvania  legislature  in 
1852.  In  the  civil  war  he  was  commissioned 
colonel  of  the  1st  Pennsylvania  artillery,  May, 
1861,  and  transferred  to  the  57th  infantry  in  De- 
cember of  the  same  year.  At  Fair  Oaks  he  had 
his  horse  shot  under  him  and  received  two  severe 
wounds.  He  was  taken  prisoner  with  his  whole 
regiment,  but  turned  upon  his  captors  and  suc- 
ceeded in  carrying  two  hundred  of  them  into  the 
Federal  lines  as  prisoners.  His  wounds  prevented 
any  further  active  service,  and  he  was  promoted 
a brigadier-general  on  March  13,  1863,  and  re- 
moved to  Dakota. 

CAMPBELL,  Cleveland  J.,  soldier,  was  born 
in  New  York  city  in  July,  1836.  After  his  gradu- 
ation from  Union  college  he  went  abroad  and 
took  a course  of  study  at  the  University  of  Got- 
tingen, returning  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war.  He  joined  the  Union  army,  and  fought 
bravely,  rising  from  a private  through  the  ranks 
of  lieutenant,  captain  and  lieutenant-colonel  to 
that  of  colonel.  He  rendered  distinguished  ser- 
vices at  the  mine  explosion  at  Petersburg,  where 
he  led  his  regiment  into  the  fight,  and  was  seri- 
ously wounded  by  a shell,  four  hundred  of  his 
men  being  killed  or  wounded  by  the  explosion  of 
the  mine.  He  received  the  brevet  rank  of  briga- 
dier-general in  March,  1865,  and  died  in  Castleton, 
N.  Y.,  June  13,  1865. 

CAMPBELL,  David  A.,  librarian,  was  born  at 
Miller’s  Station,  Harrison  count}',  Ohio,  Oct.  5, 
1857.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  state  and  at  Hopedale  college,  removed 
to  Kansas  in  1877,  and  in  1878  went  to  Platts- 
mouth,  Cass  county,  Nebraska.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  treasurer  of  Cass  county,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1887.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  state 
librarian  for  a term  of  four  years,  and  was  reap- 
pointed in  1895. 

CAMPBELL,  Douglas,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Cherry  Valley,  Otsego  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1839;  son 
of  Judge  William  M.  Campbell  of  New  York.  At 
the  age  of  twenty -one  he  was  graduated  from 
Union  college,  and  the  following  year,  when  the 
civil  war  broke  out,  he  enlisted  in  the  Union 
army  as  a private,  reaching  by  promotion  the 
rank  of  major.  In  1866,  after  taking  a course  in 
the  law  school  of  Harvard  college,  he  obtained 
admission  to  the  New  York  bar,  and  began  to 
practice  in  that  city.  He  was  deeply  interested 
in  historical  research,  and  finally  retired  from 


active  professional  labors  to  give  his  undivided 
attention  to  study  and  writing.  In  1892  he  is- 
sued two  volumes,  entitled,  “ The  Puritan  in  Hol- 
land, England  and  America,  an  Introduction  to 
American  History,”  an  attempt  to  investigate 
and  expound  the  origin  of  American  history  upon 
entirely  new  lines  and  from  a new  point  of  view 
The  book  is  a remarkable  production  and  of  great 
value  to  historians.  He  also  published,  “ Histori- 
cal Fallacies  Regarding  Colonial  New  York  ” 
(1879),  and  “The  Origin  of  American  Institu- 
tions as  Illustrated  in  the  History  of  the  Written 
Ballot  ” (1891).  He  died  in  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 
March  7,  1893. 

CAMPBELL,  Duncan  R.,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  Aug.  14.  1814.  He  pre- 
sided over  a parish  in  Nottingham,  England,  for 
a time,  and  was  later  a Presbyterian  missionary 
in  London.  In  May,  1842,  lie  came  to  the  United 
States,  and  joined  the  Baptist  church  in  Rich- 
mond, Va.  In  the  fall  of  the  same  year  he  became 
pastor  of  the  Leigh  street  church  in  Richmond, 
where  he  remained  three  years.  He  then 
preached  for  four  years  in  Georgetown.  Ky..  and 
in  1850  became  professor  of  Hebrew  and  biblical 
literature  in  the  Covington  (Ky.)  theological 
seminary.  From  1852  until  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  president  of  Georgetown  college.  He  was 
given  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  died  at  Coving- 
ton. Ky. , Aug.  16.  1865. 

CAMPBELL,  George  Washington,  states- 
man, was  born  in  Tennessee  in  1768.  He  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  in  1794,  and  after  study- 
ing law  entered  into  practice  at  the  Nashville 
bar.  He  was  a representative  from  Tennessee  in 
the  8th.  9th,  and  10th  congresses,  from  1803  to 
1809,  serving  during  the  last  two  years  as  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  ways  and  means;  was  a 
judge  of  the  United  States  district  court  for  a 
term,  and  a United  States  senator  from  1811  to 
1814,  when  lie  resigned  to  accept  the  position  of 
secretary  of  the  treasury  in  President  Madison’s 
cabinet.  He  was  returned  to  the  senate  in  1815, 
and  retained  his  seat  until  1818,  when  he  again 
resigned,  this  time  to  accept  from  President  Mon- 
roe an  appointment  as  minister  to  the  court  of  St. 
Petersburg.  Upon  his  return  to  the  United  States 
in  1821,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
and  in  1831  was  one  of  the  board  of  commissioners 
appointed  to  settle  the  French  claims.  He  died 
at  Nashville.  Tenn..  Feb.  17.  1843. 

CAMPBELL,  Helen  (Stuart),  author,  was 
born  in  Lockport.  N.  Y.,  July  4,  1839.  daughter 
of  Homer  H.  Stuart.  The  family  removed  to 
New  York  city  in  her  infancy,  where  she  after- 
wards chiefly  lived.  She  received  a seminary 
education.  At  an  early  age  she  commenced 
writing  children’s  stories.  She  was  deeply  inter- 
ested in  the  problem  of  reducing  the  labor  of 


CAMPBELL. 


CAMPBELL. 


housekeeping  and  cooking,  and  of  alleviating  the 
miseries  of  the  poor  and  ignorant.  In  1877  she 
wrote  “ The  Problem  of  the  Poor,”  and  later  “ Mrs. 
Herndon’s  Income  ” (1885),  in  which  she  embodied 
her  conclusions  on  these  subjects.  In  1886, 
she  was  appointed  by  the  New  York  Tribune 
to  investigate  the  condition  of  wage  - earning 
women  in  New  York,  the  results  appearing  in  the 
Tribune,  in  a series  of  papers  entitled,  “Prisoners 
of  Poverty,”  which  led  to  legislative  enact- 
ments for  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of 
women  wage-earners  in  the  metropolis.  Mrs. 
Campbell's  “Prisoners  of  Poverty  Abroad”  was 
written  after  some  eighteen  months’  study  of  the 
condition  of  wage-earners  in  England,  France, 
Italy,  and  Germany.  She  was  literary  editor  of 
The  Continent,  from  1881  to  1884.  Besides  sev- 
eral volumes  published  between  1864  and  1880 
her  books  include:  “ The  Easiest  Way  in  House- 
keeping and  Cooking  ” (1881) ; “ The  Problem  of 
the  Poor”  (1882);  “ The  American  Girl’s  Home- 
Book  of  Work  and  Play”  (1883);  “Under  Green 
Apple  Boughs”  (1883);  “The  What-to-do  Club” 
(1884);  “Miss  Melinda’s  Opportunity”  (1886); 
“Prisoners  of  Poverty  Abroad”  (1889);  “Roger 
Brookley’s  Probation”  (1890);  “In  Foreign 
Kitchens”  (1892);  “Darkness  and  Daylight” 
(1892);  “Some  Passages  in  the  Practice  of  Dr. 
Martha  Scarborough  ” (1893);  “ John  Ballantyne, 
American”  (1893);  “Women  Wage-Earners” 

( 1893  );  “Household  Economics”  (1896),  and 
“Work:  an  Anthology”  (1897). 

CAMPBELL,  Jabez  Pitt,  African  M.  E.  bishop, 
was  born  at  Slaughter’s  Neck,  Delaware,  Feb.  6, 
1815,  of  free-born  African  parentage.  His  two 
grandfathers  fought  in  the  revolutionary  war. 
His  father,  a Methodist  preacher,  mortgaged  the 
boy  in  part  payment  for  a fishing  boat,  and  the 
mortgagee  being  about  to  foreclose,  Jabez  fled  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  acquired  an  education. 

In  1837  he  was  licensed  to  preach  and  in  1856 
became  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Christian 
Recorder,  the  official  organ  of  the  African 
M.  E.  church.  In  1864  he  was  made  a bishop  and 
assigned  to  the  special  work  of  organization  in 
Louisiana  and  California.  In  1876  he  attended 
the  Wesleyan  conference  in  England.  He  was 
appointed  bishop  of  North  Carolina,  Virginia, 
and  Maryland  in  1887,  and  travelled  extensively 
in  the  interest  of  the  church  in  Great  Britain, 
France,  Central  America,  Mexico,  and  California. 

In  1884  he  was  president  of  the  centennial  con- 
ference of  the  A.  M.  E.  church,  and  was  president 
of  the  educational  department  of  that  denom- 
ination as  a member  of  the  evangelical  alliance. 

He  was  a trustee  of  Wilberforce  university  from 
1863,  and  received  from  that  institution  the  de- 
greesof  D.D.  andLL.D.  Hediedin  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Aug.  9,  1891. 

[556] 


CAMPBELL,  James,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  1.  1812.  His  father  was 
born  in  Ireland  and  emigrated  therefrom  to 
America  in  the  early  years  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  Janies  was  admitted  to  the  Philadel- 
phia bar  in  1834.  after  receiving  a thorough  edu- 
cation, and  in  1841  was  elected  judge  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas,  retaining  the  office  until 
1851.  In  1852  he  became  attorney-general  of 
the  state,  and  on  March  7,  1853,  entered  the  cabi- 
net of  President  Pierce  as  postmaster-general, 
serving  through  the  entire  administration  and 
resuming  the  practice  of  his  profession  upon  his 
retirement  from  public  life.  He  was  a trustee  of 
the  Girard  estate,  and  in  1863  opposed  C.  R.  Buck- 
ale  w before  the  state  legislature  for  United 
States  senator.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Jan.  27,  1893. 

CAMPBELL,  James  Edwin,  governor  of  Ohio, 
was  born  at  Middletown,  Ohio,  July  7,  1843;  son 
of  Dr.  Andrew  and  Laura  (Reynolds)  Campbell, 
and  grandson  of  Samuel  and  Mary  (Small)  Camp- 
bell. He  received  an  academical  education  and 
served  in  the  United  States  navy,  enlisting  in 
1863  and  taking 
part  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Red 
river  expedition 
in  the  civil  war, 
after  which  he 
taught  school  to 
raise  money  for 
the  prosecution 
of  his  legal  stud- 
ies and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar, 
after  which  he  es- 
tablished himself 
in  his  profession 
in  Hamilton, 

Ohio.  In  1876  he 
was  elected  pros- 
ecuting attorney  of  Butler  county,  Ohio,  and  held 
the  office  four  years,  when  he  was  defeated  as 
state  senator  by  twelve  votes.  In  1882  he  was 
elected  on  the  Democratic  ticket  as  a representa 
tivd  to  the  48th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to 
the  49th  and  50th  congresses.  In  1889  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Ohio,  defeating  Joseph  B.  For- 
aker  who  had  held  the  office  for  three  successive 
terms,  after  one  of  the  most  exciting  gubernatorial 
canvasses  ever  witnessed  in  the  state.  He  filled 
his  term  with  great  satisfaction  to  his  constitu- 
ents, and  in  1891  he  was  renominated  and  was 
defeated  by  William  McKinley,  Jr.,  although 
running  nine  thousand  votes  ahead  of  his  associ- 
ates on  the  ticket.  He  practised  law  for  a time 
in  New  York  city,  but  later  returned  to  Ohio, 
and  in  1895  was  again  the  candidate  for  the  office 


CAMPBELL. 


CAMPBELL. 


of  governor  of  Ohio,  and  was  defeated  by  Asa  S. 
Bushnell.  In  1896  lie  was  the  Democratic  candi- 
date for  United  States  senator  and  was  defeated 
by  Joseph  B.  Foraker,  Republican. 

CAMPBELL,  James  Ed.,  diplomatist,  was  born 
at  Williamsport,  Pa.,  Feb.  8.  1820.  He  received 
a classical  education  and  was  graduated  at  the 
Carlisle  (Pa.)  law  school  in  1841,  gaining  admis- 
sion to  the  bar  in  the  same  year.  In  1844  he 
was  a member  of  the  national  Whig  convention 
at  Baltimore.  In  1854  he  was  elected  a represen- 
tative to  the  34th  Congress,  and  was  afterwards 
elected  to  the  36th  and  37th  congresses.  In  1864 
President  Lincoln  appointed  him  United  States 
minister  to  Sweden,  where  he  remained  until 
November,  1866,  when  he  was  appointed  minister 
to  the  United  States  of  Colombia.  Upon  reaching 
home,  however,  he  declined  the  mission,  and  re- 
sumed his  law  practice.  He  died  April  12,  1895. 

CAMPBELL,  James  Valentine,  jurist,  was 
born  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y. , Feb.  25,  1823,  son  of  Henry 
Munroe  and  Lois  (Bushnell)  Campbell.  In  his 
infancy  his  parents  removed  to  Detroit,  Mich. 
He  was  graduated  at  St.  Paul’s  college,  Long 
Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1841,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1844.  He  was  master  of  chancery  in  the  state 
and  federal  courts,  was  elected  to  the  supreme 
court  of  Michigan  in  1857,  and  re-elected  in  1863. 
He  filled  a chair  in  the  law  school  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  from  1859  to  1884,  and  was  in- 
strumental in  furthering  the  cause  of  education 
throughout  the  state.  He  edited  Walker’s  “Chan- 
cery Reports”  (1845),  and  published  “ Outlines  of 
the  Political  History  of  Michigan  ” (1876).  He  was 
a frequent  contributor  of  historical  sketches 
and  poems  describing  pioneer  life  in  the  west, 
and  of  essays  on  questions  in  jurisprudence,  and 
on  the  polity  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church 
to  periodical  literature.  He  died  at  Detroit, 
Mich. . March  26.  1890. 

CAMPBELL,  Jesse  H.,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  McIntosh  county,  Ga.,  Feb.  10,  1807,  son  of 
Jesse  H.  Campbell.  He  was  educated  at  Sun- 
bury  under  a private  tutor,  and  at  the  University 
of  Georgia.  He  began  to  preach  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  and  was  ordained  to  the  Baptist  min- 
istry in  1830.  He  preached  at  Macon,  Ga.,  and 
later  at  various  places  throughout  the  south.  For 
five  years  he  was  the  agent  for  foreign  missions 
in  Georgia,  and  afterwards  became  an  evangelist 
for  the  state  at  large.  During  the  civil  war  he 
was  a voluntary  missionary  in  the  army.  He 
was  a member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Mercer 
university,  and  was  instrumental  in  establishing 
colleges  for  women  at  Lumpkin  and  Cuthbert, 
and  the  Georgia  deaf  and  dumb  institution  at 
Cave  Spring.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Georgia  Bap- 
tists: Historical  and  Biographical.”  He  died  at 
Columbus,  Ga.,  April  16,  1888. 


CAMPBELL,  John,  publisher,  was  born  in 
Scotland  about  1653.  He  was  a bookseller  on 
Cornhill,  Boston,  and  was  appointed  postmaster 
of  Boston  and  New  England  about  1702.  On 
April  24,  1704,  he  began  the  publication  of  the 
weekly  News  Letter,  the  first  successful  paper  in 
America.  In  the  great  fire  of  1711  his  establish- 
ment was  burned.  He  was  removed  from  the 
postoffice  in  1718.  In  1727-28  he  was  president 
of  the  Scots’  charitable  association  which  he  had 
joined  in  1684.  He  had  two  daughters:  Sarah, 
who  was  married  to  James  Bowdoin,  and  Eliza- 
beth, who  became  the  wife  of  William  Foye. 
both  his  sons-in-law  being  councillors  of  Massa- 
chusetts. He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  March, 
1728. 

CAMPBELL,  John,  surgeon,  was  born  in  New 
York  state  in  1821 ; son  of  Archibald  and  Mary 
Campbell.  He  served  through  the  Mexican 
war  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
army,  and  through  the  civil  war  as  surgeon,  re- 
ceiving brevets  of  lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel. 
March  13,  1865,  for  “faithful  and  meritorious 
services.”  In  the  regular  army  his  promotions 
were  captain,  December,  1852;  major,  May,  1861; 
lieutenant-colonel,  November,  1877,  and  colonel, 
Dec.  4,  1884.  He  was  placed  on  the  retired  list 
Sept.  16,  1885,  with  the  rank  of  colonel. 

CAMPBELL,  John  Allen,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Salem,  Ohio,  Oct.  8,  1835.  He  began  his  busi- 
ness life  as  a printer,  and  in  1861  he  entered  the 
Federal  army  as  2d  lieutenant  of  volunteers. 
He  was  promoted  major  and  assistant  adju- 
tant-general, Oct.  27,  1862,  and  in  1865  was 
given  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier-general  of 
volunteers  “for courage  in  the  field  and  marked 
ability  and  fidelity  ” at  Red  Mountain,  Shiloh, 
Perrysville,  Murfreesboro,  and  through  the  At- 
lanta campaign.  After  being  mustered  out  on 
Sept.  1,  1866,  he  went  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where 
he  became  editorially  connected  with  the  Leader. 
In  October,  1867,  he  joined  the  regular  army, 
received  the  commission  of  2d  lieutenant  in 
the  5th  artillery,  and  was  at  once  brevetted  1st 
lieutenant,  captain,  major  and  lieutenant-colonel. 
He  served  on  the  staff  of  General  Schofield,  and 
later  when  that  officer  served  as  secretary  of  war 
in  President  Johnson’s  cabinet,  Colonel  Campbell 
was  his  assistant  secretary.  In  1809  President 
Grant  made  him  the  first  governor  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Wyoming,  to  which  office  he  was  re-ap- 
pointed in  1873.  In  1875  he  was  made  third 
assistant  secretary  of  state,  and  served  in  the 
state  department  at  Washington  up  to  the  time 
of  his  death,  which  occurred  July  14, 1880. 

CAMPBELL,  John  Archibald,  jurist,  was 
born  at  Washington,  Ga.,  June  24,  1811;  son  of 
Col.  Duncan  G.  Campbell,  and  grandson  of  a 
revolutionary  soldier  on  the  staff  of  General 


CAMPBELL. 


CAMPBELL. 


Greene.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Georgia  in  1826,  and  in  1829  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  began  to  practise  law  at  Montgomery, 
Ala.,  whence  he  was  several  times  elected  to  the 
state  legislature.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  and 
remained  on  the  bench  until  the  secession  of  his 
state  in  1861.  He  was  made  assistant  secretary 
of  war  of  the  Confederate  states,  and  in  this  capa- 
city conferred  with  President  Lincoln  and  Sec- 
retary Seward  at  Fort  Monroe  in  1865.  Judge 
Campbell  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  close  of  the 
war  and  was  for  a short  time  confined  in  Fort 
Pulaski.  He  was  released  on  parole  and  removing 
to  New  Orleans,  La.,  he  resumed  his  law  prac- 
tice. He  died  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  March  12,  1889. 

CAMPBELL,  John  B.f  soldier,  was  born  in 
Kentucky;  a nephew  of  General  William  Camp- 
bell. On  March  12,  1812,  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  19th  infantry,  and  on 
Dec.  18,  1812,  was  bre vetted  colonel  for  gallant 
conduct  in  the  campaign  against  the  Mississine- 
way  Indians.  In  1814  he  was  promoted  colonel 
and  transferred  to  the  11th  infantry.  He  was 
mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Chippewa, 
Canada,  July  5.  1814,  and  died  Aug.  28,  1814. 

CAMPBELL,  John  Lyle,  chemist,  was  born 
in  Rockbridge  county.  Va.,  Dec.  7,  1818;  brother 
of  Alexander  Paxton  Campbell.  His  grandfather, 
Alexander  Campbell,  was  one  of  the  trustees  of 
Liberty  hall  academy,  from  1782  to  1807.  John 
Lyle  was  graduated  from  Washington  college  in 
1843,  and  taught  school  first  in  Staunton,  Va., 
and  later  in  Richmond,  Ky.  From  1851  to  1886  he 
was  professor  of  chemistry  and  geology  in  Wash- 
ington and  Lee  university,  which  institution 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  made 
exhaustive  researches  in  geology,  especially  of 
the  Appalachian  mountain  region.  From  1870 
to  1882  he  was  superintendent  of  schools  for 
Rockbridge  county.  He  was  a frequent  contrib- 
utor to  various  scientific  journals,  and  published 
among  other  works,  “A  Manual  of  Scientific  and 
Practical  Agriculture  for  the  School  and  Farm  ” 
(1859);  “Geology  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the 
James  River  Valley,  Virginia”  (1882);  and  with 
Dr.  W.  H.  Ruffner,  “ A Physical  Survey  in  Geor- 
gia, Alabama,  and  Mississippi  along  the  Line  of 
the  Georgia  Pacific  Railway”  (1883).  He  died 
at  Lexington,  Va..  Feb.  2,  1886. 

CAMPBELL,  John  Nicholson, clergyman,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March  4,  1798.  His 
maternal  grandfather.  Robert  Aitkin,  was  the 
publisher  of  the  first  English  edition  of  the  Bible 
printed  and  bound  in  America.  After  studying 
under  James  Ross,  he  entered  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  but  did  not  complete  his  collegiate 
course.  Under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Ezra  Stiles 
Ely,  he  pursued  his  theological  studies,  and  sub- 


sequently continued  them  in  Virginia,  becoming 
temporarily  connected  with  Hampden-Sidnev  col- 
lege as  tutor,  and  on  May  10, 1817,  he  was  licensed 
to  preach  by  the  Hanover  (Va.)  presbytery.  He 
was  chosen  chaplain  to  the  U.  S.  house  of  repre- 
sentatives in  1820,  and  afterwards  returned  to 
Virginia.  He  preached  in  Petersburg,  and  in 
Newbern,  N.  C. , establishing  in  the  latter  place 
the  First  Presbyterian  church.  During  1823  and 
1824  he  was  assistant  pastor  to  Dr.  Baleh  of 
Georgetown,  D.  C.,  and  in  1825  took  charge  of 
the  New  York  avenue  church  in  Washington.  In 
January,  1825,  he  was  elected  a manager  of  the 
American  colonization  society,  holding  the  office 
six  years.  He  was  installed  as  pastor  of  the  First 
Presbyterian  church  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  11, 
1831,  where  he  remained  until  the  year  of  his 
death.  In  1836  he  was  made  a member  of  the 
Princeton  theological  seminary  board  of  directors, 
and  for  many  years  was  a regent  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  state  of  New  York.  Many  of  his 
sermons  and  addresses  were  published  in  pamphlet 
form.  He  died  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  27,  1864. 

CAMPBELL,  John  Poage,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Augusta  county,  Va.,  in  1767.  He  was 
taken  by  his  parents  to  Kentucky  at  the  age  of 
fourteen,  and  became  a teacher  at  nineteen.  In 
1790  he  was  graduated  from  Hampden-Sidney 
college,  and  in  1792  was  licensed  to  preach.  He 
filled  pulpits  in  several  Kentucky  towns,  and  in 
1811  was  chaplain  to  the  state  legislature.  His 
published  writings  include;  ‘’The  Passenger” 
(1804);  “Strictures  on  Stone’s  Letters  on  the 
Atonement”  (1805);  “Vindex,  in  Answer  to 
Stone’s  Reply”  (1806);  “ Letters  to  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Craighead”  (1810);  “The  Pelagian  Detected” 
(1811);  “An  Answer  to  Jones,  in  Answer  to 
Stone's  Reply ” (1812),  and  “Doctrine  of  Justifi- 
cation Considered.”  He  died  near  Chillicothe, 
Ohio,  Nov.  4,  1814. 

CAMPBELL,  John  Wilson,  jurist,  was  born 
near  Miller's  iron  works,  Augusta  county,  Va., 
Feb.  23,  1782.  In  1791  he  was  taken  by  his  par- 
ents to  Bourbon  county,  Kentucky,  and  he  after- 
wards went  to  Ohio,  and  in  1808  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  practised  at  West  Union,  Ohio.  He 
was  appointed  prosecuting  attorney  for  Adams 
and  Highland  counties,  and  was  several  times 
elected  to  the  state  legislature.  In  1816  he  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  15th  Congress,  and 
was  re-elected  to  the  five  succeeding  congresses, 
declining  after  that  to  stand  as  candidate.  In 
March,  1829,  he  was  appointed  United  States  dis- 
trict judge  for  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  held  the 
office  until  his  death.  In  1831  Augusta  college 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degreeof  D.C.L. 
See  “Biographical  Sketches,  with  Other  Liter- 
ary Remains  of  the  Late  John  W.  Campbell’ 
(1838).  He  died  in  Delaware,  Ohio,  Sept.  24,  1833. 


f55SI 


CAMPBELL. 


CAMPBELL. 


CAMPBELL,  Lewis  Davis,  diplomatist,  was 
born  at  Franklin,  Warren  county,  Ohio,  Aug.  9, 
1811.  When  quite  young  he  became  assistant 
editor  of  the  Cincinnati  Gazette.  In  1831  lie  re- 
moved to  Hamilton,  Ohio,  where  he  edited  a 
political  paper.  In  1836  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  established  himself  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession  at  Hamilton.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
a representative  to  the  31st  Congress,  and  was 
three  times  re-elected.  He  claimed  to  have  been 
again  elected  to  the  35th  Congress,  but  his  seat 
was  contested,  and  the  house  of  representatives 
decided  in  favor  of  his  opponent,  C.  L.  Vallan- 
digham.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he 
volunteered  in  the  Federal  army,  and  served  one 
year  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  resigning  on  account 
of  ill-health.  He  was  appointed  U.  S.  minister  to 
Mexico  by  President  Johnson,  May  4,  1866,  but  he 
did  not  reach  that  country  until  November,  re- 
maining in  the  United  States  to  attend  the  union 
convention,  Philadelphia,  and  the  soldiers’  con- 
vention in  Cleveland.  In  1868  he  returned  from 
Mexico,  and  in  1870  was  elected  a representative 
to  the  42d  Congress.  He  died  Nov.  28,  1882. 

CAMPBELL,  Richard,  soldier,  was  born  in  the 
Virginia  valley.  In  February,  1776,  he  was  com- 
missioned captain,  and  later  served  at  Pittsburg 
as  major  under  Col.  John  Gibson.  In  1778  he 
was  on  the  expedition  led  by  McIntosh  against 
the  Indians  in  Ohio,  and  the  following  year  led  a 
relief  party  to  Fort  Laurens,  which  garrison  he 
commanded  until  the  evacuation.  Shortly  after 
joining  General  Greene  with  a regiment  of  Vir 
ginia  regulars  he  served  with  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel at  Guilford,  Hobkirk's  Hill,  Ninety- 
Six,  and  Eutaw  Springs,  where  he  received  a 
mortal  wound  while  leading  his  regiment  in  the 
final  charge.  He  died  at  Eutaw  Springs,  S.  C., 
Sept.  8,  1781. 

CAMPBELL,  Robert,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Augusta  county,  Va.,  May  25,  1755;  brother  of 
Col.  Andrew  Campbell.  He  removed  to  Holston, 
Va.,  in  1771,  and.  in  1774  served  in  Christian’s 
campaign.  He  was  in  the  battle  of  Long  Island 
Flats  of  Holston  in  July,  1776,  and  in  the  fall  of 
that  year  volunteered  on  Christian’s  Cherokee 
campaign.  He  was  an  ensign  at  the  battle  of 
King's  mountain,  Oct.  7,  1780,  and  served  con- 
spicuously. In  December  following  he  was  an 
adjutant  to  his  brother.  He  served  long  as  a 
colonel  of  a regiment,  and  for  nearly  forty  years 
was  a magistrate  of  Washington  county,  Va.  He 
is  the  author  of  a manuscript  diary,  and  of  an 
account  of  the  battle  of  King's  mountain,  pub- 
lished in  the  Holston  Intelligencer  in  October, 
1810,  both  of  great  historical  value,  and  much 
quoted  in  Draper’s  “ King’s  Mountain  and  its 
Heroes.”  In  1825  he  removed  to  Knox  county, 
Tenn.,  where  he  died,  Dec.  27,  1831. 


CAMPBELL,  Thomas,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Ireland,  Feb.  1,  1763.  He  was  educated  at  Glas- 
gow university,  and  entered  the  ministry  of  the 
established  church  in  Scotland  in  1798.  He 
seceded  from  the  church,  and  in  1807  immi- 
grated to  the  United  States,  joining  the  asso- 
ciated synod  of  North  America  at  Philadelphia. 
In  1812  he  was  instrumental,  in  conjunction  with 
his  son  Alexander,  in  establishing  the  Campbel- 
lites.  He  died  at  Bethany,  Va.,  Jan.  4,  1854. 

CAMPBELL,  Thompson,  representative,  was 
born  in  Pennsylvania,  received  his  education  in 
his  native  state,  and  studied  law.  When  quite 
young  he  engaged  in  mining  in  Galena,  111.,  and 
became  identified  with  state  politics,  being 
elected  secretary  of  state  by  the  Democrats.  In 
1850  he  was  elected  to  represent  the  Galena  dis- 
trict in  the  32d  Congress.  Soon  after  the  expira- 
tion of  his  term  in  1853  he  removed  to  California, 
and  was  appointed  by  President  Pierce,  land  com- 
missioner. He  died  in  California,  Dec.  7,  1868. 

CAMPBELL,  Timothy  J.,  representative,  was 
born  in  county  Cavan,  Ireland,  in  1840.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  when  five  years  old, 
and  attended  the  public  schools  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  He  learned  the  printing  business,  and 
worked  on  the  New  York  Times,  Express,  Tri- 
bune and  Herald.  He  was  employed  as  a printer 
on  the  Herald  when  he  was  nominated  in  1867 
for  the  state  assembly  by  the  democracy  of  his 
district.  He  was  elected  to  the  assembly  from 
1868  to  1873,  inclusive,  and  again  in  1875.  He 
studied  law  with  Judge  Flanagan,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  November,  1869.  In  1875  he 
was  elected  justice  of  the  fifth  district  civil 
court  in  New  York  city,  and  served  six  years  in 
this  capacity.  In  1883  he  was  returned  to  the 
state  assembly.  Before  his  term  expired  a 
vacancy  occurred  in  the  eighth  congressional 
district  of  New  York,  by  the  appointment  of  S.  S. 
Cox  as  minister  to  Turkey,  and  Mr.  Campbell 
was  nominated  and  elected  to  the  49th  Congress 
to  fill  the  vacancy.  He  was  re-elected  to  the 
50th,  52d  and  53d  congresses. 

CAMPBELL,  William,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Augusta  county,  Va.,  in  1745.  In  1767  he  settled 
in  the  Holston  valley,  where  he  was  justice  of 
the  peace  and  captain  of  militia.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  campaign  led  by  Colonel  Christian 
against  the  Shawnees,  and  in  1775  joined  Patrick 
Henry’s  regiment.  He  assisted  in  compelling 
Lord  Dunmore’s  evacuation  of  Gwynne’s  Island, 
when,  his  home  and  property  being  endangered 
by  threatened  raids  of  the  Cherokees,  he  resigned 
from  the  army,  and  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  state  militia.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners who  fixed  the  boundary  line  between 
Virginia  and  the  Cherokee  country  in  1778.  In 
1779  he  was  actively  employed  against  the  Tories 


CAMPBELL. 


CANBY. 


of  his  neighborhood,  and  for  his  services  was 
promoted  colonel  of  his  regiment.  On  Oct.  7, 
1780,  he  was  one  of  the  six  heroic  frontier  col- 
onels who  led  the  patriot  troops  at  the  battle  of 
King’s  mountain.  He  commanded  a corps  of 
riflemen  under  General  Greene  in  the  battle  of 
Guilford  Court  House,  N.  C.,  March  15,  1781.  He 
married  a sister  of  Patrick  Henry.  He  died  at 
Rocky  Mills,  Va.,  Aug.  22,  1781.  and  was  eulo- 
gized by  Washington.  Lafayette,  Greene  and 
Jefferson. 

CAMPBELL,  William  Bowen,  governor  of 
Tennessee,  was  born  in  Sumner  county,  Tenn., 
Feb.  1,  1807.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Tennessee 
bar,  practising  for  a time  in  Carthage.  He  was 
chosen  district  attorney,  and  in  1835  was  elected 
to  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legislature.  He 
fought  in  the  Creek  and  Florida  wars  at  the 
head  of  a company  which  he  had  enlisted,  and 
in  1836  was  elected  a representative  to  the  25th 
Congress.  He  was  major-general  in  the  Tennes- 
see militia,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican 
war  was  made  colonel  of  volunteers.  He  took  part 
in  the  battles  of  Monterey  and  Cerro  Gordo,  and 
after  General  Pillow  was  wounded  commanded 
his  brigade.  In  1851  he  was  elected  governor  of 
Tennessee  and  served  two  years.  He  was  made 
judge  of  the  circuit  court  in  1857.  President  Lin- 
coln appointed  him  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers, in  June,  1862,  and  he  served  until  the  end  of 
the  year,  when  ill-health  necessitated  his  resigna- 
tion. In  1864  he  was  elected  a representative  to 
the  39th  Congress,  but  was  not  allowed  his  seat 
until  the  end  of  the  first  year  of  his  term.  He 
died  at  Lebanon,  Tenn.,  Aug.  19,  1867. 

CAMPBELL,  William  Henry,  educator,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Sept.  14,  1808.  He  was 
graduated  from  Dickinson  college  in  1828,  and 
from  Princeton  theological  seminary  in  1831.  He 
was  ordained  by  the  Dutch  Reformed  classis  of 
Cayuga  as  pastor  of  the  church  at  Cliittenango, 
N.  Y.  He  resigned  to  accept  the  position  of  prin- 
cipal of  Erasmus  Hall  at  Flatbush,  Long  Island, 
N.  Y.,  remaining  there  six  years.  In  1839  he 
resumed  his  pastoral  labors,  and  preached  for  two 
years  in  East  New  York,  and  for  seven  years  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.  In  1848  he  became  principal  of 
the  Albany  academy,  resigning  in  1851  to  accept 
the  chair  of  Oriental  literature  in  the  Dutch  Re- 
formed theological  seminary,  New  Brunswick, 
N.  J.,  where  he  remained  twelve  years.  During 
this  time  he  was  also  professor  of  moral  phil- 
osophy at  Rutgers  college,  and  its  president  from 
1863  to  1882,  when  he  resigned  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  the  evidences  of  Christianity,  occupying 
the  chair  for  three  years.  In  1885  he  organized 
a church  at  New  Brunswick,  of  which  lie  was 
made  pastor.  During  his  administration  of  Rut- 
gers college  over  two  hundred  thousand  dollars 


was  raised,  six  new  professorships  were  estab- 
lished, and  the  number  of  pupils  doubled.  He 
was  the  author  of  “ Subjects  and  Modes  of  Bap- 
tism ” (1844);  “ Influence  of  Christianity  in  Civil 
and  Religious  Liberty”  (1873),  and  “ System  of 
Catechetical  Instruction  ” (1876).  He  died  at 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Dec.  7,  1890. 

CAMPBELL,  William  W.,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Cherry  Valley,  N.  A’.,  June  10,  1806.  He  was 
graduated  at  Union  college  in  1827 ; began  the 
practice  of  law  in  New  York  city  in  1831.  was 
appointed  master  in  chancery  in  1841,  afterward 
commissioner  in  bankruptcy,  and  was  a repre- 
sentative in  the  29tli  Congress,  where  he  effected 
decided  reforms  in  the  consular  system.  In  1848 
he  was  elected  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  New 
York  city,  and  soon  after  the  expiration  of  his 
term,  in  December,  1855,  he  returned  to  Cherry 
Valley,  N.  Y.  In  the  fall  of  1857  he  was  elected 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  New  York  for  the 
sixth  judicial  district,  also  serving  in  the  court  of 
appeals.  He  was  a frequent  contributor  to  maga- 
zines and  other  periodical  literature,  his  writings 
being  principally  historical  sketches,  especially 
of  New  York  state.  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Union  college,  and  was  elected  trus- 
tee in  1848,  and  a visitor  of  the  Nott  trust  fund  in 
1853.  In  his  last  months  he  took  special  pleasure 
in  studying  the  Bible  and  in  religious  conversa- 
tion. He  is  the  author  of  “ Annals  of  Tryon 
County,  New  York  ” (1831) ; “ Life  of  Mrs.  Grant. 
Missionary  to  Persia”  (1840);  “Life  and  Writ- 
ings of  DeWitt  Clinton”  (1849);  “Sketches  of 
Robin  Hood  and  Capt.  Kidd”  (1853).  He  died 
at  Cherry  Valley,  N.  A".,  Sept.  7,  1881. 

CANBY,  Edward  Richard  Sprigg,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Kentucky  in  1817;  son  of  Israel  T. 
Canby.  His  parents  settled  in  Indiana,  where  he 
received  his  earl}'  education.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  U.  S.  military  academy  in  1839.  and 
was  commissioned  2d  lieutenant,  2d  infantry.  He 
served  as  a quartermaster  in  the  Florida  war  from 
1839  to  1842,  and  assisted  in  escorting  the  emi- 
grating Indians  to  Arkansas.  From  1842  to  ‘45 
he  was  on  garrison  duty,  and  in  1845  on  recruit- 
ing service.  In  1846  he  was  promoted  to  a 1st 
lieutenancy,  and  served  during  the  Mexican  war 
participating  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  the 
battles  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Contreras,  and  Churn  - 
busco.  and  in  the  assault  upon  the  Belen  gate  of 
the  city  of  Mexico.  For  his  services  he  was 
brevetted  major  and  lieutenant-colonel.  From 
1849  to  1851  he  was  attached  to  the  Pacific  divi 
sion  of  the  U.  S.  army  as  assistant  adjutant- 
general.  He  was  promoted  captain  in  June,  1851, 
but  resigned  his  rank  in  the  line  on  being  as- 
signed to  the  adjutant-general’s  department  as 
assistant  adjutant-general.  From  March,  IS.).), 
to  1858  lie  was  employed  on  frontier  duty  in 


CANBY. 


CANDLER. 


Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  as  major  of  the  10th 
U.  S.  infantry,  and  from  1858  to  1860  was  in  com- 
mand of  Fort  Bridger,  Utah.  At  the  opening  of 
the  civil  war  he  was  in  command  of  Fort  Defi- 
ance, New  Mexico.  He  was  one  of  the  most  zeal- 
ous and  conspicuous  defenders  of  the  Union.  He 
became  colonel  of  the  19th  regiment,  U.  S.  infan- 
try, May,  1861,  and  acted  as  brigadier-general  of 
the  forces  in  New  Mexico,  where  he  repelled  the 
invasion  of  Genei'al  Sibley,  compelling  his  in- 
glorious retreat.  On  March  31,  1862,  he  was 
promoted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and 
transferred  to  the  war  department  in  Washing- 
ton. During  the  draft  riots  in  New  York  city, 
July,  1863,  he  had  command  of  the  United  States 
troops.  In  1864  he  was  promoted  major-general 
of  volunteers,  and  given  command  of  the  division 
of  west  Mississippi.  He  was  severely  wounded  on 
White  river,  Ark.,  Nov.  4,  1864,  while  making  a 
tour  of  inspection.  He  led  an  army  of  thirty 
thousand  men  against  Mobile,  which  city  was 
taken  April  12,  1865,  after  which  he  received  the 
surrender  of  General  Taylor’s  army,  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  which  ended  the  hostilities  in  the 
southwest.  General  Canby  was  brevetted  briga- 
dier-general and  major-general  of  the  United 
States  army,  and  continued  in  command  of  the 
military  department  of  the  south  until  1866,  when 
he  was  given  the  full  rank  of  brigadier-general 
and  transferred  to  Washington.  He  had  charge 
of  the  military  district  with  headquarters  at 
Riclunond,  after  the  surrender,  and  accepted  the 
services  of  General  Lee's  disbanded  cavalrymen, 
whom  lie  reorganized,  to  suppress  bushwacking. 
He  commanded  the  department  of  the  Columbia 
from  1869  to  1873,  when  he  endeavored  to  per- 
suade the  Modocs  to  agree  to  the  terms  proposed 
by  the  government.  He  was  ardently  desirous 
that  justice  should  be  rendered  to  the  Indians, 
while  recommending  measures  that  would  ensure 
peace  and  immunity  to  the  whites  from  the 
depredations  of  the  tribe.  With  two  other 
officers  he  met  Captain  Jack,  the  Modoc  chief,  to 
confer  upon  a treaty  of  peace,  but  was,  with  his 
companions,  treacherously  killed  by  the  Indians 
before  the  escort  could  come  to  their  relief. 
Captain  Jack  and  two  of  the  tribe  were  captured, 
tried,  and  executed  for  the  murder.  General 
Canby  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  the 
Wesleyan  university  in  1870.  He  died  in  Siski- 
you county,  Cal.,  April  11,  1873. 

CANDAGE,  Rufus  George  Frederick,  marine 
surveyor,  was  born  in  Blue  Hill,  Me.,  July  28, 
1826;  son  of  Samuel  Roundy  and  Phoebe  Ware 
(Parker)  Candage.  He  was  educated  at  the  pub- 
lic schools  and  academy  of  his  native  town,  and 
at  the  age  of  eighteen  went  to  sea.  In  1850  he 
became  master  of  the  brig  Equator , and  later 
commanded  the  ships  Jamestown  of  New  York 


and  the  Electric  Spark  and  the  National  Eagle  of 
Boston,  making  voyages  to  the  principal  ports  of 
Europe,  Asia,  Australia,  and  North  and  South 
America.  He  abandoned  the  sea  in  1867,  and 
settled  in  Brookline,  Mass.  He  was  appointed 
marine  surveyor  by  the  American  shipmasters' 
association,  and  also  for  the  Boston  board  of  un- 
derwriters in  1867,  and  in  1882  became  surveyor 
for  Bureau  Veritas  of  Paris,  France.  In  1861  he 
was  elected  a member  of  the  Shipmasters’  asso- 
ciation of  New  York;  in  1867,  a member  of  the 
Boston  marine  society;  and  in  1891,  of  the  New 
York  marine  society.  In  1871  he  was  made  a 
trustee  of  the  Brookline  public  library;  in  1876,  a 
member  of  the  New  England  historic  genealogi- 
cal society ; in  1885,  of  the  Bostonian  society ; in 
1891,  of  Bunker  Hill  monument  association ; and 
in  1894,  a corresponding  member  of  the  Maine 
historical  society.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Boston 
Harbor”  (1881);  “Settlement  and  Progress  of 
the  Town  of  Blue  Hill,  Maine  ” (1886) ; “ Early 
Settlers  in  Blue  Hill,  and  Their  Families  ” 
(edited  by  him,  1889) ; “ An  Account  of  the  Cav- 
endish, Candisli,  or  Candage  Family  ” (1889),  and 
a “ Memoir  of  Rev.  Jonathan  Fisher  ” (1889). 

CANIHDUS,  William,  opera  singer,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  23,  1840.  He  studied 
with  Professor  Eraniof  New  York,  and  his  voice, 
which  in  early  manhood  was  a first  bass, 
changed  to  tenor  in  the  course  of  three  years’ 
military  service  in  the  U.  S.  artillery.  After  the 
war  he  went  abroad  and  studied  for  the  operatic 
stage,  for  some  years  under  Konopazek  at  Berlin, 
and  Prof.  Rhonclietti  di  Montiviti  in  Milan.  He 
made  his  debut  at  Weimar,  in  the  title  role  of 
“Stradetta,”  later  singing  in  the  Royal  opera 
house,  Munich,  and  the  grand  opera  houses  of 
Berlin,  Hanover,  and  Hamburg.  Three  success- 
ful seasons  at  the  royal  Italian  opera.  London, 
were  followed  by  ten  years  at  Frankfort -on -t  he  - 
Main,  during  which  time  he  sang  for  two  seasons 
in  America  with  the  American  opera  company. 
Mr.  Candidus  had  in  1896  a repertoire  of  forty- 
five  operas. 

CANDLER,  Allen  Daniel,  representative,  was 
born  in  Lumpkin  county,  Ga.,  Nov.  4,  1834,  grand- 
son of  William  Candler  who  came  to  America 
before  1760,  and  served  as  a colonel  in  the  Georgia 
militia  in  the  war  of  the  revolution.  He  was 
graduated  at  Mercer  university  in  1859.  He  was 
the  founder  of  Clayton  high  school,  and  was  its 
principal.  1859-’61.  He  served  in  the  Confederate 
army  during  the  civil  war,  1861-65,  as  private, 
being  promoted  by  regular  gradations  to  the  rank 
of  colonel.  He  became  vice-president  of  the 
Monroe  female  college,  1865-’66 ; principal  of 
the  Clayton  high  school,  1867-69;  president  of  the 
Bailey  institute,  1870— ’71 ; was  elected  a member 
of  the  Georgia  legislature.  1872-77,  and  served  in 


CANFIELD. 


CANNON. 


the  state  senate^  1878-  79.  From  1879  to  1892  he 
was  a railroad  president.  In  1882  he  was  elected  a 
representative  to  the  48th  Congress  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  three  suc- 
ceeding congresses,  declining  re- nomination  to  the 
52  d. 

CANDLER,  Warren  A.,  educator,  was  born  in 
Carroll  county,  Ga. , Aug.  23,  1857 ; son  of  Sam- 
uel C.  and  Martha  (Beall)  Candler.  He  was 
graduated  from  Emory  college,  Oxford,  Ga.,  in 
1875.  In  the  same  year  he  was  received  on  trial 
into  the  North  Georgia  conference  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal 
church,  south,  and 
served  on  various 
circuits  until  1881, 
when  he  was  made 
presiding  elder  of 
the  Dahlonega  dis- 
trict. He  subse- 
quently served  as 
pastor  of  the  church 
|' at  Sparta,  Ga.,  and 
the  old  church  of  St. 
John's  at  Augusta. 
He  was  appointed 
in  July,  1886,  as- 
sociate editor  of 
the  Christian  Advo- 
cate, Nashville,  the 
official  organ  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal 
church,  south,  and  continued  in  that  work  until 
June,  1888,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  presidency 
of  Emory  college.  Ho  was  a member  of  the  gen- 
eral conference  of  his  church,  which  assembled  in 
Richmond,  Va.,  in  May,  1886,  and  also  of  the 
general  conference  of  1890,  which  met  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  ecumenical 
conference,  Washington,  D.  C.,  October,  1891. 
He  is  the  author  of  “The  History  of  Sunday 
Schools.” 

CANFIELD,  James  Hulme,  educator,  was 
born  at  Delaware,  Ohio,  March  18,  1847 ; son  of 
Eli  Hawky  and  Martha  (Hulme)  Canfield.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Brooklyn  collegiate  and 
polytechnic  institute,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  at 
Williams  college,  Mass.,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1868.  He  was  employed  in  railroad  construc- 
tion in  Iowa  and  Minnesota  from  1868  to  1871 ; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Michigan  in  1872;  and 
practised  law  at  St.  Joseph,  Mich.,  from  1872  to 
1877,  during  three  years  of  which  time  he  served 
(gratuitously)  as  superintendent  of  public  in- 
struction. In  1877  he  was  made  professor  of  his- 
tory and  English  literature  at  the  State  university 
of  Kansas ; later  he  held  the  chair  of  history  and 
political  science,  and  then  that  of  American 
history  and  civics  until  1891,  when  he  became 


chancellor  of  the  University  of  Nebraska.  H? 
was  president  of  the  Kansas  state  teachers'  asso- 
ciation, and  of  the  same  association  in  Nebraska ; 
for  four  years  acted  as  secretary  of  the  National 
educational  association,  and  for  one  year  as  its 
president ; was  a member  of  the  American  eco- 
nomic association,  and  of  the  American  histori- 
cal association.  Williams  college  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1893.  In  1894  he  was 
called  to  the  presidency  of  the  Ohio  state  uni- 
versity, entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  office 
July  1,  1895, 

CANNON,  George  Q.,  Mormon  elder,  was  born 
in  Liverpool,  England,  Jan.  11,  1827.  With  his 
parents,  who  had  been  converted  to  Mormonism, 
lie  emigrated  to  the  United  States,  and  settled  at 
Nauvoo,  111.,  where  he  found  employment  at  his 
trade  — that  of  a printer.  In  1847  he  removed  to 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  in  1850  was  sent  as  a mis- 
sionary to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  where  he  suc- 
ceeded in  organizing  several  branches  of  the 
church.  He  was  chosen  an  apostle  in  1859  to  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Parley  Pratt, 
and  he  was  afterwards  appointed  president  of  the 
European  mission.  When,  in  1862,  steps  were 
taken  by  the  people  of  Utah  to  have  the  territory 
admitted  into  the  Union  of  states,  lie  was  one  of 
the  delegates  chosen  by  the  constitutional  con- 
vention to  present  the  appeal  to  Congress,  and 
this  commission  being  executed  he  proceeded  to 
England,  where  he  entered  upon  a missionary 
tour,  which  resulted  in  the  forwarding  of  some 
thirteen  thousand  converts  to  Zion.  He  was 
summoned  to  return  in  August,  1864,  and  in  the 
following  year  was  elected  a member  of  the  legis- 
lative council,  receiving  re-election  in  1866,  ’69, 
'70,  '71,  and  '72.  In  1872  he  was  again  sent  to 
Washington  to  present  a second  memorial  to 
Congress,  praying  that  the  territory  be  admitted 
as  a state.  He  was  elected  a delegate  to  the  43d, 
and  the  three  succeeding  congresses,  1873  to  1881. 
In  1880  he  was  appointed  first  councillor  to 
Pres.  John  Taylor,  and  he  was  for  many  years 
a regent  of  the  Deseret  university,  and  editor 
of  the  Deseret  News. 

CANNON,  Henry  White,  financier,  was  born 
in  Delhi,  Delaware  county,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  27.  1850; 
son  of  George  Bliss  and  Ann  Eliza  (White)  Can- 
non. On  his  mother’s  side  he  is  a direct  descen- 
dant from  Peregrine  White  of  the  Mayflower.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Delaware  literary  institute, 
and  was  clerk  and  afterwards  teller  in  the  first 
national  bank  of  Delhi.  In  1870  he  removed  to 
St.  Paul.  Minn.,  as  teller  in  the  second  national 
bank,  and  in  1871  he  organized  the  Lumberman's 
national  bank  at  Stillwater,  Minn.  He  remained 
cashier  and  acting  president  of  that  bank  for  thir- 
teen years  and  became  prominent ly  identified  wit  h 
the  banking  interests  of  the  state,  visiting  New 


1562] 


CANNON. 


CANNON . 


York  and  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  the  interest  of 
the  sale  of  bonds  of  the  cities  of  the  northwest, 
and  in  purchasing  government  securities  for  the 
national  banks  of  that  section.  In  May,  1884,  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Arthur  comptroller 
of  the  currency,  to  succeed  John  Jay  Knox.  The 
financial  crisis  of  1884  began  in  the  same  month  as 
Mr.  Cannon’s  appointment,  and  his  official  posi- 
tion required  great  executive  skill.  By  his 
prompt  action  he  saved  many  banks  from  a re- 
ceiver’s hands,  communicating  his  knowledge 
of  the  science  of  banking  to  the  examiners  he  ap- 
pointed. He  reported  to  the  senate  finance  com- 
mittee the  condition  of  New  York  city  banks,  and 
advised  that  no  publicity  be  given  to  their  condi- 
tion as  disclosed  to  the  committee,  in  order  that 
a further  panic  might  be  averted  and  the  banks 
enabled,  through  the  course  advised  by  the  comp- 
troller’s department,  to  regain  their  normal  con- 
dition without  resort  to  extraordinary  legislative 
measures,  which  they  in  all  cases  did.  The  cor- 
porate existence  of  971  national  banks  expired 
during  his  term  of  office,  and  as  this  represented 
a capital  of  over  two  hundred  and  seventy  mil- 
lion dollars,  the  extension  of  these  bank  charters 
greatly  added  to  his  labors.  Upon  the  accession 
of  President  Cleveland,  in  1885,  Secretary  Man- 
ning and  the  President  united  in  asking  Mr. 
Cannon  to  continue  his  duties  for  the  whole  presi- 
dential term,  but  he  resigned  Feb.  1,  1886,  to 
accept  the  vice-presidency  of  the  national  bank  of 
the  republic,  New  York  city.  On  Oct.  3,  1886,  he 
resigned,  to  become  president  of  the  Chase 
national  bank  Mr.  Cannon  was  prominently 
identified  with  the  New  York  clearing-house 
association,  as  chairman  of  the  clearing-house 
committee.  President  Harrison  appointed  him 
as  one  of  the  delegates  from  the  United  States 
to  the  International  monetary  conference  held  in 
Brussels  in  1892.  He  was  appointed  by  Mayor 
Strong  one  of  the  aqueduct  commissioners  for  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  was  made  a director  in 
many  financial  institutions. 

CANNON,  James  Spencer,  clergyman,  was 
born  on  the  island  of  Curacoa,  Jan.  28,  1776.  He 
{required  an  academic  education  at  Hackensack, 
N.  J.,  and,  after  studying  theology,  he  was 
licensed  to  preach  in  1796,  and  became  pastor  of 
the  Dutch  Reformed  churches  at  Millstone  and  at 
Six  Mile  Run,  N.  J.  Later  he -resigned  his  work 
at  the  former  church,  and  from  1826  until  his 
death  he  held  the  chair  of  pastoral  theology  and 
ecclesiastical  history  in  the  seminary  at  New 
Brunswick.  He  was  also  for  a time  professor  of 
metaphysics  at  Rutgers  college.  He  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Union  college  in  1819.  He 
is  the  author  of  “ Lectures  on  Chronology,”  and 
“Lectures  on  Pastoral  Theology”  (1853).  He 
died  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  July  25,  1852. 


CANNON,  Joseph  G.,  representative,  was 
born  at  Guilford,  N.  G\,  May  7,  1836.  He  was 
educated  for  the  bar  in  the  schools  of  his  native 
state,  and  commenced  practice  at  Tuscola,  111., 
removing  subsequently  to  Danville.  He  served 
as  state's  attorney  from  March,  1861,  to  Decem- 
ber, 1868,  and  as  a representative  from  the  fif- 
teenth district  of  Illinois  to  the  43d  and  every 
successive  Congress,  including  the  55th,  except 
the  52d  Congress,  to  which  he  failed  of  an  elec- 
tion by  reason  of  an  ill-advised  speech,  which 
was  made  the  instrument  of  his  defeat.  On  the 
organization  of  the  54th  and  55th  Congresses  he 
was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  on  appro- 
priations. 

CANNON,  Marion,  representative,  was  born 
near  Morgantown,  Va.,  Oct.  30,  1834;  son  of 
James  and  Lucinda  Cannon.  After  acquiring 
a district-school  education  he  learned  the  trade  of 
blacksmith,  and  in  1852  he  started  for  California, 
driving  an  ox-team  across  the  continent.  He 
settled  in  Nevada  county  and  mined  until  1874, 
when  he  removed  to  Ventura  county  and  pur- 
chased a farm.  From  1869  to  1871  he  was  record- 
er of  Nevada  county.  He  was  elected  first  state 
president  of  the  Farmers’  alliance,  Nov.  20,  1890, 
and  was  re-elected  in  Oct.  1891  On  Oct.  20, 1891, 
he  organized  the  People’s  party  of  California,  and 
was  chosen  a representative  to  the  supreme 
council  at  Indianapolis  in  November.  He  was 
selected  by  that  body  to  represent  California  in 
the  industrial  conference  at  St.  Louis,  Feb.  22, 
1892,  and  was  chosen  temporary  chairman  of  the 
conference.  On  July  4,  1892,  he  was  made  chair- 
man of  the  California  delegation  to  the  national 
convention  of  the  People’s  party  at  Omaha,  and 
the  same  year  was  elected  a representative  to  the 
53d  congress  as  a Democrat. 

CANNON,  Newton,  governor  of  Tennessee, 
was  born  in  Guilford  county,  N.  C.,  about  1781. 
He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  re- 
moved to  Tennessee,  where  he  served  in  the  state 
legislature  during  1811-12.  He  enlisted  in  the 
war  of  1812  as  colonel  of  the  Tennessee  mounted 
rifles  — three- months  men — and  commanded  the 
left  column  in  the  battle  of  Tallahatchee  against 
the  Creek  Indians,  November,  1813.  He  served 
as  a representative  in  the  14th,  15th,  17th  and 
18th  congresses.  He  was  appointed  by  President 
Monroe  one  of  a commission  to  treat  with  the 
Chickasaw  Indians  in  1819.  ».  He  was  elected 
governor  of  Tennessee  in  1835,  and  served  until 
1839.  He  died  at  Harpeth,  Tenn.,  Sept.  29,  1842. 

CANNON,  William,  governor  of  Delaware, 
was  born  in  Bridgeville,  Del.,  in  1809.  He  was  a 
Methodist  class-leader  and  preacher  from  1828 
until  his  death.  He  served  in  the  state  legisla- 
ture from  1845  to  1849.  and  for  a time  filled  the 
office  of  state  treasurer.  H6  was  a delegate  to 


CAPEN. 


CAPERS. 


the  peace  congress  in  1861  and  was  a stanch  ad- 
vocate of  the  Crittenden  compromise.  He  was 
elected  governor  of  Delaware  in  1862  and  advised 
that  body  to  take  measures  for  the  emancipation 
of  the  slaves  in  the  stare.  He  died  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  March  1,  1865. 

CAPEN,  Edward,  librarian,  was  born  at  Dor- 
chester, Mass.,  Oct.  20,  1821,  son  of  the  Rev.  Lem- 
uel and  Mary  Anne  (Whiting)  Capen.  He  grad- 
uated from  the  Boston  Latin  school  with  the 
Franklin  medal  in  1838;  from  Harvard  college 
in  1842,  and  in  1845  from  the  Cambridge  divinity 

school.  He  engaged 
for  one  year  as  minis- 
ter overt  lie  Unitarian 
society  in  Westford, 
but  owing  to  his  sym- 
pathy with  the  views 
of  Theodore  Parker 
he  was  obliged  to 
abandon  the  minis- 
try. In  1852  he  be- 
came secretary  of  the 
school  committee  of 
Boston,  and  later  in 
the  same  year  was 
appointed  librarian  of 
the  Boston  public 
library.  In  1853  he  resigned  the  office  of  secre- 
tary of  the  school  committee,  and  under  direction 
of  the  trustees  prepared  the  first  catalogue  for 
the  Boston  public  library.  In  1874  he  resigned 
and  was  elected  librarian  of  the  public  library  of 
Haverhill,  Mass,  where  in  1897  he  was  still  actively 
employed. 

CAPEN,  Elmer  Hewitt,  educator,  was  born  in 
Stoughton,  Mass.,  April  5,  1838,  son  of  Samuel 
and  Almira  (Paul)  Capen.  In  1856  he  entered 
Tufts  college,  and  while  still  an  undergraduate 
the  people  of  his  native  town  elected  him  to  the 
Massachusetts  legislature,  where  he  served  during 
1859-’6(l,  being  by  some  years  the  youngest  repre- 
sentative in  the  house.  He  was  graduated  with 
his  class  in  1860,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1864, 
and  practised  one  year.  He  then  studied  theol- 
ogy, and  in  1865  was  ordained  a minister  in  the 
Independent  Christian  church  of  Gloucester, 
Mass.  He  subsequently  occupied  pulpits  in  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  and  in  Providence,  R.  I.  In  1875  he 
resigned  pastoral  work  to  accept  the  presidency 
of  Tufts  college?  Under  his  administration  the 
financial  resources  of  the  college  were  greatly 
augmented,  the  number  of  instructors  increased 
more  than  fivefold,  the  number  of  buildings  more 
than  threefold,  and  many  beneficial  changes  were 
introduced.  In  addition  to  the  work  of  adminis- 
tration, he  conducted  the  department  of  political 
science  and  supplied  the  college  pulpit.  He  was 
president  of  the  New  England  commission  on  col- 


lege admission  examinations,  from  its  establish- 
ment in  1885.  He  was  for  twenty  years  a trustee 
of  the  Universalist  general  convention,  and  from 
1888  a member  of  the  Massachusetts  state  board 
of  education.  He  was  pfesident  of  the  Citizens’ 
law  and  order  league,  and  in  1888  was  a delegate 
to  the  Republican  national  convention.  He  con- 
tributed to  magazines,  encyclopaedias  and  his- 
tories, and  wrote  the  article  on  the  “ Atonement,” 
in  the  Universalist  section  of  the  Columbian  con- 
gress of  religions.  He  made  the  oration  at  the  un- 
veiling of  the  monument  in  Boston  to  John  Boyle 
O’Reilly,  June  20, 1896. 

CAPEN,  Nahum,  author,  was  born  in  Canton. 
Mass.,  April  1.  1804.  In  1825  he  began  business 
in  Boston  as  a publisher,  with  the  firm  of  Marsh, 
Capen  & Lyon.  He  was  among  the  first  to 
agitate  the  matter  of  an  international  copyright, 
his  memorial  to  Congress  on  the  subject  being 
one  of  the  first  presented  to  that  body ; a letter 
of  his,  printed  by  the  senate,  led  to  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  census  bureau  at  Washington,  and  he 
established  the  custom  of  collecting  letters  from 
street  boxes.  He  was  postmaster  of  Boston  from 
1857  to  1861.  He  contributed  to  the  press  many 
articles  on  history  and  political  economy.  He 
edited  a translation  of  the  “Works  of  Dr.  Gall”  (6 
vols.) ; the  “Annals  of  Phrenology”  (2  vols. ) : the 
Writings  of  Hon.  Levi  Woodbury,  LL.D.,”  and 
the  “Massachusetts  State  Records”  from  1847  to 
1851  (5  vols.).  He  published:  “The  Republic  of 
the  United  States”  (1848) ; “ Reminiscences  of 
John  G.  Spurzheim  and  George  Combe,”  and  a 
“ Review  of  the  Science  of  Phrenology”  (1881). 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  on  a 
“ History  of  Democracy,”  one  volume  of  which 
was  published  in  1874.  He  died  in  Boston.  Mass., 
Jan.  4,  1886. 

CAPERS,  Ellison,  7th  bishop  of  South  Caro 
lina  and  169tli  in  succession  in  the  American 
episcopate,  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  Oct.  14, 
1837 ; son  of  William  and  Susan  (Magill)  Capers. 
His  father  was  one  of  the  bishops  of  the  southern 
Methodist  church.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
South  Carolina  military  academy  in  1857,  was 
appointed  assistant  professor  of  mathematics  in 
that  college,  and  resigned  in  1861  to  serve  in  the 
Confederate  army.  He  continued  in  the  service 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  rising  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general.  In  May,  1867,  he  was  ordained 
a deacon  in  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  and 
was  priested  Sept.  13.  1868,  by  Bishop  Thomas  F. 
Davis.  He  was  rector  of  Christ  church.  Green- 
ville, S.  C.,  from  1867  to  1887,  with  the  exception 
of  one  year  spent  as  rector  at  St.  Paul's.  Selma, 
Ala.  In  1887,  he  became  rector  of  Trinity 
church,  Columbia,  S.  C.,  where  he  remained  until 
his  elevation  to  the  episcopal  office.  He  was  sec- 
retary and  treasurer  of  the  diocesan  board  of 


[564] 


CAPERS. 


CARDENAS. 


missions.  1879-’93.  and  deputy  to  the  general  con- 
vention, 1880,  1883,  1886.  He  received  the  degree 
of  D.D.  from  South  Carolina  university  in  1888, 
and  from  the  University  of  the  south  in  1893. 

He  was  consecrated  coadjutor  bishop  of  South 
Carolina,  July  20,  1893,  and  on  the  death  of  Bishop 
Howe,  Nov.  24,  1894,  became  sole  adminstrator  of 
the  diocese. 

CAPERS,  William,  M.  E.  bishop,  was  born  in 
St.  Thomas  parish,  S.  C..,  Jan.  26,  1790,  son  of  a 
revolutionary  soldier  of  Huguenot  descent.  He 
was  educated  at  an  academy  in  Statesburg,  S.  C., 
and  at  South  Carolina  college.  He  was  not  grad- 
uated, but  in  1808  entered  a law  office,  and  after  a 
few  months  of  study  decided  to  become  a Metho- 
dist preacher,  and  was  licensed  Nov.  25,  1808. 

In  1816  he  started  a school  in  Georgetown,  S.  C., 
and  after  two  years  resumed  his  work  in  the 
church.  For  a time  he  was  missionary  to  the 
Creek  Indians,  and  later  was  editor  of  the  Wes- 
leyan  Journal.  In  1827  he  was  chosen  presiding 
elder  of  the  Charleston  district,  which  lie  repre- 
sented at  the  conference  in  England  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  refused  in  1829  a professorship  in 
Franklin  college,  Georgia,  and  later  the  presi- 
dency and  professional  chairs  of  several  southern 
colleges.  He  edited  the  Southern  Christian  Ad- 
vocate, and  in  1840  was  elected  secretary  of  the 
southern  missionary  district,  holding  the  office 
four  years.  In  -May,  1846,  he  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  the  southern  branch  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church.  He  wrote  a “Catechism  for 
Methodist  Missionaries  in  instructing  the  Negroes” ; 
an  autobiography  published  after  his  death,  to 
which  was  appended  a memoir  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Wightman  (1858) , and  “ Short  Sermons  and  Tales 
for  Children.”  He  died  Jan.  29,  1855. 

CAPERTON,  Allen  Taylor,  senator,  was  born 
near  Union,  Monroe  county,  Va.,  Nov.  21,  1810. 

He  was  educated  at  Huntsville,  Ala.,  and  in  the 
university  of  Virginia,  and  after  his  graduation 
at  Yale  college  in  1832  lie  studied  law  at  Staunton 
Va.,  and  there  engaged  in  its  practice.  He  was 
a member  of  the  Virginia  house  of  delegates  and 
of  the  state  senate,  his  last  senatorial  term  ending 
in  1860.  As  a member  of  the  Virginia  state  con- 
vention, which  met  in  1861  to  consider  the  im- 
pending troubles,  he  stood  for  the  Union,  but 
when  the  state  seceded  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  Confederacy.  He  was  a member  of  the  Con- 
federate states  senate  from  1863  to  1865,  and  after 
the  close  of  the  war  he  resumed  his  law  practice. 

He  rendered  valuable  service  to  the  new  state  of 
West  Virginia  in  bringing  its  rich  coal,  t imber  and 
grazing  lands  to  the  notice  of  the  capitalists.  His 
political  disabilities  wero  removed  by  President 
Johnson,  and  in  1875  he  was  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate  from  West  Virginia.  He  died  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  July  26, 1876. 

(565] 


CAPPA,  Carlo  Alberto,  bandmaster,  was 
born  at  Alessandria,  in  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia, 
Dec.  9,  1834;  son  of  a major  in  the  Sardinian 
army,  who  died  when  the  boy  was  four  years  old. 
In  1844  Carlo  entered  the  Royal  academy  at  Asti, 
remained  there  five  years,  and  enlisted  in  the 
band  of  the  6th  lancers.  He  afterwards  enlisted 
in  the  United  States  navy,  and  made  a two 
years’  cruise  in  the  frigate  Congress,  during  the 
last  six  months  of  which  he  was  leader  of  the 
ship’s  band.  He  arrived  in  America  Feb.  22, 
1858,  and  joined  Kendall’s  band.  After  this  he 
became  a member  of  Shelton’s  New  York  band, 
of  which  Grafulla  was  leader,  and  when  the 
latter,  in  1860,  was  chosen  leader  of  the  7th  regi- 
ment band,  he  continued  with  him  until  Grafulla’s 
death  in  1881,  when  lie  succeeded  him  in  the  lead- 
ership. In  1869  he  joined  the  Theodore  Thomas 
orchestra  as  first  trombone,  and  remained  with 
it  seven  years;  he  also  played  the  euphonium 
with  the  Mapleson  opera  for  three  years,  and  for 
five  years  with  the  Philharmonic  in  New  York 
and  Brooklyn.  From  his  appointment  as  band- 
master of  the  7th  regiment  he  filled  engage- 
ments in  all  the  principal  places  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  His  repertoire  included  both 
popular  and  classical  compositions.  As  con- 
ductor of  the  concerts  in  Central  Park,  New 
York  city,  and  at  the  largest  cities  throughout 
the  country,  Cappa  gave  universal  satisfaction. 
At  the  exposition  at  Pittsburg,  Pa. , he  was  pub- 
licly complimented  by  the  board  of  managers. 
At  Minneapolis  he  was  decorated  and  elected 
honorary  director  of  the  exposition  by  the  di- 
rectors. He  was  knighted  by  the  King  of  Italy  and 
by  the  Venezuelan  government,  and  his  collec- 
tion of  medals  worn  on  state  occasions  was 
unique.  He  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  6,  1893. 

CARDENAS,  Luis  PenalverY,  first  R.  C. 
bishop  of  New  Orleans,  was  born  in  Havana, 
Cuba,  April  3,  1749;  son  of  Don  Diego  Penalver 
and  Maria  Louisa  de  Cardenas.  He  entered  the 
Jesuit  college  of  St.  Ignatius,  in  Havana,  to  pur- 
sue his  theological  course,  and  there  remained 
until  the  Jesuits  were  expelled  from  the  Spanish 
dominions  by  Charles  III. ; he  then  passed  to  the 
University  of  St.  Jerome,  where  he  obtained  his 
doctor’s  degree  in  1771,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
appointed  vicar-general  to  the  bishop  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba.  In  1793,  when  New  Orleans  was  made 
an  independent  see,  he  became  its  first  bishop. 
The  papal  bulls  appointing  him  bear  date  April 
25,  1793;  he  was  consecrated  at  Havana  in  the 
same  year,  but  did  not  take  formal  possession  of 
his  diocese  until  1795.  In  1802  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  see  of  Guatemala,  where  he  was 
archbishop  for  four  years,  when  he  in  1806  re- 
turned to  Havana,  where  he  devoted  himself  to 
charitable  works,  and  died  July  17,  1810. 


CARDOZO. 


CAREY. 


CARDOZO,  Isaac  Newton,  journalist,  was 
born  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  June  17,  1786.  His  par- 
ents removed  in  1794  to  Charleston,  S.  C.,  where 
he  received  his  education.  In  1816  he  became 
the  editor  of  the  Southern  Patriot,  a Charleston 
paper,  of  which  he  also  became  proprietor  in 
1823.  He  sold  this  journal  in  1845  and  established 
the  Evening  News,  on  which  he  served  for  several 
years  as  commercial  editor.  He  was  a close  stu- 
dent of  political  economy,  and  numerous  articles 
from  his  pen  on  that  subject  appeared  in  various 
periodicals  of  the  time.  He  was  an  able  and 
enthusiastic  advocate  of  free  trade,  and  a fear- 
less opponent  of  the  nullification  movement.  His 

Notes  on  Political  Economy  ” were  published 
at  Charleston  in  1826.  He  was  drowned  in 
James  river,  Va.,  Aug.  26,  1850. 

CAREY,  Henry  Charles,  political  economist, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Dec.  15,  1793. 
From  a very  early  age  he  was  a valuable  assist- 
ant to  his  father,  Matthew  Carey,  in  his  publish- 
ing business.  In  his  ninth  year  he  attended  the 
literary  fair  in  New  York,  originated  by  his 
father,  there  sold  books  on  his  own  account,  and 
was  by  the  trade  called  “ the  bookseller  in  minia- 
ture.” In  his  eleventh  year  he  took  charge  of  a 
branch  store  in  Baltimore,  ordering  such  stock 
as  was  needed,  keeping  his  father  advised  as  to 
the  condition  of  the  trade  and  the  finances,  and 
making  remittances.  In  his  nineteenth  year  he 
went  on  a business  trip  south  as  far  as  Raleigh, 
N.  C.,  and  in  1824  he  instituted  the  system  of 
book  trade  sales.  On  Jan.  1,  1817,  he  was  admit- 
ted to  partnership  by  his  father,  under  the  firm 
name  of  M.  Carey  & Son.  which  later  became 
M.  Carey  & Sons,  H.  C.  Carey  and  I.  Lea,  and 
Carey,  Lea  & Blanchard  until  1836,  when  Mr. 
Carey  retired  from  business,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Lea  & Blanchard.  In  1835,  meeting  with 
the  lectures  of  Nassau  W.  Senior,  and  think- 
ing Senior  in  error,  he  published  in  refutation 
his  “Essay  on  the  Rate  of  Wages.”  This 
was  followed  in  1836  by  “ The  Harmony  of 
Nature,”  which  when  printed  he  found  that  he 
could  not  publish  as  a presentation  of  his  then 
actual  views,  and  the  entire  edition,  with  the 
exception  of,  perhaps,  less  than  a dozen  copies, 
was  destroyed.  His  “ Principles  of  Political 
Economy  ” was  published  between  1837  and  1840. 
The  first  volume,  in  which  he  promulgated  his 
theory  of  value,  immediately  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  economists  of  Europe,  and  especially 
of  Professor  Ferrara,  of  Turin,  where  the  whole 
treatise  was  translated  into  Italian  and  published. 
“ The  Credit  System  in  France,  Great  Britain, 
and  the  United  States”  (1838),  taken  from  the 
second  volume,  has  been  characterized  as  “ his 
masterly  theory  of  the  banking  system.”  Mr. 
Carey  regarded  the  financial  panic  of  1837-'42  as 


the  result  of  Mr.  Clay's  compromise  tariff  act  of 
1833,  forced  upon  the  country  by  the  nullification 
movements  of  South  Carolina.  “ Up  to  this 
time,”  says  Dr.  Elder,  “Mr.  Carey  had  been,  as 
he  supposed,  a free  trader;  but,  in  the  closing 
months  of  1842,  seeing  the  wonderful  change 
effected  by  the  protective  tariff  then  in  opera- 
tion, he  became  a practical  protectionist  and  voted 
for  Mr.  Clay  in  1844,  but  was  still  unable  to  rec- 
oncile protection  with  any  economic  theory. " In 
1848  he  published  “ Past,  Present  and  Future,”  a 
book  that  marks  an  era  in  the  history  of  political 
economy.  He  did  an  immense  amount  of  almost 
continuous  work  in  newspapers,  magazines,  pam- 
phlets and  books  from  this  time  forward  to  the 
close  of  his  life.  In  1857,  and  again  in  1859,  Mr. 
Carey  made  extended  tours  in  Europe,  where  he 
made  the  personal  acquaintance  of  many  of  the 
eminent  men  of  the  time,  including  Humboldt, 
Liebig,  Cavour,  Count  Sclopis,  Professor  Ferrara, 
Sir  John  Barnard  Byles.  J.  Stuart  Mill  and  others. 
In  1856  he  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the 
Republican  party,  and  was  a member  of  the  con- 
vention that  nominated  Fremont  and  Dayton. 
During  the  war  he  was  repeatedly  in  consulta- 
tion with  President  Lincoln  and  Secretary  Chase. 
For  many  years  he  was  a member  of  the  Wistar 
club,  and  in  the  winter  of  1862-'63  he  was  one 
of  the  organizers  and  original  members  of  the 
Union  club,  which  superseded  the  Wistar 
parties,  at  the  same  time  taking  part  in  the 
organization  of  the  Union  league,  which  grew 
out  of  the  Union  club.  In  1863  the  honorary 
degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  the  city  of  New  York.  In  his 
greatest  work,  “ Principles  of  Social  Science  ” 
(1858-60),  Mr.  Carey  places  the  crown  upon  his 
system  in  the  demonstration  of  the  fact  of  the 
over-mastering  necessity  of  man’s  association 
with  his  fellow -men;  money  he  recognizes  and 
treats  as  the  instrument  of  association,  and  hence 
his  determined  opposition  to,  and  condemnation 
of,  the  policy  of  resumption  of  specie  payments 
by  contraction,  and  his  urgent  advocacy  of  the 
remonetization  of  the  silver  dollar  in  1878.  His 
last  production,  written  within  a year  of  his 
death,  was  entitled  “ Repudiation:  Past.  Present, 
and  Future,”  and  was  published  in  the  Penn 
Monthly  Magazine  in  1879.  His  chief  works  have 
been  translated  into  French,  German.  Italian, 
Swedish,  Russian,  Magyar,  Japanese  and  Portu 
guese.  The  complete  copy  of  his  works  in  all  the 
different  languages,  bequeathed  by  him  to  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  is  comprised  in 
forty-two  volumes,  mostly  octavos.  In  1854,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  Crimean  war.  he  put 
the  New  York  Tribune,  to  which  he  was  then  a 
constant  contributor,  into  the  attitude  of  siding 
with  Russia,  which  indirectly  resulted  in  Russia 


CAREY. 


CARHART. 


siding  with  the  United  States  government  in  the 
civil  war.  He  was  a member  of  the  Socibtd  des 
economistes,  Paris,  of  the  American  philosophi- 
cal society  and  of  the  Pennsylvania  historical 
society,  Philadelphia.  Among  his  publications 
not  before  mentioned  are:  “The  Harmony  of 
Interests  ” (New  York,  1852) ; “ The  Slave-Trade, 
Domestic  and  Foreign:  Why  it  Exists  and  How 
it  maybe  Extinguished,”  “Letters  on  Interna- 
tional Copyright  ” (Philadelphia,  1853,  1868) ; 

“ Letters  to  the  President  on  the  Foreign  and 
Domestic  Policy  of  the  Union,  and  its  Effects  as 
Exhibited  in  the  condition  of  the  People  and 
the  States”  (1858);  “A  Series  of  Letters  on 
Political  Economy  ” (1860,  and  another  in  1865) ; 

“ The  Way  to  Outdo  England  without  fighting 
her”  (1865);  “Review  of  the  Decade  1857  to 
1867  ” (1867) ; “ Review  of  Wells'  Report  ” (1868) ; 
“Shall  we  have  Peace?”  (1869);  and  “The 
Unity  of  Law  ” (1872).  He  died  Oct.  13,  1879. 

CAREY,  Joseph,  clergyman,  was  born  in  New 
York  city,  Dec.  23,  1839.  He  came  of  English  and 
Scotch  ancestry,  his  mother  being  a descendant 
of  the  Gordons  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland.  He  was 
fitted  for  college  at  Newburgh  academy,  and 
was  graduated  at  St.  Stephen's  college,  Annan- 
dale,  N.  Y.,  in  1861,  when  he  entered  the  general 
theological  seminary  of  the  P.  E.  church  in  New 
York  city.  He  was  ordained  a deacon  in  October, 
1861,  and  a priest  in  the  following  February.  He 
was  rector  of  Grace  church,  Waterford ; Christ 
church,  Ballston  Spa ; and  from  1873  of  Betliesda 
church,  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.  He  received  the 
degree  of  S.T.D.  from  St.  Stephen’s  college  in 
1878. 

CAREY,  Joseph  M.,  senator,  was  born  in 
Sussex  county,  Del.,  Jan.  19,  1845;  son  of  Robert 
H.  and  Susan  (Davis)  Carey.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Fort  Edward  collegiate  institute  and  at 
Union  college,  New  York,  and  in  1867  finished  his 
law  course  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  practised  for 
two  years  in  Philadelphia,  removing  in  1869  to 
Wyoming,  where  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  district 
attorney  for  that  territory.  From  1871  to  1876 
he  was  associate  judge  of  the  Wyoming  supreme 
court,  and  from  1872  to  1876  he  was  a member  of 
the  United  States  centennial  commission.  He 
was  elected  mayor  of  Cheyenne  in  1881,  and  was 
twice  re-elected,  serving  until  1885,  when  he 
took  his  seat  as  territorial  delegate  in  the 
49th  Congress.  He  was  re-elected  delegate  to 
the  50th  and  51st  congresses,  and  introduced  the 
bill  which  admitted  Wyoming  as  a state.  On 
Nov.  15,  1890,  he  was  elected  to  the  LT.  S.  senate 
as  the  first  senator  to  represent  the  state  in 
Congress,  his  term  of  service  expiring  March  3, 
1895.  In  1894  Union  college  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  LL.D. 

[5G 


CAREY,  Matthew,  philanthropist,  was  born 
in  Ireland  Jan.  28,  1760.  He  was  liberally  edu- 
cated, and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  lie  adopted  the 
printer’s  trade,  and  two  years  later  published 
an  address  to  the  Irish  Catholics,  which  was  so 
offensive  to  the  authorities  that,  to  escape  arrest, 
he  was  obliged  to  flee  to  France.  He  there  met 
Benjamin  Franklin,  who  befriended  him  and  gave 
him  such  advice  as  influenced  his  entire  subse- 
quent career.  Returning  to  Ireland  at  the  age 
of  eighteen,  he  became  a power,  and  contributed 
largely  to  the  subsequent  liberal  legislation  re- 
specting Ireland : but  for  a violent  attack  upon 
the  ministry,  Mr.  Carey  was  brought  before  parlia- 
ment and  imprisoned  until  1784.  On  his  release 
he  immigrated  to  the  United  States,  landed  in 
Philadelphia  in  November,  1784,  and  soon  after- 
wards engaged  in  the  publication  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Herald  and  the  American  Museum,  the 
latter  a monthly  magazine,  which  he  continued 
through  thirteen  half-yearly  volumes.  He  also 
wrote  numerous  pamphlets  on  the  topics  of  the 
day,  all  of  which  had  a marked  influence  on  pub- 
lic opinion.  In  1791  he  opened,  in  connection 
with  his  printing  business,  a small  book  store, 
which  gradually  grew  into  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  important  publishing  houses  in  the  country. 
Mr.  Carey,  in  connection  with  Bishop  White, 
organized  the  first  Sunday-school  society  that 
was  formed  in  the  United  States,  and  he  was, 
throughout  liis  life,  active  in  all  public  enter- 
prises that  were  calculated  to  promote  the  inter- 
ests of  the  city  and  state  of  his  adoption.  He  set 
on  foot  the  system  of  internal  improvements  that 
resulted  in  the  construction  of  the  Pennsylvania 
canals,  and  himself  established  many  of  the 
charitable  institutions  for  which  Philadelphia  is 
so  justly  celebrated.  His  friend,  John  Sargeant, 
wrote  of  him:  “ He  has  given  more  time,  money 
and  labor  to  the  public  than  any  man  I am  ac- 
quainted with,  and  in  truth  he  has  founded  in 
Philadelphia  a school  of  public  spirit.”  He  died 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  16,  1839. 

CARHART,  Henry  Smith,  physicist,  was  born 
in  Coeymans,  Albany  county,  N.  Y.,  March  27, 
1844;  son  of  Daniel  S.  and  Margaret  (Martin) 
Carhart.  He  supported  himself  at  school  by 
teaching,  and  was  graduated  at  the  Wesleyan 
university  as  valedictorian  of  the  class  of  1869, 
and  then  taught  Latin  in  the  Hudson  river  insti- 
tute, Claverack,  N.  Y.,  for  two  years.  After 
one  year  spent  at  Yale  he  became  instructor  of 
civil  engineering  and  physics  at  the  Northwest- 
ern university,  Evanston,  111. ; in  1873  he  became 
professor  of  physics  in  the  same  institution.  He 
served  on  the  international  jury  of  awards  at  the 
Paris  electrical  exhibition  in  1881,  and  then  pur- 
sued a course  of  study  at  the  University  of  Ber- 
lin. He  remained  at  the  Northwestern  university 
l] 


CARHART. 


CARLETON. 


until  1886,  during  which  time  a laboratory  was 
erected  and  furnished  with  modern  apparatus. 
In  1886  he  accepted  the  chair  of  physics  in 
the  University  of  Michigan.  He  was  elected 
a fellow  of  the  American  association  for  the 
advancement  of  science,  a foreign  member  of 
the  (London)  institution  of  electrical  engineers, 
and  a fellow  of  the  American  institute  of 
electrical  engineers.  He  was  one  of  the  official 
delegates  chosen  to  represent  the  United  States 
at  the  Chicago  world’s  electrical  congress, 
and  was  president  of  the  board  of  judges  of 
award  for  the  department  of  electricity  at  the 
Columbian  exposition  in  1893.  He  was  married 
in  1876  to  Ellen  M.  Soule,  dean  of  the  woman’s 
college  of  the  Northwestern  university.  He  has 
published,  besides  numerous  contributions  to 
scientific  and  technical  journals,  “ Primary 
Batteries”  (1891);  “Elements  of  Physics” 
(with  H.  N.  Chute,  1892);  “University  Physics, 
Part  I.,  Mechanics,  Sound,  and  Light”  (1894); 
“ Electrical  Measurements  ” (with  Geo.  W.  Pat- 
terson, Jr.,  1895),  and  “ University  Physics,  Part 
II.,  Heat,  Electricity,  and  Magnetism”  (1896). 

CARHART,  Jeremiah,  inventor,  was  born  in 
Dutchess  county,  N.  Y.,  in  September,  1813.  At 
the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  apprenticed  to  a cabinet- 
maker, and  worked  at  his  trade  for  some  years. 
Between  1836  and  1846  he  secured  patents  on 
several  inventions,  among  them  being,  the 
exhaustion  bellows  and  tubular  reed  board, 
afterwards  used  in  all  reed  instruments.  In 
partnership  with  E.  P.  Needham,  he  began  the 
manufacture  of  organs  and  melodeons  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y. , in  1846,  and  the  firm,  afterward  removing 
to  New  York,  enlarged  its  business  to  include  the 
manufacture  of  several  ingenious  machines 
invented  by  Mr.  Carhart,  for  use  in  making  reeds 
and  reed  boards.  He  died  in  New  York  city, 
Aug.  16,  1868. 

CARLETON,  Henry  (born  Coxe),  jurist,  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1785.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  in  1806,  after  which  he  went  to  Mississippi, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  various  occupations 
until  1814,  when  he  removed  to  New  Orleans,  La. 
He  served  as  a lieutenant  of  infantry  under  Gen- 
eral Jackson  in  the  1814-T5  campaign,  which 
resulted  in  the  capture  of  New  Oi  leans,  and  after 
the  war  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law.  He 
was  United  States  attorney  for  the  eastern  dis- 
trict of  Louisiana,  and  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  same  state  in  1832-’39.  He  then 
travelled  extensively,  and  finally  settled  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  engaged  in  biblical  and  meta- 
physical studies.  He  was  a stanch  supporter  of 
the  Union  during  the  civil  war,  notwithstanding 
his  property  in  the  south.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried: first,  to  Mile.  d’Avezac  de  Castera,  and  after 
her  death  to  Miss  Vanderburgh.  He  was  the 


author  of  “ Liberty  and  Necessity  ” (1857),  of  an 
“ Essay  on  the  Mill  ” (1863),  and,  in  collaboration 
with  Mr.  L.  Moreau,  of  a translation  of  such 
portions  of  “ Las  Siete  Partidas,”  a celebrated 
Spanish  code  of  law,  as  obtained  in  Louisiana. 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  March  28,  1863. 

CARLETON,  Henry  Quy,  playwright,  was 
born  at  Fort  Union,  New  Mexico,  June  21,  1855. 
He  was  graduated  from  Santa  Clara  college,  San 
Francisco,  Cal.,  and,  removing  to  New  Orleans 
in  1876,  began  writing  acceptable  verses,  stories 
and  sketches.  In  1881  he  wrote  his  first  play, 
“ Memnon,”  an  Egyptian  tragedy,  which  was  pur- 
chased for  five  thousand  dollars  by  John  Mc- 
Cullough, who  regarded  it  as  one  of  the  best 
tragedies  produced  since  Shakespeare's  time, 
but  did  not  present  it.  In  1882  Carleton  re- 
moved to  New  York  city,  and  in  1883  became 
editor  of  Life.  He  resigned  in  1884,  to  devote  his 
entire  attention  to  dramatic  authorship.  In  that 
year  lie  produced  “ Victor  Durand,”  a society 
drama.  Then  followed  “ The  Pembertons,"  and, 
in  1889,  “The  Lion’s  Mouth,”  played  over  five 
hundred  times  by  Frederick  Warde.  “ Ye  Earlie 
Trouble,”  “The  Princess  Erie,”  and  “The 
Gilded  Fool  ” met  with  pronounced  success.  In 
1892  he  wrote  “ A Bit  of  Scandal,”  and  in  1893 
“ The  Butterflies.”  In  1894  “ Lem  Kettle  ” was 
brought  out  in  New  York,  and  “ Ambition,”  apo- 
litical comedy,  was  written. 

CARLETON,  James  Henry,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Maine  in  1814.  He  took  part  in  the  ‘ ‘ Aroostook 
war,”  which  arose  from  a dispute  in  regard  to  the 
northeastern  boundary  of  the  United  States,  and 
in  1839  received  a commission  as  2d  lieutenant  of 
the  1st  U.  S.  dragoons.  March  17,  1845,  he  was 
promoted  1st  lieutenant  and  assigned  to  commis- 
sary duty  in  Kearny’s  expedition  to  the  Rocky 
mountains  in  1846.  He  served  in  the  Mexican 
war,  was  promoted  to  a captaincy  in  1847,  and 
obtained  the  brevet  rank  of  major  for  his  ser- 
vices at  Buena  Vista.  He  was  employed  in  ex- 
ploring, and  in  keeping  the  Indians  in  check,  and 
in  1861  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  major  and 
ordered  to  California  in  command  of  the  6th 
cavalry.  In  1862  he  raised  and  organized  the 
“ California  Column,”  and  conducted  it  to  Mesilla 
on  the  Rio  Grande.  He  was  made  commander  of 
the  department  of  New  Mexico  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  In  March,  1865, 
he  was  promoted  brigadier -general  of  the  regular 
army,  passing  the  intermediary  ranks  by  brevet, 
for  his  services  in  New  Mexico;  and  for  his 
gallantry  during  the  civil  war  was  brevetted 
major-general,  U.  S.  A.  He  was  promoted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel 4th  cavalry,  July  31,  1866;  colonel 
of  2d  cavalry,  June,  1870,  and  ordered  to  Texas. 
He  published  “The  Battle  of  Buena  Vista”  (1848). 
He  died  in  San  Antonio,  Texas,  Jan.  7,  1873. 


1 5GS] 


CARLIN. 


CARLISLE. 


CARLETON,  Will,  author,  was  born  at  Hud- 
son, Lenawee  county,  Mich.,  Oct.  21,  1845.  He 
was  graduated  from  Hillsdale  college  in  1869,  and 
entered  the  journalistic  field,  first  in  Chicago, 
and  later  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  He  became  well 
known  as  a lecturer  in  the  United  States, 
Canada,  and  Great  Britain.  His  first  and  most 
noted  poem,  “ Betsy  and  I are  Out,”  was  sent 
anonymously  to  the  Toledo  Blade  in  1871 ; its 
authorship  being  afterwards  claimed  by  another. 
His  publications  are-  “Poems”  (1871);  “Farm 
Ballads”  (1873);  “Farm  Legends”  (1875); 
" Young  Folks’  Centennial  Rhymes  ” (1876) ; 
"Farm  Festivals”  (1881);  “Geraldine:  a Ro- 
mance in  Verse  ” (1881) , “ City  Ballads  ” (1886) ; 
“City  Legends”  (1890),  and  “City  Festivals” 
(1892) ; “ The  Old  Infant  ” and  similar  stories 
(1896). 

CARLILE,  John  Snyder,  senator,  was  born  in 
Winchester,  Va.,  Dec.  16,  1817.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1840,  and  practised  his  profession  at 
Beverley,  Va.  He  was  a member  of  the  state 
senate  from  1847  to  1851 ; was  a delegate  in  1850 
to  the  state  constitutional  convention.  He  was 
elected  as  a representative  to  the  34th  Congress 
by  the  Unionist  party,  of  which  he  was  a promi- 
nent member.  In  1861,  as  a member  of  the 
Virginia  convention,  he  persistently  opposed 
secession,  and  after  the  passage  of  the  secession 
ordnance  he  became  a leader  of  the  Unionists  in 
Virginia.  Later  he  was  a delegate  to  the  Wheel- 
ing convention.  He  was  elected  as  a representa- 
tive to  the  37th  Congress,  but  served  in  the  house 
for  a few  days  only,  being  elected  to  the  U.  S. 
senate,  to  succeed  R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  where  he 
served  throughout  the  37th  and  38th  congresses. 
He  died  in  Clarksburg,  W.  Va.,  Oct.  24,  1878. 

CARLIN,  John,  painter,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pa.,  June  15,  1813,  a deaf  mute.  He 
entered  the  Pennsylvania  institute  for  the  deaf 
and  dumb  in  1821,  and  was  graduated  in  1825, 
after  which  he  studied  art  in  Philadelphia.  In 
1833-'34  he  studied  drawing  in  New  York  city 
under  J.  R.  Smith,  and  portrait  painting  under 
John  Neagle.  He  went  to  London  in  1838,  and 
studied  the  antique  in  the  British  museum. 
Thence  he  went  to  Paris  and  became  a pupil  of 
Paul  Delaroche.  In  1841  he  made  his  permanent 
residence  in  New  York  city,  devoting  his  time 
to  miniature  painting  and  afterwards  to  genre 
subjects  and  landscapes.  He  also  won  some 
success  as  a magazine  writer.  Among  his  paint- 
ings: “The  Flight  into  Egypt,”  “Red  Riding 
Hood,”  “Pulpit  Rock,  Nahant,”  “ The  Village 
Gossips”  (1880);  “The  Twin  Grandchildren” 
(1881) ; “ Old  and  Young  ” (1882) ; “ Solid  Com- 
fort ” (1884),  and  “The  Grandfather’s  Story” 
(1885),  were  sent  to  the  exhibitions  of  the  artists’ 
fund  society,  and  “ An  Autumn  Afternoon  ” 


(1871);  “A  View  of  Trenton  Falls”  (1873); 
“ The  Toll-Gate  ” (1875) ; “ After  Work  ” (1878), 
and  “ The  Orphaned  Grandchild”  (1886),  were 
exhibited  at  the  National  academy  of  design. 
He  died  in  New  York  city,  April  23,  1891. 

CARLIN,  William  Passmore,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Greene  county,  111.,  Nov.  24,  1829.  He 
was  graduated  at  West  Point  with  the  rank  of 
brevet  2d  lieutenant  of  infantry  in  1850,  and 
assigned  to  duty  at  Fort  Snelling,  Minn.  He 
was  in  active  service  during  the  Sioux  expedition, 
and  also  in  the  Cheyenne  and  Utah  campaigns, 
as  1st  lieutenant,  which  rank  he  received  in 
March,  1855.  In  1858  he  marched  to  California, 
where  he  remained  in  service  for  two  years.  In 
1861  he  received  the  rank  of  captain,  and  entered 
the  volunteer  service  as  colonel  of  the  38th  Illinois 
volunteers.  He  was  present  at  the  defeat  of  Gen. 
Jeff  Thompson  at  Frederickton,  Mo.,  after  which 
lie  commanded  the  district  of  southeastern  Mis- 
souri. In  October,  1862,  he  won,  at  Perryville, 
Ky.,  the  promotion  to  brigadier-general  of  volun- 
teers. He  took  part  in  the  Tullalioma  campaign, 
and  the  battles  of  Chickamauga,  Lookout  Moun- 
tain and  Missionary  Ridge.  In  November,  1863, 
he  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  for  distin- 
guished service  at  Chattanooga ; and  in  February, 
1864,  as  major  of  the  16th  United  States  infantry, 
was  engaged  in  the  Georgia  campaign  and  at 
the  surrender  of  Atlanta.  On  Sept.  1,  1864,  at 
Jonesboro,  Georgia,  he  won  the  brevet  of  colonel 
in  the  regular  army ; and  for  his  faithful  and 
efficient  service  in  the  march  to  the  sea,  the  sur- 
render of  Savannah,  and  the  invasion  of  the 
Carolinas,  he  was  made,  in  March,  1865,  brevet 
major-general  U.  S.  volunteers,  and  in  the  same 
month  received  the  rank  of  brevet  brigadier- 
general  U.  S.  army.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
was  brevetted  major-general  of  the  regular  army. 
He  left  the  volunteer  service  in  August,  1865, 
and  was  engaged  in  frontier  duty  during  the 
Indian  troubles,  and  in  April,  1882,  was  made 
colonel  of  the  4th  infantry.  He  was  retired  with 
the  rank  of  brigadier-general  and  made  his 
home  at  Carrollton,  111. 

CARLISLE,  James  M.,  educator,  was  born  in 
Coffee  county,  Tenn.,  May  11,  1851;  son  of  James 
M.  and  May  (Bird)  Carlisle.  He  spent  his  early 
life  on  a farm,  attending  the  neighborhood  school 
only  a few  months  during  the  winter.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  entered  Beach  Grove  (Tenn.) 
college.  Circumstances  would  not  permit  him  to 
continue  steadily  through  the  course,  and  nine 
years  elapsed  between  his  entering  and  his  grad 
uation.  During  this  time  he  spent  four  years 
teaching  country  schools  and  working  upon  his 
father’s  farm.  One  year  be  was  fortunately  able 
to  spend  at  Cumberland  university,  Lebanon, 
Tenn.  In  1876  he  was  graduated  at  Beach  Grove 


CARLISLE. 


CARLL. 


with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  Upon  his  graduation  he 
was  offered  the  chair  of  mathematics  in  the  col- 
lege, which  position  he  tilled  for  two  and  a half 
years.  He  had  charge  of  an  academy  in  Lincoln 
county,  Tenn.,  for  a short  time  and  then  removed 
to  Texas,  where  he  became  principal  of  a private 
normal  school  at  Wliitesboro.  He  occupied  this 
position  for  more  than  seven  years,  and  in  1887 
was  elected  superintendent  of  the  Corsicana  city 
schools.  He  was  elected  in  1890  superintendent 
of  Fort  Worth  city  schools  and  in  1891  was  chosen 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  for  the  state 
of  Texas,  and  successively  re-elected  by  popular 
vote  to  that  position. 

CARLISLE,  John  Griffin,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Campbell  (now  Kenton)  county,  Ky., 
Sept.  5,  1835.  He  was  the  son  of  a farmer,  was 
educated  at  the  common  school  and  for  a time 
employed  himself  with  farm  work  and  in  teach- 
ing school  at  Covington.  He  was  admitted  to  the 

bar  in  March,  1858, 
and  within  two  years 
he  acquired  a large 
practice.  During 
1858-’61  he  was  a 
member  of  the  state 
house  of  representa- 
tives. In  1864  he 
was  nominated  for 
presidential  elector 
on  the  Democratic 
ticket  but  declined 
to  run.  He  was  elec- 
ted to  the  state  sen- 
ate in  1867  and  again 
in  1869.  He  served 
as  a delegate-at  large 
from  Kentucky  to 
the  national  Democratic  convention  at  New 
York,  in  July,  1868.  In  June,  1871.  he  resigned 
his  seat  in  the  state  senate,  and  was  elected  lieu- 
tenant-governor  of  Kentucky,  serving  until  1875. 

In  1876  he  was  chosen  alternate  presidential  elec- 
tor for  the  state  and  the  same  year  was  elected  a 
representative  to  the  45th  Congress,  being  re- 
elected to  every  succeeding  Congress  up  to  and  in- 
cluding the  51st.  He  immediately  acquired 
prominence  as  a legislator,  and  made  a notable 
speech  on  revenue  reform  in  which  policy,  as  well 
as  in  the  revival  of  American  shipping,  he  was 
greatly  interested.  The  Carlisle  internal  rev- 
enue bill,  introduced  in  the  house  during  the  46th 
Congress,  made  him  the  recognized  leader  of  the 
Democratic  party  on  the  tariff  question.  He  was 
elected  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives 
upon  the  assembling  of  the  48th  Congress.  Dec.  3. 
1883,  over  Samuel  J.  Randall,  and  served  during 
the  48th.  49th  and  50th  congresses.  He  obtained 
the  respect  of  the  house  by  the  impartial  manner 

[570] 


in  which  he  performed  his  duties  in  the  midst  of 
much  confusion  and  opposition,  and  he  became 
an  authority  on  parliamentary  law.  He  was  an 
advocate  of  tariff  for  revenue,  though  in  no  sense 
a free-trader,  and  he  successfully  headed  the 
several  campaigns  against  the  Republican  party 
on  the  issue  of  protection.  He  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  senate  as  a Democrat,  to  fill 
the  unexpired  term  of  James  B.  Beck,  deceased, 
and  took  his  seat  May  26,  1890.  He  resigned  his 
seat  in  March,  1893,  on  his  appointment  as  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  in  President  Cleveland’s 
cabinet,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office 
March  7,  1893.  In  February,  1895,  the  depletion 
of  the  gold  reserve  made  it  necessary  for  the 
government  to  issue  862,300,000  worth  of  thirty- 
four-year  4 percent  bonds,  and  through  Mr.  Car- 
lisle an  arrangement  was  made  with  a syndicate 
of  New  York  bankers  to  take  the  whole  loan  at 
104f.  The  bonds  were  soon  after  quoted  on  the 
market  at  118,  which  result  greatly  alarmed  the 
people  as  to  the  wisdom  of  the  financial  policy  of 
the  administration,  and  when  in  1896  it  was 
announced  that  there  would  be  another  issue  of 
bonds  to  supply  a further  necessity  for  gold,  and 
that  Mr.  Carlisle  intended  to  again  sell  the  bonds 
to  the  New  York  syndicate,  the  public  journals 
took  up  the  matter  and  demonstrated  that  the 
people  could  be  depended  on  to  take  all  the  issue 
if  they  were  permitted  to  do  so.  This  led  the 
government  to  invite  a popular  subscription  to 
the  loan,  which  resulted  in  establishing  a much 
higher  market  price  and  called  from  the  same 
syndicate  a bid  by  which  they  bought  the  larger 
part  of  the  issue  at  110.6877,  a saving  to  the  coun- 
try of  820,000,000,  principal,  and  accruing  interest 
for  thirty  years.  Mr.  Carlisle  in  this  seeemingly 
unbusiness-like  transaction  was  severely  criti- 
cised and  the  majority  of  his  party  repudiated 
his  action.  He  retired  from  the  cabinet  in 
March,  1897,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his 
profession. 

CARLL,  John  Franklin,  civil  engineer,  was 
born  in  Bushwick,  Long  Island,  N.  Y..  May  7.  1828. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Union  Hall  academy  at 
Flushing,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1849  purchased  an  interest 
in  the  Newark  Eagle,  of  which  he  was  associate 
editor.  In  1853  he  abandoned  journalism  and  be- 
came a civil  engineer  and  land  surveyor  in  Flush- 
ing, N.  Y.  He  removed  to  Pleasantville.  Pa.,  in 
1864,  and  remained  there  ten  years,  engaged  in 
the  oil  industry.  Meanwhile  he  produced  several 
valuable  inventions  for  developing  oil,  including 
a static  pressure  sand  pump,  and  an  adjustable 
sleeve  for  piston  rods.  As  a member  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania geological  survey  he  contributed  several 
papers  descriptive  of  petroleum  districts  to  the 
annual  reports  of  1874—'85.  known  as  I (1874);  l2 
(1877) ; I3  (1880) ; I4  (1883).  and  I5  (1885). 


CARLTON. 


CARNAHAN. 


CARLTON,  Thomas,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Londonderry,  N.  H.,  July  2G,  1808.  He  began  to 
preach  in  1829,  being  connected  with  the  Genesee 
conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church. 
His  work  was  done  in  western  New  York.  He 
served  as  presiding  elder  and  as  agent  of  the  Gen- 
esee Wesleyan  seminary  for  three  years.  He  was 
elected  senior  agent  of  the  Methodist  book  con- 
cern in  New  York  city,  serving  from  1852  to  1872  ; 
and  during  the  same  years  was  also  treasurer  of 
the  missionary  society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church.  He  died  in  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  April  16.  1874. 

CARMALT,  William  H.,  educator,  was  born 
at  Friendsville,  Susquehanna  county,  Pa. , Aug.  3, 
1836.  His  father,  a member  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  moved  from  Philadelphia  to  Susquehanna 
county  in  1829.  William  began  the  study  of 
medicine  in  1857,  at  the  Boylston  preparatory 
school  of  medicine,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  completing 
his  course  at  the  college  of  physicians  and  sur- 
geons in  New  York  city,  in  1861.  Serving  a year 
as  interne  in  St.  Luke’s  hospital  in  that  city,  he 
established  himself  in  practice  there  in  1863.  He 
at  first  turned  his  attention  to  the  study  of  dis- 
eases of  the  eye,  and  was  successively  assistant- 
surgeon  and  surgeon  to  the  New  York  eye  and 
ear  infirmary,  and  visiting  surgeon  to  the  ophthal- 
mic division  of  Charity  hospital.  In  1867  he 
was  appointed  assistant  commissioner  to  the  New 
York  state  agricultural  society,  to  investigate  the 
subject  of  abortions  among  the  dairy  cows  of  that 
state.  In  1870,  desiring  to  make  some  especial 
studies  in  pathological  anatomy,  he  went  to 
Europe,  and  after  four  years  spent  in  Vienna, 
Breslau,  Strassburg,  and  Paris,  returned  to  the 
United  States,  and  in  the  winter  of  1876  was  ap- 
pointed to  teach  ophthalmology  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Yale  college.  In  1879  he  was  made 
professor  of  ophthalmology  and  otology,  and  in 
1881  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  the  principles 
and  practice  of  surgery. 

CARMAN,  Bliss,  journalist,  was  born  at  Fred- 
ericton, New  Brunswick,  April  15,  1861 ; son  of 
William  and  Sophia  (Bliss)  Carman.  He  graduated 
from  the  University  of  New  Brunswick,  in  1881, 
and  until  1888  studied  at  Edinburgh  and  Harvard. 
For  a time  he  taught  school,  read  law,  and  studied 
civil  engineering.  In  1890  he  went  to  New  York 
city,  where,  until  1893,  he  was  office  editor  of  the 
Independent . In  1894  he  started  the  Chap-Book, 
and  conducted  it  for  a few  months,  disposing  of  his 
interest  in  the  paper  at  the  end  of  that  time.  His 
published  writings  include:  “Low  Tide  on  the 
Grande  Prd”  (1893,  2d  ed.  1894);  “Songs  from 
Vagabondia  ” with  Richard  Hovey,  (1894);  “A 
Seamark:  a Threnody  for  Robert  Louis  Steven- 
son” (1895);  “Behind  the  Arras:  A Book  of  the 
Unseen”  (1895),  and  “More  Songs  From  Vaga- 
bondia,” with  Mr.  Hovey  (1897). 


CARMICHAEL,  Henry,  chemist,  was  born  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  March  5,  1846,  son  of  Daniel  and 
Eliza  (Otis)  Carmichael.  He  was  prepared  for 
college  at  the  academy  and  high  school  of  Am- 
herst, Mass.,  and  was  graduated  at  Amherst  col- 
lege in  1867.  He  studied  chemistry,  mineralogy, 
and  geology  at  the  University  of  Gottingen,  Ger- 
many, from  1868  to  1872,  receiving  in  the  latter 
year  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.,  and  the  highest  rank 
in  his  class.  In  1872  he  was  professor  of  chemis- 
try in  Iowa  college,  Grinnell,  Iowa,  and  from 
1872  to  1886  was  professor  of  chemistry  and 
allied  sciences  in  Bowdoin  college,  at  the  same 
time  teaching  in  the  Maine  medical  school,  and 
holding  the  position  of  assaver  for  the  state  of 
Maine.  While  at  Bowdoin  he  invented  “indur- 
ated fibre”  which  came  into  wide  use  in  the 
manufacture  of  pails,  tubs,  and  other  fibre  ware. 
In  1886  he  removed  to  Boston,  where  he  practised 
as  an  analytical  chemist  and  chemical  engineer, 
inventing  several  new  processes  of  great  value. 
He  succeeded  in  converting  common  salt  into 
chlorine  by  electricity,  thus  reducing  the  expense 
of  the  process. 

CARMICHAEL,  William,  diplomatist,  was 
born  in  Maryland,  where  he  acquired  a classical 
education.  He  went  to  Paris  as  secretary  to  the 
commissioners  of  the  American  states,  Nov.  28, 
1777,  and  on  his  return  home  was  elected  a dele- 
gate from  Maryland  to  the  Continental  Congress, 
for  the  term  1778-'80.  On  Sept.  28.  1779,  he  went 
to  Spain  as  secretary  of  legation,  and  on  April  20, 
1790,  was  appointed  charge  d'affaires,  serving 
until  May,  1794.  While  holding  this  office  he 
attempted  to  negotiate  jointly  with  William 
Short,  a treaty  concerning  the  free  navigation  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  but  was  unsuccessful.  He 
died  in  Maryland  in  February.  1795. 

CARNAHAN,  James,  educator,  was  born  in 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  Nov.  15,  1775.  He  was  graduated 
from  the  college  of  New  Jersey  in  1800,  and  was 
licensed  to  preach  in  April,  1804.  In  1805  he  was 
ordained  to  the  Presbyterian  ministry,  and  offi- 
ciated as  pastor  of  the  united  churches  of  Whites- 
boro  and  Utica,  N.  Y.,  until  1814.  From  1814  to 
1823  he  taught  a school  at  Georgetown,  D.  C. 
From  1823  to  1854  he  was  president  of  the  College 
of  New  Jersey,  being  the  ninth  in  succession. 
In  1843  he  was  made  president  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  Princeton  theological  seminary. 
Hamilton  college  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
S.T.  D.  in  1821,  and  Princeton,  that  of  LL.D.  in 
1854.  Upon  his  retirement  from  the  presidency 
of  the  college  he  was  made  a trustee.  He  died  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  March  2,  1859. 

CARNEGIE,  Andrew,  manufacturer,  was  born 
in  Dunfermline,  Scotland,  Nov.  25,  1835;  son  of 
William  Carnegie.  His  father  immigrated  to 
the  United  States  in  1847,  and,  after  a short  stay 


CARNEGIE. 


CARPENTER. 


in  Allegheny,  Pa. , settled  in  Pittsburg.  In  Alle- 
gheny young  Andrew  was  employed  in  a cotton 
factory,  and  when  the  family  removed  to  Pitts- 
burgh he  became  a stoker.  Shortly  afterwards 

he  was  employed  by 
the  Ohio  telegraph 
company  as  messen* 
ger,  and  soon  rose  to 
be  an  operator,  then 
a clerk,  and  later  the 
confidential  clerk  of 
the  superintendent 
and  manager  of  the 
telegraph  lines. 
When  a telegraph 
operator,  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Penn- 
sylvania railroad 
company,  and  there 
mastered  the  details 
of  train  despatch- 
ing. This  led  to  his  subsequent  appointment  to 
the  position  of  superintendent  of  the  western 
division  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad.  At  this 
time  he  became  associated  with  Mr.  Woodruff, 
inventor  of  the  sleeping  car,  and  in  this  venture 
obtained  the  nucleus  of  his  fortune.  He  next 
joined  the  syndicate  which  purchased  the  Storey 
farm  on  Oil  Creek  for  forty  thousand  dollars,  and 
in  one  year  the  company  made  from  its  oil  wells 
over  one  million  dollars.  A rolling  mill  was  his 
next  investment,  and  he  added  steadily  to  his 
possessions  until  he  became  master  of  the  largest 
and  most  complete  system  of  iron  and  steel  in- 
dustries in  the  world.  The  relations  existing 
between  Mr.  Carnegie  and  the  thousands  of  work 
men  in  his  employ  were  the  subject  of  much  inter- 
est to  the  public.  He  adopted  at  several  works, 
the  plan  of  paying  the  men  on  a sliding  scale, 
based  on  production.  In  1881  he  offered  to  donate 
§250,000  for  a free  library  in  Pittsburgh,  on  the 
condition  that  the  city  would  appropriate  815,000 
annually  for  its  maintenance.  The  gift  was 
accepted  in  1887,  and  in  1890  he  notified  the 
mayor  that  he  would  increase  the  amount  to 
81,000,000,  to  provide  more  extensive  buildings 
which  would  contain  reference  and  circulating 
libraries,  accommodations  for  the  exhibition  of 
works  of  art,  assembly  rooms  for  scientific  socie- 
ties, and  branch  libraries,  conditioned  on  the 
city  increasing  its  appropriation  to  §40,000  an- 
nually. The  gift  was  accepted  in  1890,  and  was 
afterwards  increased  by  §100,000.  In  1895  he 
endowed  the  art  gallery  with  §1,000,000,  the  in- 
terest to  be  used  for  the  purchase  of  works  of 
art.  In  1890  Mr.  Carnegie  gave  §300,000  to  the 
city  of  Allegheny  for  a public  library.  In  1889 
he  provided  for  his  employees,  at  Braddock,  Pa., 
a circulating  library  of  10,000  volumes,  and  in 


1894  a building  which  was  also  used  as  the  home 
of  the  Carnegie  club.  He  is  the  author  of  “ An 
American  Four-in-Hand  in  Britain"  (1883); 
“ Round  the  World  ” (1884),  and  “Triumphant 
Democracy;  or  Fifty  Years’  March  of  the  Re- 
public” (1886). 

CARNOCHAN,  John  Murray,  surgeon,  was 
born  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  July  4,  1817.  He  was 
educated  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
land, and  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Valentine 
Mott,  a distinguished  New  York  physician.  He 
decided  to  devote  his  attention  entirely  to  sur- 
gery, and  in  view  of  this  he  again  visited  Europe, 
studying  at  several  of  the  large  European  hos- 
pitals. Returning  to  the  United  States  in  1847, 
he  began  to  practise  in  New  York,  and  soon  won 
a wide  reputation  as  a skilful  surgeon,  perform- 
ing many  remarkable  operations  which  had  not 
hitherto  been  attempted.  He  was  professor  of 
surgery  at  the  New  York  medical  college,  and 
was  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  state  immigrant  hos- 
pital. Among  his  publications  are:  “Elephan- 
tiasis Arabum  Successfully  Treated  by  Ligature 
of  the  Femoral  Artery";  “A  Treatise  on  the 
Etiology,  Pathology,  and  Treatment  of  the  Con- 
genital Dislocations  of  the  Head  of  the  Femur  " 
(1850);  “Address  on  the  Study  of  Science" 
(1857) ; “ A Case  of  Exsection  of  the  Entire  Os 
Calcis  ” (1857),  and  “ Contributions  to  Operative 
Surgery  and  Surgical  Pathology  ” (1877-'86).  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  Oct.  28,  1887. 

CARPENTER,  Benjamin,  patriot,  was  born  at 
Swansea,  Mass.,  May  17,  1725;  son  of  Edward 
and  Elizabeth  (Wilson)  Carpenter.  He  removed 
in  early  life  to  Rhode  Island,  where  he  was  a 
magistrate  in  1744,  and  where  he  was  married, 
Oct.  3,  1745,  to  Annie,  daughter  of  Abial  and  Pru- 
dence Carpenter.  He  settled  in  Guilford,  Vt.,  in 
1770,  and  was  the  first  delegate  from  that  town 
to  a Vermont  convention.  He  was  a member  of 
the  Westminster  convention  in  1775,  of  the  Dorset 
and  Westminster  conventions  in  1776,  and  of  the 
Windsor  convention,  which  framed  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  state.  In  1 776  he  was  chairman  of  the 
Cumberland  county  committee  of  safety,  and  was 
made  lieutenant-colonel  of  militia.  In  1779  lie 
was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  the  new  state, 
and  was  re-elected  the  following  year.  He  was 
a member  of  the  council  of  censors  in  1783.  He 
died  at  Guilford,  Vt.,  March  29,  1804. 

CARPENTER  Charles  C,,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Leyden,  Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1834;  son  of  David 
N.  and  Maria  P.  (Newcomb)  Carpenter.  He  was 
appointed  midshipman  from  Massachusetts.  Oct. 
1,  1850,  and  from  1851  to  1855  was  attached  to  the 
sloop  Portsmouth  of  the  Pacific  squadron.  Dur- 
ing 1855-’56  he  was  at  the  naval  academy,  and 
June  20,  1856,  he  was  promoted  passed  midship- 
man. Until  1858  he  was  with  the  home  squadron 


[572] 


CARPENTER. 


CARPENTER. 


and  on  special  service.  On  Jan.  2.3,  1858,  lie  was 
commissioned  lieutenant,  and  in  1859-’60  served 
on  the  steamer  Mohawk  on  the  coast  of  Cuba, 
capturing  the  slaver  Wildfire,  with  five  hundred 
slaves  on  board.  In  1802  he  was  on  the  steamer 
Flag,  of  the  South  Atlantic  squadron,  capturing 
the  steamers  Anglia  and  Emily.  He  was  com- 
missioned lieutenant-commander  July  16,  1862, 
and  in  1863  was  again  with  the  South  Atlantic 
blockading  squadron  in  the  monitor  Cat  skill. 
He  participated  in  the  attacks  on  the  defences  of 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1863;  was  at  the  naval 
academy,  1864^'65;  was  on  the  steam-sloop 
Hartford,  the  flag-ship  of  the  Asiatic  squadron, 
1866-'67 ; commanded  the  steamer  Wyoming, 
same  squadron,  1868,  and  from  1868  to  1870  was 
stationed  at  the  Portsmouth  (N.  H.)  navy  yard. 
He  was  commissioned  commander  in  March,  1869, 
and  in  1871  was  again  at  the  Portsmouth  navy 
yard.  In  1 871— '72  and  1875-'76  he  was  again  with 
the  North  Atlantic  squadron,  and  March  25,  1880, 
he  was  commissioned  captain.  From  1880  to 
1882  he  was  on  equipment  duty  at  the  Boston 
navy  yard,  and  from  1882  to  1884  was  com- 
mander of  the  U.  S.  .steamer  Hartford,  carrying 
the  English  and  American  scientists  from  Callao 
to  Caroline  Atoll,  to  observe  the  total  eclipse  of 
the  sun  in  1883.  From  1888  to  June,  1890,  he 
commanded  the  receiving  ship  Wabash,  and  was 
commandant  at  the  Portsmouth  navy  yard  from 
June,  1890,  to  Jan.  15,  1894.  He  was  commis- 
sioned commodore,  May  15,  1893;  promoted  rear- 
admiral  in  1894,  and  commanded  the  Asiatic 
squadron  from  1894  to  1896.  He  was  retired 
Feb.  27,  1896. 

CARPENTER,  Ellen  M.,  artist,  was  born  at 
Killingly,  Conn.,  Nov.  28,  1836;  daughter  of 
Oliver  and  Amy  (Smith)  Carpenter.  She  com- 
menced her  art  education  under  the  tutelage  of 
Thomas  Edwards  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  in  1858. 
Later  she  attended  the  classes  at  the  Lowell  insti- 
tute, and  in  1867  went  to  Paris  to  continue  her 
studies.  On  her  return  to  the  United  States  she 
opened  a studio  in  Boston,  where  she  became 
noted  as  a teacher.  In  1873  she  accompanied 
some  of  her  students  on  a European  tour  for  the 
purpose  of  sketching.  In  1878  she  studied  figure 
painting  under  Gusson  in  Berlin,  and  under 
Julien  and  Carlo  Rossi  in  Paris.  Among  her 
commissions  were  several  portraits  for  Masonic 
hall,  Boston,  Mass.  In  1890  she  visited  Europe, 
having  received  commissions  to  copy  “ The  Im- 
maculate Conception  ” and  “The  Holy  Family,” 
by  Murillo,  and  several  of  the  noted  paintings  in 
the  Luxembourg.  She  visited  Algiers  in  the 
same  year,  where  she  made  sketches  of  eastern 
scenes,  and  later  went  to  Spain,  where  she  painted 
bits  from  the  interior  of  the  Alhambra  and  from 
the  palace  in  Seville. 


CARPENTER,  Francis  Bicknell,  painter,  was 
born  at  Homer,  Cortland  county,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  6, 
1830 ; son  of  Asaph  H.  Carpenter  and  grandson  of 
Noah  Carpenter,  a nephew  of  Ethan  Allen.  He 
early  evinced  a talent  for  drawing,  which  lie 
persistently  cultivated  in  the  face  of  his  father's 
opposition.  For  five  months  he  was  a pupil  of 
Sanford  Thayer  of  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  and,  return- 
ing to  Homer,  he  opened  his  first  studio  in  1846, 
where  he  painted  many  portraits.  In  1847  he 
sent  an  ideal  female  head,  entitled  “The  Jew- 
ess,” to  the  exhibition  of  the  American  art 
union  of  New  York  city,  which  was  purchased 
by  the  union.  In  May,  1851,  he  removed  to  New 
York,  and  his  first  important  work  in  that  city 
was  a full-length  portrait  of  David  Leavitt,  presi- 
dent of  the  American  exchange  bank,  which  was 
exhibited  at  the  National  academy  of  design  in 
1852,  and  the  young  artist  was  elected  an  associ- 
ate academician.  His  portraits  of  Presidents 
Fillmore  and  Pierce,  and  of  Ex-President  Tyler 
brought  him  into  prominence.  The  year  1855  he 
spent  in  Washington,  where  he  painted  Cass, 
Marcy,  Seward,  Chase,  Houston  and  Cushing. 
On  his  return  to  New  York,  eminent  people  from 
all  parts  of  the  country  flocked  to  his  studio; 
some  of  the  more  prominent  of  those  whose 
portraits  he  painted  were  Charles  Sumner,  Henry 
Ward  and  Lyman  Beecher,  Schuyler  Colfax, 
James  Russell  Lowell  and  Ezra  Cornell.  In  1864 
Mr.  Carpenter  was  invited  by  President  Lincoln 
to  the  White  House  to  paint  the  historic  group, 
“ The  First  Reading  of  the  Emancipation  Procla- 
mation,” which  was  afterwards  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  stairway  in  the  national  capitol,  a 
gift  to  the  government  from  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Thompson.  In  1871  he  commenced,  and  in  1891  he 
completed,  his  second  historical  composition,  the 
“ First  International  Court  of  Arbitration,  ” which 
hangs  in  Windsor  castle,  a gift  to  Queen  Victoria 
from  the  women  of  America,  through  the  bene- 
ficence of  Mrs.  Wm.  W.  Carson.  In  1874  he  com- 
pleted a full-length  portrait  of  Lincoln  for  the 
capitol  at  Albany,  and  in  1885  painted  a portrait 
of  President  Garfield,  which  was  presented  to 
Dartmouth  college  by  H.  C.  Bullard  of  New  York. 
His  portrait  of  President  Lincoln,  the  original 
study  from  which  the  face  in  the  emancipation 
group  was  painted,  is  the  accepted  portrait  of  the 
great  emancipator.  Mr.  Carpenter  published 
“Six  Months  in  the  White  House  with  Abraham 
Lincoln”  (1886),  and  in  1896  wrote  a series  of 
magazine  articles  on  the  same  subject. 

CARPENTER,  Frank  George,  journalist,  was 
born  at  Mansfield,  Ohio,  in  1865;  son  of  George 
Frank  and  Jeannette  (Reid)  Carpenter.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Wooster  (Ohio) 
in  1877,  and  in  1878  became  the  legislative  cor- 
respondent of  the  Cleveland  Leader  at  Columbus. 
[573J 


CARPENTER. 


CARPENTER. 


In  1881  he  travelled  extensively  in  Europe  and 
Egypt,  and  in  1882  went  to  Washington,  D.  C., 
as  correspondent  of  the  Cleveland  Leader. 
Shortly  after  this  he  became  connected  with  the 
American  press  association  and  the  New  York 
World.  In  1888  he  organized  a combination  of 
twelve  leading  journals  for  which  he  was  to  fur- 
nish one  letter  per  week  during  a trip  around  the 
globe.  He  spent  the  years  of  1888  and  1889  in 
Asia;  returning  to  Washington,  he  next  made  a 
tour  of  Mexico  for  his  combination  of  news- 
papers, and  following  this  went  to  Russia  to  write 
up  the  great  famine  there.  In  1894  he  again 
visited  Asia,  sailing  from  America  with  the 
avowed  object  of  travelling  twenty -five  thou- 
sand miles  for  twenty-five  letters,  and  having 
what  is  perhaps  one  of  the  biggest  newspaper 
assignments  ever  made.  On  this  expedition  he 
travelled  through  Japan,  went  up  the  Yangtse- 
Kiang  river  into  the  heart  of  China,  and  crossed 
through  Corea  at  the  time  it  was  in  the  throes  of 
the  rebellion,  which  brought  about  the  Chinese- 
Japanese  war  of  1894— '95.  He  became  especially 
noted  as  an  interviewer,  having  published  inter- 
views with  the  most  famous  of  Americans,  and 
such  foreigners  as  the  King  of  Corea,  the  King 
of  Greece,  the  Khedive  of  Egypt,  Prince  Otto 
Von  Bismarck,  and  others. 

CARPENTER,  George  Moulton,  jurist,  was 
born  at  Portsmouth,  R.  I.,  April  22,  1844;  son  of 
George  and  Sarah  (Lewis)  Carpenter.  At  an 
early  age  he  removed  to  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
where  he  attended  the  common  schools.  He  was 
graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1864,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Rhode  Island  bar  in  1867.  He 
established  himself  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  in 
1880  was  appointed  a commissioner  for  the  revi- 
sion of  the  public  laws  of  the  state.  He  was 
elected  associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Rhode  Island  in  1882,  and  resigned  in  1885  to  be- 
come U.  S.  district  judge  for  the  district  of 
Rhode  Island.  He  was  a 33d  degree  Mason;  first 
vice-president  of  the  Rhode  Island  historical 
society,  and  president  of  the  Providence  art  as- 
sociation, the  Providence  art  institute,  and  of  the 
Providence  homoeopathic  dispensary.  He  died  at 
Katwyr,  Holland,  July  31,  1896. 

CARPENTER,  George  O.,  merchant,  was  born 
near  Copp's  Hill,  Boston,  Dec.  26,  1829;  son  of 
George  and  Mary  Bently  (Oliver)  Carpenter. 
He  attended  the  Eliot  school  and  had  one  year 
at  the  English  high  school.  He  served  in  several 
business  houses  in  various  capacities,  and  in  1847 
became  connected  with  the  firm  of  Pratt,  Rodgers 
& Co. ; in  1849  he  was  made  a partner,  and  two 
years  later  the  firm  name  was  changed  to  Banker 
& Carpenter;  in  1864  the  style  was  again  changed, 
to  Carpenter,  Banker  & Morton,  and  in  1893  was 
incorporated  under  the  title  of  the  Carpenter- 


Morton  Company,  with  Mr.  Carpenter  as  presi- 
dent. In  1876-'77  he  was  president  of  the  Boston 
fire  underwriters  union;  was  vice-president  of 
the  Home  savings  bank;  for  forty  years  a di- 
rector of  the  national  bank  of  South  Reading,  and 
for  twenty-five  years  a director  in  the  Eliot  na- 
tional bank.  He  held  various  municipal  and 
local  offices,  and  belonged  to  many  social  organi- 
zations. He  was  married  in  1850  to  Josephine 
Emerson,  and  left  two  sons,  George  O.  and  Fred- 
erick B.  He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  26,  1896. 

CARPENTER,  George  Thomas,  educator,  was 
born  in  Nelson  county,  Ky.,  March  4,  1834.  In 
1842  he  was  taken  to  Bureau  county,  111.,  where 
his  earty  education  was  acquired.  He  was  pre- 
pared for  college  in  the  Princeton  academy, 
where  he  supported  himself  by  manual  labor. 
He  taught  school 
until  1855,  when  he 
entered  Abingdon 
college,  and  was 
graduated  with 
valedictory  honors 
in  18  5 9.  He  re- 
moved to  Iowa, 
where  he  was  large- 
ly instrumental  in 
establishing  Oska- 
loosa  college,  with 
which  he  was  con- 
11  e c t e d during 
twenty  years.  In 
1873  he  was  ap- 
pointed a United 
States  honorary  commissioner  to  the  World's  fair 
at  Vienna,  Austria.  For  several  years  he  was 
editor-in-chief  of  the  Christian  Evangelist , and 
in  1879  declined  the  nomination  for  governor  of 
Iowa  on  the  Prohibition  ticket.  In  1881  he 
aided  in  founding  Drake  university  in  Des  Moines, 
Iowa,  and  was  elected  its  chancellor.  Under  his 
management  the  university  greatly  prospered. 
He  died  at  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  July  29,  1893. 

CARPENTER,  Louis  George,  educator,  was 
born  at  Orion,  Mich. , March  28,  1861 ; son  of 
Charles  Ketchum  Carpenter.  In  1S79  he  was 
graduated  at  the  Michigan  agricultural  col- 
lege; studied  at  Johns  Hopkins  university, 
1879— '81,  and  from  1881  to  1883  was  a student 
in  the  literary  department  of  the  University 
of  Michigan.  He  received  the  degree  of  M.S. 
from  the  Michigan  agricultural  college  in 
1883,  and  was  for  several  years  a teacher  of 
mathematics  in  that  institution.  In  1888  he  ac- 
cepted the  chair  of  engineering  and  physics  in 
the  Colorado  state  agricultural  college.  He  was 
elected  a member  of  the  British  and  American 
associations  for  the  advancement  of  science,  and 
of  other  learned  societies. 


CARPENTER. 


CARPENTER. 


CARPENTER,  George  W.,  scientist,  was  born 
in  Germantown,  Pa.,  July  31,  1802.  He  engaged 
in  commerce,  in  which  he  was  very  successful, 
and  employed  his  leisure  in  scientific  pursuits. 
He  attained  celebrity  as  a geologist,  was  for 
thirty-six  years  treasurer  of  the  Academy  of 
natural  sciences  in  Philadelphia,  and  a member 
of  numerous  scientific  societies  in  the  United 
States  and  Europe.  His  more  important  publica- 
tions are:  “Experiments  and  Remarks  on  Sev- 
eral Species  and  Varieties  of  Cinchona  Bark  ’’ 
(1825);  “Observations  and  Experiments  on 
Opium  " (1828);  “ Remarks  on  the  Use  of  Piper - 
ine  ” (1828);  “On  the  Mineralogy  of  Chester 
county,  with  an  Account  of  some  Minerals  of 
Delaware,  Maryland,  and  other  localities  ” (1828) ; 
“ Observations  on  the  Inefficiency  of  the  Ca- 
thartic Power  of  Rhubarbarine  ” (1828) ; “ On  the 
Muriate  of  Soda  or  Common  Salt,  with  an  ac- 
count of  the  Salt  Springs  of  the  United  States  ” 
(1829) ; “ Observations  and  Experiments  on 

Peruvian  Bark  ’’  (1829) ; “ Observations  on  a 

new  variety  of  Peruvian  Bark”  (1831);  “The 
Vesicating  principle  of  Cantharides  ” (1832),  and 
“ Notice  of  New  Medical  Prepai-ations  ” (1832). 
He  died  in  Germantown,  Pa.,  June  7,  1860. 

CARPENTER,  Matthew  Hale,  senator,  was 
born  in  Moretown,  Vt.,  Dec.  22,  1824;  son  of  Ira 
and  Esther  Ann  (Luce)  Carpenter,  and  received 
from  his  parents  the  name  Decatur  Merritt 
Hammond,  which  he  changed  after  he  removed 
to  Beloit,  Wis.,  to  Matthew  Hale.  When  six  years 
old  he  received  from  Paul  Dillingham,  afterwards 
governor  of  Vermont,  a promise,  conditioned  upon 
his  being  a good  boy,  that  he  would  educate 
him  as  a lawyer,  if  he  came  to  him  when  fourteen 
years  old.  The  boy  kept  the  appointment,  and 
the  lawyer  sent  him  to  West  Point  in  1843.  He 
resigned  in  1845,  returned  to  Waterbury,  Vt., 
and  became  an  inmate  of  Mr.  Dillingham’s  home, 
and  a student-at-law  in  his  office.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  of  Vermont  in  1847,  and  after  a 
year's  study  in  the  office  of  Rufus  Choate,  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  he  repaired  to  Beloit,  Wis.,  where 
he  established  himself  in  practice  as  a lawyer, 
and  after  a long  struggle  against  partial  blind- 
ness, and  attendant  expenses,  in  which  he  was 
assisted  by  Mr.  Choate,  he  became  prominent 
throughout  the  state  of  Wisconsin.  In  1855  he 
was  married  to  Caroline,  daughter  of  Paul  Dil- 
lingham. In  1858  he  removed  to  Milwaukee,  and 
at  the  opening  of  the  civil  war  he  travelled 
throughout  the  west,  making  public  addresses, 
urging  the  people  to  support  the  government  and 
to  enlist  in  the  Union  army.  He  was  a wa 
Democrat,  and  rendered  conspicuous  service  in 
his  state  and  nation  as  judge-advocate-general  of 
Wisconsin.  In  1868  he  was  employed  by  the 
government  as  one  of  the  counsel  in  the  Me 


Cardie  case,  a test  case  involving  the  legality  of 
the  reconstruction  act,  and  his  success  in  this 
suit  led  Judge  Black,  the  opposing  counsel,  to 
speak  of  him  as  ‘ ‘ the  finest  constitutional  lawyer 
in  the  United  States”;  the  prominence  he  at- 
tained resulted  in  his  election  to  the  United 
States  senate,  where  he  served  from  March  4, 
1869,  to  March  3,  1875.  During  his  term  he  was 
prominent  on  several  important  committees.  He 
was  renominated  by  a caucus,  but  defeated  in 
the  legislature,  and  returned  to  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  He  acted  as  counsel  for  William 
W.  Belknap,  secretary  of  war  under  President 
Grant,  who  was  impeached  by  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives, and  secured  his  acquittal.  He 
represented  Samuel  J.  Tilden  before  the  elec- 
toral commission  in  1877.  In  1879  he  was  again 
elected  to  the  United  States  senate.  His  most 
notable  speeches  in  the  senate  were  those: 
in  defence  of  President  Grant  against  the  attack 
of  Charles  Sumner ; on  the  Ku-Klux  act ; on 
Charles  Sumner’s  second  civil  rights  bill;  on 
President  Johnson's  amnesty  proclamation;  on 
the  bill  to  restore  Fitz  John  Porter  to  his  place 
in  the  army;  and  on  the  iron-clad  oath.  He  was 
one  of  the  few  Democrats  who,  before  the  war, 
opposed  the  fugitive  slave  law,  and  as  early  as 
1861  advocated  emancipation.  When  the  slaves 
became  free  he  insisted  upon  their  being  en- 
franchised and  protected  in  all  their  newly 
accorded  rights.  He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
Feb.  25,  1881. 

CARPENTER,  Rolla  Clinton,  civil  engineer, 
was  born  at  Orion,  Mich.,  June  26,  1852,  son  of 
Charles  Ketchum  Carpenter.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  Michigan  agricultural  college  in  1873,  and 
two  years  later  finished  a course  in  civil  engineer- 
ing at  the  University  of  Michigan.  In  1875  he  be- 
came professor  of  mathematics  and  civil  engineer- 
ing at  the  agricultural  college.  He  invented 
among  other  devices  a furnace  for  steam  boilers 
and  a level  for  draining;  both  of  which  came  into 
extensive  use.  He  is  the  author  of  “A  Text- 
Book  of  Experimental  Engineering”  (1892);  and 
was  for  some  time  editor  of  the  reports  of  the 
Michigan  engineering  society,  of  which  lie  was 
elected  secretary  in  1880. 

CARPENTER,  Stephen  Haskins,  educator, 
was  born  in  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  7,  1831.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Rochester  in 
1852,  when  he  removed  to  Madison,  Wis.,  and 
served  as  a tutor  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
He  did  excellent  service  from  1858  to  1860  as 
assistant  superintendent  of  public  instruction  for 
Wisconsin.  In  1860  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  ancient  languages  in  St.  Paul’s  college,  Pal 
myra,  Mo.  On  the  opening  of  the  civil  war  the  col- 
lege was  closed  and  he  returned  to  Wisconsin, 
where  for  a time  he  earned  his  support  as  a com- 


CARR. 


CARR. 


positor.  lie  was  city  clerk  of  Madison  from  1864 
to  1868.  Later  he  filled  the  chair  of  rhetoric  and 
English  literature  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 
and  afterwards  that  of  logic  and  English  litera- 
ture. In  1871  he  declined  the  position  of  presi- 
dent of  the  University  of  Kansas.  He  published 
many  valuable  treatises,  including : ‘ ‘ Moral 

Forces  in  Education”;  twelve  lectures  on  the 
“ Evidences  of  Christianity  ” ; “ The  Metaphysical 
Basis  of  Sciences  ” ; “ The  Philosophy  of  Evolu- 
tion”; ‘'English  of  the  Fourteenth  Century” 
(1872) ; “ An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Anglo- 
Saxon”  (1875),  and  “The  Elements  of  English 
Analysis”  (1877).  He  died  in  Geneva.  N.  Y., 
Dec.  7,  1878. 

CARPENTER,  William  Lewis,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Dunkirk,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  13,  1844,  son  of 
William  Lewis,  and  Frances  (Bristol)  Carpenter, 
and  direct  descendant  from  William  Carpenter, 
who  landed  at  Plymouth,  Mass,  from  the  ship 
Bevis  in  1638.  In  1861  he  joined  the  U.  S.  navy 
as  acting  midshipman,  serving  as  such  until  May, 
1864,  when  he  enlisted  in  the  U.  S.  artillery.  He 
was  promoted  2d  lieutenant,  9th  U.  S.  infantry, 
April  5, 1867,  and  1st  lieutenant,  Dec.  31,  1873.  In 
1873  he  was  made  naturalist  of  the  U.  S.  geograph- 
ical survey  and  in  1875  was  transferred  to  the 
U.  S.  geological  survey.  He  was  made  fellow  of 
the  American  association  for  the  advancement  of 
science  in  1877,  and  was  a member  of  the  loyal 
legion  and  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. On  Oct.  2,  1887,  he  was  promoted  captain, 
9th  U.  S.  infantry. 

CARR,  Caleb,  colonial  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  born  in  1623.  He  was  third  assistant 
under  Gov.  Cranston,  and  in  May,  1695,  was  chosen 
governor,  serving  until  his  death,  Dec.  17,  1695. 

CARR,  Dabney,  patriot,  was  born  in  Virginia, 
Oct.  26,  1743;  son  of  John  Carr.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  William  and  Mary  college  in  1762,  and 
entered  the  profession  of  the  law.  In  1773.  he 
was  elected  a member  of  the  Virginia  house  of 
burgesses,  and  was  selected  to  move  the  resolu- 
tions for  a committee  of  correspondence.  On 
July  20,  1765,  he  was  married  to  Martha,  sister  of 
Thomas  Jefferson.  He  died  at  Charlottesville, 
Va.,  May  16,  1773. 

CARR,  Dabney,  jurist,  was  born  in  Virginia, 
April  27,  1773;  son  of  Dabney  and  Martha  (Jef- 
ferson) Carr.  He  was  chancellor  of  the  Winches- 
ter district,  181 1— ’24,  and  judge  of  the  court  of 
appeals,  1824-’37.  He  died  Jan.  8,  1837. 

CARR,  Dabney  Smith,  diplomatist,  was  born 
in  Baltimore,  M<1.,  March  5,  1802,  son  of  Peter 
and  Hetty  (Smith)  Carr,  and  grandson  of  Dabney 
and  Martha  (Jefferson)  Carr.  He  was  for  a long 
time  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Republican  and 
Argus,  a leading  Democratic  daily  in  Baltimore. 
From  1826  to  1843  he  was  naval  officer  of  the  port 


of  Baltimore,  and  was  appointed  by  President 
Tyler,  in  the  latter  year,  minister  to  Constanti- 
nople, where  he  remained  until  1850.  He  died  in 
Charlottesville,  Va.,  March  24,  1854. 

CARR,  Elias,  governor  of  North  Carolina,  was 
born  in  Edgecombe  county,  N.  C.,  Feb.  25,  1839, 
son  of  Jonas  Johnston  and  Elizabeth  (Hilliard) 
Carr.  Among  his  ancestors  were  Jonas  Johnston, 
of  revolutionary  fame,  and  the  Hon.  Richard 
Hines,  a member  of  Congress.  He  attended  school 
at  the  Oaks  in  Orange  county,  and  subsequently 
completed  his  education  at  the  universities  of 
North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  He  served  in  the 
Confederate  army  during  the  civil  war,  returning 
at  its  close  to  his  private  agricultural  interests  in 
Edgecombe  county.  He  was  connected  with  the 
first  planters’  clubs,  and  was  an  active  member  in 
the  Farmers’  alliance.  In  1886  he  was  a delegate 
from  North  Carolina  to  the  national  farmers’ 
convention  at  St.  Paul,  and  in  1891  was  appointed 
commissioner  to  the  World’s  fair.  He  was  elected 
governor  of  North  Carolina  in  1892  by  over  thirty 
thousand  plurality. 

CARR,  Eugene  A.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Erie 
county,  N.  Y.,  March  20,  1830.  He  was  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1850.  In  March,  1855,  he  was 
made  1st  lieutenant  in  the  1st  cavalry,  and  in 
1858  received  his  commission  as  captain.  The  1st 
became  the  4tli  cavalry  in  1861.  During  the  civil 
war  he  was  actively  engaged  in  many  important 
operations  and  battles,  and  was  rewarded  with 
several  brevets  in  the  regular  service  “for gallant 
and  meritorious  service  ” in  the  field,  and  in  some 
notable  engagements  in  the  southwest.  He  was 
made  major  of  the  5tli  cavalry,  U.  S.  army,  in 
1862,  and  received  numerous  brevet  ranks  in  the 
volunteer  service,  being  mustered  out  of  the  vol- 
unteers in  1865  as  brevet  major-general.  In  1873 
he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  4tli  cavalry, 
being  transferred  later  to  the  5tli  cavalry,  and  in 
1879  he  was  promoted  to  be  colonel  of  the  6th 
cavalry.  He  was  actively  concerned  in  many  of 
the  Indian  wars  of  the  west,  and  proved  himself 
an  able  and  efficient  soldier.  The  commission  of 
brigadier-general  was  given  him  in  July,  1892,  and 
he  was  retired  Feb.  15,  1893.  He  was  awarded  a 
congressional  medal  of  honor  for  “having  most 
distinguished  himself  in  action  ” at  the  battle  of 
Pea  Ridge,  Arkansas.  March  7.  1862. 

CARR,  Joseph  B.,  soldier,  was  born  at  Albany. 
N.  Y.,  Aug,  16.  1828.  His  military  career  began 
in  1849,  when  he  joined  as  a private  the  Troy  Re- 
publican guards.  At  the  close  of  a year  he  was 
commissioned  as  2d  lieutenant,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  colonel  of  the  24th  regiment,  N.  Y.  S.  51., 
which  position  he  held  at  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war.  On  May  18,  1861.  he  went  to  the  front  in 
command  of  the  2d  N.  Y.  volunteers.  The  regi- 
ment arrived  at  Fort  Monroe  on  the  24th  of  that 
[576] 


CARR. 


CARRIGAIN. 


month,  and  was  the  first  to  encamp  on  the  soil 
of  Virginia.  Colonel  Carr  commanded  his  regi- 
ment at  Big  Bethel,  Newmarket  Bridge,  the 
Orchards,  Fair  Oaks  and  Glendale.  At  Malvern 

Hill  he  commanded 
the  2d  New  Jersey 
brigade.  On  Sept.  7, 
1862,  he  was  commis- 
sioned a brigadier- 
general  for  ‘ • gallant 
and  meritorious  ser- 
vices in  the  field,”  and 
he  subse q u e n 1 1 y 
served  with  conspicu- 
ous bravery  in  the 
battles  of  Bristow 
station,  2d  Bull  Run, 
Chantilly,  Fredericks- 
burg. Chancellorsville, 
Gettysburg,  Wapping 
Heights,  and  Robin- 
son’s tavern.  He  afterwards  served  in  front  of 
Petersburg  in  command  of  the  1st  division,  18th 
corps,  and  supported  General  Burnside  in  the  Mine 
fight  with  the  1st  division  of  the  18th  corps,  and 
the  3d  division  of  the  10th  corps  (colored).  On 
Oct.  1,  1864.  he  was  given  charge  of  the  James 
river  defences  with  his  headquarters  at  Wilson’s 
Landing.  On  the  20th  of  May  he  was  transferred 
to  City  Point,  and  on  the  1st  of  June  was  pro- 
moted by  the  President  brevet  major-general  “for 
gallant  and  meritorious  services  during  the  war,” 
to  rank  as  such  from  the  13th  of  March,  1865. 
He  was  mustered  out  of  the  U.  S.  service  in 
October,  1865,  and  in  1867  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Fenton,  major-general  of  the  3d  division, 
N.  Y.  S.  M.  He  commanded  the  forces  that 
quelled  the  railroad  riots  at  Albany,  West  Albany, 
and  Troy  in  1877,  and  was  complimented  by  Gov- 
ernor Robinson.  In  1887  he  was  placed  upon  the 
retired  list  of  the  state  militia,  after  a service  of 
more  than  twenty  years.  In  1879  he  was  elected 
secretary  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1881,  and  again  in  1883.  He  was  a 
prominent  candidate  before  the  Republican  state 
convention  of  1885  for  governor,  but  failing  to 
receive  the  nomination,  the  convention  nom- 
inated him  for  lieutenant-governor  by  accla- 
mation, and  he  led  his  defeated  ticket  by  fifteen 
thousand  votes.  He  died  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Feb. 
24,  1895. 

CARR,  Samuel,  soldier,  was  born  in  Virginia, 
Oct.  9.  1771;  son  of  Dabney  and  Martha  (Jeffer- 
son) Carr.  He  was  graduated  at  William  and 
Mary  college  in  1793.  He  commanded  the  cavalry 
at  Norfolk,  in  1812-T5;  was  a member  of  the 
Virginia  house  of  delegates  from  Albemarle  in 
1815,  and  later  was  elected  to  the  state  senate. 
He  died  i:i  Albemarle  county,  Va.,  July  25,  1855. 


CARRELL,  George  Aloysius,  R.  C.  bishop, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  the  old  mansion 
of  William  Penn,  June  13,  1803.  He  received 
his  preparatory  education  in  the  Philadelphia 
schools,  and  at  the  age  of  ten  years  was  sent  to 
Mount  St.  Mary's  college,  Emmittsburg.  Md. 
Three  years  later  he  entered  Georgetown  college, 
where  he  studied  four  years.  He  became  a novice 
of  the  Society  of  Jesus  at  White  March,  Mary- 
land, and  several  years  later  entered  the  tlieo 
logical  seminary  of  St.  Mary’s,  Baltimore.  He 
again  attended  Mount  St.  Mary’s  college,  where 
he  completed  his  theological  studies.  He  was  or- 
dained in  1829,  and  became  assistant  pastor  of 
St.  Augustine’s,  Philadelphia.  At  the  end  of  six 
years  he  was  appointed  pastor  of  the  Holy  Trin- 
ity, Philadelphia.  W ilmington,  Del. , was  the  scene 
of  his  labors  for  six  years,  when  he  resolved  to 
join  the  Society  of  Jesus  and  began  his  noviti- 
ate at  Florissant ; he  became  a scholastic  at  St. 
Louis,  was  soon  appointed  a professor  in  St.  Louis 
university,  pastor  of  the  college  church  of  St. 
Francis  Xavier  in  1837,  rector  of  the  St.  Louis 
university  from  1845  to  1848,  and  president  of 
Purcell  mansion  college  for  young  boys  near  Cin- 
cinnati from  1851  to  1853.  These  responsible 
positions  he  filled  with  distinction,  and  his  learn- 
ing, administrative  ability,  urbanity  and  dignity 
of  demeanor,  gained  him  the  respect  of  all  with 
whom  he  came  in  contact.  In  1853  the  see  of 
Covington  was  erected  and  Dr.  Carrell  was  made 
its  first  bishop.  In  addition  to  building  the 
cathedral  church  of  St.  Mary,  he  organized 
twenty-eight  churches,  established  a hospital  and 
an  orphan  asylum,  founded  a priory  and  convent 
of  Benedictines,  and  a convent  of  nuns  of  the 
Visitation,  as  well  as  many  parochial  schools  and 
other  institutions  of  learning.  He  died  in  Cov- 
ington. Ky.,  Sept.  25,  1868. 

CARRIGAIN,  Philip,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Concord,  N.  H.,  Feb.  20,  1772;  son  of  Philip  Car 
rigain,  an  eminent  New  York  physician.  He  was 
graduated  from  Dartmouth  college  in  1794,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  practised  law  at  Epsom, 
Chichester,  and  Concord,  N.  H.  He  gave  to  New 
Hampshire  the  name  “ granite  state,”  and  pub- 
lished a map  of  the  state  in  1816.  He  was  clerk 
of  the  senate  and  for  four  years  secretary  of  state. 
He  died  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  March  16,  1842. 

CARRINGTON,  Edward,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Charlotte  county,  Va.,  Feb.  11,  1748;  son  of 
George  and  Anne  (Mayo)  Carrington.  He  re- 
ceived an  academic  education,  and  served  during 
the  revolutionary  war,  first  as  lieutenant-colonel 
and  later  as  quartermaster-general  for  the  south- 
ern army  under  General  Greene.  He  also  served 
at  Hobkirk’s  Hill  and  at  Yorktown.  In  1785-’86  he 
was  a delegate  from  Virginia  to  the  Continental 
Congress.  He  died  at  Richmond,  Va.,  Oct.  28, 1810. 

[577] 


CARRINGTON. 


CARROLL. 


CARRINGTON,  Henry  Beebee,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Wallingford,  Conn.,  March  2,  1824;  son 
of  Miles  M.  and  Mary  (Beebee)  Carrington,  and 
grandson  of  James  Carrington,  a partner  of  Eli 
Wliitney.  He  was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1845. 
During  1846-'47  he  was  professor  of  natural 
science  and  Greek  at  the  Irving  institute, 
Tarrytown,  N.  Y.  In  1847  he  studied  at  Yale 
law  school,  and  the  following  year  removed  to 
Columbus,  Ohio,  where  lie  practised  his  profes- 
sion in  partnership  with  William  Dennison.  He 
was  an  active  anti -slavery  Whig,  and  helped  in 
organizing  the  Republican  party  in  1854.  He  was 
appointed  judge-advocate-general  by  Governor 
Chase  in  1857.  As  adjutant-general  he  placed  ten 
regiments  of  Ohio  militia  in  West  Virginia  be- 
fore volunteers  could  be  mustered ; organized  the 
first  twenty-six  Ohio  regiments.  He  was  com- 
missioned colonel  of  the  18tli  U.  S.  infantry,  May, 
1861 ; established  Camp  Thomas,  Ohio ; com- 
manded a brigade  at  Lebanon,  Ky.,  and  in  1862 
mustered  100,000  Indiana  troops.  He  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  of  volunteers  Nov.  20, 
1862,  commanded  the  district  of  Indiana,  exposed 
the  Sons  of  liberty,  raised  the  siege  of  Frankfort, 
Ky.,  and  was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  ser- 
vice in  1865.  In  1866  he  was  in  command  of  Fort 
Kearny,  Neb.,  and  was  in  charge  of  the  military 
operations  in  Colorado  during  1869.  In  1870  he 
was  retired  from  active  service  on  account  of 
wounds,  and  was  professor  of  military  science 
at  Wabash  college,  Ind.,  from  1870  to  1878,  after 
which  he  made  his  home  in  Hyde  Park,  Boston, 
Mass.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
Wabash  college  in  1873.  He  published:  “The 
Scourge  of  the  Alps”  (1847);  “Russia  Among 
the  Nations”  and  “American  Classics”  (1849); 

“ Ab-sa-ra-ka,  Land  of  Massacre  ” (1868) ; “ Bat- 
tles of  the  American  Revolution,  1775-'81  ” (1876); 
"Crisis  Thoughts”  (1878);  “Battle  Maps  and 
Charts  of  the  American  Revolution”  (1881); 

“ The  Indian  Question  ” (1884) ; “ Battles  of  the 
Bible  ” and  “ Boston  and  New  York,  1775  and 
1776  ” (1885). 

CARRINGTON,  Paul,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Virginia,  March  16,  1733;  son  of  George  and  Anne 
(Mayo)  Carrington,  and  grandson  of  Dr.  Paul 
and  Henningham  (Codrington)  Carrington. 
About  1748  he  went  to  the  part  of  Lunenburg 
which  afterwards  became  Charlotte  county,  Va., 
and  studied  law  under  Col.  Clement  Read.  He 
began  to  practice  in  1754,  and  was  licensed  in 
1755.  He  was  married,  Oct.  1.  1755,  to  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Col.  Clement  Read,  and  in  1756  he 
was  appointed  king's  attorney  of  Bedford  county. 
He  was  made  major  of  militia  in  1761,  and  colonel 
in  1764.  He  represented  Charlotte  county  in 
the  house  of  burgesses  from  its  formation  in 
March,  1765,  until  1775.  In  1772  he  became 

[5' 


county  lieutenant  and  px-esiding  justice  of  Char- 
lotte county,  and  in  the  same  year  was  clerk  of 
Halifax  county.  He  was  a member  of  all  the 
conventions  from  1774  to  1776,  and  was  chairman 
of  the  Charlotte  county  committee  which  en- 
dorsed the  resolutions  of  the  late  Continental 
Congress.  He  was  also  a member  of  the  first  and 
second  state  committees  of  safety,  1775-'76.  On 
Jan.  23,  1778,  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  first 
general  court,  and  filled  the  office  until  1807.  He 
died  at  Charlotte  county,  Va.,  Jan.  23,  1818. 

CARRINGTON,  Paul,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Charlotte  county,  Va.,  Sept.  20,  1764;  youngest 
child  of  Paxxl  and  Margaret  (Read)  Carrington. 
He  served  in  the  army  of  the  revolution,  being 
present  at  the  battles  of  Guilford  and  Green - 
spring.  His  two  brothers,  Geoi'ge  and  Clement, 
also  fought  in  the  war  of  the  revolution.  He 
was  graduated  at  William  and  Mary  college  in 
1783,  and  practised  law.  He  was  elected  a mem- 
ber of  the  house  of  delegates  of  Vii-ginia,  and  sub- 
sequently becanxe  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals. 
He  died  in  Charlotte  county,  Va.,  Jan.  8,  1816. 

CARROLL,  Anna  Ella,  military  genius,  was. 
born  in  Somerset  county,  Maryland,  Aug.  29, 
1815;  daughter  of  Thomas  King  Cai-roll,  gov- 
ernor of  Maryland.  When  but  three  years  of 
age  she  would  listen  with  great  gravity  to  read- 
ings from  Shakespeare.  Alison's  History  and 
Kant’s  Philosophy  were  her  favorites  at  eleven, 
and  Coke  and  Blackstone  at  thii-teen.  Her  lit- 
erary cai'eer  began  early  iix  life,  when  she  con- 
tributed political  articles  to  the  daily  press.  In 

1857  she  published  “ The  Great  American  Battle, 
or  Political  Romanism,”  and  in  1858  “ The  Star 
of  the  West,”  a work  describing  the  exploration 
and  development  of  our  western  territories.  In 

1858  she  rendered  valuable  assistance  in  electing 
Thomas  H.  Hicks  governor,  and  her  influence 
held  Maryland  loyal  to  the  Union.  She  freed  her 
own  slaves  and  devoted  tongue  and  pen  to  up- 
holding the  Union.  In  July,  1861,  when  Senator 
Breckinridge  made  his  speech  in  favor  of  seces 
sion.  Miss  Carroll  issued  a pamphlet  in  which  she 
refuted  each  of  his  arguments,  and  a large  edi- 
tion was  published  and  circulated  by  the  war 
department.  Her  ability  was  now  recognized, 
and  she  was  requested  by  the  government  to 
write  on  topics  bearing  on  the  war.  She  pub- 
lished in  1861  “ The  War  Powers  of  the  Govern- 
ment,” and  for  her  next  pamphlet,"  The  Relation 
of  the  National  Government  to  the  Revolted  Citi- 
zens Defined,”  Pi-esident  Lincoln  furnishing 
the  theme.  In  the  fall  of  1861  Mr.  Lincoln  and 
his  military  advisers  had  planned  a campaign  to 
extend  operations  into  the  southwest,  opening 
the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth  by  means  of  a fleet 
of  gunboats  descending  the  river.  Miss  Carroll, 
at  the  suggestion  of  governmeixt  authorities. 

7S] 


CARROLL. 


CARROLL. 


personally  investigated  the  scene  of  the  proposed 
operations,  and  made  a study  of  the  topography 
of  the  country,  and  reported  that  the  unfortified 
Tennessee  river  and  not  the  Mississippi  was  the 
true  key  to  the  situation.  Her  letters,  explana- 
tory maps,  and  invaluable  geographical  and  topo- 
graphical information  resulted  in  her  plan  being 
adopted,  and  the  land  and  naval  forces  were 
massed  on  the  Tennessee.  Fort  Henry,  Fort  Don- 
elson,  Columbus,  Bowling  Green,  Pittsburg  Land- 
ing and  Corinth,  one  after  another,  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Federals;  Missouri  was  saved,  and 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee  brought  back  into  the 
Union.  She  also  suggested  the  final  plans 
adopted  by  the  war  department  which  resulted 
in  the  capture  of  Island  No.  10,  and  the  siege 
and  capture  of  Vicksburg  which  opened  the  way 
to  the  gulf.  It  was  deemed  wise  at  the  time  to 
keep  secret  the  fact  that  this  campaign  had  been 
conceived  by  a civilian  and  a woman.  Mr.  Lin- 
coln's death  prevented  his  acknowledgment  of 
the  credit,  and  though  Miss  Carroll  had  ample 
documentary  proof  of  the  validity  of  her  claim, 
which  was  acknowledged  by  several  congres- 
sional military  committees  to  be  “ incontroverti- 
ble,” no  further  action  was  taken  in  the  matter, 
and  Miss  Carroll  was  dependent  for  support  in 
her  declining  years  upon  her  sister,  a clerk  in 
the  treasury  department  at  Washington.  See 
“ A Military  Genius : Life  of  Anna  Ella  Carroll, 
the  Great  Unrecognized  Member  of  Lincoln’s 
Cabinet,”  by  Sarah  Ellen  Blackwell  (1891).  She 
died  Feb.  17,  1894. 

CARROLL,  Charles,  of  Carrollton,  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  was  born  at 
Annapolis,  Md.,  Sept.  19,  1737;  son  of  Charles  and 
Elizabeth  (Brooke)  Carroll.  His  grandfather, 
Charles  Carroll,  was  of  a good  Irish  family,  and 
immigrated  to  Maryland  in  the  year  preceding 
the  revolution  in  England,  which  terminated  in 
the  dethronement  of  James  II.  When  about 
eleven  years  old  he  was  sent  by  his  father  to  the 
college  of  St.  Omer  in  France,  where  he  remained 
until  1753.  He  then  spent  a year  in  a college  at 
Rheims,  going  thence  to  Paris,  where  he  studied! 
at  the  College  of  Louis  le  Grand.  All  these  col- 
leges were  taught  by  Jesuits.  In  1758  he  went 
to  England  and  studied  law  in  the  Inner  Temple 
for  a few  years,  returning  to  America  in  1765. 
At  the  brea,kingout  of  the  revolutionary  troubles 
betook  a decided  stand  in  support  of  the  rights  of 
the  colonists.  In  1774  he  was  made  a member  of 
the  committee  of  correspondence,  and  in  the 
following  year  was  appointed  one  of  the  commit- 
tee of  safety  established  by  the  legislature.  He 
also  served  in  the  convention  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  the  state.  In  1776,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Ben  jamin  Franklin,  Samuel  Chase,  and 
his  cousin,  the  Rev,  John  Carroll,  afterwards 


archbishop  of  Baltimore,  he  was  sent  to  Canada 
to  persuade  the  inhabitants  of  that  section  of 
America  to  unite  with  the  provinces  which  had 
thrown  off  their  allegiance  to  England.  On  his 
return  he  took  his  seat  in  the  convention  of  Mary- 
land. Finding  that  the  convention  had  in- 
structed their  delegates  in  Congress  not  to  vote 
for  independence,  Mr.  Carroll  exerted  all  his 
influence  to  change  their  decision,  which  they 
did,  and  they  elected  him  a member  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  on  July  4,  1776.  Two  days  later 
the  state  of  Maryland  was  declared  free  and  in- 
dependent. Mr.  Carroll  took  his  seat  in  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  on  July  18,  1776,  and,  on  August 
2,  he  affixed  his  signature  to  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  His  term  in  Congress  ended  on 
Nov.  10,  1776,  and  in  the  following  month  he 
became  a member  of  the  first  senate  convened  in 
his  native  state.  In  1777  he  again  served  in 
Congress,  and  in  1788  was  chosen  the  first  U.  S. 
senator  from  Maryland,  under  the  constitution, 
taking  his  seat  in  New  York.  April  30,  1789.  His 
short  term  expired  March  3,  1791,  and  he  was 
re-elected,  and  resigned  in  1793,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Richard  Potts.  He  returned  to  Mary- 
land, where  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate, 
and  remained  in  that  body  ten  years.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  directors  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  railroad  company,  of  which  he  laid  the 
foundation-stone  July  4,  1828.  He  was  married 
in  June,  1768,  to  Mary,  daughter  of  Col.  Henry 
Darnall,  by  whom  he  had  one  son,  Charles  Car- 
roll,  and  two  daughters,  Mrs.  Harper  and  Mrs. 
Caton.  He  was  the  last  surviving  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  died  in  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  Nov.  14,  1832. 

CARROLL,  Daniel , patriot,  was  born  in  Prince 
George's  county,  Md.,  in  1756.  He  acquired  a 
classical  education,  and  engaged  in  agricultural 
pursuits  on  his  estate,  which  afterwards  became 
a part  of  the  city  of  Washington,  D.  C.  From 
1780  to  1784  lie  was  a delegate  from  Maryland 
to  the  Continental  Congress.  He  was  also  a dele- 
gate to  the  convention  that  framed  the  Federal 
constitution.  In  1788  he  was  elected  a represen- 
tative from  Maryland  to  the  1st  U.  S.  Congress, 
and  served  from  March  4,  1789,  to  March  3,  1791. 
He  was  active  in  securing  the  establishment  of  a 
seat  of  government,  and  in  1791  was  appointed  by 
President  Washington  a commissioner  to  locate 
the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  capital  city. 
He  died  at  “ Duddington,”  his  mansion  house, 
near  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  1829. 

CARROLL,  John,  R.  C.  archbishop,  was  born 
at  Upper  Marlboro,  Prince  George’s  county, 
Maryland.  Jan.  8,  1735;  son  of  Daniel  and  Eleanor 
(Darnall)  Carroll.  His  father  and  grandfather 
came  from  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  James  II.  and 
settled  in  Maryland.  His  education  was  begun 


CARROLL. 


CARROLL. 


at  a grammar  school  established  at  Bohemia, 
where  he  had  as  classmates,  his  cousin  Charles 
Carroll  of  Carrollton,  and  his  relative,  Robert 
Brent,  and  finished  at  the  Jesuit  college  of 

St.  Omer  in  French 
Flanders,  where  he 
remained  six  years. 

In  1753  he  began  his 
novitiate  in  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus,  and 
in  1755  entered  the 
theological  seminary 
at  Lifege.  In  1759 
he  was  ordained  to 
the  priesthood,  and 
renounced  his  share 
of  the  family  prop- 
erty in  favor  of  his 
brothers  and  sisters. 
For  some  time  he 
was  employed  as 
a professor  at  St. 
Omer  and  at  Liege,  and  in  1771  was  re- 
ceived as  a professed  father  in  the  society  of 
Jesus.  For  two  years  he  was  employed  as  a 
tutor,  and  in  1773  was  appointed  prefect  at 
Bruges,  where  the  Jesuit  fathers,  driven  from  St. 
Omer  by  the  parliament  of  Paris,  had  removed 
their  college.  In  1773  the  Society  of  Jesus  was 
suppressed  by  the  brief  of  Pope  Clement  XIV., 
and  Father  Carroll  retired  to  England,  where  he 
held  the  post  of  chaplain  to  the  Earl  of  Arundel 
at  Wardour  castle.  In  1774  he  returned  to  Mary- 
land and  devoted  himself  to  missionary  duty  in 
that  state  and  in  Virginia.  In  1776  he  accom- 
panied Benjamin  Franklin,  Samuel  Chase,  and 
Charles  Carroll  to  Montreal  in  order  that  he 
might  endeavor  to  obtain  the  support  of  the 
Canadian  clergy  to  the  patriot  cause.  The  mis- 
sion proved  fruitless  and,  Dr.  Franklin  falling 
ill,  Father  Carroll  devoted  himself  to  caring  for 
him,  and  thus  formed  a friendship  which  was 
cherished  through  life.  He  continued  his  mis- 
sionary work  during  the  revolutionary  war,  and 
did  good  service  to  the  cause  of  the  colonists  by 
means  of  his  correspondence  with  friends  in 
Europe  regarding  the  events  of  the  war.  In  1 784 
he  was  appointed  by  the  state  of  Maryland  one  of 
the  commissioners  to  establish  St.  John’s  college 
at  Annapolis,  which  institution  was  opened  in 
1789,  and  which  afterwards  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  LL.I).  He  was  appointed  superior 
of  the  clergy  of  the  United  States  in  1784,  and 
made  his  first  visitation  in  1785,  which  included 
Maryland,  Pennsylvania,  the  Jerseys,  and  New 
York,  and  for  five  years  promoted  in  that 
capacity  the  growth  and  welfare  of  the  Ameri- 
can church.  On  Nov.  6.  1789,  the  holy  see  issued 
a papal  bull  appointing  Father  Carroll  the  first 

1580] 


bishop  of  the  United  States,  and  selected  the 
city  of  Baltimore  as  his  episcopal  see.  He  re- 
ceived consecration  in  the  summer  of  1790  at  the 
hands  of  Bishop  Walmesley,  vicar-apostolic  of 
London,  in  the  chapel  of  Lulworth  castle,  Eng- 
land. Returning  to  the  United  States,  he  reached 
Baltimore,  Dec.  7,  1790.  He  had  established  the 
college  at  Georgetown  in  1788,  the  buildings 
were  erected  in  1789,  the  first  classes  held  in 
1791,  and  in  1815  it  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a 
university.  In  1790  the  first  Carmelite  convent 
was  established  in  Charles  county,  Md.,  and  the 
Visitation  nuns  founded  their  first  house  at 
Georgetown.  The  rigors  of  the  French  revolution 
drove  from  France  to  America  numbers  of  her 
clergy,  and  Bishop  Carroll’s  diocese  was  enriched 
by  a colony  of  Sulpitians  and  one  of  the  Domini- 
can priests.  The  Society  of  Jesus  was  restored 
by  him,  and  the  Jesuits  were  placed  in  charge  of 
Georgetown  college  and  of  their  former  missions 
in  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  On  Feb.  22. 
1800,  Bishop  Carroll,  at  the  unanimous  request  of 
Congress  and  the  Protestant  clergy,  delivered 
the  panegyric  on  Washington  in  the  national 
capitol.  In  1803  he  visited  Boston  and  conse- 
crated the  Church  of  the  Holy  Cross,  the  first 
R.  C.  church  erected  in  that  city,  and  in  1806  he 
laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  cathedral  at  Balti- 
more. In  1809  he  encouraged  Elizabeth  Ann 
Seton,  who  had  established  a school  for  girls  in 
Baltimore,  to  found  at  Emmittsburg,  Md.,  in 
1809,  a community  called  “ Sisters  of  St.  Joseph,” 
which  in  1811  adopted  the  rules  and  constitu- 
tion of  the  order  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  with 
some  modifications,  the  community  becoming 
the  religious  order  known  as  the  Sisters  of 
Charity.  Pope  Pius  VII.  erected  Baltimore  into 
an  archiepiscopal  see  April  8,  1808,  and  estab- 
lished four  suffragan  sees, — Boston,  New  York. 
Philadelphia,  and  Bardstown,  Ky.  Owing  to 
the  imprisonment  and  death  of  Bishop  Concan- 
non,  who  had  been  consecrated  bishop  of  New 
York  in  Rome,  the  pallium  of  the  archbishop  and 
the  bull  conferring  his  office,  which  had  been 
placed  in  his  keeping  to  convey  to  the  United 
States,  did  not  arrive  until  1810.  when  the  new 
archbishop  in  the  cathedral  at  Baltimore  conse 
crated  Bishops  Egan,  Flaget  and  Clieveras.  The 
learned  prelate  wrote  and  published  many  contro- 
versial pamphlets  and  addresses,  the  chief  of 
which  are : “ An  Address  to  the  Roman  Catholics 
of  the  United  States  of  America  “ A Concise 
view  of  the  Principal  Points  of  Controversy  be- 
tween the  Protestant  and  Roman  Churches  ” ; “ A 
Review  of  the  Important  Controversy  between 
Dr.  Carroll  and  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Wharton  and 
Hawkins,”  and  “ A Discourse  on  General 
Washington.”  Archbishop  Carroll  died  in 
Georgetown,  D.  C.,  Dec.  3. 1815. 


CARROLL. 


CARSE. 


CARROLL,  John  Lee,  governor  of  Maryland, 
was  born  at  Homewood,  near  Baltimore,  Md.,  in 
1830;  grandson  of  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton. 
He  was  educated  at  Georgetown  (D.  C.)  univer- 
sity, at  Mount  St.  Mary’s  college,  Emmittsburg, 
Md.,  and  at  Harvard  law  school.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1851,  and  from  1859  to  1862 
practised  in  New  York  city,  meanwhile  serving 
as  U.  S.  commissioner.  In  1862  lie  returned  to 
his  native  place,  and  in  1867  was  elected  a mem- 
ber of  the  state  senate,  and  was  again  elected  in 
1871.  He  served  as  governor  of  Maryland  from 
1876  to  1880. 

CARROLL,  Samuel  Sprigg,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Sept.  <21,  1832.  He  was 
graduated  at  West  Point  in  1856,  and  served  on 
frontier  duty,  on  the  Utah  expedition  and  as 
quartermaster  at  the  military  academy  until 
November,  1861,  when  he  was  promoted  captain 
of  the  10th  infantry.  In  December  of  that  year 
he  was  promoted  oolonel  and  transferred  to  the 
8tli  Ohio  volunteers.  He  commanded  a brigade 
in  the  operations  in  central  Virginia  from  May 
to  August,  1862;  was  engaged  in  the  northern 
Virginia  campaign,  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  moun- 
tain, and  was  wounded  in  a skirmish  on  the 
Rapidan,  Aug.  14,  1862.  He  commanded  a brigade 
at  Fredericksburg,  Chancellorsville  and  Gettys- 
burg, receiving  for  his  services  at  Chancellors- 
ville the  brevet  rank  of  major.  May  3,  1863.  In 
July,  1863,  he  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel 
for  Gettysburg.  In  May,  1864,  he  was  engaged 
in  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  receiving  for  his 
gallantry  the  brevet  rank  of  colonel.  He  was 
twice  wounded  at  the  battles  of  Spottsylvania 
in  51  ay,  1864.  On  May  12,  1864,  he  was  promoted 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  on  March  13, 
1865,  was  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers 
for  gallantry  during  the  rebellion,  and  brigadier- 
general,  U.  S.  A.,  for  his  services  at  Spottsylvania. 
He  was  mustered  out  as  a volunteer,  Jan.  15,  1866, 
and  from  June,  1866,  to  April  1,  1867,  was  on  re- 
cruiting service.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
colonel,  21st  infantry,  Jan.  22,  1867.  He  was 
retired  as  major-general,  June  9,  1869,  “for  dis- 
ability from  wounds  received  in  battle.”  He 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Jan.  28,  1893. 

CARROLL,  William,  soldier,  was  born  in  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  in  1788.  He  removed  to  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  in  1810,  and  in  1813  was  appointed  captain 
and  brigade  inspector  in  Jackson’s  division.  He 
fought  gallantly  at  the  battles  of  Enotochopco 
and  Horseshoe  Bend,  being  severely  wounded  in 
the  latter  engagement,  March  27, 1814.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1814,  he  was  appointed  major-general  of  Ten- 
nessee militia,  of  which  state  he  was  elected 
governor  in  1820.  He  remained  in  office  until 
1827,  and  was  again  elected  in  1828,  serving  until 
1835.  He  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  March  22,  1844. 


CARRUTH,  James  Harrison,  botanist,  was 
born  at  Phillipston,  Mass.,  Feb.  10,  1807.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1832,  attended  the  Auburn 
theological  seminary  in  1837,  and  in  1838  was 
graduated  at  Yale  theological  seminary.  After 
preaching  for  four  years  he  removed  to  Kansas, 
and  in  1863  accepted  a call  to  the  chair  of  natural 
sciences  at  Baker  university,  Baldwin,  Kan., 
where  he  remained  until  1866.  He  again  preached 
in  various  parishes  until  1873,  when  he  was  made 
state  botanist  of  the  Kansas  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences,  to  which  he  contributed,  during 
1879  and  1880,  “ Reports  on  the  Progress  of  Bo- 
tanical Discovery  in  Kansas.” 

CARRUTHERS,  William  A.,  author,  was  born 
in  Virginia  about  1800.  He  acquired  his  educa- 
tion in  the  schools  of  his  native  state,  and  at- 
tended Washington  college  for  a time.  Later  he 
practised  medicine  in  Virginia,  and  in  Savannah, 
Ga.  He  contributed  numerous  articles  to  period- 
ical literature,  and  was  the  author  of  ‘ ‘ The  Cava- 
liers of  Virginia”  (1832);  “The  Kentuckian  in 
New  York”;  “ The  Knights  of  the  Horseshoe;  a 
Traditionary  Tale  of  the  Cocked-Hat  Gentry  in 
The  Old  Dominion  ” (1845) , and  “Life  of  Dr.  Cald- 
well.” He  died  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  about  1850. 

CARSE,  Matilda  B.,  philanthropist,  was  de- 
scended from  Scotch  ancestors  who  fled  from 
Scotland  during  the  time  of  religious  persecution 
in  the  17th  century.  In  1858  she  removed  to 
Chicago  with  her  husband,  Thomas  Carse,  a rail- 
road manager.  In  1869  they  went  abroad,  and 
Mr  . Ca  rse  died  in 
Paris,  France,  in 
June,  1870,  leaving 
Mrs.  Carse  with  three 
boys.  On  her  return 
to  Chicago  she  be- 
came prominent  in 
temperance  work, 
and  in  1878  was  elec- 
ted president  of  the 
Chicago  central  wo- 
man’s Christian  tem- 
perance union.  She 
established, under  the 
auspices  of  the  union, 
the  Bethesda  day 
nursery,  the  first  in- 
stitution of  the  kind 
in  Chicago.  Among 
the  other  results  of 
her  labor  are  kindergartens,  gospel  temperance 
meetings,  Sunday  schools,  missions,  employment 
bureau,  a reading-room,  dispensaries,  industrial 
schools,  and  mothers’  meetings,  the  annual  cost 
being  upwards  of  ten  thousand  dollars.  In  1880 
she  founded,  and  became  president  of,  the 
woman’s  temperance  publishing  association,  and 


CARSON. 


CARTER. 


in  January  they  published  the  first  number  of 
the  Signal,  a sixteen-page  weekly  paper.  In  1882 
Our  Union  was  merged  into  it.  The  publishing 
association  was  the  first  stock  company  composed 
entirely  of  women.  In  1885  she  began  to  plan 
the  woman’s  temperance  temple  at  Chicago,  the 
national  headquarters  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.,  which 
was  completed  in  1894  at  a cost  of  81,200.000. 
Mrs.  Carse  was  president  and  founder  of  the 
woman’s  dormitory  association  of  the  World’s 
Columbian  exposition,  established  for  the  purpose 
of  erecting  dormitories  for  working  women  who 
attended  the  exposition.  She  aided  in  establish- 
ing the  Chicago  foundling’s  aid  society,  and  in 
building  and  maintaining  the  home.  She  was 
president  of  the  society  from  its  foundation. 

CARSON,  Christopher,  ;‘Kit  Carson,”  soldier, 
was  born  in  Madison  county,  Ky.,  Dec.  24,  1809. 
In  early  childhood  he  was  taken  to  Missouri  by 
his  parents  who  settled  in  Howard  county,  then 
an  almost  unbroken  wilderness.  During  his  child- 
hood he  lived  out  of  doors,  becoming  an  expert 
hunter  and  fisherman,  but  acquiring  no  knowl- 
edge of  books.  In  1824  he  was  apprenticed  to  a 
saddler,  but  after  serving  two  years  he  joined  an 
exploring  expedition.  The  following  eight  years 
he  spent  in  hunting  and  trapping,  meanwhile 
acquiring  a knowledge  of  French  Spanish,  and 
about  ten  Indian  dialects.  The  depreciation  in 
the  value  of  furs  led  him  to  abandon  the  occupa- 
tion of  trapper,  and  from  1832  to  1840  he  was  en- 
gaged as  hunter  for  Fort  Bent,  a trading  post 
belonging  to  American  merchants.  While  thus 
employed  he  was  married  to  a beautiful  Indian 
girl,  who  died  shortly  after  the  birth  of  a daugh- 
ter. In  1842,  when  the  child  was  six  or  seven 
years  old,  her  father  placed  her  in  a school  at 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  while  returning  from  this 
visit  he  met  Lieut.  John  C.  Fremont,  who  had 
been  commissioned  by  the  government  to  explore 
the  country  between  the  frontiers  of  Missouri  and 
the  Rocky  mountains.  Carson  was  engaged  as 
guide  to  the  expedition,  and  proved  invaluable  on 
account  of  his  knowledge  of  the  territory  and  his 
acquaintance  with  the  Indians.  He  also  accom- 
panied Fremont  on  his  second  expedition  to  the 
west,  the  party  reaching  Fort  Lawson,  on  the 
Sacramento  river,  while  the  Mexican  war  was  in 
progress.  On  two  occasions  during  the  war,  Car- 
son  was  directed  to  carry  despatches  to  Washing- 
ton. The  first  journey,  a distance  of  four  thou- 
sand miles,  he  accomplished  in  three  months,  and 
while  he  was  in  Washington,  President  Polk  ap- 
pointed him  lieutenant  in  theU.  S.  rifle  corps.  On 
his  second  expedition  he  learned  that  the  senate 
had  refused  to  ratify  his  appointment.  About 
1853  he  was  appointed  Indian  agent  by  the  U.  S. 
government,  an  office  for  which  he  was  peculiarly 
adapted  and  in  which  he  rendered  great  service 


to  the  country.  For  his  gallant  and  efficient  ser- 
vices in  tlie  Union  army  during  the  civil  war  he 
was  made  brevet  brigadier-general  of  volunteers 
in  1865.  From  the  close  of  the  war  to  his  death 
he  was  employed  as  an  Indian  agent.  See  “ Life 
of  Kit  Carson  ” (1869),  by  Charles  Burdett.  He 
died  at  Fort  Lyon,  Col..  May  23,  1868. 

CARTER,  Franklin,  educator,  was  born  at 
Waterbury,  Conn.,  Sept.  30,  1837;  son  of  Preserve 
Wood  and  Ruth  Wells  (Holmes)  Carter.  He  was 
fitted  for  college  at  Phillips  academy,  Andover, 
Mass.,  and  entered  Yale  in  1855.  In  1857,  in  con- 
sequence of  ill-health,  he  left  college  and  after 
three  years  of  travel 
and  study  resumed 
college  work  at 
Williams  in  1860 
and  was  graduated 
in  1862.  He  went 
abroad  early  in  1863 
and  in  1865  began 
his  studies  as  pro- 
fessor of  Latin  and 
French  in  Williams 
college,  to  which 
position  he  was  elec- 
ted in  1863.  In  1872 
he  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  the  Ger- 
man language  and 
literature  in  Yale 

college  and  spent  another  year  in  study  in  Berlin, 
preparatory  to  beginning  the  duties  of  this  position. 
In  1881  he  was  elected  president  of  Williams  col- 
lege, giving  most  of  his  time  to  executive  work 
but  teaching  the  doctrines  of  natural  religion  one 
term  in  senior  year.  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Union  college  in  1881.  He  was 
elected  a trustee  of  the  Andover  theological  sem- 
inary and  of  the  Clark  school  for  the  deaf 
at  Northampton,  and  became  president  of  the 
latter  in  1896.  He  was  the  first  president  of  the 
Modern  language  association  of  America,  and  also 
of  the  Berkshire  Congregational  club.  He  was 
made  president  of  the  Massachusetts  home  mis- 
sionary society,  a member  of  the  colonial  society 
of  Massachusetts  and  of  the  American  oriental 
society,  and  a corporate  member  of  the  American 
board  of  commissioners  for  foreign  missions.  He 
was  elected  a fellow  of  the  American  academy  of 
arts  and  sciences.  In  1896  he  was  the  presidential 
elector  of  the  first  district  of  Massachusetts.  He 
is  the  author  of  contributions  to  many  journals : 
to  the  Neiv  Englander,  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  philological  society,  and  also  to  the  pub- 
lications of  the  modern  language  association.  In 
1877  he  published  an  edition  of  Goethe's  “ Iphi- 
genie.”  with  notes,  and  in  1892  a life  of  Mark 
Hopkins. 

[5S2J 


CARTER. 


CARTER. 


CARTER,  James  Coolidge,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Lancaster,  Mass.,  Oct.  14,  1827.  He  was  pre- 
pared for  college  at  Derby  academy,  Hingham, 
Mass.,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1850, 
and  at  the  Harvard  law  school  in  1853,  LL.  B., 
and  practised  law  in  New  York  city.  In  1875  he 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Tilden  a member  of 
the  commission  to  devise  a form  of  municipal 
government  for  the  cities  of  the  state  of  New 
York.  He  prepared  numerous  monographs  on 
legal  subjects,  one  of  the  best  known  being  “ The 
Attempted  Codification  of  the  Common  Law.” 
Among  his  most  noted  addresses  are  the  ‘'Prov- 
inces of  the  Written  and  Unwritten  Law,”  de- 
livered before  the  State  bar  association  of  Vir- 
ginia in  1889,  and  “The  Ideal  and  the  Actual  in 
Law,”  before  the  American  bar  association  in 
1890.  He  was  one  of  the  counsel  for  the 
United  States,  in  the  Behring  sea  controversy, 
He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Harvard, 
1885,  of  which  institution  he  was  elected  an  over- 
seer in  1892.  He  was  elected  president  of  the 
American  bar  association  in  1894,  and  a member 
of  its  executive  committee  in  1895. 

CARTER,  James  Gordon,  educator,  was  born 
at  Leominster,  Mass.,  Sept.  7,  1795.  In  1820  he 
was  graduated  from  Harvard  college,  and  for  ten 
years  was  occupied  as  a teacher  in  his  native 
town.  His  papers,  entitled.  “Essays  on  Popular 
Education  ” contributed  to  the  Boston  Patriot  in 
1823,  drew  attention  to  him  as  an  educational  re- 
former. He  was  the  first  to  advance  the  idea  of 
seminaries  for  the  instruction  of  teachers  in  his 
‘ ‘ Letters  to  William  Prescott  on  the  Free  schools 
of  New  England,  with  Remarks  on  the  Principles 
of  Instruction  ” (1823).  He  was  instrumental  in 
founding  the  American  institute  of  instruction, 
in  1830,  and  was  active  in  furthering  its  interests. 
He  was  a member  of  both  branches  of  the  state 
legislature  during  the  years  1835-’40.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  legislative  committee  on  educa- 
tion, and  in  1837  drafted  the  bill  establishing  the 
board  of  education,  of  which  he  was  appointed  the 
first  member  by  Governor  Everett.  He  pub- 
lished “ Geography  of  Massachusetts,”  a work  on 
Middlesex  and  Worcester  counties  (1830);  and 
the  “Geography  of  New  Hampshire  ” (1831). 
He  died  in  Chicago,  111.,  July  22,  1849. 

CARTER,  John  C.,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1805.  He  entered  the  naval  service  in 
1825  as  midshipman,  and  served  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean squadron  until  June  4,  1831.  He  was 
promoted  lieutenant  Feb.  9,  1837,  and  as  such 
served  throughout  the  Mexican  war.  He  was 
commissioned  commander  Sept.  14,  1855.  and  in 
1865  was  stationed  on  the  receiving  ship  Vermont 
at  San  Francisco,  Cal.  On  April  4,  1867,  he  was 
retired  with  the  rank  of  commodore,  and  died  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  24,  1870. 


CARTER,  Nathaniel  Hazletine,  author,  was 
born  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  Sept.  17,  1787.  He 
attended  Phillips  Exeter  academy,  was  graduated 
from  Dartmouth  college  in  1811,  and  was  em- 
ployed as  a teacher  at  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  and  Port- 
land. Me.  About  1818  he  removed  to  New  York 
state,  and  in  1819  assumed  the  editorship  of  the 
Albany  Register,  of  which  he  was  also  proprietor. 
The  name  of  his  periodical  was  later  changed  to 
that  of  New  York  Statesman,  and  in  1822  he  re- 
moved to  New  York  city  and  entered  into  part- 
nership with  G.  W.  Prentiss,  they  combining  their 
respective  papers  as  the  Statesman.  He  travelled 
extensively  in  Europe,  contributed  to  the  States- 
man, and  embodied  his  reminiscences  of  his  tour  in 
two  volumes,  published  in  1827.  He  withdrew 
from  the  editorship  in  1828,  and  made  a voyage 
to  Southern  France  in  the  autumn  of  1829.  He 
died  at  Marseilles,  France,  Jan.  2,  1830. 

CARTER,  Peter,  publisher,  was  born  in  Earls- 
ton,  Berwickshire,  Scotland,  July  19,  1825,  son  of 
Thomas  and  Agnes  (Ewing)  Carter.  He  was 
brought  to  the  United  States  at  the  age  of  seven, 
and  settled  in  Galway,  N.  Y.  After  attending  the 
public  schools  he  obtained  employment  in  a book- 
store. There  he  mastered  the  details  of  the  busi- 
ness, and  in  1848  was  admitted  with  his  brother 
Walter  into  partnership  with  his  older  brother, 
Robert  Carter,  who  had  established  a bookstore 
in  New  York  city  in  1834.  He  is  the  author  of 
“Crumbs  from  the  Land  o’  Cakes”  (1851)  ; 
“Scotia’s  Bards”  (1853);  “Bertie  Lee”  (1862); 
“Donald  Frazer”  ( 1867  ),  and  “Little  Effie’s 
Home”  (1869). 

CARTER,  Robert,  publisher,  was  born  at  Earl- 
ston,  Berwickshire,  Scotland,  Nov.  2,  1807,  son  of 
Thomas  and  Agnes  (Ewing)  Carter.  His  father 
was  a prosperous  weaver,  and  the  son  was  taken 
from  school  at  the  age  of  nine  and  put  at  the 
loom.  All  his  spare  time  was  employed  in  read- 
ing, and  at  an  early  age  he  acquired  an  excellent 
knowledge  of  Latin  and  Greek  under  the  tutelage 
of  a cousin.  In  1824  he  taught  a small  school 
nea*  his  home,  and  in  1825  opened  a school  at 
Earlston.  where  he  had  seventy  day  and  twenty 
evening  pupils.  In  1830  he  entered  Edinburgh  col- 
lege, where  he  remained  one  year.  In  1831  he 
came  to  the  United  States  and  was  elected  class- 
ical instructor  in  the  New  York  city  high  school. 
In  1834  he  opened  a bookstore  in  Canal  street, 
and  afterwards  began  to  publish  books,  his  first 
publishing  venture  being  “ Symington  on  the 
Atonement.”  In  1848  he  admitted  his  two  brothers, 
Walter  and  Peter,  into  partnership,  the  firm  be- 
coming Robert  Carter  & Brothers,  and  removing  to 
a new'  store  on  Broadway,  where  they  remained 
eight  years.  In  1856  they  purchased  the  building 
on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Spring  street,  and 
the  prosperity  of  the  business  steadily  increased. 


[5&3] 


CARTER. 


CARTER. 


Mr.  Carter  was  a manager  of  the  American  Bible 
society ; a member  of  the  board  of  directors  of 
Princeton  seminary ; for  fifty  years  a member  of 
the  board  of  foreign  missions ; an  earnest  temper- 
ance worker,  and  a prominent  abolitionist.  In 
later  years  much  of  his  time  was  spent  in  foreign 
travel.  See  “ Robert  Carter : His  Life  and  Work  ” 
(1891).  He  died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  28,  1889. 

CARTER,  Robert,  editor,  was  born  in  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  Feb.  5,  1819,  of  Irish  parentage.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Jesuit  college  of  Chambly  in 
Canada.  In  his  sixteenth  year  his  guardian,  who 
was  librarian  of  the  New  York  state  library,  made 
him  his  assistant.  In  1841  he  removed  to  Boston 
to  undertake  some  literary  work  in  the  interest  of 
the  Swedenborgians,  whose  faith  he  had  adopted, 
and  two  years  later  he  joined  James  Russell 
Lowell  in  editing  the  Pioneer,  which  was  short- 
lived. Mr.  Carter  then  found  employment  with 
book  publishers  as  editor  and  literary  adviser. 
He  also  held  small  government  positions,  and  in 
1847  became  secretary  to  William  H.  Prescott,  the 
historian,  with  whom  he  worked  for  more  than  a 
year,  in  the  meantime  gathering  material  for  his 
sketch  on  the  character  and  literary  habits  of 
Prescott.  In  1848  he  became  active  in  the  Free 
Soil  party,  and  in  1850  wrote  for  the  Boston  Atlas 
a series  of  articles  in  reply  to  Prof.  Francis 
Bowen,  who  attacked  the  Hungarian  revolu- 
tionists in  the  North  American  Review.  He  then 
became  an  editorial  writer  on  the  staff  of  the 
Boston  Daily  Commonwealth,  and  later  sole  editor. 
In  1854,  as  secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  state 
committee  of  the  Free  Soil  party,  he  personally 
called  the  Worcester  convention  of  July  20,  which 
founded  the  Republican  party,  by  adopting  that 
name  chosen  by  him,  and  approving  a platform 
which  he  had  prepared.  In  1855  he  became  an 
editor  of  the  Telegraph,  and  in  1856  was  made 
editor  of  the  Daily  Atlas.  In  1857  the  Telegraph 
and  Atlas  were  united  with  the  Traveller.  After 
the  failure  of  the  Traveller  he  removed  to  Wash- 
ington, where  he  was  special  correspondent  to  the 
New  York  Tribune  until  1859.  He  then  became 
connected  with  Charles  A.  Dana  and  George  Rip- 
ley in  editing  the  “ New  American  Cyclopaedia.  ” 
From  1864  to  1869  he  was  editor  of  the  Rochester 
(N.  Y.)  Democrat,  and  in  the  latter  year  became 
editor  of  Appleton  's  Journal.  In  1873  he  resigned 
this  position  to  become  an  associate  editor  of 
“The  American  Cyclopaedia.”  His  published 
writings  include  “The  Hungarian  Controversy” 
(1852),  and  “ A Summer  Cruise  on  the  Atlantic 
Coast  of  New  England”  (1858;  new  ed.  1888). 
He  died  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  15,  1879. 

CARTER,  Russel  Kelso,  educator,  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.  19,  1849.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Pennsylvania  military  academy,  graduat- 
ing in  1867.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  instructor ; 


in  1872,  professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  sci- 
ences ; and  in  1881,  professor  of  civil  engineering 
and  higher  mathematics  in  that  institution.  He 
was  connected  with  the  “Holiness”  schism  of  the 
Methodist  church.  He  contributed  to  the  Micro- 
cosm (N.  Y.),  and  in  1886  began  at  Chester,  Pa., 
the  publication  of  The  Kingdom.  He  published: 
“Miracles  of  Healing”  (1880);  “Pastor  Bluin- 
hardt”  (1882),  and  several  pamphlets  on  Faith 
cure. 

CARTER,  Samuel  Powhatan,  naval  officer, 
was  born  in  Carter  county,  Tenn.,  Aug.  6,  1819. 
He  attended  Washington  college,  Tenn.,  studied 
at  Princeton,  and  was  appointed  a midshipman 
in  the  U.  S.  navy  in  1840.  In  1846  he  was  on 
duty  at  the  naval  school  in  Philadelphia,  when 
he  was  promoted  passed  midshipman.  He  served 
in  the  Mexican  war,  participating  in  the  taking 
of  Vera  Cruz.  During  1847-’48  he  was  attached 
to  the  U.  S.  naval  observatory  in  Washington; 
1851-’53  was  assistant  instructor  at  the  U.  S. 
naval  academy;  was  promoted  master  in  1854, 
and  lieutenant  in  1855.  During  1855-'57  he  was 
attached  to  the  San  Jacinto  of  the  Asiatic  squad- 
ron, and  participated  in  the  taking  of  the  Barrier 
forts  in  the  Canton  river.  He  was  assistant  in- 
structor in  seamanship  at  the  naval  academy 
from  1858  to  1860,  and  on  July  11,  1861,  was 
ordered  on  special  service  with  the  army  in  east 
Tennessee.  He  was  commissioned  acting  briga- 
dier-general Sept.  16,  1861,  and  brigadier -general 
May  1,  1862;  was  provost-marshal  of  east  Tennes- 
see during  1863-'64;  was  brevetted  major-general 
of  United  States  volunteers  March  13,  1865 ; was 
mustered  out  January,  1866.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  his  gallantry  in  the  engagements  at 
Wildcat.  Ky.,  October,  1861,  Mill  Spring,  1862,  and 
in  the  capture  of  Cumberland  Gap.  He  com- 
manded the  left  wing  of  the  army  at  Kinston, 
N.  C.,  March  10,  1865,  and  defeated  the  Confed- 
erates at  Goldsboro.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
returned  to  naval  duty,  was  promoted  com- 
mander June  25,  1865;  during  1869-"72  was  com- 
mandant at  the  U.  S.  naval  academy;  was 
promoted  captain,  1870 ; was  a member  of  the 
lighthouse  board,  1867-’80;  was  promoted  com- 
modore Nov.  13,  1878;  was  retired  Aug.  6,  1881, 
and  promoted  rear-admiral  on  the  retired  list 
May  16,  1882.  He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C., 
May  26,  1891. 

CARTER,  Thomas  Henry,  senator,  was  born 
at  Junior  Furnace.  Scioto  county,  Ohio,  Oct.  30, 
1854;  son  of  Edward  and  Margaret  Carter,  who 
were  born  in  Ireland,  and  first  settled  in  the 
state  of  Maryland,  moving  to  Ohio  about  1849. 
The  family  removed  from  Ohio  to  Illinois  in  1865. 
The  son  attended  the  public  schools  for  a brief 
time  and  then  engaged  in  railroading,  farming 
and  school-teaching.  In  1875  he  removed  to 


CARTWRIGHT. 


CARUTHERS. 


Burlington,  Iowa,  and  later  to  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky. In  1882  lie  settled  in  Helena,  Montana, 
where  he  practised  law  until  1888,  when  he  was 
elected  territorial  delegate  to  the  51st  Congress. 
In  1889,  the  territory  having  been  admitted  as  a 
state,  he  was  elected  its  first  congressional  repre- 
sentative. He  was  chairman  of  the  committee 
on  mines  and  mining  in  the  51st  Congress,  and  in 
March,  1891,  was  appointed  by  President  Harri- 
son commissioner  of  the  general  land  office.  On 
July  16,  1891,  he  was  elected  chairman  of  the  na- 
tional Republican  committee,  and  as  such  con- 
ducted the  presidential  campaign  of  1892.  In 
January,  1895,  he  was  elected  United  States  sen- 
ator from  Montana  for  the  term  ending  March  3, 
1901. 

CARTTER,  David  Kellogg,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  June  22,  1812.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  and  practised  first  at  Massillon, 
Ohio.  He  was  twice  elected  to  the  state  legisla- 
ture, and  in  1848  was  elected  a representative  to 
the  31st  Congress  as  a Democrat.  He  removed 
to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  the  late  fifties,  and  was 
active  in  the  presidential  canvass  of  1860  as  a 
Republican.  During  1861  and  1862  he  served  as 
United  States  minister  to  Bolivia.  In  1863  he 
was  made  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
District  of  Columbia.  He  died  in  Washington, 
D.  C.,  April  16,  1887. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Peter,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Amherst  county,  Va.,  Sept.  1,  1785.  About 
1790  his  father,  who  was  a soldier  in  the  revolu- 
tionary army,  moved  to  Logan  county,  Ky.,  then 
a wild  and  unsettled  region.  He  received  a 
meagre  education,  was  converted  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  and  became 
a local  preacher.  In 
1803  he  became  a regu- 
lar preacher,  and  was 
ordained  an  elder  in 
1806  by  Bishop  Asbury. 
In  1823  he  moved  to 
Illinois,  where  he  set- 
tled in  S a n g a m o n 
county,  being  twice 
elected  to  represent 
that  district  in  the 
state  legislature.  He 
was  a delegate  at  all 
the  conferences  for 
many  years.  He  was  a Democrat  in  politics  and 
opposed  slavery.  In  1846  he  was  a Democratic 
candidate  for  representative  in  Congress,  but 
was  defeated  by  Abraham  Lincoln.  He  was  for 
fifty  years  a presiding  elder  of  the  Methodist 
chuitdi,  his  quaint  and  forcible  style  of  preach 
ing  was  suited  to  the  times  and  to  the  people 
among  whom  he  labored,  and  he  was  both  feared 
and  beloved.  He  published  several  pamph- 


lets, of  which  his  “ Controversy  with  the 
Devil”  (1853),  and  an  “Autobiography  of  Rev. 
Peter  Cartwright  ” were  the  most  notable.  He 
died  near  Pleasant  Plains,  Sangamon  county, 
111.,  Sept.  25,  1872. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Samuel  Adolphus,  physician, 
was  born  in  Fairfax  county,  Va.,  Nov.  30,  1793. 
He  pursued  his  medical  studies  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  practised  his  profession  at 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  and  at  Natchez,  Miss.  In  1848 
he  removed  to  New  Orleans.  He  made  a special 
study  of  epidemic  diseases,  and  in  1862  he  con- 
tracted an  illness,  which  proved  fatal,  while 
improving  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the  Con- 
federate soldiers  at  Port  Hudson  and  Vicksburg. 
He  died  in  Jackson,  Miss.,  May  2,  1863. 

CARUTHERS,  Robert  L.,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Smith  county,  Tenn.,  in  1800.  He  was  left  an 
orphan  at  an  early  age,  and  worked  hard  to  ac- 
quire the  means  for  an  education.  He  attended 
Greenville  college,  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
Judge  Samuel  Powell,  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1823,  and  in  September  of  the  same  year  was 
elected  clerk  of  the  house  of  representatives  of 
the  general  assembly  of  Tennessee.  At  the  close 
of  his  term  he  practised  his  profession  in  Leb- 
anon, Wilson  county.  In  1827  he  was  elected 
attorney-general  for  his  circuit,  serving  until 
1832,  when  he  resigned.  In  1835  he  was  the 
representative  from  Wilson  county  in  the  first 
general  assembly  held  after  the  adoption  of  the 
new  constitution.  He  served  with  distinction 
on  the  judiciary  committee,  and  after  the  ad- 
journment of  the  legislature  made  a compilation 
of  the  statutes  of  the  state.  In  1840  he  was 
elected  as  a representative  to  the  27th  Congress, 
succeeding  John  Bell.  In  1852  he  was  appointed 
supreme  judge  to  succeed  Matthew  Greene  on 
his  resignation.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  office 
by  the  legislature  in  1853,  and,  on  the  adoption  of 
the  constitutional  amendment,  providing  for 
election  by  the  people,  he  was  elected  by  them 
in  1854.  In  1861  he  was  a delegate  to  the  peace 
commission,  and  later  served  as  a member  of  the 
provisional  congress  of  the  Confederate  states. 
In  1863  he  was  elected  governor,  but  the  occupa- 
tion of  the  state  by  the  Federal  forces  prevented 
his  induction  into  office.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
he  formed  a law  partnership  with  Judge  Wil- 
liam F.  Cooper  at  Nashville.  A few  years  later 
he  retired  from  practice,  and  became  professor  of 
law  in  Cumberland  university,  of  whose  board  of 
trustees  he  had  been  president  since  1842,  which 
position  he  held  until  his  death,  Oct.  2,  1892. 

CARVER,  John,  first  governor  of  Plymouth, 
Mass.,  was  born  in  England  about  1590.  He  was 
a brother-in-law  of  Rev.  John  Robinson  and  a 
member  of  his  church  at  Scrooby,  Nottingham- 
shire. With  the  rest  of  the  congregation  he 

[585] 


CARVER. 


CARVER. 


accompanied  his  pastor  to  Holland,  and  settled  in 
Leyden  in  1609.  There  he  became  a deacon  of 
the  church  and  a man  of  influence,  and  was 
among  those  who  urged  the  departure  of  the 
colony  from  Leyden,  “ lest  their  young  men 
should  enlist  in  foreign  service,  and  the  little 
community  be  lost  in  a foreign  nation,  its  Eng- 


lish speech  being  forgotten  and  its  religious  faith 
disturbed.”  In  1617  he  was  sent  to  England  with 
Robert  Cushman,  to  secure  from  the  Virginia 
company  the  right  to  settle  in  its  territory,  and 
from  the  king  security  for  religious  freedom, 
should  they  go  to  Virginia.  These  agents  were 
also  empowered  to  secure  transportation,  and 
hired  the  Mayflower  in  London.  His  name  stands 
at  the  head  of  those  signed  to  the  compact  on 
board  that  vessel  Nov.  11,  1620.  [The  illustration 
above  represents  the  Mayflower , from  a paint- 
ing at  Pilgrim  Hall,  Plymouth,  Mass.]  He  was 
chosen  governor  of  the  colony  for  the  first  year 
at  the  same  time,  and  the  policy  lie  pursued  in 
harmonizing  the  diverse  elements  among  the 
colonists,  encouraging  the  despondent,  control- 
ling the  enthusiastic,  and  in  conciliating  the 
Indians,  did  much  to  secure  the  peace  of  the 
colony.  He  was  re-elected  governor,  March  25, 
1621,  and  died  in  April,  1621. 

CARVER,  Jonathan,  traveller,  was  born  in 
Canterbury,  Conn.,  in  1732;  grandson  of  William 
Joseph  Carver  of  Wigan,  Lancashire,  England, 
an  officer  in  the  colony  of  Connecticut.  The 
father  of  Jonathan  was  a justice  of  the  peace, 
who  gave  the  son  as  good  an  education  as  the 
locality  and  period  afforded,  and  died  about  1747. 
Until  1750  Jonathan  studied  medicine,  and  in 
that  year  was  appointed  an  ensign  in  a Connecti- 
cut regiment.  He  served  in  the  Canadian  cam- 
paign in  1755,  and  in  1757  was  a lieutenant  in  the 
Massachusetts  battalion,  raised  by  Colonel  Par- 
tridge, to  serve  against  Canada,  He  was  promoted 
captain  in  1760,  and  in  1762  led  a company  in 
Saltonstall's  regiment.  He  retired  from  the  ser- 
vice in  1763.  In  June,  1766,  he  set  out  from  Bos- 
ton for  the  purpose  of  exploring  the  portion  of 
the  American  continent  which  was  claimed  by 
Great  Britain.  Travelling  by  the  way  of  Albany 

'[5S6] 


and  Niagara  he  reached  Mackinaw,  where  he  was 
supplied  with  credit  on  the  traders  at  Prairie  du 
Chien  for  an  assortment  of  goods,  believing  that 
he  would  thus  be  received  by  the  Indians  with 
less  suspicion.  From  Prairie  du  Chien  he  pro- 
ceeded down  the  Wisconsin  river  and  arrived  at 
Prairie  du  Sac,  Oct.  8,  1766.  From  the  Wisconsin 
river  they  went  to  the  Mississippi.  He  paddled 
a canoe  up  the  Mississippi  to  Lake  Pepin,  leaving 
the  water  at  the  mouth  of  the  Minnesota  and 
proceeding  on  foot  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
He  then  penetrated  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior 
and  returned  to  Boston,  arriving  there  in  Octo- 
ber, 1768,  having  been  absent  two  years  and 
seven  months,  and  travelled  nearly  seven  thousand 
miles.  He  went  to  England  to  communicate  his 
discoveries,  where  he  was  subjected  to  a long 
examination  before  he  was  given  permission  to 
publish  his  papers.  He  was  soon  after  obliged 
to  repurchase  his  manuscript  from  his  publisher 
at  great  expense,  and  deliver  it  to  the  council, 
they  allowing  him  for  it  but  a small  sum,  quite 
insufficient  to  meet  the  expense  he  had  incurred. 
Ten  years  after  the  completion  of  his  tour  he 
received  permission  to  publish  his  book,  which 
appeared  in  London  in  1778,  under  the  title 
“ Three  years’  Travels  through  the  Interior  Parts 
of  North  America.”  This  book  was  translated 
into  several  languages  and  printed  in  about 
twenty-three  editions.  The  following  year  he 
published  a “ Treatise  on  the  Culture  of  Tobacco.  ” 
The  proceeds  from  his  books  were  small,  and  he 
died  in  London,  according  to  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine , “absolutely  and  strictly  starved.” 
The  benevolent  Dr.  Lettsom  secured  the  publica- 
tion of  a new  edition  of  his  travels  for  the  bene- 
fit of  his  widow  and  children,  and  this  act  led  to 
the  institution  of  the  Royal  literary  fund  of  Lon- 
don. The  date  of  his  death  is  Jan.  31,  1780. 

CARVER,  Leonard  Dwight,  librarian,  was 
born  at  LaGrange,  Penobscot  county,  Me.,  Jan. 
26,  1841.  He  received  a higli-school  education, 
and  attended  Foxcroft  academy  for  a short  time, 
leaving  school  in  April,  1861,  to  volunteer  in  the 
army.  He  served  with  his  regiment  in  every 
skirmish  and  battle  in  which  it  was  engaged, 
and  was  discharged  in  June,  1863.  In  August, 
1864,  he  entered  Colby  university  at  Waterville. 
Me.,  and  was  graduated  in  1868  with  the  highest 
honors.  Until  1873  he  taught  school  in  Maine, 
removing  then  to  Illinois,  where  for  three  years 
he  taught  school  and  studied  law.  In  1876  he 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Maine,  and  until  1890 
practised  in  Waterville,  meanwhile  holding  vari- 
ous local  offices.  He  was  appointed  state  librarian 
at  Augusta  in  December.  1890.  He  reorganized 
the  library,  procured  the  passage  of  various 
library  laws,  and  organized  free  public  libraries 
throughout  the  state. 


CARY. 


CARY. 


CARY,  Albigence  Waldo,  inventor,  was  born 
in  Coventry,  Kent  county,  R.  I .,  May  23,  1801. 
He  invented  Cary’s  steam  rotary  force  pump, 
which  was  used  in  mines,  in  the  construction  of 
railways,  in  raising  sunken  vessels,  and  on  the 
first  steam  fire-engines  built  in  the  United  States. 
He  died  in  Brockport,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  30,  1862. 

CARY,  Alice,  author,  was  born  near  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  April  20,  1820;  daughter  of  Robert 
and  Elizabeth  (Jessup)  Cary.  She  received  a 
limited  education  and  early  evinced  literary 
ability.  In  1835  her  mother  died,  and  two  (years 
later  her  father  married  again,  and  established  a 
separate  home  for  himself  near  the  cottage  where 
his  children  resided.  Alice  began  to  write  at  the 
age  of  eighteen,  and  from  that  time  contributed 
largely  to  the  periodical  press,  both  prose  and 
poetry.  “The  Child  of  Sorrow,”  her  first  lit- 
erary venture,  appeared  in  the  Sentinel  (after- 
wards the  Star  of  the  West).  The  Star  was  for 
many  years  her  only  regular  medium  of  publica- 
tion. Her  first  prose  work  was  contributed  to  the 
National  Era,  established  at  Washington  by  Dr. 
Bailey  in  1847.  She  wrote  stories  for  this  periodi- 
cal under  the  pen  name  of  “ Patty  Lee,”  and 
received  as  her  first  honorarium  the  sum  of  ten 
dollars  from  Dr.  Bailey.  In  1849  appeared  the 
“Poems  of  Alice  and  Phoebe  Cary.”  Men  of 
letters  all  over  the  United  States  had  written  to 
the  sisters  words  of  praise  and  encouragement  on 
reading  their  poems  in  the  corners  of  newspapers 
and  magazines,  and  the  reception  of  their  first 
book  determined  them  to  visit  the  east.  They 
went  to  New  York,  Boston  and  Amesbury,  and 
the  poet  Whittier  commemorated  their  visit  to 
him  in  his  poem  of  the  “ Singer,”  the  subject  of 
which  was  Alice.  In  November,  1850,  she  started 
forth  alone  to  make  for  herself  a home  in  New 
York  city.  Of  this  venture  she  writes,  “ Had  I 
known  the  great  world  as  I have  learned  it  since 
I should  not  have  dared.”  She  made  friends 
from  the  first,  and  in  1851  wrote  for  her  sisters 
to  join  her.  In  1852  she  published  the  “ Clover- 
nook  Papers,”  which  sold  largely  in  Great  Britain 
as  well  as  in  the  United  States.  This  encourage- 
ment led  to  the  publication  of  a second  series  in 
1853.  The  influence  of  Alice  Cary's  beautiful 
character  was  felt  in  her  home,  and  in  her  inter- 
course with  others;  the  house  on  Twentieth 
street,  where  the  sisters  resided  after  1855,  as 
they  attained  literary  distinction,  became  the 
centre  of  the  New  York  world  of  letters,  and  to 
n,ame  all  the  distinguished  men  and  women  who 
met  there  for  inspiration  and  refreshment  would 
be  to  call  the  roll  of  the  notable  clergymen,  pub- 
lishers, authors  and  artists  of  the  day.  She  was 
an  indefatigable  worker,  writing  for  a great  part 
of  each  day  for  twenty  years,  during  which  time 
she  produced  eleven  volumes,  in  addition  to 


almost  innumerable  contributions  to  periodical 
literature.  She  left  unfinished  a novel  entitled 
“The  Born  Thrall.”  Her  published  works  are. 
“ Clovernook  Papers  ” (1851-’53) ; “ Hagar,  a 

Story  of  To-day”  (1852);  “The  Clovernook  Chil- 
dren” (1854);  “ Lyra  and  other  Poems  ” (1853); 
“The  Maiden  of  Tlascala  ” (1855);  “Married, 
not  Mated  ” (1856) ; “ Pictures  of  Country  Life  ” 
(1859);  “ Lyrics  and  Hymns”  (1866);  “ The 
Bishop’s  Son”  (1867);  “The  Lover’s  Diary 
(1867);  “Snow  Berries”  (1869).  She  died  in 
New  York  city,  Feb.  12,  1871. 

CARY,  Annie  Louise,  singer,  was  born  at 
Wayne,  Kennebec  county,  Me.,  Oct.  22,  1842; 
daughter  of  Dr.  Nelson  Howard  and  Maria  (Stock- 
bridge)  Cary.  She  was  graduated  at  the  Gorham 
(Me.)  female  seminary  in  1862.  After  studying 
music  in  Boston  under  Lyman  W.  Wheeler  she 
was  sent  to  Milan, 

Italy,  in  1866,  and 
studied  for  two 
years  under  Gio- 
vanni Corsi.  She 
engaged  with  an 
Italian  opera  com- 
pany, and  early  in 
1868  made  her  debut 
at  Copenhagen  as 
Azucena  in  4 4 II  Tro- 
vatore,”  afterwards 
singing  in  Gothen- 
burg and  Christi- 
ania. During  the 
summer  she  re- 
mained in  Bade  n- 
Baden,  pursuing  her 
studies  under  Madame  Viardot-Garcia.  In  the 
early  fall  of  1868  she  sang  in  Italian  opera  in 
Stockholm  under  Ferdinand  Strakosch,  and 
later  in  the  season  sang  in  the  royal  Swedish 
opera.  The  summer  of  1869  was  devoted  to 
study  under  Bottesini  in  Paris,  and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  fall  season  she  sang  in  Brussels,  and 
made  a three  years’  engagement  with  Max  and 
Maurice  Strakosch  to  sing  in  the  United  States. 
She  remained  in  Europe,  studying  in  Paris  and 
singing  in  London,  until  the  autumn  of  1870, 
when  she  made  her  America  i debut  at  Stein  way 
Hall,  New  York,  in  concert  with  Nilsson,  Brignoli 
and  Vieuxtemps.  She  was  received  everywhere 
in  her  native  country  with  enthusiasm.  Return- 
ing to  Europe  in  1875  she  sang  during  the  season 
at  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow,  and  again  ap- 
peared at  those  cities  in  1876-'77.  The  next  two 
seasons  she  sang  in  America  with  Kellogg  and 
Rose  in  opera.  In  the  fall  of  1879  she  began  an 
engagement  with  the  Mapleson  company,  and 


remained  with  them  during  the  two  succeeding 
seasons,  singing  iii  concerts  and  festivals  in  the 


c^c^i  c^c- 


CARY. 


CASE. 


principal  musical  centre  of  the  United  States. 
She  also  won  success  in  oratorio,  and  sang  fre- 
quently with  the  Brooklyn  philharmonic  society. 
Her  professional  career  ceased  after  her  marriage 
to  Charles  Monson  Raymond  of  New  York  city, 
June  29,  1882. 

CARY,  George  Lovell,  educator,  was  born  in 
Medway,  Mass.,  May  10,  1830;  eldest  son  of  Wil- 
liam Hiram  and  Lydia  D.  (Lovell)  Cary.  He  was 
educated  at  Williston  seminary,  Leicester  acad- 
emy, and  Harvard  college,  where  he  was  gradu- 
ated in  1852.  In  1856-57  he  was  professor  of 
Greek,  and  1857-’G2  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  Antioch 
college,  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio.  In  1862  he  was 
called  to  the  chair  of  New  Testament  literature 
in  the  Meadville  (Pa.)  theological  school,  subse- 
quently being  instructor  in  philosophy  and  lan- 
guages. He  was  elected  president  of  the  institu- 
tion in  1890.  He  became  a member  of  the  New 
England  historic -genealogical  society,  the  Amer- 
ican Oriental  society,  the  American  institute  of 
civics,  the  American  academy  of  biblical  and 
social  science,  the  American  statistical  associa- 
tion, the  civil  service  reform  association,  and  the 
American  peace  society.  Harvard  college  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1857,  and 
Allegheny  college  gave  him  an  L.H.D.  in  1893. 
His  published  writings  include,  “Introduction  to 
the  Greek  of  the  New  Testament”  (1878),  which 
passed  through  several  editions. 

CARY,  Joseph  Clinton,  inventor,  was  born  in 
Brockport,  N.  Y.,  in  1829;  son  of  Albigence  Waldo 
Cary.  For  twenty  years  he  operated  as  a specula- 
tor in  Wall  street,  and  in  1860  built  two  steam 
fire-engines,  to  which  the  Cary  steam  rotary  force- 
pump,  invented  by  his  father,  was  attached. 
These  powerful  engines  were  used  in  New  York 
city,  and  at  large  fires  were  very  effective.  He 
died  at  Martha’s  Vineyard,  Mass.,  Aug.  7,  1884. 

CARY,  Phoebe,  poet,  was  born  in  Miami  valley, 
near  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Sept.  4,  1824,  daughter  of 
Robert  and  Elizabeth  (Jessup)  Cary.  One  of 
nine  children,  with  parents  in  but  moderate  cir- 
cumstances, her  early  educational  advantages 
were  limited  after  the  death  of  her  mother  in 
1835.  She  was  the  constant  companion  of  her  sis- 
ter Alice,  and  developed  a literary  talent  scarcely 
less  marked.  The  record  of  their  lives  is  almost 
identical,  and  between  them  grew  up  a sympathy 
and  love  of  peculiar  strength.  At  the  age  of 
thirteen  she  began  to  write  verses.  In  1849,  with 
her  sister,  she  collected  and  revised  all  their  poems, 
which  were  published  in  1850  under  the  title, 
“Poems  of  Alice  and  Phoebe  Cary.”  She  was 
called  the  “wittiest  woman  in  America.”  Her 
published  works  are:  “Poems  and  Parodies” 
(1854) ; “ Poems  of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Love”  (1868), 
and  in  1869,  in  collaboration  with  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Charles  F.  Deems,  “Hymns  for  All  Christians,” 


in  which  was  included  her  beautiful  hymn, 
“ Nearer  Home,”  beginning  “ One  Sweetly  Solemn 
Thought.”  A memorial  of  Alice  Cary,  published 
in  1871,  was  her  last  work,  a labor  of  love.  She 
died  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  July  31,  1871. 

CARY,  Samuel  Fenton,  representative,  was 
born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Feb.  18,  1814,  son  of 
William  and  Rebecca  (Fenton)  Cary.  He  was 
graduated  at  Miami  university  in  1835,  and  at  the 
Cincinnati  law  college  in  1837,  practising  his  pro- 
fession in  Cincinnati  until  1844,  when  he  became 
a lecturer  in  the  interests  of  temperance  reform. 
He  lectured  throughout  the  United  States, 
Canada,  and  the  British  Isles.  He  edited  at  vari- 
ous times  newspapers  and  magazines,  and  in  1847 
was  elected  to  the  chief  office  of  the  Sons  of 
temperance,  at  Baltimore,  Md.  In  1866  he  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  40th  Congress,  and 
after  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  1869  returned 
to  the  practice  of  law  in  Cincinnati.  In  1876  he 
was  nominated  as  vice-president  of  the  United 
Stateson  the  Independent,  or  “Greenback,”  ticket. 
He  is  the  author  of  “Cary  Memorials”  (1874),  a 
genealogical  work. 

CASE,  Augustus  Ludlow,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  Newburg,  N.  Y’.,  Feb.  3,  1813.  He  en- 
tered the  navy  in  1828  as  midshipman,  was  pro- 
moted passed  midshipman,  June  14,  1834,  and 
lieutenant,  Feb.  25,  1841.  He  served  in  the  Mexi- 
can war,  taking  part  in  the  battles  of  Vera  Cruz, 
Alvarado,  and  Tabasco.  At  the  head  of  twenty- 
five  men  he  succeeded  in  holding  the  town  of 
Palisada  for  two  weeks.  In  1852-’53,  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  Warren,  and  for  the 
four  years  following  he  was  stationed  in  New 
York  as  inspector  of  light-houses.  On  Sept.  14, 
1855,  he  was  promoted  commander,  and  in  1861, 
was  made  fleet-captain  of  the  North  Atlantic 
blockading  squadron,  taking  part  in  the  capture 
of  Fort  Clark  on  Aug.  28,  and  Fort  Hatteras  on 
Aug.  29,  1861.  On  Jan.  2,  1863,  he  was  promoted 
captain  and  assigned  to  the  Iroquois,  and  from 
1865  to  1866  he  was  fleet-captain  of  the  European 
squadron.  He  was  promoted  commodore  Dec.  8, 
1868,  and  rear-admiral,  May  24,  1872.  During  the 
troubles  with  Spain  in  1874  he  commanded  the 
fleet  at  Key  West,  Fla.  He  was  retired  Feb.  3, 
1875,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  17.  1893. 

CASE,  Mary  Sophia,  educator,  was  born  at 
Washington,  Franklin  county,  Ohio,  March  2, 
1854 ; daughter  of  William  Phelps  and  Fredonia 
Whiting  (Burr)  Case.  Her  early  education  was 
chiefly  acquired  at  home.  In  1867  she  removed 
to  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  was  graduated  from  the 
Columbus  high  school  in  1869.  In  18 1 3 she  was 
graduated  from  the  Cleveland.  Ohio,  female  semin- 
ary, and  afterwards  taught  in  Burlington,  N.  J.. 
in  Omaha.  Neb.,  and  in  Worthington.  Ohio.  In 
the  fall  of  1880  she  entered  the  University  of 
L5SS| 


CASEY. 


CASEY. 


Michigan,  and  was  graduated  an  A.B.  in  1884. 
The  following  summer  she  was  appointed  instruc- 
tor at  Wellesley,  Mass.,  teaching  Latin  for  two 
years,  and  philosophy  for  the  four  years  following. 
In  1890  she  was  made  associate  professor  of  psy- 
chology and  the  history  of  philosophy,  and  was 
granted  a two  years’  leave  of  absence,  which  she 
devoted  to  European  study  and  travel.  She  re- 
sumed her  duties  at  Wellesley  in  1892. 

CASE,  Theodore  Spencer,  physician,  was 
born  in  Jackson,  Butts  County,  Ga.,  Jan.  26, 
1832;  son  of  Ermine  and  Mary  Ann  Case.  He 
was  graduated  at  Marietta  college  in  1851,  and  in 
1856  received  his  M.D.  degree  from  the  Starling 
medical  college,  Columbus,  Ohio.  He  removed 
to  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  in  1857,  where  he  practised 
his  profession.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war 
he  joined  the  25th  Missouri  infantry  regiment 
as  a private,  and  was  promoted  from  the  rank 
of  2d  lieutenant  to  that  of  captain  and  assist- 
ant quartermaster.  He  was  promoted  colonel 
and  quartermaster-general  of  Missouri  in  1865. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  chosen  curator 
of  the  University  of  the  state  of  Missouri,  and 
retained  the  office  four  years.  He  was  postmas- 
ter of  Kansas  City  from  1873  to  1885,  and  in  the 
latter  year  accepted  the  chair  of  chemistry  in 
the  Kansas  City  medical  college.  He  held  sev- 
eral municipal  offices,  and  was  elected  president 
of  the  city  real  estate  and  stock  exchange  in  1886. 
He  was  editor  of  the  Medical  Review  in  1860-'61, 
and  of  the  Review  of  Science  and  Industry, 
1877-’85.  The  University  medical  college  of  Kan- 
sas City  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Pli.D. 
in  1883.  He  is  the  author  of  “ The  Quarter- 
master's Guide  ” (1865). 

CASEY,  Levi,  soldier,  was  born  in  South  Caro- 
lina in  1749.  He  served  in  the  army  during  the 
war  of  the  revolution,  and  was  made  brigadier- 
general  of  militia.  He  was  elected  a representa- 
tive from  South  Carolina  to  the  8tli  and  9th  con- 
gresses, serving  from  Oct.  17,  1803.  He  died 
at  Washington,  D.  C.,  Feb.  1,  1807. 

CASEY,  Silas,  soldier,  was  born  at  East  Green- 
wich, R.  I.,  July  12,  1807;  son  of  Wanton  and 
Elizabeth  (Goodale)  Casey.  He  was  graduated 
at  West  Point  in  1826,  and  served  on  frontier 
duty  in  Iowa,  and  in  garrison  and  on  recruiting 
duty  in  New  York  state  and  Michigan  until  1836, 
when  he  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant.  From 
1837  to  1841  he  served  in  the  Florida  war,  being 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  captain  in  1839.  He 
served  during  1847-’48  in  the  Mexican  war;  on 
Aug.  20,  1847,  received  the  brevet  rank  of  major 
for  his  conduct  at  the  battles  of  Contreras  and 
Churubusco,  and  on  Sept.  13,  1847,  was  brevet- 
ted  lieutenant -colonel  for  gallantry  in  the  battle 
of  Chapultepec,  in  which  engagement  he  was 
wounded.  In  1855  he  was  promoted  lieutenant - 


colonel,  and  served  on  frontier  duty  until  1861. 
when  he  was  made  brigadier -general  of  volun- 
teers. In  October,  1861,  he  was  promoted  colonel, 
and  he  served  with  distinction  during  the  civil 
war,  winning  the  brevet  rank  of  brigadier- 
general  for  Fair  Oaks.  On  May  31,  1862,  he  was 
made  major-general  of  volunteers,  and  on  March 
13,  1865,  was  brevetted  major-general  for  gal 
lant  and  meritorious  services  during  the  war. 
He  was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service 
Aug.  24,  1865,  and  later  in  that  year  was  placed 
in  command  of  troops  at  Fort  Wayne  and  Detroit, 
Mich.  He  was  retired  from  active  service  July 
8,  1868,  on  his  own  application,  after  forty  con- 
secutive years  of  service.  He  is  the  author  of 
“Infantry  Tactics”  (2  vols.,  1861),  and  “In- 
fantry Tactics  for  Colored  Troops”  (1863).  He 
was  married  July  12,  1830,  to  Abby  Perry, 

daughter  of  the  Hon.  Dutfee  Jerauld  and  Abigail 
Coggeshall  (Perry)  Pearce,  of  Newport,  R.  I.  He 
died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  22,  1882. 

CASEY,  Silas,  naval  officer,  was  born  in  Rhode 
Island,  Sept.  11,  1841;  son  of  Silas  and  Abby 
Perry  (Pearce)  Casey.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  naval  academy  at  Annapolis  in  1860,  and  was 
attached  to  the  steam-frigate  Niagara  until  1862. 
He  was  promoted  master  in  1861,  and  lieutenant 
in  July,  1862.  In  1862-’63  he  was  executive 
officer  on  the  gunboat  Wissahickon  of  the  South 
Atlantic  blockading  squadron,  and  was  present 
at  the  first  attack  on  Charleston  and  the  attack 
on  Fort  Fisher.  On  July  25,  1866,  he  was  com- 
missioned as  lieutenant-commander,  and  from 
1867  to  1870  was  stationed  at  the  naval  academy. 
From  1870  to  1873  he  was  executive  officer  on  the 
frigate  Colorado  of  the  Asiatic  squadron,  com- 
manding a battalion  of  sailors  in  the  Corean 
expedition  and  assault  on  Fort  McKee,  SO  nil 
river,  in  June,  1872.  In  June,  1874,  lie  was  com 
missioned  as  commander,  in  charge  of  the  train- 
ing ship  Portsmouth,  Pacific  coast,  1875-'76.  He 
was  lighthouse  inspector,  1876-’79;  commanded 
the  steamers  Wyoming  and  Quinnebaug,  1880-'82; 
was  equipment  officer,  Washington  navy  yard, 
1882-’84,  and  lighthouse  inspector,  1884-’89. 
He  was  promoted  captain  in  February,  1889; 
was  stationed  on  the  Newark,  1890— "93 ; and  in 
May,  1893,  was  granted  a leave  of  absence.  He 
commanded  the  receiving  ship  Vermont,  New 
York,  in  1897. 

CASEY,  Thomas  Lincoln,  engineer,  was  born 
at  Madison  Barracks,  Sacketts  Harbor,  N.  Y., 
May  10,  1831 ; the  eldest  son  of  Gen.  Silas  and 
Abby  Perry  (Pearce)  Casey,  and  a descendant  in 
the  seventh  generation  from  Thomas  and  Sarah 
Casey  of  Newport,  R.  I.  (1658).  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  military  academy  in  1852  at  the  head 
of  his  class,  and  received  the  appointment  of 
brevet  2d  lieutenant  in  the  corps  of  engineers. 
[589J 


CASEY. 


CASILEAR. 


He  was  assistant  engineer  upon  the  harbor  works 
of  Delaware  bay  and  river,  and  the  construction 
of  Fort  Delaware  until  18.34;  was  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  civil  and  military  engineering  at  the 
West  Point  military  academy,  1854-'59,  and  in 
command  of  engineer  soldiers  on  Puget  Sound, 
Washington  territory,  1859— '61 . He  was  ai3- 

pointed  a captain  of  engineers,  Aug.  6,  1861,  and 
served  during  the  civil  war  as  engineer  on  the 
staff  of  the  general  commanding  the  department 
of  Virginia,  as  superintending  engineer  in  the 
construction  of  forts  and  batteries  on  the  coast 
of  Maine,  and  on  special  duty  with  the  North 
Atlantic  squadron  during  the  first  expedition 
to  Fort  Fisher,  N.  C. , in  December,  1864.  He 
was  made  major  of  engineers,  Oct.  2,  1863, 
and  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel, 
March  13,  1865.  He  was  employed  on  the  coast 
of  Maine  until  1867,  when  he  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  division  of  fortifications  in  the  office  of 
the  war  department,  Washington,  D.  C.  In  the 
summer  of  1873  he  was  sent  to  Europe  at  the 
head  of  a board  to  examine  the  systems  of  tor- 
pedo construction  adopted  in  Great  Britain, 
Germany,  Austria,  and  France.  He  was  made 
lieutenant-colonel  of  engineers  September,  1874. 
In  1877  he  was  given  charge  of  public  build- 
ings and  grounds  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
the  Washington  aqueduct  and  the  construction 
of  the  building  for  the  state,  war  and  navy 
departments,  finished  by  him  in  1888.  In  1878 
lie  was  selected  as  the  engineer  and  architect  to 
complete  the  Washington  national  monument. 
This  he  accomplished  Dec.  6,  1884,  by  first  plac- 
ing a new  and  enlarged  foundation  beneath  the 
old  one,  by  carrying  the  shaft  from  a height  of 
150  feet  to  500  feet,  and  crowning  it  with  a pyra- 
midion  55  feet  in  height,  in  place  of  the  flat 
terminal  of  the  original  design.  He  was  pro- 
moted colonel,  corps  of  engineers,  March  13,  1884, 
and  in  1886  became  president  of  the  board  of 
engineers  in  New  York  city.  He  was  a member 
of  a board  to  advise  upon  the  ventilation  of  the 
hall  of  the  house  of  representatives  in  the  capitol. 
1877-’86,  and  a member  of  the  lighthouse  board 
from  1884  to  1892.  On  July  6,  1888,  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  and  chief  of  engineers ; 
by  act  of  Oct.  2,  1333,  was  designated  to  erect 
the  new  building  for  the  library  of  Congress; 
and  by  act  of  Sept.  27,  1890,  made  one  of  a 
commission  to  locate  a large  park  in  the  suburbs 
of  Washington.  He  was  a member  of  the  society 
of  the  Cincinnati  of  Massachusetts,  the  New 
England  historic-genealogical  society,  the  Rhode 
Island  historical  society,  an  officer  in  the  Legion 
of  honor  of  France,  and  a member  of  the  national 
academy  of  science  of  the  United  States  of 
America.  He  was  married  to  Emma  Weir,  and 
left  two  sons, — Thomas  Lincoln,  who  was  gradu- 


ated at  West  Point  in  1879;  and  Edward  Pearce, 
who  was  graduated  at  the  Columbia  college  school 
of  mines  in  1886.  Besides  numerous  official  reports 
and  articles  upon  engineering  subjects,  General 
Casey  contributed  several  sketches  to  historical 
and  genealogical  magazines.  He  died  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  March  25,  1896. 

CASILEAR,  John  William,  landscape  painter, 
was  born  in  New  York  city,  June  25,  1811.  He 
developed  a fondness  for  art  at  a very  early  age. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  began  the  study  of  en- 
graving with  Peter  Maverick,  with  whom  he  re- 
mained four  years,  when,  upon  the  death  of  Mav- 
erick,  he  became  a pupil  of  Asher  B.  Durrand, 
who  was  then  engaged  in  banknote  engraving. 
In  1832  he  went  into  the  same  business  on  his 
own  account,  and  continued  in  it  until  1854,  when 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  more  congenial  pursuit 
of  landscape  painting.  During  this  period  he  en- 
graved only  a single  plate  of  any  importance, 
“The  Head  of  a Sibyl,”  his  time  being  chiefly 
occupied  in  designing  and  engraving  banknote 
vignettes.  For  the  purpose  of  study  he  visited 
Europe  in  1840,  and  again  in  1857.  He  was  elected 
an  associate  of  the  national  academy  in  1835,  and 
a full  academician  in  1851.  Among  his  important 
pictures  are:  “ Genesee  Meadows  ” (1871) ; “ Sep- 
tember Afternoon  ” (1874) ; “ View  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains”  (1881);  “Genesee  River”  (1887); 
“ Landscape  with  Cattle  ” (1888) ; “ Roger’s  Slide, 
Lake  George  ” (1891),  and  “ Ullswater  ” (1892). 
He  died  suddenly  while  on  a pleasure  tour,  and 
left,  besides  numerous  examples  of  his  own  work, 
a valuable  collection  of  foreign  arts.  His  only 
son.  John  William  Casilear,  studied  art  and 
became  a prominent  marine  painter  and  illus- 
trator. He  died  at  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  17,  1893. 

CASS,  Lewis,  statesman,  was  born  at  Exeter. 
N.  H.,  Oct.  9,  1782;  son  of  Jonathan  and  Mary 
(Gilman)  Cass.  His  father  was  a blacksmith 
who.  in  1775.  left  his  forge  to  enter  the  Conti- 
nental army,  and  remained  in  active  service  un- 
til the  close  of  the  revolution,  when  he  received 
a commission  as  major,  and  was  assigned  to 
duty  under  General  Wayne  in  the  northwest. 
Lewis,  the  eldest  of  six  children,  acquired  his 
education  during  the  years  1792-'99  at  Phillips 
academy,  Exeter,  where  Benjamin  Abbot  was 
the  master.  He  subsequently  taught  at  the  acad- 
emy. About  the  year  1800  Major  Cass  resigned 
Ins  commission  in  the  army  and  removed  with 
his  family  to  Ohio  valley,  settling  first  at  Mari- 
etta, and  the  next  year  removing  to  near  Zanes- 
ville, where  he  located  forty  100-acre  land  war- 
rants. Lewis  had  gone  to  Marietta  in  1 * 90 . 
where  he  studied  law  under  Return  Jonathan 
Meigs.  On  the  arrival  of  his  father  and  family, 
he  assisted  them  in  building  their  first  home  in 


CASS. 


CASS. 


the  wilderness.  In  1802  Ohio  was  admitted  to 
the  Union,  and  Lewis  Cass  was  the  first  candi- 
date admitted  to  the  bar  under  the  new  consti 
tution.  The  same  year  he  went  to  Zanesville, 
where  he  practised  law.  In  1804  he  was  elected 
prosecuting  attorney 
of  the  county.  In  1806 
he  was  married  to 
Elizabeth  Spencer  of 
Virginia,  and  the  same 
year  was  elected  to 
the  state  legislature, 
and  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Tiffin  a member 
of  the  committee  to 
inquire  into  the  move- 
ments of  Aaron  Burr. 
He  drafted  the  bill 
passed  by  the  Ohio 
legislature  ordering 
the  arrest  of  the  ex- 
pedition. He  also 
framed  and  presented  to  the  legislature  the 
resolution  expressing  confidence  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  President  Jefferson,  abhorrence  of  re- 
bellion and  insurrection,  and  attachment  to  the 
Federal  constitution,  which  was  afterwards  for- 
warded to  the  President.  In  1807  President  Jef- 
ferson appointed  Mr.  Cass  U.  S.  marshal  of  the 
state  of  Ohio,  and  he  continued  in  that  office  for 
six  years.  He  was  made  colonel  of  the  3d  Ohio 
volunteers  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  with  an  army 
of  twelve  hundred  volunteers  assembled  at  Day- 
ton,  Ohio.  They  were  divided  into  three  regi- 
ments under  William  Hull,  governor  of  Michigan 
territory,  who  had  been  commissioned  brigadier- 
general.  When  the  troops  crossed  the  river  at 
Detroit  in  July,  1812,  to  conquer  upper  Canada, 
Colonel  Cass  was  the  first  to  land  on  the  Cana- 
dian shore,  where  he  made  the  attack  on  the 
enemy’s  outposts  at  Aux  Canards.  The  misunder- 
standing with  General  Hull  resulted  in  the  sur- 
render of  the  little  army  at  Detroit  without  firing 
a gun.  General  Hull  had  included  Colonel  Cass’s 
force  in  the  capitulation,  which  action  greatly 
incensed  Cass,  and  he  hastened  to  Washington, 
where  he  made  his  report  of  the  affair  to  the  gov- 
ernment. He  was  appointed  major-general  of  the 
Ohio  militia,  but  by  reason  of  his  parole  was  not 
able  to  take  the  field.  In  January,  1813,  he  was 
instructed  by  the  President  to  recruit  two  regi- 
ments of  regular  troops,  and  his  parole  being 
removed  he,  on  Feb.  20,  1813,  was  commissioned 
colonel  in  the  regular  army,  was  subsequently 
brevetted  brigadier-general,  and  commanded 
the  27th  regiment  of  infantry  in  General  Harri- 
son’s army.  He  was  a participant  in  the  battle 
of  the  Thames,  Oct.  5,  1813,  and  at  the  end  of 
the  campaign  commanded  the  troops  in  Michigan 


with  headquarters  at  Detroit.  He  succeeded  Hull 
as  governor  of  Michigan,  by  appointment  of  Presi- 
dent Madison,  Oct.  29,  1813.  On  the  return  of 
peace,  Governor  Cass  devoted  himself  to  relieving 
the  distress  of  starving  French  settlers,  encourag- 
i n o'  ijnmigration  from  the  eastern  states,  negotia 
ting  treaties  with  the  Indians,  codifying  the  laws 
and  opening  roads.  He  was  the  first  white  man 
to  ride  over  the  Indian  trail  which  became  the 
great  highway  between  Detroit  and  Chicago. 
He  accompanied  Schoolcraft’s  expedition  along 
Lake  Superior  and  up  the  Mississippi,  traversing 
five  thousand  miles,  investigating  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  country  and  studying  the  customs 
of  the  Indians.  He  wrote  an  account  of  this  jour- 
ney, which  was  published  in  the  North  American 
Review.  He  so  won  the  love  of  the  Indian  tribes 
as  to  be  known  among  them  as  the  “ Great 
Father  at  Detroit.”  In  1827  he  averted  a general 
Indian  war  bv  his  promptness  and  personal  in- 
fluence, making  a voyage  in  a canoe  up  the  Fox, 
and  down  the  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi  rivers  to 
warn  the  troops  at  St.  Louis.  In  1831  President 
Jackson  appointed  him  secretary  of  war.  He 
suppressed  the  Indians  in  the  Black  Hawk  war, 
and  when  South  Carolina  threatened  secession 
he  was  prompt  in  seconding  the  President  in  his 
policy  of  taking  active  measures  against  the 
movement,  ordering  General  Scott  to  hold 
the  forts,  but  to  use  the  utmost  discretion  and 
self-restraint.  This  action,  followed  by  diplo- 
matic legislation,  averted  civil  war.  He  threat- 
ened to  resign  when  the  President  proposed  the 
removal  of  the  public  deposits  from  the  United 
States  bank,  and  was  dissuaded  only  by  the  Presi- 
dent assuming  personally  the  whole  responsi- 
bility. Experience  had  convinced  him  of  the 
wisdom  of  isolating  the  Indian  tribes,  and  he  ad- 
vocated the  removal  of  the  Creeks  and  Seminoles 
from  Florida  to  reservations  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. In  1833  he  accompanied  the  President 
on  his  tour  through  the  north,  and  afterwards 
in  a general  report  to  Congress  he  recommended 
the  building  of  coast  defences,  maintaining  a 
strong  navy,  and  a reasonably  formidable  army. 
He,  in  the  report,  carefully  detailed  the  condi- 
tion and  resources  of  the  military  and  naval 
defences  of  the  nation.  In  1836  his  health  failed, 
and  he  was  appointed  minister  to  France,  with 
permission  to  leave  Paris  on  a long  trip  for  rest 
and  recreation.  Diplomatic  intercourse  between 
France  and  the  United  States  had  been  sus- 
pended for  over  a year,  on  account  of  the  failure 
to  settle  the  French  spoliation  claims ; Mr.  Cass, 
however,  secured  the  interest  and  a promise  of 
speedy  payment  of  the  principal,  and  he  was 
received  with  general  cordiality,  and  soon  won 
the  friendship  of  Louis  Philippe.  He  travelled 
through  France,  where  he  studied  the  condition 
[591] 


CASS. 


CASSIDY. 


of  the  people,  and  visited  England,  where  he 
witnessed  the  coronation  of  Queen  Victoria.  He 
made  a long  voyage  in  the  frigate  Constitution 
through  the  Mediterranean  and  adjacent  seas, 
and  his  impressions  were  afterwards  published 
in  the  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  and  are 
evidences  of  his  superior  scholarship.  In  1841 
the  quintuple  treaty  for  the  suppression  of  the 
slave  trade  was  negotiated  by  England,  F ranee, 
Prussia,  Russia  and  Austria.  By  the  treaty  the 
contracting  powers  were  authorized  to  detain 
and  search  one  another’s  vessels  on  reasonable 
suspicion  of  being  engaged  in  the  slave  trade. 
Mr.  Cass  detected  in  this  an  aggressive  movement 
against  the  United  States  and  immediately  pub- 
lished a vigorous  protest  against  the  treaty,  and 
urged  the  French  government  against  the  ratifi- 
cation. This  action  accomplished  its  purpose, 
and  was  afterwards  sanctioned  by  the  home  gov- 
ernment. His  position  was  that  a suspected 
vessel  flying  a foreign  flag  can  be  detained  and 
examined  only  at  the  detainer's  peril.  On  the 
ratification  of  the  Ashburton  treaty,  without 
any  renunciation  by  England  of  the  right  of 
search,  Cass  resigned  as  United  States  minister, 
and  returned  home  in  1842,  where  he  received 
flattering  addresses  and  banquets  in  Boston,  New 
York.  Washington,  and  at  every  stage  of  his 
journey  to  Detroit.  At  the  Democratic  national 
convention  of  1844,  Mr.  Cass,  after  leading  the 
various  candidates  in  many  ballots,  was  de- 
feated for  nomination  to  the  presidency  by  James 
K.  Polk.  In  the  canvass  following,  as  well  as  in 
his  administration,  Polk  received  the  hearty  sup- 
port of  Mr.  Cass,  who,  on  Feb.  4,  1845,  was  elected 
United  States  senator  from  Michigan  and  given 
the  second  place  on  the  committee  on  foreign 
affairs.  In  the  great  slavery  controversy  he 
deprecated  the  introduction  of  the  Wilmot  pro- 
viso as  premature,  and  he  formulated  the  com- 
promise proposition  that  the  internal  concerns  of 
the  territories  should  be  regulated  solely  by  their 
inhabitants.  At  the  Democratic  national  con- 
vention of  May,  1848,  Senator  Cass  was  nomin- 
ated as  candidate  for  President  on  the  fourth 
ballot,  and  at  once  resigned  his  seat  in  the  sen- 
ate. On  the  nation’s  choice  falling  on  General 
Taylor,  who  carried  the  election  largely  through 
his  personal  popularity  won  in  the  Mexican  war, 
aided  by  the  division  in  the  old  parties  caused 
by  the  defection  of  both  Whigs  and  Democrats  to 
Van  Buren,  the  legislature  of  Michigan  re-elected 
Mr.  Cass  to  the  senate  to  fill  his  own  unexpired 
term.  Here  he  disregarded  the  express  instruc- 
tions of  his  state,  and  throughout  the  31st  Con- 
gress was  the  main  ally  of  Henry  Clay,  favored 
the  doctrine  of  popular  sovereignty  and  op- 
posed the  Wilmot  proviso.  He  was  present  in 
the  senate  when  the  fugitive  slave  law  was 

1 592 


passed  but  declined  to  vote.  He  urged  the 
cessation  of  unnecessary  agitation,  and  the  im- 
portance of  harmony  with  so  much  force  and 
conviction  that  the  legislature  of  Michigan  finally 
revoked  its  instructions,  and  re-elected  him  to 
the  senate  in  1851  by  an  increased  majority.  In 
1852  he  was  a prominent  candidate  before  the 
Democratic  national  convention  for  President, 
when  the  nomination  went  to  Franklin  Pierce. 
In  1854  the  Michigan  senators  were  instructed 
to  vote  for  the  prohibition  of  slavery  in  the  terri- 
tories, and  for  the  repeal  of  the  fugitive  law. 
Cass  again  disregarded  his  instructions,  and  in 
1857  Zachariah  Chandler  was  elected  senator 
from  Michigan,  Cass  receiving  sixteen  out  of 
one  hundred  and  six  legislative  votes.  When 
James  Buchanan  became  President,  Mr.  Cass 
was  made  secretary  of  state.  He  opposed  the 
constitutional  principle  stated  in  President  Bu- 
chanan's message  that  a state  could  not  be 
coerced,  and  urged  the  further  garrisoning  of  the 
Federal  forts  in  the  south.  Finding  that  the  ad- 
ministration differed  with  him,  on  Dec.  14,  1860, 
he  handed  his  resignation  to  the  President.  Two 
years  later,  at  Hillsdale,  Mich.,  he  made  his  last 
public  address,  calling  for  additional  volunteers 
for  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion,  and  declar- 
ing his  “ love  and  reverence  for  our  glorious  con- 
stitution.” His  last  public  act  was  to  urge 
President  Lincoln  and  his  cabinet  by  telegraph  to 
surrender  Mason  and  Slidell.  General  Cass  was 
president  of  the  American  historical  society,  and 
his  published  works  include:  ‘‘Inquiries  Con- 
cerning the  History,  Traditions  and  Languages 
of  the  Indians  living  within  the  LTnited  States  ” 
(1823):  “France,  its  King,  Court  and  Govern- 
ment ” (1840).  Schoolcraft  wrote  his  life  in 
1848,  Young  in  1852.  Smith  in  1856,  and  a me- 
morial volume  was  issued  in  1866.  He  died  in 
Detroit,  Midi.,  June  17,  1866. 

CASSERLY,  Eugene,  senator,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1823,  and  was  brought  by  his  parents 
to  New  York  in  1827.  He  was  graduated  at 
Georgetown  college,  D.  C.,  and  for  about  five 
years  was  connected  with  the  New  York  news- 
paper press.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1845,  and  was  corporation  attorney  for  the  city 
during  1846  and  1847.  Removing  to  California 
in  1850  he  settled  in  San  Francisco.  During 

1850- '51  he  published  a daily  paper,  and  in 

1851- '52  was  state  printer,  at  the  same  time  con- 
tinuing to  practise  law.  He  was  elected  to  the 
U.  S.  senate  as  a Democrat  in  1869,  and  resigned 
Nov.  29,  1873,  on  account  of  ill-health.  He  died 
in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  June  14.  1883. 

CASSIDY  , William,  journalist,  was  born  in 
Albany,  N.  Y. , Aug.  12.  1815:  son  of  John  Cassidy. 
He  was  prepared  for  college  at  Albany  academy, 
and  was  graduated  at  Union  college  in  1834.  A 
1 


CASTLE. 


CASWELL. 


few  years  later  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar, 
in  1840  was  appointed  librarian  of  the  New  York 
state  library,  and  held  the  office  until  1843,  when 
he  purchased  a share  of  the  Albany  Daily  Atlas, 
of  which  lie  became  editor.  In  1856  the  Atlas 
was  joined  to  the  Argus,  both  names  being  re- 
tained until  1865,  when  the  name  Argus  was 
resumed,  and  a stock  company  organized.  In 
1868  he  succeeded  his  brother-in-law,  Peter  Cag- 
ger,  deceased,  as  secretary  of  the  Democratic 
state  committee.  In  1867  he  was  made  a mem- 
ber of  the  state  constitutional  convention,  and 
in  1872  was  one  of  a committee  of  sixteen  ap- 
pointed to  revise  the  constitution.  He  died  in 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1873. 

CASSIN,  John,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1758,  of  Irish  parentage. 
He  was  appointed  lieutenant  in  the  U.  S.  navy, 
Nov.  13,  1799,  was  promoted  commander,  April 
2,  1806,  and  captain  July  3,  1812.  During  the 
war  of  1812-' 15  he  was  stationed  on  the  Dela- 
ware river,  and  placed  in  command  of  the 
forces  which  defended  Philadelphia.  He  died  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  March  24,  1822. 

CASSIN,  John,  ornithologist,  was  born  near 
Chester,  Pa.,  Sept.  6,  1813.  He  removed  to 
Philadelphia  in  1834.  Becoming  deeply  inter- 
ested in  natural  history,  he  abandoned  his  busi- 
ness life  in  1850  and  gave  his  entire  attention  to 
ornithology.  Among  his  published  writings  are: 

“ Birds  ” in  “ Outlines  of  General  Zoology  ” 
(1851) ; “ Notes  on  North  American  Birds  in  the 
Collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
Philadephia,  and  the  National  Museum,  Wash- 
ington ” (1856) ; “ Mammalogy  and  Ornithology  ” 
(1858);  “The  Birds  of  North  America”  (with 
Spencer  F.  Baird  and  others,  1858) ; “ Third 
Study  of  the  Icteridae  ” (1867),  and  in  the  U.  S. 
government  reports,  “ Ornithology  of  the  U.  S. 
Exploring  Expedition  ” (1845) ; “ Ornithology  of 
Gillies’s  Astronomical  Expedition  to  Chili  ” 
(1855) ; “ Ornithology  of  the  Japan  Expedition  ” 
(1856),  and  “ Rapacious  and  Wading  Birds”  (1858). 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Jan.  10,  1869. 

CASSIN,  Stephen,  naval  officer,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  16,  1783;  son  of  John 
Cassin.  He  was  appointed  a midshipman  in  the 
navy,  Feb.  21, 1800,  and  was  promoted  lieutenant, 
Feb.  12,  1807.  On  Sept.  11,  1814,  he  was  made 
master,  and  on  March  3,  1825,  captain.  He 
received  a gold  medal  for  his  gallant  action  at 
the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain.  He  was  placed 
on  the  reserved  list  Sept.  13,  1855,  and  died  in 
Georgetown,  D.  C.,  Aug.  29,  1857. 

CASTLE,  Frederick  Augustus,  physician,  was 
born  in  Fabius,  N.  Y.,  April  29,  1842;  son  of 
Orvin  E.  and  Clarinda  O.  (Pratt)  Castle.  His 
American  ancestors  were  William  Castle,  an 
early  settler  near  Stratford,  Conn. ; Thomas  Cad- 


well,  one  of  the  first  settlers  in  Hartford  and 
Mathew  Pratt,  who  appeared  in  Weymouth, 
Mass.,  in  1623.  His  great-grandfather,  Selali 
Castle,  was  a captain ; another  great-grandfather, 
Phineas  Cadwell,  a corporal  during  the  revolu- 
tionary war;  and  another  great-grandfather, 
Mathew  Pratt,  of  (Old)  Braintree,  was  one  of  the 
“ Boston  tea-party.”  He  studied  medicine  at 
the  Albany  medical  college,  and  during  1862-'63, 
was  a medical  cadet  in  the  U.  S.  army,  at  the 
Carver  hospital  in  Washington.  He  was  acting 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  navy  from  1863  to  1865, 
and,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  entered  the  Bellevue 
hospital  medical  college,  where  lie  was  graduated 
in  1866.  He  began  general  practice  in  New 
York  city,  and  held  various  responsible  positions 
in  the  Bellevue  hospital  medical  college ; among 
them,  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy;  assist- 
ant to  the  professor  of  obstetrics  and  the  dis- 
eases of  women  and  children,  and  lecturer  on 
similar  subjects  and  on  pharmacology.  He  was 
editorially  connected  with  the  Medical  Record 
( 1872— '76) ; was  the  editor  of  New  Remedies,  after- 
wards known  as  American  Druggist  (1873-'92), 
and  edited  “ Wood's  Household  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine, Hygiene  and  Surgery  ” (2  vols.,  1880).  He 
compiled  the  first  and  second  decennial  cata- 
logues of  trustees,  officers  and  alumni  of  the 
Bellevue  hospital  medical  college,  and  is  the 
author  of  many  contributions  to  medical  jour- 
nals. He  edited  the  American  edition  of  “ Mur- 
rell's Manual  of  Pharmacology  ” (1896),  and  was 
a member  of  the  committees  for  revising  the 
U.  S.  Pharmacopoeia  after  1880;  physician  to 
the  Presbyterian  hospital;  treasurer  for  the  trus- 
tees, and  trustee  of,  the  New  York  academy  of 
medicine  (1883— '96) , and  secretary  of  the  Grolier 
club. 

CASWELL,  Alexis,  educator,  was  born  in 
Taunton,  Mass.,  Jan.  29.  1799;  son  of  Samuel  Cas- 
well, a descendant  in  the  fourth  generation  from 
Peregrine  White,  who  was  born  on  board  the 
Mayfloiver.  He  was  prepared  for  college  at  Bristol 
academy,  and  was  graduated  in  1822  from  Brown 
university.  From  1822  to  1825  he  was  a tutor  in 
Columbian  college,  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  from 
1825  to  1827  was  professor  of  ancient  languages 
in  that  college.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  or- 
dained to  the  Baptist  ministry  and  preached  at 
Halifax,  N.  S.,  during  1827-’28.  In  1828  he  was 
pastor  of  the  first  church  in  Providence,  R.  I., 
and  from  1828  to  1850  held  the  chair  of  mathemat- 
ics and  natural  philosophy  in  Brown  university. 
He  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  mathematics 
and  astronomy  in  1850  and  served  in  this  position 
until  1863,  when  he  resigned  to  attend  to  his  pri- 
vate interests.  In  1868,  soon  after  the  resigna- 
tion of  President  Sears,  Dr.  Caswell  was  elected 
president  of  Brown  university,  and  retained  the 


CATCHINGS. 


CATHERWOOD. 


office  until  1872.  He  was  director,  and  afterwards 
vice-president,  of  the  Providence  athenaeum; 
president  of  the  National  exchange  bank,  Provi- 
dence; of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Newton 
theological  institution ; of  the  Baptist  missionary 
union;  of  the  Rhode  Island  hospital ; one  of  the 
founders,  and  afterwards  vice-president,  of  the 
American  association  for  advancement  of  science ; 
associate  fellow  of  the  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences;  trustee  and  fellow  of  Brown  univer- 
sity and  one  of  the  corporators  of  the  national 
academy  of  sciences.  Brown  university  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degrees  of  D.D.  in  1841,  and 
LL.  D.  in  1865.  He  is  the  author  of  “ Lectures  on 
Astronomy”  (1858) ; “ Meteorological  observations 
1831  -’60”  (1860);  “Memoir  of  John  Barstow  ” 
(1864);  “Memoir  of  Prof.  Benjamin  Silliman” 
(1866);  “Life  and  Christian  Work  of  Francis 
Way  land  ” (1867),  and  “ Results  of  Meteorologi- 
cal Observations  at  Providence,  1831-  76”  (1882). 
He  died  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Jan.  8,  1877. 

CASWELL,  Richard,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Maryland,  Aug.  3,  1729.  Going  to  North  Caro- 
lina in  1746  he  studied  law  and  later  acquired  a 
large  practice.  In  1756  he  was  elected  a delegate 
to  the  colonial  assembly  and  held  the  office  until 
1771,  being  speaker  of  the  house  of  delegates  dur- 
ing the  last  two  years.  In  1774- '76  he  represented 
his  district  in  the  Continental  Congress.  In  1775 
he  was  president  of  the  provincial  congress  which 
framed  the  state  constitution,  and  was  the  first 
governor  of  North  Carolina,  holding  the  office 
from  1776  to  1779.  In  1776  he  commanded  a 
body  of  troops  at  the  battle  of  Moore’s  Creek,  and 
for  his  bravery  was  appointed  major-general  for 
Newbern  district.  In  1780  he  led  the  North  Caro- 
lina troops  in  the  battle  of  Camden.  In  1782  he 
was  speaker  of  the  senate,  and  comptroller-gen- 
eral of  the  state,  holding  both  offices  until  1784, 
when  he  was  again  elected  governor.  In  1787  he 
was  a delegate  to  the  convention  for  framing  the 
Federal  constitution ; in  1789  he  was  again  elected 
state  senator,  and  was  a member  of  the  state  con- 
vention which  ratified  the  constitution.  While 
presiding  over  the  senate  lie  was  struck  with 
paralysis,  Nov.  5,  and  died  in  Fayetteville,  N.  C. , 
Nov.  20,  1789. 

CATCHINGS,  Thomas  Clendinen,  representa- 
tive, was  born  in  Hinds  county,  Miss.,  Jan.  11, 
1847.  He  entered  the  university  of  Mississippi  in 
1859,  leaving  in  1861  to  enter  Oakland  college,  but 
soon  after  volunteered  in  the  Confederate  army, 
serving  during  the  entire  civil  war,  after  which 
he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1866, 
and  practised  his  profession  at  Vicksburg,  Miss. 
He  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  in  1875  and  re- 
signed in  1877  on  being  nominated  for  attorney- 
general  by  the  state ; he  was  elected  for  a term  of 
four  years,  and  was  re-elected  in  1881,  resigning 


Feb.  16,  1885,  having  been  elected  a representa- 
tive to  the  49th  Congress.  He  was  re-elected  to 
each  succeeding  Congress  up  to  and  inclusive  of 
the  55th. 

CATHCART,  Charles  W.,  senator,  was  born 
in  the  island  of  Madeira  in  1809.  He  received  an 
English  education,  and  for  some  years  was  a 
sailor.  He  settled  as  a farmer  in  Laporte,  Ind., 
in  1831,  where  he  was  land  surveyor  for  the 
United  States;  he  was  also  a member  of  the  state 
assembly.  In  1844  he  was  a presidential  elector 
on  the  Democratic  ticket.  In  1844  he  was  elected 
as  a representative  to  the  29th  Congress ; he  was 
re-elected  to  the  30th  Congress,  and  served  until 
March  3,  1849.  On  Dec.  6,  1852  he  took  his  seat 
in  the  United  States  senate,  having  been  appointed 
by  Governor  Wright  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by 
the  death  of  Senator  Janies  Whitcomb,  the  state 
legislature  electing  at  its  next  session  John  Pet- 
tee  to  succeed  him  for  the  unexpired  term  ending 
March  3,  1855.  He  died  in  Michigan  city,  Ind., 
Aug.  22,  1888. 

CATHCART,  William,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Londonderry,  Ireland,  Nov.  8,  1826;  son  of 
James  and  Elizabeth  (Cously)  Cathcart.  He  was 
brought  up  in  the  Presbyterian  faith,  but  in  1846 
entered  the  Baptist  communion.  He  obtained 
his  literary  and  theological  education  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  and  at  Rawdon  col- 
lege, Yorkshire,  England.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
ministry  in  1850,  and  assumed  pastoral  charge  of 
the  Baptist  church  at  Barnsley,  near  Sheffield, 
England.  In  1853  he  removed  to  the  United 
States,  and  became  pastor  of  the  Third  Baptist 
church  of  Groton,  at  Mystic  river,  Conn.,  and  in 
April,  1857,  of  the  Second  Baptist  church  of  Phila- 
delphia. Pa.  In  1876  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  American  Baptist  historical  society,  and  was 
re-elected  annually.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  in  1873  by  the  university  at 
Lewisburg.  He  published : ‘ ‘ The  Baptists  and 
the  American  Revolution,”  “ The  Papal  System,” 
“The  Baptism  of  the  Ages  and  of  Nations,”  and 
“The  Baptist  Encyclopaedia.” 

CATHERWOOD,  Mary  Hartwell,  author,  was 
born  at  Luray,  Licking  county,  Ohio,  Dec.  16. 
1847,  daughter  of  Dr.  Marcus  and  Phoebe  (Thomp- 
son) Hartwell.  She  was  graduated  from  the 
Granville  (Ohio)  female  college  in  1868.  She  was 
married  Dec.  27,  1887,  to  James  S.  Catlierwood,  of 
Hoopeston.  near  Chicago.  111.  In  January,  1891. 
she  became  editorially  connected  with  The 
Graphic , a weekly  Chicago  paper.  Among  her 
published  books  are:  “The  Dogberry  Bunch 
(1881);  “Rocky  Fork”  (1882);  “Old  Caravan 
Days”  (1884) ; “ The  Secret  at  Roseladies”  (1888) ; 
“ The  Romance  of  Dollard  ” (1889);  “The  Bells 
of  St.  Anne  ” (1889) ; “ The  Story  of  Tonty  (1890) ; 
•The  Lady  of  Fort  St.  John  ” (1891) ; "Old  Kas- 
[594J 


CATON. 


CATRON. 


kaskia  ” (1893);  “The  White  Islander”  (1893); 
“The  Chase  of  St.  Castin,  and  Other  Stories  of 
the  French  in  the  New  World”  (1894);  “Days 
of  Jeanne  d’ Arc ” (1897) ; and  “The  Spirit  of  an 
Illinois  Town,  and  The  Little  Renault;  Two 
Stories  of  Illinois”  (1897). 

CATL1N,  George,  author,  was  born  in  Wilkes- 
barre,  Pa.,  July  26.  1796;  son  of  Putnam  and 
Polly  (Sutton)  Catlin,  and  grandson  of  Eli  and 
Elizabeth  (Way)  Catlin,  his  grandfather  being 
a captain  in  the  revolutionary  army.  He  was 
educated  at  home,  and  during  1817  and  1818  stud- 
ied at  a law  school  at  Litchfield,  Conn  , where  he 
became  noted  as  an  amateur  artist.  He  followed 
his  profession  in  New  York.  Buffalo,  Norfolk, 
and  in  Philadelphia,  from  1823  to  1829,  and  later 
travelled  in  all  parts  of  America  and  Europe, 
becoming  especially  well-known  as  a painter  of 
North  American  Indians.  From  1852  to  1857  he 
travelled  in  Central  and  South  America,  and 
spent  the  following  fourteen  years  in  Europe. 
Among  his  published  writings,  all  of  which  are 
profusely  illustrated  by  himself,  may  be  noted : 
“Notes  of  Eight  Years’  Travels  and  Residence  in 
Europe  with  his  North  American  Indian  Collec- 
tion” (1848);  “Museum  of  Mankind”  (1851); 

“ Illustrations  of  the  Manners,  Customs  and  Con- 
dition of  the  North  American  Indians”  (7th  ed., 
1848);  “The  Breath  of  Life”  (1864);  “Last 
Rambles  amongst  the  Indians  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Andes”  (1868);  “ The  Lifted 
and  Subsided  Rocks  of  America  ” (1870);  “Life 
Among  the  Indians’  (1847);  and  “O-Kee-pa;  a 
Religious  Ceremony;  and  other  Customs  of  the 
Mandans”  (1867).  He  died  in  Jersey  City,  N J., 
Dec.  23,  1872. 

CATON,  John  Dean,  jurist,  was  born  in  Mon- 
roe, N.  Y.,  March  19,  1812;  son  of  Robert  and 
Hannah  (Dean)  Caton.  He  attended  the  district 
school  for  a few  years,  and  in  1829  entered  the 
academy  at  Utica,  where  he  paid  especial  atten- 
tion to  mathematics  and  surveying.  In  1833  he 
went  to  Chicago  and  established  himself  in  his 
profession,  being  the  second  lawyer  to  practise  in 
that  city.  In  1841  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Illinois,  and  remained  on  the 
bench  until  his  resignation  in  1864,  holding  the 
chief -justiceship  from  April  to  June,  1855,  and 
from  1857  to  1864.  From  1852  to  1867  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  telegraphic 
company.  He  travelled  widely  and  devoted  much 
time  to  natural  history.  In  1866  Hamilton  col- 
lege conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  is  the  author  of  “A  Summer  in  Norway” 
(1875) ; “ The  Last  of  the  Illinois,  and  a Sketch  of 
the  Pottawatomies  ” (1876);  “Origin  of  the 

Prairies”  (1876)-.  “and  “ The  Antelope  and  Deer 
of  America”  (1877).  He  died  in  Chicago,  111., 
July  30.  1895 

| 5!) 


CATOR,  Thomas  Vincent,  politician,  was 
born  at  Roxbury.  N.  Y.,  July  18,  1851.  He  studied 
at  the  public  school,  Roxbury  academy,  and  Cor- 
nell university,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1871. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  New  York  bar  in  1873, 
and  practised  in  that  city  until  1887.  In  1881  he 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  national  anti- 
monopoly  league,  and  for  several  years  a member 
of  its  congressional  committee  to  secure  the 
inter-state  commerce  act.  In  1880  he  removed  to 
Jersey  city,  N.  J.,  where  in  1882  he  was  elected  to 
the  state  legislature  as  a candidate  of  the  anti- 
monopoly  union.  In  the  house  he  introduced  the 
equal  taxation  bill  passed  in  1884.  He  served 
two  years  as  an  alderman  of  the  city.  In  1887  ho 
was  water  commissioner  of  the  state  appointed  by 
Governor  Greene.  Later  in  the  same  year  lie  re- 
moved to  San  Francisco,  Cal.  He  was  a delegate 
to  the  Populist  convention  at  Omaha  in  1892, 
and  in  the  winter  of  1893-’94  was  the  candidate 
of  the  Populist  members  of  the  state  legislature 
for  United  States  senator.  In  1896  he  was  a dele- 
gate-at-large from  California  to  the  St.  Louis 
convention,  July  22,  and  before  the  convention 
favored  the  nomination  of  William  J.  Bryan  for 
President.  He  was  the  candidate  of  the  Demo- 
crats and  Populists  before  the  legislature  in  1897, 
for  United  States  senator,  to  succeed  George  C. 
Perkins.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous  pam- 
phlets on  political  topics,  of  which  “ National 
Ownership  of  Railroads  ” and  “ National  Credit  ” 
were  largely  read. 

CATRON,  John#  jurist,  was  born  in  Wythe 
county,  Va.,  in  1778,  and  in  1812  removed  to  Ten- 
nessee, where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
served  in  the  New  Orleans  campaign  of  1812  under 
General  Jackson,  and  later  was  elected  state  at- 
torney by  the  Tennessee  legislature.  He  was 
made  one  of  the  supreme  judges  of  the  state  in 
1824,  and  from  1830  to  1836  was  its  chief  justice. 
He  was  a noted  duellist,  but  officially  discouraged 
its  practice.  In  1837  he  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Van  Buren  an  associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
court.  He  opposed  secession  in  1861,  and  was, 
for  a time,  obliged  to  leave  the  state  because  of 
his  opinions,  but  in  1862  returned  and  continued 
his  judicial  duties.  He  died  in  Nashville.  Tenn., 
May  30,  1865. 

CATTELL,  Alexander  Gilmore,  senator,  was 
born  in  Salem,  N.  J.,  Feb.  12,  1816,  son  of  Thomas 
W.  and  Keziah  (Gilmore)  Cattell.  In  1840  he 
was  elected  to  the  legislature  of  New  Jersey ; in 
1841-’42  was  clerk  of  the  state  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  in  1844  served  as  a delegate  to  the 
state  constitutional  convention.  In  1846  he  re- 
moved to  Philadelphia,  engaged  in  business,  and 
held  various  local  offices.  He  was  a director  of 
the  Mechanics’  bank,  president  of  the  corn  ex- 
change association,  and  in  1858  organized  the 
I 


CATTELL. 


CAWEIN. 


Corn  exchange  bank  of  which  lie  continued  presi- 
dent for  thirteen  years.  After  1855  he  resided  in 
New  Jersey,  and  in  1866  was  chosen  to  the  United 
States  senate  as  a Republican,  succeeding  John 
P.  Stockton,  Democrat,  who  was  unseated.  He 
served  until  the  end  of  Senator  Stockton’s  term, 
March  3,  1871,  he  having  declined  an  election  by 
the  legislature  that  year.  President  Grant  ap- 
pointed him  a member  of  the  first  civil  service 
commission  in  1871.  During  1873  and  ’74  he 
served  as  financial  agent  of  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment in  London,  and  while  there  re  funded 
the  government  loans  at  a lower  rate  than 
formerly ; he  succeeded  in  simplifying  the  method 
of  quotations  of  exchange  between  the  two  coun- 
tries, and  his  suggestion  to  a syndicate  of  London 
bankers  brought  about  a plan  for  the  payment  of 
the  Alabama  claims  award  of  ,$15,500,000,  without 
disturbing  the  current  rates  of  exchange,  the 
amount  being  carried  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  by 
Mr.  Cattell,  and  turned  into  the  United  States 
treasury.  He  was  a member  of  the  state  board  of 
assessors  charged  with  the  taxation  of  railroad 
and  corporation  property.  His  exhaustive  reports 
of  1884  and  1885  on  railroad  and  other  corporate 
taxation  were  submitted  to  the  legislature  of  New 
Jersey.  He  was  a member  of  the  state  board  of 
education,  and  president  of  the  New  Jersey  trust 
company  of  Camden,  N.  J.  lie  died  in  James- 
town. N.  Y.,  April  8.  1894. 

CATTELL,  William  Cassidy,  educator,  was 
born  at  Salem,  N.  J.,  August  30,  1827,  son  of 
Thomas  W.  and  Keziali  (Gilmore)  Cattell.  He 
was  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in 
1848,  and  at  Princeton  theological  seminary  in 

1852,  pursuing  post-graduate  studies  there  during 

1853,  under  the  instruction  of  Joseph  Addison 
Alexander.  During  1853-55  he  was  associate 
principal  of  Edgehill  seminary,  Princeton,  N.  J. 
In  1855  lie  was  made  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek 
at  Lafayette  college,  Easton,  Pa.,  and  became 
pastor  of  the  Pine  street  Presbyterian  church  at 
Harrisburg  in  1859.  In  1863  he  was  called  to  the 
presidency  of  Lafayette  college,  occupying  that 
position  until  1883,  when  he  resigned  and  became 
emeritus  professor  of  mental  philosophy.  When 
he  came  to  the  college  as  its  president  it  had  two 
small  buildings  and  was  at  the  point  of  suspen- 
sion, and  he  left  it  with  a rank  among  the 
foremost  institutions  of  the  country.  He  was 
appointed  one  of  the  directors  of  Princeton  theo- 
logical seminary  in  1864.  He  accepted  the  posi- 
tion of  secretary  of  the  Presbyterian  board 
of  ministerial  relief,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1884. 
In  1896  he  resigned  the  secretaryship  because  of 
impaired  health.  He  received  the  degree  of 
S.T.D.  from  both  Hanover  and  Princeton  in  1864. 
and  that  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Wooster 
in  1878. 


CAULK1NS,  Frances  Manwaring,  author, 
was  born  in  New  London,  Conn.,  April  26,  1795; 
daughter  of  Joshua  and  Fanny  (Manwaring) 
Caulkins.  She  was  carefully  educated,  and  in 
1820  she  opened  a select  school  for  young  ladies 
at  Norwich  town,  leaving  it  in  1829  to  take 
charge  of  the  female  academy  at  New  London. 
In  1832  she  became  principal  of  the  academy  at 
Norwich  city.  She  gave  up  teaching  in  1834, 
and  devoted  her  time  to  literary  work.  She  pre- 
pared numerous  books  and  papers  for  the  Ameri- 
can tract  society,  some  of  which  were  trans- 
lated into  other  languages.  She  was  elected 
to  honorary  and  corresponding  membership  by 
several  historical  societies,  and  was  the  first 
woman  upon  whom  the  Massachusetts  historical 
society  conferred  that  honor.  Among  her  pub- 
lished works  are:  “ History  of  Norwich,  Conn„ 
1660-1845  ” (1845) ; “ Memoir  of  the  Rev.  William 
Adams,  and  of  the  Rev.  Eliphalet  Adams 
(1849);  History  of  New  London,  Conn.  (1852); 
and  “History  of  Norwich,  Conn.,  from  its  Pos- 
session by  the  Indians  to  the  year  1866”  (1874) 
She  died  in  New  London,  Conn.,  Feb.  3,  1869. 

CAVIN,  Ernest  Dillard,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Pittsville,  Fort  Bend  county,  Texas,  July  24, 
1861.  He  was  graduated  at  Baylor  university, 
taking  the  degree  of  B.P.,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  November,  1883,  and  was  elected  county 
attorney  of  Galveston  county  in  1886,  and  re- 
elected in  1888.  This  office  he  held  until  Novem- 
ber, 1890,  and  in  June,  1891,  was  appointed 
recorder  of  the  city  of  Galveston,  and  judge  of 
the  criminal  district  court  for  Harris  and  Gal 
veston  counties  by  Governor  Hogg  in  1892. 

CAVINESS,  George  Washington,  educator, 
•was  born  at  Fairfield,  Iowa,  March  29,  1857 ; son 
of  Alfred  and  Achsa  (Osborn)  Caviness.  He 
was  prepared  for  college  in  the  district  and  high 
schools  of  Iowa,  and  was  graduated  from  Battle 
Creek  (Mich.)  college  in  1882.  From  1882  to 
1885  he  was  teacher  in  various  high  schools  in 
Michigan,  and  from  1888  to  1894  was  principal 
of  the  South  Lancaster  (Mass.)  academy.  In 
the  latter  year  lie  was  elected  president  of  Bettle 
Creek  college. 

CAWEIN,  Madison  Julius,  poet,  was  horn  at 
Louisville,  Ky.,  March  23,  1865.  He  was  of  Hugue- 
not and  German  descent,  and  graduated  at  the 
Louisville  high  school  in  1886.  He  began  to  write 
poetry  when  about  sixteen  years  old,  but  did  not 
publish  his  work  until  1887.  His  first  volume, 
‘‘Blooms  of  the  Berry,”  issued  in  that  year, 
received  high  praise  from  such  critics  as  W.  D 
Howells,  E.  C.  Stedman,  and  James  Whitcomb 
Riley.  His  subsequent  works  include:  “Red 
Leaves  and  Roses.  Poems”  (1893):  “ Poems  of 
Nature  and  Love"  (1893),  and  “Intimations  of 
the  Beautiful,  and  Poems  ” (1894). 


1596  ] 


CHACE. 


CHADBOURNE. 


CESNOLA,  Luigi  Palma  di.  (See  di  Ces- 
nola,  L.  P. ) 

CHABRAT,  Guy  Ignatius,  R.  C.  bishop,  was 
born  at  Chambre,  France,  Dec.  28,  1789.  He 
received  a good  education  at  the  best  schools  of 
his  native  place,  pursued  his  theological  studies 
at  a Sulpitian  seminary,  and  in  1809  was  or- 
dained a sub-deacon.  Bishop  Flaget  of  Kentucky 
was  at  this  time  seeking  recruits  for  his  mis- 
sions, and  young  Cliabrat  was  one  of  those  who 
determined  to  accompany  him.  He  arrived  in 
Kentucky  in  1811,  completed  His  studies  under 
Father  David,  and  was  ordained  by  Bishop 
Flaget  on  Christmas  day,  1811,  the  first  Catholic 
priest  ordained  in  the  west.  His  first  charge 
was  the  missions  of  St.  Michael  in  Nelson,  and 
St.  Clare  in  Hardin  county ; he  also  attended  the 
mission  at  Poplar  Neck,  Nelson  county,  and  in 
1823  was  pastor  of  the  church  of  St.  Pius  in  Scott 
county.  In  1824  he  was  appointed  ecclesiastical 
superior  of  the  sisterhood  of  Loretto,  and  in  1834 
coadjutor  of  Bishop  Flaget,  with  the  title  of 
Bishop  of  Molina.  His  health  had  been  failing 
for  some  time,  and  he  was  now  threatened  with 
blindness.  In  1843  he  visited  Europe,  where 
noted  occulists  confirmed  the  hopelessness  of  his 
case,  and  he  was  released  from  his  charge.  He 
died  at  Maurice,  France,  Nov.  21,  1868. 

CHACE,  Elizabeth  Buffum,  reformer,  was 
born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  Dec.  9,  1806;  daughter 
of  Arnold  and  Rebecca  (Gould)  Buffum,  and 
grand-daughter  of  William  Buffum.  a member  of 
the  Rhode  Island  society  for  the  gradual  aboli- 
tion of  slavery.  She  was  educated  at  home  and 
at  the  Friends’  school  in  Providence,  R.  I.  In 
1830  she  was  married  to  Samuel  Buffington  Chace 
of  Fall  River,  in  which  city  she  resided  until 
1840,  when  they  removed  to  Valley  Falls,  R.  I. 
With  Samuel  May,  Jr. , and  other  abolitionists, 
she  labored  in  the  interest  of  the  anti-slavery 
society,  organizing  meetings  and  conventions  all 
over  the  state  of  Rhode  Island.  She  was  a life- 
long advocate  of  temperance  and  equal  rights,  and 
during  her  ninetieth  year  made  several  able  con- 
tributions to  the  daily  press  on  woman  suffrage. 
She  assisted  many  negroes  to  make  their  escape 
to  Canada,  and  used  her  voice  and  pen  in  behalf 
of  the  slaves  whenever  opportunity  offered.  In 
1872  she  was  chosen  a delegate  to  the  World’s 
prison  congress,  held  in  London,  England.  She 
is  the  author  of  “ Anti-Slavery  Reminiscences  ” 
(1891). 

CHACE,  George  Ide,  physicist,  was  born  in 
Lancaster,  Mass.,  Feb.  19,  1808;  son  of  Charles 
and  Ruth  (Jenckes)  Chace.  His  boyhood  was 
passed  on  a farm.  He  was  prepared  for  college 
at  Lancaster  academy,  and  was  graduated  at 
Brown  in  1830  with  valedictory  honors.  For  a 
brief  period  he  was  principal  of  the  academy  in 

[59 


Waterville,  Me.,  resigning  his  position  in  1831  to 
become  tutor  in  Brown  university.  In  1833  lie 
was  advanced  to  the  position  of  adjunct  professor 
of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy,  and  in 
1834  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry.  In 
1836  the  chair  was  enlarged  to  that  of  chemistry, 
geology  and  physiology,  and  he  remained  profes- 
sor of  these  sciences  until  1867.  In  that  year  the 
presidency  of  the  university  became  vacant  by 
the  resignation  of  Dr.  Barnas  Sears,  and  Profes- 
sor Chace  assumed  the  office  ad  interim,  holding 
it  for  one  year,  when  the  Rev.  Dr.  Caswell  was 
elected.  At  the  same  time  he  was  transferred 
to  the  chair  of  moral  and  intellectual  philosophy, 
and  held  this  position  for  five  years.  In  1872  he 
resigned,  and  passed  1872-'73  in  foreign  travel. 
He  was  deeply  interested  in  charitable  and 
philanthropic  institutions,  in  several  of  which  he 
held  prominent  offices.  In  1841  he  declined  the 
presidency  of  Waterville  college.  He  received 
the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the  University  at  Lewis- 
burg,  and  that  of  D.D.  from  Brown  in  1853.  His 
published  works  include : ‘ ‘ The  Relation  of 

Divine  Providence  to  Physical  Laws  ” (1854) ; 
“ The  Virtues  and  Services  of  Francis  Wayland  ” 
(1866),  and  “Lectures  and  Essays,”  with  a 
memoir  of  the  author  (1886).  He  died  in  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  April  29,  1885. 

CHACE,  Jonathan,  senator,  was  born  at  Fall 
River,  Mass.,  July  22,  1829;  son  of  Harvey  and 
Hannah  (Wood)  Chace.  He  received  an  academic 
education  and  entered  into  the  cotton  manufac- 
turing industry  at  Providence,  R.  I.  In  1876  he 
was  elected  a member  of  the  Rhode  Island  state 
senate  and  was  re-elected  in  1877.  In  1880  he  was 
elected  a representative  to  the  47th  Congress  and 
was  re-elected  to  the  48th  Congress.  On  Nov.  20, 
1885,  Governor  Bourne  appointed  William  P. 
Sheffield  senator,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by 
the  death  of  Henry  B.  Anthony,  Sept.  2,  1884,  and 
when  the  legislature  met  in  1885  it  elected  Mr. 
Chace  to  the  unexpired  term,  and  he  took  his 
seat  Jan.  26,  1885.  In  June,  1888,  he  was  elected 
to  the  full  term  to  expire  March  3,  1895,  but 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  senate  early  in  the  51st 
Congress,  and  was  succeeded  by  Nathan  F. 
Dixon. 

CHADBOURNE,  Paul  Ansel,  educator,  was 
born  at  North  Berwick,  Me.,  Oct.  21,  1823.  He 
worked  on  a farm  and  as  a carpenter  until  his 
seventeenth  year,  when  he  studied  two  years 
at  Phillips  Exeter  academy,  supporting  himself 
by  copying  law  papers.  He  was  graduated  from 
Williams  college,  valedictorian,  in  1848,  and  from 
the  Berkshire  medical  school  M.D.  in  1859.  He 
taught  school  at  Freehold,  N.  J.,  Great  Falls, 
N.  H.,  and  at  East  Windsor,  Conn.,  where  he 
also  studied  at  the  theological  institute.  In  1853 
he  was  licensed  to  preach,  and  in  the  same  year 


CHADWICK, 


CHAFFEE. 


was  called  to  the  chair  of  chemistry  and  natural 
history  at  Williams  college.  In  1855-  56  he  was 
lecturer  at  the  Western  Reserve  college.  In  1859 
he  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  natural  history 
at  Williams,  and  in  addition  to  the  duties  of  this 
professorship  also  held  the  chair  of  natural  sci- 
ences at  Bowdoin  college  from  1858  to  1865.  He 
was  state  senator  in  1865  and  1866.  He  became 
president  of  the  Massachusetts  agricultural  col- 
lege at  Amherst  in  1867,  but  was  compelled  to 
resign  on  account  of  ill-health.  In  1867  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
After  three  years’  successful  administration  he 
spent  two  years  in  Utah  and  the  far  west.  In 
1872  he  succeeded  Mark  Hopkins  as  president  of 
Williams  college.  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Williams  college  in  1868,  that  of 
D.D.  from  Amherst  college  in  1872,  and  that 
of  D.C.L.  from  Oxford  university  in  1874.  His 
published  writings  include:  “ Relations  of  Nat- 
ural History  to  Intellect,  Taste,  Wealth  and  Re- 
ligion ” (1860) ; “ Instinct,  its  Office  in  the  Animal 
Kingdom  and  its  Relation  to  the  Higher  Powers 
in  Man  ” (Lowell  Institute  Lectures,  1872) ; 

Strength  of  Man  and  Stability  of  Nations  ” 
(1877),  and  “ Hope  of  the  Righteous  " (1877).  He 
edited  “The  Wealth  of  the  United  States” 
(1880),  and  “ Public  Service  of  the  State  of  New 
York  ” (1881).  He  died  in  New  York  city,  Feb, 
23,  1883. 

CHADWICK,  George  Whitfield,  musician, 
was  born  in  Lowell.  Mass.,  Nov.  13,  1854;  son  of 
Alonzo  C.  and  Hannah  G.  Chadwick.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Lawrence,  and 
in  1872  went  to  Boston,  where  for  tliree  years  he 
studied  under  Eugene  Thayer.  He  then  taught 
music  for  a year  at  Olivet  (Mich.)  college,  and  in 
1877  went  to  Germany,  studying  at  Leipsic  under 
Jadassohn  and  Reinecke,  and  at  Munich  under 
Rheinberger.  At  the  close  of  his  studies  at  Leip- 
sic he  composed  an  overture  entitled  “ Rip  Van 
Winkle,”  which  was  given  a performance  at  a 
conservatory  concert  in  Leipsic.  He  returned  to 
Boston  in  1880,  and  the  “ Rip  Van  Winkle  " over- 
ture was  given  at  a Handel  and  Haydn  festival  in 
Boston,  with  Mr.  Chadwick  as  conductor,  and 
also  by  the  Harvard  musical  association.  He 
was  made  instructor  in  harmony  and  composi- 
tion at  the  New  England  conservatory  of  music, 
and  in  1881  conducted  the  music  of  the  “ CEdi- 
pus  ” in  Boston  and  in  New  York.  In  1887  he 
became  conductor  of  the  Boston  orchestral  club, 
and  in  1890  of  the  Springfield  festival  association. 
In  1891  he  was  commissioned  to  compose  the 
music  of  the  ode  for  the  dedication  of  the  build- 
ings of  the  Columbian  exposition.  In  1893  his 
“ Symphony  in  F major  ” gained  for  him  the 
prize  of  three  hundred  dollars  offered  by  the  na- 
tional conservatory  of  Leipsic  in  New  York.  He 


composed  the  music  of  the  opera  “ Tabasco,"  first 
performed  by  the  1st  corps  of  cadets  in  Boston 
in  1894.  In  February,  1897,  he  was  chosen  to 
succeed  Carl  Faelton  as  director  of  the  New  Eng- 
land conservatory.  Among  his  choral  works 
are:  “ The  Vikings'  Last  Voyage,”  “ Phoenix  Ex- 
pirans,”  and  “ The  Lily  Nymph,”  “The  Lovely 
Rosabelle,”  and  “ The  Pilgrim's  Hymn  ” ; and  his 
orchestral  works  include  the  overtures  “ Thalia  ” 
and  “ Melpomene,”  and  “ Rip  Van  Winkle  ” ; also 
“ A Pastorale  Prelude,”  “ Jubilee,”  “ Noel,”  and 
“A  Vagrom  Ballad”;  symphonic  sketches  for 
orchestra,  and  twelve  songs  from  Arlo  Bates's 
“ Told  in  the  Gate.” 

CHADWICK,  John  White,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Marblehead,  Mass.,  Oct.  19  1840;  son  of  John 
White  and  Jane  (Stanley)  Chadwick.  In  1864  he 
was  graduated  from  the  Divinity  school  of  Har- 
vard college,  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  became 
pastor  of  the  Second  Unitarian  society  of  Brook- 
lyn, N.  Y.  In  1897  this  pastorate  had  continued  for 
one  third  of  a century.  In  1888  Harvard  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  Among 
his  published  writings  are:  “ Life  of  N.  A.  Staples” 
(1876) ; “ A Book  of  Poems”  (1876) ; “ The  Bible  of 
To-day”  (1878);  “The  Faith  of  Reason”  (1879); 
“Some  Aspects  of  Religion”  (1879);  “The  Man 
Jesus  ” (1881) ; “ Belief  and  Life  ” (1881) ; “ Origin 
and  Destiny”  (1883);  “In  Nazareth  Town:  a 
Christmas  Fantasy”  (1883);  “A  Daring  Faith” 
(1885);  “The  Two  Voices:  Poems  of  the  Moun- 
tains and  the  Sea”  (1886).  and  “ Old  and  New 
Unitarian  Belief”  (1894). 

CHAFFEE,  Jerome  Bunty,  senator,  was  born 
in  Niagara  county,  N.  Y.,  April  17,  1825.  He  re- 
ceived very  little  scholastic  training.  About  1846 
he  removed  to  Adrian,  Mich.,  and  until  1852  en- 
gaged in  the  dry-goods  business  in  that  place. 
He  then  went  to  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  whence  he  re- 
moved a few  years  later  to  Elmwood,  Kan.  In 
1859  he  went  to  Colorado  and  settled  in  what 
afterwards  became  Denver.  He  was  successful 
in  mining  and  in  other  business  enterprises.  He 
was  elected  to  the  legislature  of  Colorado  in  1861. 
’62  and  ’63,  serving  in  the  last  year  as  speaker  of 
the  house.  In  1865  he  was  elected  by  the  state 
legislature  of  the  proposed  state  of  Colorado  as  a 
United  State  senator.  He  was  elected  in  1870  to 
the  42d  Congress  as  a Republican,  and  was  re- 
elected to  the  43d  Congress.  On  the  admission  of 
Colorado  as  a state  he  was  elected  United  States 
senator  and  took  his  seat  Dec.  4,  1876.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  Republican  national  executive 
committee  of  1884.  He  died  in  Salem  Centre, 
Westchester  county,  N.  Y.,  March  9,  1886. 

CHAILLlS,  Stanford  Emerson,  physician,  was 
born  in  Natchez.  Miss.,  July  9,  1830.  son  of  V il- 
liam  Hamilton  and  Mary  E.  P.  (Stanford)  Chaille. 
About  1633  Pierre  Chailld,  a youthful  Huguenot, 


[598] 


CHAILLE. 


CHALMERS. 


having  witnessed  the  massacre  of  his  family,  suc- 
ceeded in  escaping  to  an  English  vessel  at  La 
Rochelle,  France,  and  found  refuge  in  England. 
About  1700  he  settled  in  Boston,  Mass.,  whence 
his  son  Moses  emigrated  to  the  eastern  shore  of 
Maryland  in  1710,  became  wealthy  and  died  in 
1763.  Moses,  only  son  of  Col.  Peter  Chaille,  was 
a distinguished  patriot  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
a member  of  the  Maryland  convention  of  1775,  a 
delegate  to  sign  and  ratify  the  U.  S.  constitution, 
and  a member  for  over  twenty  years  of  the  Mary- 
land legislature.  Peter's  son,  William  Hamilton, 
was  born  in  1799,  emigrated  to  Natchez,  Miss.,  in 
1819,  and  died  there  in  1836.  Stanford  Emerson 
was  educated  by  private  tutors,  was  graduated  at 
Phillips  academy,  Andover,  in  1847,  and  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1851,  receiving  his  A.  M.  degree  in 
1854.  He  was  graduated  by  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Louisiana,  now  the 
■ Tulane  university,  in  1853.  In  1860-’61,  he  was  a 
student  in  Paris  in  the  laboratory  of  Claude  Ber- 
nard, where  he  renewed  his  studies  in  1866-’67.  He 
was  appointed  acting  surgeon-general  of  Louisiana 
in  the  Confederate  army,  Feb.  17,  1862,  and  was 
made  surgeon  and  medical  inspector  of  the  army 
of  Tennessee  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Braxton  Bragg, 
May  12,  1862.  On  July  24.  1863,  he  was  appointed 
hospital  surgeon  at  Atlanta,  Ga..  and  in  January, 

1864,  surgeon-in-charge  of  the  Ocmulgee  hospital, 
Macon,  Ga.  In  May,  1865,  he  was  captured  and 
paroled,  returning  to  New  Orleans  in  September, 

1865.  He  was  resident  student  of  New  Orleans 
charity  hospital,  1852-53 ; resident  physician  U.  S. 
marine  hospital,  1853-54;  resident  physician 
Circus  Street  infirmary,  1854r-'60 ; co-editor  and  pro- 
prietor New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  .Jour- 
nal, 1857-’68;  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  medical 
department  University  of  Louisiana,  1858-67; 
lecturer  on  obstetrics,  1865-’66,  and  professor  of 
physiology  and  pathological  anatomy  from  1867. 
He  was  lecturer  on  medical  jurisprudence  before 
the  international  medical  congress,  Philadelphia, 
1876;  appointed  by  Congress  one  of  the  twelve 
experts  to  investigate  the  yellow  fever  epidemic 
of  1878,  and  served  as  secretary  of  this  board, 
1878-’79 ; appointed  by  the  national  board  of 
health  one  of  the  four  members  of  the  Havana 
yellow  fever  commission,  and  served  as  its  presi- 
dent in  1879;  appointed  by  the  national  board  of 
health  its  supervising  inspector,  serving  from 
March,  1881,  to  October,  1882 ; commissioned  by  the 
President  one  of  the  civilian  members  of  national 
board  of  health,  January,  1885;  was  dean  of  med- 
ical department,  Tulane  university,  Louisiana, 
from  March  31,  1885;  professor  of  physiology  and 
hygiene  in  the  collegiate  department,  1885-88. 
He  attended  Ex-President  Jefferson  Davis  in  his 
last  illness,  November  and  December,  1889;  ap- 
pointed professor  of  physiology,  hygiene,  and 


pathological  anatomy  in  the  medical  department, 
Tulane  university,  Louisiana,  1890,  and  the  Louis- 
iana member  of  the  committee  on  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Pan-American  medical  congress, 
1891 -’93.  His  contributions  to  medical  literature 
are  valuable,  especially  as  treating  authoritatively 
on  yellow  fever,  sanitary  science,  and  hygiene, 
and  cover  a period  from  1852.  He  was  elected 
honorary  member  of  the  college  of  physicians, 
Philadelphia;  of  the  medical  and  chirurgical  fac- 
ulty of  Maryland ; of  the  academy  of  medical 
sciences,  Havana,  Cuba,  and  of  the  Louisiana 
pharmacy  association ; a member  of  the  American 
medical  association,  and  of  many  other  learned 
societies. 

CHALMERS,  James  Ronald,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Halifax  county,  Va.,  Jan.  11,  1831,  son  of 
Joseph  W.  Chalmers,  U.  S.  Senator  from  Missis- 
sippi. He  was  graduated  at  the  South  Carolina 
college  in  1851,  and  in  1853  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  was  made  district  attorney  in  1858, 
and  in  1861  was  a delegate  to  the  secession  con- 
vention. He  was  commissioned  as  colonel  of 
the  9th  Mississippi  regiment,  in  1861,  and  in 
February,  1862,  was  promoted  brigadier-general, 
serving  with  distinction  throughout  the  war.  In 
1875  and  1876  he  was  a member  of  the  Mississippi 
state  senate,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  elected  a 
representative  in  the  45th  Congress.  He  was  re- 
elected to  the  46th  Congress,  and  was  given  a 
certificate  of  election  to  the  47th  Congress,  but 
the  office  was  contested  and  won  by  John  R. 
Lynch.  He  was  elected  to  the  48th  Congress, 
and  claimed  election  to  the  51st,  but  the  seat  was 
given  to  his  opponent. 

CHALMERS,  Joseph  W.,  senator,  was  born 
in  Halifax  county,  Va.,  in  1807,  of  Scotch  parent- 
age. He  studied  law  in  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  in  a lawyer’s  office  in  Richmond,  Va, 
He  removed  to  Jackson,  Tenn.,  in  1835,  and  prac- 
tised his  profession  there  for  five  years,  at  the 
end  of  that  time  gping  to  Holly  Springs,  Miss. 
He  was  appointed  vice-chancellor  in  1842,  and 
held  the  office  during  1842  and  ’43.  He  was  ap- 
pointed United  States  senator  from  Mississippi  to 
succeed  Robert  J.  Walker,  and  served  from  Dec. 
7,  1845,  to  March  3,  1847.  He  then  resumed  his 
law  practice  in  Holly  Springs,  Miss.,  where  he 
died  in  June,  1853. 

CHALMERS,  Lionel,  physician,  was  born  in 
Campbelltown,  Scotland,  about  1715.  He  received 
his  degree  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
land, and  soon  after  removed  to  America  and 
practised  medicine  first  in  Christ  church  parish, 
and  later  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  is  the  author 
of  “Opisthotonos  and  Tetanus,”  (1754);  “Essay 
on  Fevers”  (1767),  and  “An  Account  of  the 
Weather  and  Diseases  of  South  Carolina”  (1776). 
He  died  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1777. 


[599J 


CHAMBERLAIN. 


CHAMBERLAIN. 


CHAMBERLAIN,  Alexander  Francis,  anthro- 
pologist, was  born  at  Kenninghall,  Norfolk, 
England,  Jan.  12,  1865.  He  was  brought  by  his 
parents  to  New  York  in  1870,  whence  they 
removed  to  Canada  in  1873.  He  was  graduated 
with  honors  at  the  University  of  Toronto  in  1886, 
receiving  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1889.  From  1887 
to  1890  he  was  fellow  in  modern  languages  in 
University  college,  Toronto,  and  from  1890  to 
1892  fellow  in  anthropology  in  Clark  university, 
Worcester,  Mass.  In  1892  he  received  from 
Clark  university  the  degree  of  Pli.D.,  the  first 
granted  in  anthropology  in  America.  In  1892  he 
was  appointed  lecturer  on  anthropology  in  Clark 
university,  and  lie  spent  the  summer  of  1891 
among  the  Kootenay  Indians  of  British  Colum- 
bia, conducting  anthropological  investigations 
under  the  auspices  of  the  British  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science.  He  was  elected 
a member  of  several  anthropological  and  philo- 
logical societies,  and  fellow  of  the  American 
association  for  the  advancement  of  science.  He 
devoted  especial  attention  to  American  aborigi- 
nal anthropology  and  linguistics,  and  contributed 
to  the  American  Folklore  Journal,  The  Anthro- 
pologist, Dialect  Notes,  Modern  Language  Notes, 
and  the  Proceedings  of  the  Canadian  Institute. 
He  compiled  a dictionary  and  grammar  of  the 
Kootenay  Indian  language  and  a comparative 
Glossary  of  Algonkian  dialects.  Among  his 
published  papers  are:  “Eskimo  Race  and  Lan- 
guage,” “ Modern  Languages  and  Classics  in 
Europe  and  America  since  1880  ” (1891);  “ Re- 
port to  the  British  Association  on  the  Kootenay 
Indians  of  S.  E.  British  Columbia  ” (1892),  and 
the  “Language  of  the  Mississagas  of  Skiigog  ” 
(1892). 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Daniel  Henry,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  was  born  in  West  Brookfield, 
Mass.,  June  23,  1835;  son  of  Eli  and  Achsah 
(Forbes)  Chamberlain.  Until  he  was  fourteen 
years  old  he  worked  on  his  father's  farm  and  at- 
tended the  common  schools.  In  1849  and  1850  he 
studied  at  the  Amherst  (Mass. ) academy,  and  in 
1854  studied  at  Phillips  Andover  academy.  In 
1857  he  completed  his  preparation  for  college  at 
the  Worcester,  Mass.,  high  school,  where  he 
taught  in  1857— ’58,  and  in  1859  entered  Yale  col- 
lege. He  was  graduated  in  1862  and  entered 
Harvard  law  school,  where  he  remained  until 
the  fall  of  1863,  when  he  left  to  enlist  in  the 
army.  He  received  a lieutenant’s  commission  in 
the  5th  Massachusetts  colored  cavalry,  and  served 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  In  January,  1866,  he 
engaged  in  cotton  planting  on  the  Sea  Islands, 
near  Charleston,  S.  C.,  but  was  unsuccessful.  In 
1867  he  was  chosen  a member  of  the  constitu- 
tional convention  called  under  the  reconstruction 
acts,  and  took  his  seat  in  January,  1868.  He  was 


made  attorney-general  in  1868,  and  held  the  office 
four  years,  at  the  end  of  that  time  returning  to 
his  law  practice  in  Charleston.  He  achieved 
distinction  at  the  bar,  and  in  1874  was  elected 
governor  of  the  state.  At  the  close  of  his  term  he 
returned  to  New  York  city.  See  “ Governor 
Chamberlain’s  Administration  in  South  Caro- 
lina,” by  Walter  Allen  (1888). 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Eugene  Tyler,  journalist, 
was  born  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  28,  1856;  son  of 
Frank  Chamberlain.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  Albany  academy  in  1874  and  from  Harvard 
in  1876,  with  honors  in  philosophy.  While  in 
college  he  was  associate  editor  of  the  Harvard 
Advocate.  He  taught  in  the  Albany  academy, 
and  in  1879  entered  business  with  his  father  in 
charge  of  the  Dunlap  elevator.  In  1882  he  began 
his  daily  newspaper  work  as  a member  of  the 
staff  of  the  Albany  Evening  Journal.  He  rose 
to  the  position  of  associate  editor  under  George 
Dawson,  and  remained  as  such  under  Harold 
Frederick  and  John  A.  Sleiclier.  In  1888  he 
transferred  his  services  to  the  Albany  Argus, 
taking  the  position  of  assistant  editor.  During 
his  newspaper  career  he  served  as  the  Albany 
correspondent  for  a number  of  influential  news- 
papers in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  Grover  Cleveland  as  a campaign 
volume,  aided  in  organizing  the  civil  service 
reform  association  in  1884,  and  was  mentioned 
for  the  position  of  civil  service  commissioner.  In 
1892  he  assumed  the  editorship  of  the  Albany 
Argus. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Jacob,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Sharon,  Conn.,  April  13,  1835.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  theological  seminary  of  the  Reformed 
Dutch  church,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  and  at 
the  College  of  physicians  and  surgeons,  New  York 
city.  Immediately  upon  graduation  he  went  to 
India  as  missionary,  where  he  had  unusual  suc- 
cess in  the  fields  of  Palamainer  and  Madanapalli. 
at  each  of  which  stations  he  established  a hospital 
and  dispensary.  He  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee to  bring  out  a new  translation  of  the  Old 
Testament  in  the  Telugu  language,  and  as  well 
of  that  which  had  in  hand  the  revising  of  the 
Telugu  New  Testament.  He  was  elected  in  1878 
to  the  vice-presidency  for  India  of  the  American 
Tract  society.  Among  his  published  works  are : 
“ The  Bible  Tested  ” (1878),  which  reached  a sale 
of  twenty-one  thousand  ; “ Winding  up  a Horse, 
or  Christian  Giving  ” (1879),  and  “ Break  Cocoa- 
nuts  over  the  Wheels  ” (1885),  the  last  reaching 
a sale  of  twenty  thousand. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Jeremiah,  educator,  was 
born  in  Adams  county.  Pa..  Jan.  5,  1794:  son  of 
Col.  James  Chamberlain,  an  officer  in  the  revo- 
lutionary army.  He  was  graduated  at  Dickinson 
college  in  1814,  and  after  a three-year  course  at 


CHAMBERLAIN. 


CHAMBERLAIN. 


Princeton  theological  seminary  he  was  licensed 
to  preach  in  1817.  He  spent  a year  in  the  south 
as  a missionary,  and  in  1818  accepted  a call  to 
the  church  at  Bedford,  Pa.  In  1822  he  became 
president  of  Centre  college,  Kentucky,  and  held 
the  office  until  1825,  placing  the  school  on  a firm 
basis.  During  his  administration  he  preached 
regularly.  He  resigned  the  presidency  of  Centre 
college  in  1825  to  accept  that  of  Louisiana  col- 
lege, remaining  there  until  1828,  when  he  estab- 
lished a private  school  in  Jackson,  La.  In  1830 
he  founded  and  was  elected  president  of  Oakland 
college,  Claiborne  county,  Miss.,  to  which  work 
he  devoted  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Centre  college  in  1825.  He 
died  by  the  hand  of  an  assassin,  a student  of  the 
college,  Sept.  5,  1850. 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Joshua  Lawrence,  gov- 
ernor of  Maine,  was  born  in  Brewer,  Me. , Sept.  8, 
1828 ; son  of  Joshua  Chamberlain,  second  in  com- 
mand in  the  Aroostook  war;  grandson  of  Joshua 
Chamberlain,  a colonel  of  the  war  of  1812.  He 
attended  the  military  academy  at  Ellsworth, 
Me.,  was  graduated  at  Bovvdoin  in  1852  and  at 
Bangor  theological  seminary  in  1855.  He  was 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Bowdoin  from  1856  until 
1862.  In  August  of  the  latter  year  he  entered 
the  Union  army  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  20th 
Maine  volunteers,  and  served  continuously  in 
the  1st  division  of  the  5tli  corps,  gaining  succes- 
sive promotion  and  finally  commanding  the  corps. 
He  was  mustered  out  of  service  Jan.  10,  1866,  as 
brevet  major-general.  After  having  engaged 
in  twenty-four  pitched  battles,  being  six  times 
wounded,  thrice  severely,  he  received  promotion 
as  brigadier-general  on  the  field,  and  -was  hon{ 
ored  with  the  direction  of  the  formal  surrender 
of  the  Confederate  forces  at  Appomattox,  April 
9,  1865.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  resumed 
his  professorship  at  Bowdoin  college,  but  was 
elected  governor  of  Maine  in  1866,  and  by  three 
successive  re-elections  held  the  office  till  1871. 
On  retiring  from  the  governorship,  he  was  elected 
president  of  Bowdoin  college,  and  served  as  such 
till  1883,  in  the  mean  time  occupying  the  chair  of 
mental  and  moral  philosophy,  1874-’79.  In  1876 
he  was  appointed  major-general  of  Maine  militia ; 
in  1878  was  a United  States  commissioner  to  the 
Paris  exhibition;  and  till  1885  lectured  on  public 
law  and  political  economy  in  Bowdoin  college. 
He  removed  to  New  York  city  in  1886,  when  he 
became  interested  in  railroad  affairs  and  was 
elected  president  of  the  Institute  of  arts  of  that 
city.  He  received  from  Pennsylvania  college  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  in  1866,  and  from  Bowdoin  college 
the  same  degree  in  1869.  He  is  the  author  of 
“Maine-  Her  Place  in  History”  (1877),  and 
“ Education  in  Europe,”  published  by  the  United 
States  government  in  1879. 


CHAMBERLAIN,  Mellen,  librarian,  was  born 
at  Pembroke,  N.  H.,  June  4,  1821;  son  of  Mellen 
Chamberlain,  a lawyer,  who  died  in  1839.  He 
was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1844,  and 
at  the  Dane  law  school,  Cambridge,  in  1848,  and 
began  to  practise  law  in  Boston  Jan.  1,  1849.  He 
was  a member  of  both 
houses  of  the  Massa- 
chus etts  legislature, 
and  when  in  the  sen- 
ate he  was  chairman  of 
the  judiciary  commit- 
tee. In  1866  he  was  ap- 
pointed justice,  and 
afterwards  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  municipal 
court  of  the  city  of 
Boston,  and  resigned 
that  office  in  1878,  on 
his  election  as  libra- 
rian-in-chief of  the 
Boston  public  library. 

After  a popular  admin- 
istration  of  twelve 
years,  he  retired  on  account  of  ill-health,  Oct.  1, 
1890.  He  conducted  a literary  club  in  Chelsea 
for  thirty  years,  which  had  no  inconsiderable 
influence  on  the  community,  and  led  to  the  for- 
mation of  similar  clubs  in  other  parts  of  the 
country.  He  prepared  several  addresses,  re- 
views, and  historical  papers,  which  attracted 
much  attention,  by  the  learning,  originality,  and 
critical  insight  they  evinced,  and  gave  the  author 
a high  place  among  monographic  writers  of  his- 
tory. Judge  Chamberlain  was  elected  in  1873  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society, 
and  its  published  proceedings  evidence  the  value 
of  his  historical  papers.  He  prepared  a history 
of  the  municipality  of  Chelsea,  which  presents 
novel  and  interesting  phases  of  judicial  proceed- 
ings in  the  Massachusetts  colony.  He  received 
the  degree  of  LL.B.  from  Harvard  in  1848,  LL.D. 
from  Dartmouth  in  1885,  and  in  1892  he  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences.  Among  his  printed  works  are  the 
following:  “ The  History  of  Winnisimmet,  Rum- 
ney  Marsh  and  Pullin  Point  ” (1880) ; “ Daniel 
Webster  as  an  Orator”  (1882);  “John  Adams 
the  Statesman  of  the  Revolution  ” (1884) ; 
“ Samuel  Maverick's  Palisade  House  of  1630  ” 
(1885);  “ The  Authentication  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  ” (1885) ; “ The  Journals  of  Cap- 
tain Henry  Dearborn,  1775-1783  ” (1886-'87)  ; 
“ Notes  to  Sewall’s  Letter  Book  ” (1886) ; “ Ad- 
dress at  the  Dedication  of  Wilson  Hall,  Dart- 
mouth College  Library  ” (1885) ; “ A Review  of 
McMaster’s  History”  (1886);  “Landscape  in 
Life  and  in  Poetry”  (1886);  “ Remarks  at  the 
Dedication  of  a Statue  of  Daniel  Webster,  at 


fGOll 


CHAMBERLIN. 


CHAMBERS. 


Concord,  N.  H.  ” (1886);  “Address  at  the  Dedi- 
cation of  the  Brooks  Library  Building  at  Brattle- 
boro,  Vt.”  (1887);  ■“  The  Constitutional  Relations 
of  the  American  Colonies  to  the  English  Govern- 
ment at  the  Commencement  of  the  American 
Revolution  " (1887);  “ The  Revolution  Impending, 
with  a Critical  Essay  ” (1888) ; “ Josiah  Quincy, 
the  Great  Mayor  ” (1889) ; “A  Review  of  Palfrey’s 
History  of  New  England”  (1890);  “Review  of 
the  Belknap  Papers”  (1891);  “The  Memorial  of 
Captain  Charles  Cochrane”  (1891);  “Governor 
Winthrop's  Estate”  (1892),  and  “The  Genesis 
of  the  Massachusetts  Town.” 

CHAMBERLAIN,  Selah,  engineer,  was  born  in 
Brattleboro,  Vt.,  March  4,  1812.  He  was  a con- 
tractor for  the  constructing  of  the  Erie  exten- 
sion of  the  Pennsylvania  canal  and  of  other  large 
canals  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1845  he 
superintended  the  improvements  made  in  the 
Canadian  canals  along  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 
Returning  to  his  native  state  he  was  contractor 
for  the  Rutland  and  Burlington  railroad.  In  1851 
he  completed  the  construction  of  the  Cleveland 
and  Pittsburgh  railroad.  In  1871  he  was  made 
president  of  the  Cleveland,  Lorain  and  Wheeling 
railroad,  of  which  he  was  the  builder.  He  died 
in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Dec.  27,  1890. 

CHAMBERLIN,  Humphrey  Barker,  philan- 
thropist, was  born  in  Manchester,  England,  Feb. 
7,  1847;  son  of  Robert  and  Eliza  (Barker)  Cham- 
berlin. He  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  New 
York  when  he  was  five  years  old,  residing  first 
in  New  York  city,  and  later  in  Oswego,  N.  Y., 
where  he  was  educated  in  the  normal  school. 
In  1862  he  entered  the  service  of  the  New  York, 
Albany  and  Buffalo  (afterwards  the  Western 
LI nion ) telegraph  company,  and  was  later  given 
an  appointment  by  General  Eckert  of  the  military 
telegraph  corps  in  the  U.  S.  service,  and  served 
during  the  last  two  years  of  the  civil  war.  In 
1866  he  engaged  in  the  drug  business  at  Oswego, 
from  which  he  retired  in  1876,  and  was  chosen 
general  secretary  of  the  young  men’s  Christian 
association  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  but  was  compelled 
to  resign  in  1879  on  account  of  ill-health.  Remov- 
ing to  Denver,  Col.,  he  entered  into  the  real-estate 
business,  in  which  he  was  very  successful.  In  1889 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  Denver  chamber 
-of  commerce.  He  founded  the  Chamberlin  ob- 
servatory, which  he  erected  and  equipped  at  a cost 
of  sixty  thousand  dollars,  and  presented  to  the 
University  of  Denver.  He  also  contributed 
forty  thousand  dollars  toward  the  erection  of 
Trinity  Methodist  Episcopal  church  and  parson- 
age in  Denver,  as  a memorial  to  his  mother. 

CHAMBERLIN,  Thomas  Chrowder,  educator, 
was  born  near  Mattoon,  111.,  Sept.  25,  1843;  son 
of  a Methodist  Episcopal  clergyman,  a pioneer  of 
that  state,  as  well  as  of  Wisconsin,  whither  he 


moved  when  his  son  was  but  three  years  old.  He 
was  graduated  at  Beloit  college  in  1866,  and, 
after  two  years  as  principal  of  a high  school,  he 
spent  a year  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
the  study  of  the  sciences.  In  1868  he  accepted 
the  chair  of  natural  science  in  the  state  normal 
school  at  Whitewater,  Wis.,  and  was  soon  after 
called  to  the  chair  of  geology  in  Beloit  college. 
He  was  also  made  assistant  geologist  of  the  Wis- 
consin geological  survey.  In  1876  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  geologist  of  Wisconsin,  and  devoted 
his  entire  time  to  the  geological  survey  until  it 
was  essentially  completed,  contributing  to  its 
reports  numerous  valuable  papers.  In  1882  lie 
was  made  chief  of  the  glacial  division  of  the 
United  States  geological  survey.  From  1884  to 
1886  he  was  professor  of  geology  in  the  Colum- 
bian university,  and  in  1887  he  became  president 
of  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  The  work  of 
President  Chamberlin,  as  United  States  geologist, 
made  him  one  of  the  recognized  authorities  on 
American  geology,  especially  upon  the  glacial 
period.  He  is  the  author  of  many  papers  on  the 
subject,  some  of  which  were  delivered  before  the 
international  congress  of  geologists;  the  Ameri- 
can association  for  the  advancement  of  science, 
of  which  he  was  vice-president,  and  the  Wiscon 
sin  academy  of  science  and  arts,  of  which  he  was 
a charter  member,  and  at  one  time  president.  In 
1882  he  received  the  degree  of  Pli.D.  from  the 
University  of  Michigan,  and  in  1883  the  Univers- 
ity  of  Wisconsin  conferred  upon  him  the  same 
degree.  In  1887  Beloit  college,  the  Columbian 
university  and  the  University  of  Michigan,  each 
gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  made  val- 
uable contributions  to  the  reports  of  the  geo- 
logical survey  of  Wisconsin,  the  bulletin  of  the 
geographical  society  of  America,  and  the  reports 
of  the  United  States  geological  survey. 

CHAMBERS,  Alexander,  soldier,  was  born  in 
New  York  in  1832.  He  was  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1853,  and  served  in  garrison  and  on 
frontier  duty  until  1855,  when  he  escorted  Cap- 
tain Pope's  artesian-well  expedition  in  New 
Mexico,  and  in  1856-'57  was  engaged  in  the  war 
against  the  Seminole  Indians  in  Florida.  He 
was  on  frontier  duty  on  the  Utah  expedition, 
1857-‘60,  being  promoted  1st  lieutenant  Jan.  19. 
1859.  On  May  14,  1861,  he  was  promoted  captain 
and  transferred  from  the  5th  to  the  18th  infantry 
regiment.  On  March  12,  1862,  he  engaged  in  the 
Tennessee  campaign,  and  was  twice  wounded  in 
the  battle  of  Shiloh,  April  6,  1862,  and  once  at 
the  battle  of  Iuka,  Sept.  19,  1862.  For  his  con- 
duct in  these  battles  he  was  brevetted  lieutenant 
colonel.  He  then  served  in  the  Yicksburg  cam- 
paign, and  on  July  4,  1863,  received  the  brevet 
rank  of  colonel  for  his  gallantry  during  the  siege 
of  Vicksburg,  and  was  brigadier-general  of  vol- 


|6021 


CHAMBERS. 


CHAMBERS. 


unteers,  1863-'64.  He  served  on  Sherman's  raid 
to  Meridian,  and  commanded  a battalion  at  Look- 
out Mountain,  Tenn.,  from  Jan.  15,  to  Aug.  25, 
1865.  On  March  13,  1865,  he  was  bre  vetted  brig- 
adier-general, U.  S.  volunteers,  for  gallant  ser- 
vices in  the  battle  of  Champion  Hills,  Feb.  4, 
1864,  and  at  Meridian,  Miss.,  Feb.  14,  1864.  He 
was  judge -advocate  of  the  district  of  Nebraska 
in  the  early  part  of  1866,  and  of  the  department  of 
the  Platte  until  July  31,  1867.  He  was  promoted 
major,  March  5,  1867,  and  lieutenant  - colonel 
October,  1876,  serving  in  the  interim  on  garrison 
and  frontier  duty.  From  July,  1877,  to  Sept.  13, 
1878,  he  was  military  attache  of  the  U.  S.  lega- 
tion at  Constantinople,  Turkey,  and  in  Novem- 
ber, 1878,  was  stationed  at  Fort  Townsend,  Wash. 

He  died  at  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  Jan.  2,  1888. 

CHAMBERS,  Ezekiel  F.,  senator,  was  born 
in  Kent  county,  Md.,  Feb.  28,  1788.  He  was 
graduated  at  Washington  college  in  1805,  and  in 
1808  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  served  in  the 
war  of  1812,  attaining  the  rank  of  brigadier-gen- 
eral. In  1822  he  was  a member  of  the  state  sen- 
ate, and  was  elected  United  States  senator  from 
Maryland  as  a Whig,  in  the  place  of  Edward 
Lloyd,  resigned,  taking  his  seat  Feb.  22,  1826, 
and  serving  until  1834,  when  he  resigned.  In 
that  year  he  was  appointed  presiding  judge  of 
the  second  judicial  court  of  Maryland  and  a 
judge  of  the  court  of  appeals,  holding  the  posi- 
tions until  1851,  when,  by  a change  of  constitu- 
tion, the  judiciary  of  Maryland  became  elective. 

He  was  offered  the  position  of  secretary  of  the 
navy  by  President  Fillmore  in  1852,  but  declined 
on  acount  of  feeble  health.  He  was  defeated  as 
the  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of  Mary- 
land in  1864.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Yale  college  in  1833,  and  from  Delaware 
college  in  1852.  He  died  at  Chestertown,  Md., 
Jan.  30,  1867. 

CHAMBERS,  George,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Chambersburg,  Pa.,  Feb.  24,  1786.  The  town  was 
founded  by  his  grandfather.  He  was  graduated 
at  Princeton  college  in  1804,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1807,  beginning  practice  at  Chambers- 
burg. In  1833  he  was  elected  a representative 
from  Pennsylvania  in  the  23d  Congress  as  a 
Whig,  and  was  re-elected  to  the  24th  Congress, 
serving  until  March  3,  1837.  In  the  latter  year 
he  was  a member  of  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  appointed  a 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania, 
April  12,  1851,  and  occupied  that  position  until  it 
was  vacated  by  constitutional  provision.  He 
wrote  a history  of  the  Cumberland  Valley,  the 
manuscript  of  which  was  destroyed  when  the 
Confederate  troops  burned  his  house  during  their 
invasion  of  Pennsylvania.  He  died  in  Chambers- 
burg, Pa.,  March  25,  1866. 

f 603  J 


CHAMBERS,  George  Stuart,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Dec.  12,  1841 ; son  of 
John  and  Margaret  (Bready)  Chambers.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1862  and  served  as  a private  in  the  118th 
Pennsylvania  regiment  during  the  emergency, 
after  which  he  acted  as  assistant  secretary  of 
the  United  States  Christian  commission,  1863-'65. 
He  was  ordained  in  the  Presbyterian  ministry 
and  was  pastor  of  Ebenezer,  later  Murray  Hill, 
church,  New  York  city,  1867-'79,  and  in  1879 
became  pastor  of  the  Pine  street  church,  Harris- 
burg, Pa.  The  University  of  Pennsylvania  gave 
him  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1862,  and  that  of  D.D. 
in  1888.  He  published  several  sermons 

CHAMBERS,  Henry,  senator,  was  born  in 
Lunenburg  county,  Va.,  in  1785;  brother  of 
Judge  Edward  Chambers.  He  practised  medi- 
cine in  Alabama,  and  served  during  the  Mexican 
war  as  surgeon  on  the  staff  of  General  Jackson. 
In  1819  he  was  a member  of  the  state  constitu- 
tional convention.  He  was  elected  U.  S.  senator, 
serving  from  Dec.  5,  1825,  until  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  Mecklenburg  county,  N.  C.,  Jan.  25, 
1826. 

CHAMBERS,  John,  jurist,  was  born  about 
1700;  son  of  Admiral  William  Chambers.  He 
was  licensed  an  attorney-at-law  in  New  York 
April  7,  1723  He  was  married  March  26,  1737, 
to  Anne,  daughter  of  Col.  Jacobus  and  Eva 
(Philipse)  Van  Cortlandt  of  Yonkers,  N.  Y.  On 
Nov.  5,  1739,  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  com- 
mon council  of  New  York,  and  on  July  30,  1751, 
he  was  commissioned  second  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  taking  his  seat  May  8,  1752.  On 
May  1.  1753,  he  resigned  his  office  as  clerk  of  the 
common  council.  In  1757  he  was  a member  of  the 
Congress  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  convened  for  the  pur- 
pose of  forming  a Confederate  union  of  the  Brit- 
ish American  colonies.  In  1760  he  failed  to 
receive  the  appointment  to  the  chief-justiceship 
of  the  state,  made  vacant  by  the  death  of  Judge 
DeLancey,  to  which  he  felt  entitled  by  reason  of 
rank,  and  on  Nov.  19,  1761,  he  resigned  his  seat 
on  the  bench.  He  was  a member  of  the  council 
from  1752  until  his  death,  April  10,  1764. 

CHAMBERS,  John,  representative,  was  born 
in  New  Jersey,  Dec.  4,  1779.  He  removed  to  Ken- 
tucky with  his  father  in  1792,  and  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1800,  practising  his  profession  in 
Washington,  Ky.  He  served  in  the  war  of  1812 
as  aid-de-camp  to  General  Harrison,  and  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames.  In  1828  he 
was  elected  a representative  from  Kentucky  in 
the  20th  Congress,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by 
Thomas  Metcalfe’s  resignation,  and  served  until 
1829.  He  was  elected  to  the  24th  and  25th  con- 
gresses as  a Whig,  serving  from  Dec.  7,  1835,  to 
March  3,  1839.  He  was  appointed  governor  of 


CHAMBERS. 


CHAMBERS. 


the  territory  of  Iowa  in  1841,  holding  the  office 
until  1846.  In  1849  he  was  a commissioner  to 
negotiate  a treaty  with  the  Sioux  Indians.  He 
died  near  Paris,  Ky.,  Sept.  21,  1852. 

CHAMBERS,  Julius,  editor,  was  born  in  Belle- 
fontaine,  Ohio,  Nov.  21,  1850;  son  of  Joseph  and 
Sarabella  Chambers.  He  attended  the  Ohio  Wes- 
leyan university  from  1866  to  1868,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Cornell  university  in  1870,  and  accepted 
a position  as  reporter  on  the  New  York  Tribune. 

In  1873  he  became 
connected  with  the 
Herald,  and  served 
on  this  paper  as  re- 
porter, special  cor- 
respondent, city  ed- 
/.  itor,  foreign  editor 
during  the  Turco- 
Russian  war,  and  as 
night  editor,  accom- 
plishing feats  in  jour- 
nalism which  gained 
him  a national  repu- 
tation. During  1878- 
'79  he  attended  Col- 
umbia law  school. 
In  1886  he  was  made 


/ 1 > 


managing  editor  of  the  Herald.,  and  in  May,  1887, 
established  in  Paris  the  only  successful  European 
edition  of  the  Herald.  In  1889  he  accepted  the 
same  position  with  the  New  York  World,  on 
which  paper  he  repeated  his  former  success.  He 
is  the  author  of  “ A Mad  World  and  its  Inhab- 
itants ” (1877),  the  experiences  of  the  author 
who,  feigning  insanity,  was  confined  in  an  in- 
sane asylum  in  New  York;  “On  a Margin;  The 
Story  of  a Hopeless  Patriot  ” (1884),  and  “ Lovers 
Four  and  Maidens  Five’’  (1886);  “Missing,  A 
Tale  of  the  Sargasso  Sea  ” (1896) ; “ The  Rascal 
Club  ”(1897).  Mr.  Chambers  was  the  discoverer 
(1872)  of  Elk  lake,  south  of  Lake  Itasca,  which 
he  claimed  to  be  the  source  of  the  Mississippi 
river. 

CHAMBERS,  Talbot  Roland,  physician,  was 
born  at  Raritan,  N.  J.,  June  27,  1855;  son  of  Tal- 
bot Wilson  and  Louise  Mercer  (Frelinghuysen) 
Chambers.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  the  city  of  New  Yoi’k  in  1875;  pursued  his 
medical  course  at  the  College  of  physicians  and 
surgeons,  1875-’78,  graduating  with  the  degree 
of  M.D.  He  was  house  physician  at  the  New 
York  hospital  and  provisional  assistant  in  the 
woman’s  hospital.  During  1879— ’81  he  was  at- 
tending physician  at  the  children’s  dispensary. 
Later  he  served  as  surgeon  on  the  steamer 
Acapulco,  Pacific  mail  steamship  company. 
After  1881  he  practised  medicine  at  East  Orange 
and  at  Jersey  city,  N.  J.  In  1885  he  was  appointed 
township  physician  and  health  officer  of  East 


Orange,  and  treasurer  of  the  Orange  mountain 
medical  society.  He  was  made  a member  of  the 
practitioners’  club,  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  of  the  New 
York  pathological  society.  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  B.S.  from  the  University  of  the  city  of 
New  York  in  1878. 

CHAMBERS,  Talbot  Wilson,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  Feb.  2,  1819;  son  of  Dr. 
W.  C.  and  Mary  (Ege)  Chambers.  He  attended 
Dickinson  college,  was  graduated  at  Rutgers  col- 
lege in  1834,  and  studied  at  the  theological  semin- 
aries of  New  Brunswick  and  Princeton  (1836-'37). 
In  1837-’39  he  was  engaged  in  private  teaching  in 
Mississippi.  His  first  pastorate  was  at  the  second 
Reformed  Dutch  church  of  Raritan  at  Somerville, 
N.  J.,  where  he  was  ordained  and  installed  Jan. 

22,  1840,  and  which  he  served  until  Dec.  2,  1849, 
when  he  was  called  to  be  one  of  the  pastors  of  the 
collegiate  Reformed  Dutch  church  in  New  York 
city,  and  was  stationed  at  the  Lafayette  place 
church.  He  was  one  of  the  American  committee 
on  the  revision  of  the  Bible,  and  for  many  years 
the  chairman  of  the  American  section  of  the 
churches  connected  with  the  Reformed  alliance. 
In  1875  he  became  lecturer  at  the  New  Brunswick 
theological  seminary,  N.  J.,  and  was  made  a 
trustee  of  Rutgers  college  in  1868,  and  of  Colum- 
bia college  in  1881.  He  received  the  degree  of 
S.T.D.  from  Columbia  in  1853,  and  that  of  LL.D. 
from  Rutgers  in  1888.  He  wrote:  “Memorial  of 
Theo.  Frelinghuysen,”  “The  Psalter  a Wit- 
ness to  the  Divine  Origin  of  the  Bible  ” (1876), 
and  “Companion  to  the  Revised  Old  Testa- 
ment.” He  died  in  New  York  city,  Feb.  3,  1896. 

CHAMBLISS,  John  Randolph,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Hicksford,  Greenville  county,  Va.,  Jan. 

23,  1833;  son  of  John  R.,  and  grandson  of  Lewis 
H.,  Chambliss.  In  1853  he  was  graduated  at 
West  Point,  and  until  March  4,  1854,  was  sta- 
tioned at  the  cavalry  school,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  when 
he  resigned  and  assumed  the  occupation  of  a 
planter  at  Hicksford,  Va.  From  1856  to  1861  he 
served  as  a major  on  the  governor's  staff,  and 
from  1858  to  '61  as  colonel  of  militia.  At  the 
opening  of  the  civil  war  he  entered  the  Confed 
erate  service,  was  first  colonel  of  an  infantry 
regiment  and  later  colonel  of  the  13th  Virginia 
cavalry.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general, and  was  killed  while  leading  a cav 
airy  charge  at  Deep  Bottom,  near  Richmond,  Va. 
Aug.  16,  1864. 

CHAMBLISS,  William  Parham,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Chamblissburg,  Va.,  March  20,  1827.  He 
was  educated  for  the  law,  and  served  in  the  war 
with  Mexico  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  1st  Tennessee 
volunteers  from  1846  until  July,  1847,  when  he 
was  promoted  captain  of  the  3d  Tennessee  volun- 
teers. At  the  close  of  the  war  he  practised  his 
profession  in  Pulaski,  Tenn.,  1850— ’55 ; edited  the 


[fiotl 


CHAMPE. 


CHAMPLIN. 


Citizen , a Democratic  newspaper,  1850-’55  and 
was  a member  of  the  state  legislature,  1853-N54. 
In  March,  1855,  he  was  given  a commission  as  1st 
lieutenant  2d  cavalry,  United  States  army,  and 
stationed  in  Texas.  In  April,  1861,  he  was  pro- 
moted captain,  and  in  August  of  the  same  year 
was  transferred  to  the  5th  cavalry,  served  in  the 
civil  war  during  the  Manassas  and  peninsular 
campaigns,  and  was  brevetted  major  May  4, 
1862,  for  meritorious  conduct  at  Hanover  Court 
House,  Va.  He  was  severely  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Gaines’  Mills,  June  27,  1862,  and,  after 
lying  exposed  on  the  battlefield  for  four  days, 
was  taken  to  Libby  prison.  He  received  the 
brevet  of  lieutenant-colonel  for  his  gallantry  at 
Gaines’  Mills,  and  after  his  release  from  Libby 
he  served  as  instructor  of  cavalry  at  West  Point, 
N.  Y.,  1862-'64.  He  was  promoted  major  in  the 
4th  cavalry  March  30,  1864,  and  served  as  special 
inspector  of  cavalry  in  the  division  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, 1864-’65.  He  accompanied  his  regiment  to 
Texas  in  1865,  and  on  Nov.  1,  1867,  resigned  from 
the  army  to  engage  in  business  in  Canada.  He 
was  afterwards  reinstated  in  the  army  as  major, 
and  was  retired  Dec.  21,  1886,  by  act  of  Congress. 
He  died  Feb.  22,  1887. 

CHAMPE,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  Loudon 
county,  Va.,  in  1752.  He  was  a sergeant-major 
of  cavalry,  and  was  employed  by  Major  Lee,  at 
Washington’s  request,  to  endeavor  to  capture 
Benedict  Arnold.  To  accomplish  his  purpose  he 
deserted  from  the  American  lines  and  was  received 
by  the  British  at  Paulus  Hook.  His  plan  to  seize 
Arnold,  gag  him,  and  carry  him  to  a boat  which 
he  had  ready,  was  frustrated  by  that  general’s 
change  of  quarters  on  the  night  fixed  for  the 
event,  and  the  removal  of  Cliampe  to  a trans- 
port, in  which,  with  the  legion  to  which  he  was 
attached,  he  was  sent  to  Virginia.  He  escaped 
from  the  British  army  and  joined  Greene's  forces, 
but  was  exempted  from  further  service  by  Gen- 
eral Washington,  lest  he  should  be  captured  as  a 
spy.  He  died  in  Kentucky  about  1798. 

CHAMPLIN,  Christopher  Grant,  senator,  was 
born  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  April  12,  1768.  He  was  a 
nephew  of  George  Champlin,  born  1738,  died  1809, 
was  graduated  from  Harvard  college  in  1786,  and 
afterwards  studied  at  St.  Omer,  France.  He 
served  as  a representative  in  Congress  from  May 
15,  1797,  to  March  3,  1801.  He  was  chosen  to  the 
United  States  senate  in  place  of  Francis  Malbone, 
deceased,  took  his  seat  Jan.  12, 1810,  and  resigned 
in  1811.  He  was  president  of  the  Rhode  Island 
bank  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  Newport,  R.  I.,  March  28,  1840. 

CHAMPLIN,  James  Tift,  educator,  was  born 
in  Colchester,  Conn.,  June  9, 1811.  He  was  grad- 
uated as  valedictorian  of  his  class  from  Brown 
university  in  1834,  and  served  as  a tutor  in  that 


institution  from  1835  to  1838,  when  he  became 
pastor*  of  the  Baptist  church,  Portland,  Me., 
resigning  his  pastorate  in  1841  to  accept  the  chair 
of  ancient  languages  in  Waterville  college,  which 
he  held  until  1857,  when  he  became  president  of 
the  college,  so  remaining  until  1872,  when  he  set- 
tled at  Portland,  Me.,  and  occupied  himself  with 
literary  work.  He  prepared  English  and  Greek 
grammars  and  other  educational  works,  and  from 
1850  was  a contributor  to  the  Christian  Review. 
He  published:  “Demosthenes  on  the  Crown” 
(1843) : “ Demosthenes’  Select  Orations  ” (1848) ; 
“ HCschines  on  the  Crown”  (1850);  “ A Text- 
book of  Intellectual  Philosophy  ” (1860) ; “First 
Principles  of  Ethics”  (1861);  “A  Text-book  of 
Political  Economy  ” (1868) ; “ Scripture  Reading- 
Lessons  with  Notes”  (1876);  “Constitution  of 
the  United  States,  with  brief  comments  ” (1880). 
He  died  in  Portland,  Me.,  March  15,  1882. 

CHAMPLIN.  John  Denison,  author,  was  born 
at  Stonington.  Conn.,  Jan.  29,  1834;  son  of  John 
Denison  and  Sylvia  (Bostwick)  Champlin.  He 
attended  the  Hopkins  grammar  school  at  New 
Haven,  was  graduated  from  Yale  in  1856,  and 
received  the  degree  of  M.A.  in  1866.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1859,  and  practised  in  New 
York  city  as  a member  of  the  law  firm  of  Hoi 
lister,  Cross  & Champlin.  In  1860  he  removed 
to  New  Orleans  to  begin  the  practice  of  law  in 
that  city,  but  at  the  opening  of  the  civil  war  re- 
turned to  New  York,  and  from  1862  to  ’64  was 
engaged  in  general  literary  work.  In  1864  he 
became  associate  editor  of  the  Standard,  Bridge- 
port, Conn.,  and  in  1865  established  a Democratic 
paper  entitled  the  Sentinel,  in  Litchfield,  Conn., 
which  he  edited  for  four  years.  In  1869  he  sold  it 
and  removed  to  New  York  city.  In  1872-'73  he 
wrote,  from  the  journal  of  J.  F.  Loubat,  a “ Nar- 
rative of  the  Mission  to  Russia  in  1866  ” of  the 
Hon.  Gustavus  Vasa  Fox.  assistant  secretary  of 
the  navy,  who  was  sent  with  a fleet  by  the 
U.  S.  government  to  congratulate  Alexander  II. 
on  his  escape  from  assassination.  In  1873  he 
served  as  a reviser  and  in  1875  became  associate 
editor  of  The  American  Cyclopaedia.  He  is  the 
author  of  “ Young  Folk's  Cyclopaedia  of  Common 
Things"  (1879):  “Young  Folk’s  Catechism  of 
Common  Things  ” (1880);  “Young  Folk’s  Cyclo- 
paedia of  Persons  and  Places”  (1880);  “Young 
Folk’s  Astronomy”  (1881);  “Young  Folk’s 
History  of  the  War  for  the  Union”  (1881); 
“ Chronicle  of  the  Coach”  (1886) ; and  edited 
Scribner's  “ Cyclopaedia  of  Painters  and  Paint- 
ing ” (4  vols.,  1887),  and  “ Cyclopaedia  of  Music 
and  Musicians  ” (1890).  He  was  associate  editor 
of  the  “ Standard  Dictionary  ” in  1892-'94.  and 
editor  (with  Rossiter  Johnson  and  George  Cary 
Eggleston)  of  “ Liber  Scriptorum,”  the  book  of 
the  Authors’  club  (1893). 


CHAMPLIN. 


CHAMPNEY . 


CHAHPLIN,  Stephen,  naval  officer,  was  born 
in  South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  Nov.  17,  1789;  Son  of 
Stephen  and  Elizabeth  (Perry)  Champlin.  In  1794 
his  parents  removed  to  Lebanon,  Ky.,  where  he 
received  a common-school  education.  At  the  age 
of  sixteen  he  went  to  sea  and  at  twenty-two  was 
captain  of  a merchantman.  May  22,  1812,  he  was 
appointed  a sailing-master  in  the  navy  and 
placed  in  command  of  a gunboat  under  Commo- 
dore Perry  at  Newport,  and  afterwards  at 
Sacketts  Harbor.  He  was  in  command  of  the  Scor- 
pion at  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  Sept.  10,  1813,  the 
Scorpion  firing  the  first  shot  on  the  American 
side,  September  13,  Champlin  captured  the  Little 
Belt,  and  fired  the  last  shot  of  the  engagement.  In 
1814  he  commanded  the  Tigress  and  participated 
in  the  blockade  of  Port  Mackinac.  On  the  13th 
of  September  the  Tigress  and  Seorjiion  were  sur- 
prised and  captured  by  the  British.  Champlin  re- 
ceiving a severe  wound  in  the  thigh,  which 
crippled  him  for  life.  He  was  held  as  a prisoner 
at  Mackinac  for  more  than  a month  and  was  then 
paroled.  He  was  promoted  to  a lieutenancy 
Dec.  9,  1814,  and  in  1815  was  attached  to  Commo- 
dore Perry’s  flagship,  the  Java.  From  1816  to 
1818  he  was  in  command  of  the  Porcupine,  and 
during  1816  was  employed  in  surveying  the 
Canadian  line.  He  served  on  the  receiving  ship 
Fulton  from  1824  to  1834,  when  he  settled  in 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.  He  was  promoted  captain,  Aug.  4, 
1850;  was  placed  on  the  reserve  list  Sept.  13, 
1855,  and  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  commodore 
on  the  reserve  list,  April  4,  1867.  He  died  in 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  20,  1870. 

CHAMPLIN,  Stephen  Gardner,  soldier,  was 
born  at  Kingston,  N.  Y..  July  1.  1797.  He  acquired 
his  education  at  Rhinebeck  academy,  N.  Y.,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Albany,  in  1850.  He 
settled  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Grand 
Rapids,  Mich.,  in  1853,  and  later  held  office  as 
judge  of  the  recorder’s  court,  and  prosecuting 
attorney  of  Kent  county.  In  1861  he  was  com- 
missioned major  of  the  3d  Michigan  infantry,  of, 
which  lie  was  promoted  colonel.  October  22.  He 
participated  in  the  battles  of  Williamsburg,  Fair 
Oaks,  Groveton.and  Antietam.  He  was  severely 
wounded  at  Fair  Oaks,  June  1,  1862,  and  as  a 
result  was  incapacitated  for  active  service  after 
the  battle  of  Antietam,  and  commanded  the  re- 
cruiting station  at  Grand  Rapids  upon  his  promo- 
tion to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,  Nov.  29. 1862. 
He  died  at  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  Jan.  24,  1864. 

CHAMPNEY,  Benjamin,  painter,  was  born  in 
New  Ipswich,  N.  II..  Nov.  20,  1817,  son  of  Ben- 
jamin and  Rebecca  (Brook)  Champney.  In  1834 
he  was  graduated  at  Appleton  academy,  New 
Ipswich,  and  removed  to  Boston,  where  he  was 
employed  in  a lithographic  establishment,  1837-'40. 
He  studied  at  the  Louvre  life 


1841-46.  In  1847-48  he  painted  his  notable  pano- 
rama of  the  Rhine.  He  reproduced  many  scene, 
of  the  White  mountains  and  of  the  Swiss  Alps. 
In  1858  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Boston 
art  club. 

CHAMPNEY,  Elizabeth  Williams,  author, 
was  born  in  Springfield,  Ohio,  Feb.  6,  1850; 
daughter  of  Samuel  Barned  and  Caroline  (John- 
son) Williams.  She  was  graduated  at  Vassar  col- 
lege in  1869;  married  James  Wells  Champney, 
and  in  1876  began  to  write  stories,  poems,  and 
romances  for  the  periodicals;  her  first  book,  “ In 
the  Sky  Garden,”  also  appearing  in  that  year. 
She  contributed  to  leading  periodicals  a series  of 
papers  embodying  her  observations  in  foreign 
lands,  the  most  notable  being  “ A Neglected  Cor- 
ner of  Europe,”  and  another,  “In  the  Footsteps 
of  Fortuny  and  Regnault.”  Her  works  comprise : 
“Bourbon  Lilies,”  “Rosemary  and  Rue,”  “All 
Around  a Palette,”  “Great-Grandmother  Girls  in 
New  France,”  “Three  Vassar  Girls  Abroad,” 
“The  Witch  Winnie”  series,  and  a novel, 
“Sebia’s  Tangled  Web.”  Her  books  were  illus- 
trated by  her  husband. 

CHAMPNEY,  James  Wells  (“Champ”), artist, 
was  born  in  Boston,  July  16,  1843.  He  studied  in 
the  Lowell  institute,  Boston,  Mass.,  and  at  the 
age  of  sixteen  entered  the  shop  of  a wood  en- 
graver in  that  city.  He  served  in  the  45th  Mass- 
achusetts volunteers  during  1863,  and  afterwards 
taught  drawing  in  the  school  of  Dr.  Dio  Lewis,  at 
Lexington.  Mass.  In  1866  he  visited  Europe, 
studying  in  Paris  and  at  Ecouen  under  Edouard 
Frfere.  In  1868  he  spent  some  time  in  the  acad- 
emy at  Antwerp,  then  returned  to  Paris,  where, 
in  1869,  he  painted  his  first  genre  picture.  He 
spent  some  time  in  Rome,  Italy,  in  1869-70.  He 
employed  1873  in  visiting  the  southern  states, 
making  sketches  to  illustrate  Edward  King’s 
“ The  Great  South.”  In  1885  he  first  turned  his 
attention  to  pastel  painting.  It  was  as  a " pastel- 
list  ” that  he  became  best  known.  His  lectures 
before  the  leading  art  clubs  on  “ Pastels  and  Pas 
tellists  ” and  the  various  exhibitions  of  his  famous 
copies  of  the  old  masters  did  much  to  promote 
the  growth  of  art  in  the  United  States.  His  pic- 
tures of  Lawrence  Barrett,  the  Hon.  John  Bige- 
low, Robert  Collyer,  and  Bishop  Williams  of 
Connecticut,  are  splendid  exponents  of  the  possi- 
bilities of  pastel  painting.  He  spent  the  summer 
of  1893  in  the  gallery  at  Versailles,  producing  his 
delightful  replicas  of  the  French  court  beauties, 
which  were  later  exhibited  in  New  York,  Phil- 
adelphia, Boston,  Chicago,  Detroit.  Milwaukee, 
Cleveland,  and  Cincinnati.  He  exhibited  at  the 
World’s  Columbian  exposition  at  Chicago,  IH. 
(1893),  and  at  the  Paris  salon  of  1894.  Mr. 
Champney  was  a graceful  lecturer  on  art.  illus- 
his  talks  with  rapid  and  effective  sketches. 


school  in  Paris  trating 
[606] 


CHANCELLOR. 


CHANCHE. 


In  1882  he  was  elected  an  associate  member  of  the 
National  academy  of  design,  and  was  early  made 
a member  of  the  American  society  of  water  color 
painters.  After  1876  his  studios  were  situated  in 
New  York  city,  and  at  Deerfield,  Mass.  Among 
the  more  noted  of  his  early  pictures  are : ‘ ‘ Boy 
Shelling  Peas”  (1869);  ‘-The  Sere  Leaf”  (1874); 
“Where  the  Two  Paths  Meet”  (1880);  “Song 
without  Words  ” (1886).  Among  his  portraits  in 
pastel  are  noted  those  of  Mrs.  Egerton,  Mrs. 
Rhinelander  Stewart,  Grace  Kimball  as  “Betty 
Einley,”  Mary  Mannering  as  “ Daphne,”  and  Mrs. 
Henry  Munn.  His  copy  of  “Moliere”  is  owned 
by  the  Players’  club. 

CHAMPNEYS,  Benjamin,  jurist,  was  born  in 
Bridgeton, Cumberland  county,  N.  J.,  in  January, 
1800.  He  was  educated  by  a private  tutor  and  en- 
tered the  college  of  New  Jersey  but  did  not  grad- 
uate. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  April  2,  1818. 
From  1824  to  1830  he  served  as  deputy  attorney- 
general  of  the  mayor’s  court,  Lancaster,  Pa. ; from 
1830  to  1833  as  deputy  attorney -general  of  the 
county ; and  from  1839  to  1842  as  president  judge 
of  the  second  judicial  district.  In  1825  and  in 
1828  he  sat  in  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legis- 
lature, and  from  1843  to  1846  in  the  state  senate. 
He  became  attorney -general  of  the  state  in  1846, 
and  resigned  that  office  in  1848.  He  was  elected 
to  the  state  house  of  representatives  in  1863,  and 
to  the  state  senate  in  1864,  '65,  and  '66.  He  left 
the  Democratic  party  at  the  time  of  the  civil  war 
and  joined  the  Republicans.  He  died  at  Lancas- 
ter, Pa.,  Aug.  9,  187i. 

CHANCELLOR,  Charles  Williams,  physician, 
was  born  in  Spottsylvania  county,  Va.,  Feb.  19, 
1833.  He  attended  the  college  at  Georgetown, 
D.  C.,  and  the  University  of  Virginia.  In  1853 
he  received  his  M.D.  degree  at  Jefferson  medical 
college,  and  removed  to  Alexandria,  Va.,  where 
he  practised  medicine  until  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  medical 
director  on  the  staff  of  General  Pickett  of  the 
Confederate  army,  and  served  in  this  capacity 
throughout  the  war,  removing  at  its  close  to 
Memphis,  Tenn.,  where  he  practised  for  three 
years.  In  1868  he  accepted  the  chair  of  anatomy 
at  Baltimore  (Md.)  university,  became  dean 
of  the  faculty  in  1869,  and  professor  of  surgery 
in  1870.  He  severed  his  connection  with  the  uni- 
versity in  1873  to  return  to  general  practice,  arid 
in  1876  he  was  made  secretary  of  the  state  board 
of  health.  He  was  elected  a fellow  of  the  Royal 
society  of  London.  Among  his  writings  are: 
“ Report  upon  the  Condition  of  the  Prisons, 
Reformatories  and  Charitable  Institutions  of 
Maryland”  (1875) ; “ Mineral  Waters  and  Seaside 
Resorts”  (1883);  and  monographs  on  “Drainage 
of  the  Marsh  Lands  of  Maryland  ” (1884) ; and 
“Heredity”  (1886). 


CHANCELLOR,  Eustathius,  physician,  was 
born  at  Cliancellorsville,  Va.,  Aug.  29,  1854;  son 
of  Dr.  J.  Edgar  and  Josephine  (Anderson)  Chan- 
cellor. He  entered  the  University  of  Virginia  in 
1871,  and  in  1874  changed  from  the  classical  to 
the  medical  department,  from  which  he  was. 
graduated  in  1876.  He  attended  a course  of 
lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  was 
appointed  prosector  at  the  University  of  Mary- 
land, and  in  1877  was  graduated  from  that 
institution.  He  became  resident  physician  at 
the  university  hospital  in  1878.  In  1879  he  began 
general  practice  in  co-partnership  with  his 
father.  In  1885  he  was  instrumental  in  founding 
the  Beaumont  hospital  medical  college,  in  which 
he  was  a professor  from  1885  to  1890.  In  1892  he 
was  elected  secretary  of  the  national  association 
of  military  surgeons.  He  is  the  author  of: 
“ Researches  upon  the  Treatment  of  Delirium 
Tremens  ” (1881) ; “ Gonorrhoeal  Articular  Rheu- 
matism ” (1883) ; “ Woman  in  her  Social  Sphere  ” 
(1885);  “Marriage  Philosophy”  (1886);  “The 
Correlation  of  Physical  and  Vital  Forces  ” (1887), 
and  “ The  Pacific  Slope  and  its  Scenery  ” 
(1890). 

CHANCHE,  John  Mary  Joseph,  R.  C.  bishop, 
was  born  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  Oct.  4,  1795.  At  the 
age  of  eleven  he  entered  St.  Mary's  seminary;  he 
received  the  tonsure  from  Archbishop  Carroll  at 
the  age  of  fifteen,  and  was  ordained  June  5, 
1819.  He  was  a member  of  the  Sulpitian  order, 
and  continued  his  duties  as  a professor  in  St. 
Mary’s,  of  which  he  became  president  in  1834. 
He  declined  the  position  of  coadjutor  bishop  of 
Boston,  as  well  as  of  New  York  which  he  was 
offered  later.  He  was  master  of  ceremonies  at  the 
second  provincial  council  of  Baltimore,  was  one 
of  the  promoters  of  several  others,  and  chief  pro- 
moter of  the  first  national  council.  Dr.  Clianche 
was  appointed  bishop  of  the  newly  erected  see 
of  Natchez,  and  was  consecrated  March,  11, 
1841,  in  the  cathedral  at  Baltimore.  He  built 
and  dedicated  the  cathedral,  made  laborious  visi- 
tations of  his  diocese,  organizing  new  churches 
and  parishes,  and  did  all  that  zeal  and  untiring 
energy  could  compass  in  so  large  a field  of  labor. 
His  missions  among  the  colored  people  were  very 
successful.  In  1848  he  founded  St.  Mary's  orphan 
asylum  and  school  under  the  charge  of  sisters  of 
charity  from  Emmittsburg.  In  1848  he  visited 
France  to  make  efforts  for  the  coalescence  of  the 
sisters  of  charity  in  the  United  States  with  those 
of  France,  in  which  design  he  succeeded.  He 
built  during  his  episcopacy  eleven  churches,  and 
established  thirty-two  missionary  stations.  He 
attended  the  first  national  council  at  Baltimore, 
and  on  his  way  home  was  stricken  with  his 
mortal  sickness,  and  died  at  Frederick,  Md.,  in 


1853. 
[607] 


CHANDLER. 


CHANDLER. 


CHANDLER,  Abiel,  philanthropist,  was  born 
in  Concord,  N.  H.,  Feb.  26,  1777;  son  of  Daniel 
and  Sarah  (Merrill)  Chandler,  and  grandson  of 
Capt.  John  Chandler,  one  of  the  original  propri- 
etors of  Concord.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he 
was  given  a tract  of  forty  acres  of  land  in  Stowe, 
Me. , on  the  condition  that  he  would  settle  there. 
He  worked  on  his  farm  in  summer,  attending  the 
Fryeburg,  and  afterwards  Phillips,  academy  in 
winter,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1806. 
He  then  taught  school  for  nearly  twelve  years, 
and  later  became  a commission  merchant  in  Bos- 
ton, acquiring  wealth  and  distinction.  He 
retired  in  1845.  In  his  will,  after  providing 
generously  for  his  immediate  family,  and  be- 
queathing legacies  to  more  than  fifty  nephews 
and  nieces,  he  left  fifty  thousand  dollars  to  Dart- 
mouth college  to  establish  a scientific  school,  and 
the  residue  of  his  estate,  amounting  to  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars,  to  the  asylum  for  the  insane 
in  New  Hampshire.  He  died  in  Walpole,  N.  H., 
March  22,  1851. 

CHANDLER,  Charles  Frederick,  chemist, 
was  born  at  Lancaster,  Mass.,  Dec.  6,  1836.  He 
studied  at  the  Lawrence  scientific  school  of  Har- 
vard university,  and  then  at  Gottingen  aixd  Berlin, 
gaining  his  Pli.D.  degree  in  1856.  In  1857  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  chemistry  in  Union  col- 
lege, removed  to  New  York,  1864,  and  joined 
Thomas  Egleston  and  Francis  L.  Vinton  inoi'gan- 
izing  the  Columbia  college  school  of  mines,  in 
which  he  was  dean  and  professor  of  analytical 
and  applied  chemistry.  He  became  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  college  of  pharmacy  in  1866, 
and  adjunct  professor  of  chemistry  and  medical 
jurisprudence  in  the  college  of  physicians  and 
surgeons  in  1872,  taking  the  full  chair  in  1876. 
He  was  chemist  to  the  New  York  city  board  of 
health  and  its  president  for  several  years.  Among 
the  beneficial  results  of  his  work  in  this  field 
were  the  careful  inspection  of  milk,  improve- 
ments in  the  markets,  the  supervision  of  slaugh- 
ter-houses aixd  their  restriction  to  prescribed 
regions  on  the  rivers,  restrictive  legislation  con- 
cerning the  quality  of  kerosene  and  the  tene- 
ment-house act.  His  connection  with  the  state 
board  of  health  was  also  fruitful  in  restraining 
the  adulteration  of  food.  He  investigated  the 
water  supply  of  New  York  in  1866,  of  Brooklyn 
in  1868  and  1870,  of  Albany  in  1872-'85,  and  of 
Yonkers  in  1874;  reported  on  waters  for  locomo- 
tives in  1865;  analyzed  the  springs  at  Saratoga 
in  1863,  and  at  Ballston  in  1869,  and  directed 
analyses  for  several  geological  surveys.  He  is 
the  author  of  contributions  to  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  Science , the  American  Chemist,  which  he 
conducted  with  his  brother,  Prof.  W.  H.  Chan- 
dler, from  1870  to  1877;  the  reports  of  the  health 
department  and  the  national  academy  of  sci- 


ences. He  presided  in  1884  at  the  chemical  con- 
vention which  assembled  at  Northumberland, 
Pa.,  to  commemorate  Priestley's  discovery  of 
oxygen.  He  was  made  a member  of  the  national 
academy  of  sciences  in  1874,  and  became  a life 
member  of  the  chemical  societies  of  London,  Ber- 
lin, Paris  and  New  York.  He  received  the  degree 
of  M.D.  from  the  Univei'sity  of  New  York,  and 
that  of  LL.D.  from  Union  college,  both  in  1873. 

CHANDLER,  Charles  Henry,  educator,  was 
born  in  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  Oct.  25,  1840;  son  of 
James  and  Nancy  (White)  Chandler.  His  father 
was  a nxember  of  the  legislatures  of  Massachu- 
setts and  New  Hampshire,  and  a direct  descend- 
ant of  Roger  Chandler  of  Concord,  Mass.,  who 
came  from  Plymouth  colony  in  1658,  and  was 
probably  a son  of  Roger  Chandler  of  Duxbury, 
and  Isabella,  daughter  of  James  Chilton  of  the 
Mayflower.  Charles  H.  Chandler  was  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  college  in  1868,  taught  in  the  New 
Ipswich  Appleton  academy,  at  the  Kimball 
union  academy,  aixd  was  principal  of  the  Thet- 
ford  academy  and  of  that  at  St.  Johnsburv  (Vt.). 
In  1871  he  was  made  professor  of  physics  and 
chemistry  at  Antioch  college,  and  held  the  chair 
until  1877,  when  he  became  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  physics.  In  1881  he  was  made  a 
professor  at  Ripon  (Wis. ) college,  at  first  holding 
the  chair  of  chemistry  and  physics,  afterwards 
changed  to  that  of  mathematics  and  physics, 
and  after  1889  to  that  of  mathematics  alone. 

CHANDLER,  Elizabeth  Margaret,  author, 
was  boi'ii  at  Centi'e,  near  Wilmington,  Del., 
Dec.  24,  1807 ; daughter  of  Thomas  and  Margaret 
(Evans)  Chandler.  She  was  taken  to  Philadel- 
phia at  an  early  age,  and  educated  in  Quaker 
schools  until  she  was  thirteen  years  old.  She 
began  to  write  verses  when  in  her  ninth  year, 
and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  became  a frequent 
contributor  to  the  press.  In  1824  she  wrote  “ The 
Slave-Ship,”  for  which  she  was  awarded  the 
third  premium  by  the  Casket.  This  was  copied 
into  the  Genius  of  Universal  Emancipation,  to 
which  paper  she  was  invited  to  contribute  fre- 
quently. In  1829  she  became  editor  of  the 
“ Ladies’  Repository,”  a department  in  that 
magazine,  and  wrote  chiefly  on  the  subject  of 
emancipation,  being  the  first  American  woman 
author  to  make  this  subject  the  principal  theme 
of  her  writings.  In  1830  she  removed  to  5liclxi- 
gan,  settling  near  Tecumseh,  where  sl'xe  contin- 
ued to  write  for  the  press.  She  is  the  author  of 
“ Essays,  Philanthropic  and  Moral  ” (1836),  and 
“ Poetical  Works  ” (1845,  new  ed.,  1886).  See 
“ The  Poetical  Works  of  Elizabeth  Margaret 
Chandler ; with  a Memoir  of  her  Life  and  Char- 
acter ” by  Benjamin  Lundy  (1845).  She  died  at 
“ Hazel  bank,”  near  Tecumseh,  Lenawee  county. 
Mich..  Nov.  2,  1834. 

>s] 


CHANDLER. 


CHANDLER. 


CHANDLER,  John,  senator,  was  born  at 
Epping,  N.  H.,  Feb.  1,  1762;  son  of  Joseph  and 
Lydia  (Eastman)  Chandler.  In  1776  he  offered 
himself  as  a recruit  in  the  army  and  served  out 
two  enlistments  as  a soldier.  In  1777  he  removed 
to  Monmouth,  in  a part  of  Massachusetts  which 
afterwards  became  Maine.  From  1805  to  1809 
lie  represented  Massachusetts  in  the  9tli  and  10th 
congresses.  In  1808  he  was  a specially  appointed 
sheriff  of  Kennebec  county  to  settle  the  disputes 
and  quell  the  rising  rebellion  of  the  district.  He 
was  made  a major-general  in  the  militia  and 
served  during  the  war  of  1812.  On  July  8,  1812, 
he  was  commissioned  brigadier-general.  He  was 
a member  of  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
in  1819,  and  in  the  same  year  was  a member  of 
the  convention  which  formed  the  constitution  of 
Maine.  In  1820  he  was  president  of  the  Maine 
senate,  resigning  in  the  fall  of  that  year  to 
become  one  of  the  first  two  U.  S.  senators  from 
Maine  after  its  separation  from  Massachusetts. 
In  1822  he  was  one  of  the  committee  that  selected 
Augusta  as  the  capital  of  Maine.  From  1829  to 
1837  he  was  collector  of  the  port  of  Portland, 
removing  to  Augusta  in  the  latter  year.  He 
was  the  principal  founder  of  Monmouth  academy, 
and  from  1821  to  1838  was  a trustee  of  Bowdoin 
college.  He  died  in  Augusta,  Me.,  Sept.  25,  1841. 

CHANDLER,  Joseph  Ripley,  representative, 
was  born  in  Kingston,  Mass.,  Aug.  25,  1792.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Kingston, 
and  was  at  one  time  a school  teacher.  He 
moved  to  Philadelphia  in  1815  and  opened  a 
school,  which  he  conducted  for  eleven  years.  In 
1822  he  became  an  editorial  writer  on  the  United 
States  Gazette , and  in  1826  assumed  the  sole  edi- 
torship. In  1847  he  resigned  his  position  on  ac- 
count of  ill-health.  He  was  prominent  in  local 
politics,  and  in  1848  was  elected  a representa- 
tive from  Pennsylvania  in  the  31st  Congress  as 
a Whig.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  32d  and  33d 
congresses,  serving  from  Dec.  3,  1849,  to  March 
3,  1855.  He  was  appointed  by  President  Bu- 
chanan minister  to  the  two  Sicilies,  and  served 
in  this  office  from  1858  to  1860.  Among  his  pub- 
lished writings  are:  “ A Grammar  of  the  English 
Language  ” (1821) ; “ The  Pilgrims  of  the  Rock  ” 
(1846);  “Civil  and  Religious  Equality  ” (1855), 
and  “Outlines  of  Penology”  (1874).  He  died 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  10,  1880. 

CHANDLER,  Ralph,  naval  officer,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  Aug.  23,  1829.  He  entered  the 
U.  S.  navy  as  midshipman  Sept.  27,  1845,  served 
during  the  Mexican  war,  was  promoted  passed 
midshipman,  Oct.  6,  1851 ; master,  Sept.  15,  1855 ; 
and  lieutenant,  Sept.  16,  1855.  He  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  Port  Royal,  and  in  1862  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Norfolk,  Va.,  being  on  the  San 
Jacinto  of  the  North  Atlantic  blockading  squad- 


ron. On  July  16,  1862,  he  was  promoted  lieuten- 
ant-commander, and  placed  in  command  of  the 
Maumee.  He  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  com- 
mander, July  25,  1866;  captain,  June  5,  1874,  and 
commodore,  March  1,  1881.  Later  in  1884  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  navy 
yard,  and  Oct.  6,  1886,  was  promoted  rear- 
admiral,  and  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
Asiatic  squadron.  He  died  in  Hong  Kong, 
China,  Feb.  11,  1889. 

CHANDLER,  Thomas  Bradbury,  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Woodstock,  Conn.,  April  26,  1726: 
son  of  Capt.  William  and  Jemima  (Bradbury) 
Chandler.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1745,  and  in  1747  was  appointed,  by  the  vener- 
able society  for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  in 
foreign  parts,  catechist  in  Elizabethtown.  N J. 
In  the  summer  of  1751  he  went  to  England  and 
was  admitted  into  holy  orders,  returning  in 
November  to  become  a missionary  in  New  Eng- 
land. In  1767  he  published  “ An  Appeal  to  the 
Public  in  Behalf  of  the  Church  of  England  in 
America,”  which  gave  rise  to  a long  controversy, 
but  did  not  result  in  any  definite  decision.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  revolutionary  troubles  in 
America,  Dr.  Chandler  warmly  espoused  the 
royal  cause.  He  soon  found  his  position  un- 
pleasant, and  in  1775  left  for  England,  where  he 
remained  until  1785.  In  1785  he  returned  to  the 
United  States.  He  retained  the  rectorship  at 
Elizabethtown,  but  was  never  able  to  resume 
his  parochial  duties.  In  1786  he  was  invited  to 
become  bishop  for  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia, 
but  declined.  In  1766  the  University  of  Oxford 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  He  died 
at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  June  17,  1790. 

CHANDLER,  William  Eaton,  statesman,  was 
born  in  Concord,  N.  H.,  Dec.  28,  1835;  son  of 
Nathan  S.  and  Mary  A.  Chandler.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  academy  of  Thetford,  Vt.,  and  Pem- 
broke,  N.  H.,  and  was  graduated  at  the  Harvard 
law  school  in  1854.  In  1856  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  began  to 
practice  in  Concord, 
i d en  t i f y ing  himself 
with  the  Republican 
party,  which  was  start- 
ed in  that  year.  He 
was  appointed  law  re- 
porter  of  the  New 
Hampshire  supre m e 
court  in  1859, and  pub- 
lished five  volumes  of 
the  reports.  He  was 
elected  a member  of 
the  state  legislature  in  . 

1862,  and  was  speaker  ^ 

of  the  house  in  1864-’65.  He  was  sent  by  the 

navy  department  in  the  latter  part  of  1864  as 


[609J 


CHANDLER. 


CHANDLER. 


special  counsel  in  the  navy  yard  frauds,  and  his 
conduct  in  the  matter  led  to  his  appointment  by 
President  Lincoln  as  first  solicitor  and  judge- 
advocate-general  of  the  navy  department.  From 
June  17,  1865,  to  Nov.  30,  1867,  he  was  first  assist- 
ant to  Hugh  McCulloch,  secretary  of  the  treas- 
ury. After  his  resignation  he  practised  law  in 
New  Hampshire  and  Washington,  D.  C.  He  was 
elected  a delegate-at-large  to  the  national  Repub- 
lican convention  in  1868,  and  was  subsequently 
chosen  secretary  of  the  national  committee, 
holding  the  position  during  Grant's  administra- 
tions. Meanwhile  he  had  become  owner  of  the 
largest  interest  in  the  Statesman,  a weekly,  and 
the  Monitor,  a daily  Republican  paper  of  New 
Hampshire.  In  1876  he  was  a member  of  the 
New  Hampshire  convention  which  met  to  revise 
the  state  constitution.  In  1880  he  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  the  Chicago  convention.  He  was 
nominated  by  President  Garfield  as  solicitor- 
general  in  the  department  of  justice,  but  on 
account  of  his  radical  views  on  the  southern 
question  his  confirmation  was  opposed  by  Attor- 
ney-General MacVeagh  and  by  all  the  Demo- 
cratic senators,  and  was  rejected  on  May  20  by 
a majority  of  five  votes.  He  was  elected  a mem- 
ber of  the  New  Hampshire  legislature  in  1880, 
and  served  during  1881.  On  April  7,  1882,  he  was 
appointed  secretary  of  the  navy  by  President 
Arthur,  and  served  until  March  7,  1885,  making 
many  notable  improvements  in  the  department. 
He  almost  entirely  reconstructed  the  complex 
and  expensive  system  of  conducting  the  navy, 
and  brought  about  the  beginning  of  a modern 
navy  by  building  four  new  cruisers.  In  1884  he 
organized  the  Greely  relief  expedition.  He  was 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  June  14,  1887,  to  fill 
the  unexpired  term  of  Austin  F.  Pike,  which 
ended  March  3,  1889.  He  was  re-elected  in  1889 
and  again  in  1895. 

CHANDLER,  William  Henry,  chemist,  was 
born  at  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  Dec.  13,  1841;  son 
of  Charles  and  Sarah  (Whitney)  Chandler,  and 
brother  of  Charles  Frederick  Chandler.  He  was 
graduated  an  A.M.  at  Union  college  in  1861  and 
until  1867  was  chemist  at  the  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  copper  works  and  at  the  Swan  Island 
guano  company.  From  1868  to  1871  he  was  assist- 
ant in  chemistry  at  the  school  of  mines,  New 
York,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  given  the  chair 
of  chemistry  at  Lehigh  university,  Bethlehem, 
Pa.  From  1878  he  was  also  director  of  the  uni- 
versity library.  He  was  elected  a member  of 
various  chemical  societies  in  London,  Paris,  and 
America,  and  from  1870  to  1877  was  joint  editor 
and  proprietor  with  his  brother,  Charles  F. 
Chandler,  of  the  American  Chemist.  He  received 
the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  Hamilton  college  in 
1873.  He  is  the  author  of : “ Products  of  Mining 


and  Metallurgy  ” (1891);  “The  Construction  of 
Chemical  Laboratories  ” (1893),  and  of  various 
reports  of  the  universal  exposition  at  Paris  in 
1889. 

CHANDLER,  Zachariah,  senator,  was  born  in 
Bedford,  N.  H.,  Dec.  10,  1813;  son  of  Samuel  and 
Margaret  (Orr)  Chandler.  He  attended  the  com- 
mon school  of  Bedford  and  the  academies  at 
Pembroke  and  Derry,  and  in  1833  removed  to 
Detroit,  Mich.,  where  he  commenced  trade  as  a 
dry -goods  dealer,  with 
a capital  of  one  thou- 
sand dollars,  furnished 
him  by  his  father  in 
lieu  of  a collegiate 
education.  His  busi- 
ness steadily  increased 
and  he  eventually  ac- 
quired a large  fortune. 

He  was  an  abolitionist 
and  helped  support  the 
‘ ‘ underground  r a i 1- 
road. In  1851  he  was 
elected  mayor  of  De- 
troit as  a Whig,  and 
in  1852  was  an  unsuc- 
cessful candidate  for  governor  of  Michigan.  He 
was  also  Whig  candidate  for  the  U.  S.  senate 
in  1853.  In  1854  he  participated  actively  in 
the  organization  of  the  Republican  party.  He 
was  elected  U.  S.  senator,  Jan.  10,  1857,  to  suc- 
ceed Senator  Cass,  receiving  eighty-nine  votes 
against  sixteen  cast  for  Cass,  and  took  his  seat 
March  4,  1857.  He  was  a chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  commerce  after  March,  1861.  In 
March,  1858,  he  opposed  the  admission  of  Kansas, 
under  the  Lecompton  constitution,  in  a speech 
before  the  senate,  and  the  same  year  made  a 
written  argument,  defensive  and  offensive,  with 
Senators  Wade  and  Cameron  against  Senator 
Green  of  Missouri,  who  had  threatened  an  attack 
on  Senator  Cameron  for  words  spoken  in  debate. 
He  gained  notoriety  through  a letter  written  to 
Governor  Blair,  Feb.  11,  1861,  in  which  he  said, 
“ Without  a little  blood-letting  the  Union  will  not 
in  my  estimation  be  worth  a rush,”  and  which  he 
was  called  upon  to  defend  on  the  floor  of  the 
senate.  He  contributed  generously  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  war,  was  in  favor  of  confiscation 
measures,  opposed  short-term  enlistments  and 
expressed  himself  as  sorry  that  the  President  did 
not  call  for  five  hundred  thousand  men,  rather 
than  seventy-five  thousand.  On  Dec.  5.  1861.  he 
moved  the  resolution  which  resulted  in  the  ap- 
pointment of  a joint  committee  on  the  conduct  of 
the  war,  of  which  he  became  a member,  but  de- 
clined the  chairmanship.  This  committee  opposed 
General  McClellan’s  military  management,  and 
on  July  16,  1862,  Mr.  Chandler  made  a powerful 


[610] 


CHANEY. 

tencf  He?iCh  he  ?SSailed  that  Acer's  compe- 
tency.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  senate  in  1863 

and  made,  in  1864,  a vigorous  campaign  for  the 
Republican  ticket.  He  was  re-elected  to  tpf 
senate  in  1869,  and  in  1874  he  made  ! , 

the  inflation  the 

compromising  in  demanding  a prompt  re 

March  4,  18;,  Up0„  ££*£*£ 

r&^rs  rr from 

* ’ > 'W  Chandler  was  elected  tr> 

made  on  Marclfs,  ml  STaoTti  ' ***** 

Nation,  which  would  include  in’its  T " 

F= 

lir/nf,^  5*^  “*  ^ -~ 

,-rom“U  LtiThe' Xom"Sht  hiS  ““ 

candidate  Tn  tp  . 10  as  a presidential 

chai^o,’ fc'SE0'  MT6 
mittee.  On  Oct %T  8~Q  p ,C°ngressional  com- 
men  s Kept,  „licL3  oifb'  L T‘, the  ?U”g 

found  dead  in  his  room  tl7  ’ ’ and  Was 

result  of  a cerebral  pT  v.  mormnS-  the 
1*  death  Is  NoT  ! MW  Sge'  The  date  »f 

«*<**  ”* 

West  and  Happy  (Kinney,' Chai'/ey”"  ?'  ,3?““ 

rchSrrt:*  carir>  «/2£ 

Of  schools  in  Gjcir,SMr„merSfr°den‘ 

Am'"e  R,VeS'  <*•  Rices, 
bo™  <» 

Ellery  and  Ellen  (Fuller)’  n ’ S?n  °f  WlIIlam 

graduated  from  Harva  !l  ,f  mg-  He  was 

o iiom  Harvard  college  in  1878  Tn  issq 

lie  was  appointed  instructor,  and  in  1887  n ! 
ant  professor  of  • -r-,  1o7  assist- 


CHANNING. 


on3c  The  rrr“3'  IT65_1865  ’’  <>«•*>  1 ‘he  papers 
on  The  Companions  of  Columbus”  and  “The 

ai  m the  Southern  Department”  in  Justin 

Wmsor  s Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 

America  (1886— ’88) ; “English  History  for 

American  Readers  » (with  Thomas  Wentworth 

Higginson  1893),  and  “Guide  to  the  Study  of 

chTnnin?0^’  (with  Albert  B-  Hart-  i»8). 

CHANNING,  Edward  Tyrrel,  educator,  was 
boin  m Newport,  R.  I.,  Dec.  12,  1790;  son  of 
Wilham  and  Lucy  (Ellery)  Channing.  He  en- 
tered Harvard  in  1804,  but  was  not  graduated  as 
he  was  involved  in  the  famous  rebellion  of  1807 
e received  his  degree  in  1819,  and  after  study 
mg  aw  with  his  brother  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
In  the  winter  of  1814-’15  he  was  one  of  a club  of 
young  men  who  planned  to  issue  a bi-monthly 

STZ7Ztca  But  T ,f EU9land 

Tudor  from  Europe.  with°a  ptoTr  puShfng 
a similar  periodical  to  be  issued  quartern  af 

i"v°S,eH  T made  “>  “"ite  *he  fw„“Ti  “ 

-Ray,  1815,  the  first  issue  of  the  North  American 

RemeW  aPPeared.  Mr.  Tudor  edited  it  for  two 

~yr  1817  ^ PaSS6d  int0  ^e  hands  of  a 
club  of  young  men,  among  whom  were  p,  i 

■ l^arks,  John  Gallison,  William  P.  Mason,  Nathan 
a e,  Richard  H.  Dana  and  Edward  T Chan 
mng.  Mr.  Sparks  edited  it  for  one  year  and 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Channing,  assisted  by  ! 
cousin,  Richard  H.  Dana.  Tn  MW  ke  jlnld 

rhetoric  and  ^ the  B°yIston  ^air  of 

letonc  and  oratory  at  Harvard.  Edward 

Eieiett  succeeded  him  as  editor  of  the  North 

ZZZT^  He  resigMd  toe  cLnt 

Ham  aid  college  in  1851,  in  full  vigor  of  mind 
and  body,  having  formed  an  early  resolution 
to  retne  from  active  life  at  the  age  of  sixty  H 

“ T pS:„Am0ng  his  published  writings  are- 
(1836)’-aUd  Enures 

Hotanni^^ (1856)' 

Newport,  RNGl’  Jia"’  Was  born  in 

-d  Lucy  (Elkny)  Chann^-  He^s  ^ 

hSofTT'lf  thetimeof  the  “rebellion”  in 

his  class  he  10ugh  lle  was  not  graduated  with 
s class  he  was  awarded  the  degree  of  B.A  with 
the  others  in  1808  Tn  isno  i • , 1111 

gree  of  M D V A T he  received  the  de- 

gree ot  M.D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsvl 

Ind  Lond  “I  T aft6r  Stud>’iag  in  Edinbimgh 
ton  a “’  T11 10  PraCtiSe  medicine  in  Bos- 

Srtev  at  ‘^.delivering  lectures  „„  ob. 
Stater  ST  ' “ Whi0h  tontitutiou,  three 
med^M  nr  ^*me  pr0fessor  of  <*««rica  and 
Z 5 It , ?■  h0ldi"g  the  <*»'r  until 

Seuer.1  ^taS®  hf 

[6ii]  1 Jle  'vas  made  assistant 


CHANNING. 


CHANNING. 


physician.  In  1845  he  was  foremost  among  those 
who  urged  the  introduction  of  purer  water  into 
Boston,  and  in  1849  took  the  lead  in  introduc- 
ing ether  into  medical  practice.  In  1858  he 
was  appointed  consulting  physician  to  the  New 
England  hospital  for  women  and  children. 
Among  his  many  published  writings  are:  "An 
Address  on  the  Prevention  of  Pauperism  ” 
(1843);  "My  Own  Times,  or,  't is  Fifty  Years 


Since”  (1845); 
in  Childbirth  ” 
Hale”  (1848);  ‘ 
“ A Physician’s 
Europe  in  1852  ” 


“ A Treatise  on  Etherization 
(1848) ; “ Memoir  of  Enoch 

‘Miscellaneous  Poems”  (1851); 
Vacation ; or  a Summer  in 
(1856);  "Bed  Case:  Its  His- 
tory and  Treatment”  (1860),  and  “Memoir  of 
T.  W.  Storrow  ” (1863).  He  died  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  July  27,  1876. 

CHANNING,  William  Ellery,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  April  7,  1780;  son  of 
William  and  Lucy  (Ellery)  Clianning,  and  grand- 
son of  William  Ellery,  a signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence.  He  attended  school  in  New- 
port until  his  twelfth  year,  when  he  was  placed 

under  the  care  of  his 
uncle,  the  Rev.  Henry 
Chambers,  of  New 
London,  Conn.,  who 
prepared  him  to  enter 
Harvard.  He  was 
graduated  in  1798  with 
the  highest  honors, 
having  attracted  the 
attention  of  both  fac- 
ulty and  students  by 
the  brilliancy  of  his 
scholarship,  the  origi- 
nality of  his  thought, 
and  the  remarkable 
charm  of  his  person- 
After  his  graduation  he  became  tutor  in 
the  family  of  David  Meade  Randolph  of  Rich- 
mond, Va.  Though  he  there  viewed  slavery 
from  its  most  attractive  side,  liis  innate  hatred 
of  the  system  was  confirmed  during  his  eighteen 
months  in  Richmond,  and  he  declared  “ the  in- 
fluence of  slavery  on  the  whites  to  be  almost  as 
fatal  as  on  the  blacks  themselves.”  His  interest 
in  politics,  both  American  and  European,  was 
positive,  and  his  private  letters  written  at  that 
time  disclose  great  breadth  of  mind  and  lucidity 
of  expression.  The  love  of  luxury  which  charac- 
terized the  Virginians,  he  regarded  as  effeminate, 
and  with  unwise  zeal  he  proceeded  to  curb  the 
animal  nature  by  the  most  rigid  asceticism.  He 
slept  on  the  bare  floor  exposed  to  the  cold,  ab- 
stained from  eating  any  but  the  most  necessary 
food,  wore  insufficient  clothing,  and  made  a 
practice  of  remaining  at  his  study-table  until  two 
or  three  o’clock  in  the  morning.  As  a result,  his 


ality. 


once  fine  health  was  permanently  destroyed.  In 
July,  1800,  he  returned  to  Newport,  where  he 
remained  a year  and  a half,  devoting  his  time  to 
the  study  of  theology,  and  to  preparing  the  son 
of  Mr.  Randolpli  and  his  own  younger  brother 
for  college.  In  December,  1801,  he  was  elected 
regent  in  Harvard,  and  while  performing  the 
merely  nominal  duties  of  the  office  he  pursued 
his  theological  studies.  He  began  to  preach  in 
the  autumn  of  1802,  and  in  December  received  an 
invitation  from  the  Federal  street  society.  Bos- 
ton, to  become  their  pastor.  At  the  same  time 
he  was  urged  to  accept  the  pastorate  of  the  Brat- 
tle street  church,  but,  believing  that  he  could 
accomplish  more  good  in  the  weaker  society,  he 
accepted  the  first  call,  and  was  ordained  June  1, 
1803.  His  earnestness  and  eloquence  strength- 
ened the  little  society,  and  in  1809  the  number  of 
listeners  had  so  increased  as  to  necessitate  the 
building  of  a larger  church  edifice.  In  1812  he 
was  elected  to  succeed  Dr.  Buckminster  as  Dex- 
ter lecturer  in  the  divinity  school  at  Harvard 
college,  but  was  obliged  to  resign  in  1813.  His 
fame  and  influence  as  a preacher  were  steadily 
increasing,  while  his  physical  strength  was  be- 
coming enfeebled.  In  1822  his  parishioners 
deemed  it  necessary  to  send  him  abroad  to  recu- 
perate, and  from  May  of  that  year  until  August 
of  1823  he  travelled  over  the  old  world.  In  the 
spring  of  1824,  the  Rev.  Ezra  Stiles  Gannett  was 
ordained  the  associate  pastor  of  the  Federal 
street  society,  and  Mr.  Clianning  was  relieved  of 
part  of  the  care  of  the  church.  At  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  "Anthology  Club”  Mr.  Clianning 
contributed  several  essays  to  its  journal ; and 
he  wrote  frequently  for  the  Christian  Disciple, 
which,  in  1824,  was  enlarged  and  its  name 
changed  to  the  Christian  Examiner.  In  the 
Examiner  there  appeared  the  series  of  what 
he  called  "hasty  effusions,”  which  caused 
him  to  be  recognized  and  admired  by  the 
world  of  letters.  His  subjects  were:  Milton 
(1826) ; Bonaparte  ( 1827— ’28) , and  Fdnelon  (1829). 
Soon  after  this  he  was  induced  to  collect 
and  revise  his  writings,  which  resulted  in  “ Mis- 
cellanies,” the  first  volume  of  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1830.  His  theology  broadened  in  advance 
of  his  time,  and  though  his  sympathies  were 
with  the  Unitarian  movement,  his  mind  was 
too  large  and  free  to  be  bound  by  any  sect 
He  was  “ a member  of  the  church  universal  of 
the  lovers  of  God  and  lovers  of  man ; his  religion 
was  a life,  not  a creed  ora  form.”  In  1830  the 
state  of  his  health  again  demanded  rest,  and  he 
made  a voyage  to  the  West  Indies.  Dr.  Chan 
ning  gradually  withdrew  from  church  work  to 
give  his  energies  more  to  the  outside  world:  the 
aim  of  his  life  being  to  promote  freedom  of  thought, 
and  to  bring  about  the  abolition  of  slavery.  In 


T612J 


CHANNING. 


CHANGING. 


1835,  after  years  of  preparation,  he  published  his 
book  on  slavery,  which  was  received  with  uni- 
versal commendation.  He  delivered  lectures  and 
addresses  in  the  cause  of  emancipation  whenever 
opportunity  was  offered.  His  writings  were  col- 
lected and  published  in  seven  volumes,  the  last 
of  which  appeared  in  1872.  In  1820  Harvard  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  See  “ The 
Life  of  William  Ellery  Channing,  D.D.”  (the 
centenary  memorial  edition  in  one  volume,  1882), 
by  his  nephew,  William  Henry  Channing.  The 
Channing  Memorial  church  and  Noble’s  heroic- 
size  bronze  statue  of  the  great  preacher  stand 
in  the  Touro  Park,  Newport,  R.  I.  He  died  in 
Bennington,  Vt.,  Oct.  2,  1842. 

CHANNING,  William  Ellery,  author,  was  born 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  June  10,  1818;  son  of  Dr.  Walter 
Channing,  professor  at  Harvard.  He  was  pre- 
pared for  college  at  the  Boston  Latin  school,  and 
entered  Harvard,  but  did  not  finish  his  course. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  made  a trip  west, 
and,  after  living  alone  on  an  Illinois  prairie  for 
several  months,  he  went  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and 
became  a writer  on  the  Gazette  of  that  city.  In 
1842  he  was  married  to  a sister  of  Margaret 
Fuller,  and  made  his  home  in  Concord,  Mass.  In 
1844  he  became  editorially  connected  with  the 
New  York  Tribune,  and  remained  with  that 
paper  for  nearly  two  years.  During  1855-’56  he 
was  an  editor  of  the  Mercury,  published  in  New 
Bedford,  Mass.  Among  his  published  writings 
are:  “ Poems  "(1843;  2d  series,  1847);  “Conver- 
sations in  Rome  between  an  Artist,  a Catholic 
and  a Critic”  (1847);  “ The  Woodman,  and  other 
Poems”  (1849);  “Near  Home”  (1858);  “The 
Wanderer,  A Colloquial  Poem”  (1871) ; “Tlioreau, 
the  Poet-naturalist”  (1873);  “Eliot,  A Poem” 
(1885),  and  " John  Brown,  and  the  Heroes  of  Har- 
per's Ferry  ” (1833). 

CHANNING,  William  Francis,  inventor,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  22,  1820;  son  of  Wil- 
liam Ellery  and  Ruth  (Gibbs)  Channing.  He 
was  appointed  assistant  on  the  first  geological 
survey  of  New  Hampshire,  made  in  1841-’42. 
In  1842-'43  he  was  associate  editor  of  The  Latimer 
Journal.  In  1844  he  was  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  with  the  degree  of  M.D. 
Shortly  after  his  graduation  he  became  associ- 
ated with  Moses  G.  Farmer  in  improving  the 
American  fire  alarm  telegraph,  and  remained 
with  him  until  1851.  He  made  several  inven- 
tions, among  them  an  inter-oceanic  ship  railway, 
patented  in  1865,  and  an  electro-magnetic  tele- 
phone patented  in  1877.  He  is  the  author  of 
“ The  Medical  Application  of  Electricity  ” (1849; 
0th  ed.,  cul.,  1865);  “The  Municipal  Electric 
Telegraph  ” (1852) ; “ The  American  Fire-Alarm 
Telegraph  ” (1855),  and  “ Inter-Oceanic  Ship- 
Railway  ” (1880) 


CHANNING,  William  Henry,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  May  25,  1810;  son  of 
Francis  Dana  and  Susan  (Higginson)  Channing, 
grandson  of  Stephen  Higginson,  a member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  in  1783,  and  a nephew  of 
William  Ellery  Channing.  He  was  prepared  for 
college  at  the  Boston  Latin  school,  and  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  in  the  famous  class  of  1829.  In 
1830  he  began  the  study  of  theology,  and  in  1833 
was  graduated  from  Harvard  divinity  school. 
He  spent  some  years  in  travelling,  and  in  preach- 
ing at  various  parishes,  and  in  March,  1839, 
accepted  a call  to  the  Unitarian  church  at  Cin- 
cinnati. In  June,  1839,  the  Western  Messsenger, 
the  organ  of  Unitarianism  in  the  west,  was 
removed  to  Cincinnati,  and  he  succeeded  James 
Freeman  Clarke  in  editing  the  paper,  continuing 
to  conduct  it  until  March,  1841,  when  it  ceased 
to  exist.  He  remained  in  Cincinnati  three 
years,  resigning  because  of  a change  in  his  theo- 
logical views.  In  1841  he  returned  to  Boston,  and 
in  1842  preached  for  a few  months  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.  Returning  to  Boston  he  identified  himself 
with  the  socialistic  movements  of  the  day,  and 
contributed  frequently  to  periodical  literature, 
meanwhile  occasionally  lecturing  and  preaching. 
In  September  he  established  The  Present,  which 
was  discontinued  in  April,  1844,  in  order  that  he 
might  prepare  a biography  of  his  uncle,  William 
Ellery  Channing.  This  work  occupied  him  until 
1848.  He  was  deeply  interested  in  the  Brook 
Farm  experiment,  spending  the  summer  of  1846 
with  the  colonists,  and  making  valued  contribu- 
tions to  their  papers,  the  Harbinger  and  the 
Phalanx.  He  was  one  of  the  original  members 
and  the  minister  of  the  religious  union  of  associa- 
tionists  founded  in  Boston  Jan.  3,  1847,  and  con- 
tinued until  the  end  of  1850.  In  the  spring  of 
1852  he  preached  for  a short  time  in  Troy,  N.  Y., 
and  in  the  summer  went  to  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
where  he  remained  as  minister  of  the  Unitarian 
society  until  August,  1854.  Rochester  was  the 
last  station  on  the  “ underground  railroad  ” by 
which  fugitive  slaves  were  transported  to 
Canada,  and  Mr.  Channing  aided  in  every  possi- 
ble way  its  operations.  In  the  fall  of  1854  he 
went  with  his  family  to  England,  and  became  a 
working  minister  in  Liverpool,  in  1857  succeeding 
the  Rev.  James  Martineau  in  the  chapel  on  Hope 
street,  and  remaining  there  until  June,  1861,  when 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  called  him 
home,  and  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  become 
minister  to  the  Unitarian  congregation  in  Wash- 
ington. He  threw  himself  into  the  cause  of 
anti-slavery  with  characteristic  fervor.  At  his 
suggestion  the  church  edifice  was  converted  into 
a hospital,  and  his  people  worshipped  in  the  senate 
chamber  in  the  capitol.  Afterwards,  when  the 
whole  capitol  was  used  for  a hospital,  they  found 


[613] 


CHANUTE. 


CHAPELLE. 


a meeting  place  in  Willard's  Hall.  Mr.  Charming 
was  commissioned  chaplain  of  the  Stanton  hos- 
pital, for  regular  and  constant  services,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  position  to  the  close  of  the  war.  In 
1863  he  was  elected  chaplain  of  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives, and  held  this  office  for  two  years. 
In  August,  1865,  he  again  sailed  for  England, 
where  he  remained,  with  only  occasional  visits 
to  America,  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  1866  his 
son,  Francis  Allston  Channing,  took  the  “ Ar- 
nold ” prize  at  Oxford  university  and  afterwards 
became  a member  of  parliament.  His  elder 
daughter  was  married  to  Sir  Edwin  Arnold. 
Among  his  published  writings  are : ‘ ‘ The  Gospel 
of  To-day  ” (1847) ; “ The  Life  of  William  Ellery 
Channing”  (3  vols.  1848;  Centenary  memorial 
edition,  1882);  “Memoirs  of  Margaret  Fuller 
Ossoli,”  with  R.  W.  Emerson  and  J.  F.  Clarke 
(2  vols.,  1852),  and  “ Lessons  from  the  Life  of 
Theodore  Parker  ” (1860).  See  “ Memoir  of  Wil- 
liam Henry  Channing”  (1886),  by  Octavius 
Brooks  Frothingham.  He  died  in  London,  Eng- 
land, Dec.  23,  1884. 

CHANUTE,  Octave,  civil  engineer,  was  born 
in  Paris,  France,  Feb.  18,  1832,  son  of  Joseph  and 
Eliza  (De  Bonnaire)  Chanute.  He  was  educated 
in  New  York  city,  and  began  civil  engineering  in 
1849  on  the  Hudson  river  railroad.  He  served 
on  various  western  railroads,  1853-63,  and  from 
1863  to  1867  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Chicago 
and  Alton  railroad.  In  1867-’68  he  planned  and 
superintended  the  construction  of  the  first  bridge 
built  across  the  Missouri  river,  at  Kansas  City, 
and  subsequently  constructed  several  railroads  in 
Kansas.  He  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Erie  rail- 
way from  1873  to  1883,  and  for  a time  superin- 
tendent of  motive  power.  In  1883  he  opened  an 
office  as  consulting  engineer,  and  supervised  the 
construction  of  the  iron  bridges  on  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  and  Northern  railroad,  and  on  the 
extension  of  the  Santa  Fe  road.  He  also  engaged 
in  wood  preserving.  In  1880-’81  he  was  vice- 
president  of  the  American  society  of  civil  engi- 
neers, and  in  1891  was  elected  its  president.  He 
presented  a report  to  that  society  on  rapid  transit 
which  brought  about  the  building  of  the  elevated 
railroads  in  New  York.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
association  of  engineering  societies  in  1893,  and 
was  an  honorary  member  of  the  British  institu- 
tion of  civil  engineers.  From  1889  he  devoted  his 
leisure  to  the  problem  of  aerial  navigation,  and 
wrote  “Progress  in  Flying  Machines”  (with 
George  Morison,  1894). 

CHAPELLE,  Placide  Louis,  R.  C.  archbishop, 
was  born  in  the  south  of  France.  He  came  to 
America  with  an  uncle,  who  was  a missionary. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  young  Chapelle  entered 


young  to  receive  ordination,  he  taught  for  two 
years  in  St.  Charles  college,  was  ordained  to 
the  priesthood  in  1865,  and  appointed  to  the  mis- 
sions in  Montgomery  county,  Md.  In  1866  the 
degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  St. 
Mary’s,  Baltimore.  Father  Chapelle  was  made 
an  assistant  at  St.  John’s  church,  Baltimore,  in 
1870,  and  soon  afterwards  became  pastor  of  St. 
Joseph’s  church  in  the  same  city.  In  1882  he 
was  made  pastor  of  St.  Matthew's  church  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  and  while  at  the  capital  won 
a national  reputation.  Dr.  Cliapelle’s  eminence 
as  a theologian  caused  him  to  be  frequently  in 
demand.  He  was  one  of  the  board  convened  by 
Cardinal  Gibbons  to  prepare  the  decrees  of  the 
last  plenary  council  and  was  also  secretary  of 
one  of  the  most  important  committees  of  the 
council.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  to  the  theo- 
logical conferences  held  every  three  months  in 
Baltimore,  and  in  1885  was  elected  president  of 
the  Columbia  conferences,  resigning  the  presi- 
dency of  those  in  Baltimore.  He  was  resident 
member  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
Catholic  university  of  America,  and  selected  and 
bought  the  site  on  which  the  university  build- 
ings are  erected.  For  a number  of  years  Dr. 
Chapelle  was  a member  of  the  board  of  Indian 
missions,  and  in  the  early  part  of  1891  was  named 
coadjutor  bishop  of  Santa  Ft:.  He  was  conse- 
crated bishop  on  Nov.  1,  1891,  in  the  Baltimore 
cathedral,  by  Cardinal  Gibbons,  and  took  posses- 
sion of  his  see  on  December  6,  following.  On 
Jan.  7,  1894,  Archbishop  Salpointe  decided  that 
his  increasing  years  demanded  his  retirement 
from  official  duties,  and  Bishop  Chapelle  suc- 
ceeded to  the  archbishopric. 

CHAPIN,  Aaron  Lucius,  educator,  was  born 
in  Hartford,  Conn.,  Feb.  6,  1817.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  college  in  1837,  and  at  the  Union 
theological  seminary,  New  York,  in  1842,  mean- 
while, from  1838  to  1843,  teaching  in  the  New 
York  institute  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  He 
became  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  church 
in  Milwaukee  in  1843:  in  1845  was  made  a trus- 
tee of  Beloit  college,  and  in  1850  was  elected 
president  of  that  institution.  This  position  he 
resigned  in  1886,  and  became  president  emeritus 
and  professor  of  civil  polity.  He  was  a member 
of  the  board  of  examiners  of  the  United  States 
military  academy  in  1872,  and  of  the  United 
States  naval  academy  in  1873.  He  was  president 
of  the  Wisconsin  academy  of  sciences  and  of  the 
board  of  trustees  of  the  Wisconsin  institution 
for  deaf  mutes.  He  was  a trustee  of  Rockford 
seminary  from  1845  to  1892,  and  of  the  Chicago 
theological  seminary  from  1858  to  1891.  The 
degree  of  D.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Wil- 
liams college  in  1853.  and  that  of  LL.D.  by  the 
University  of  the  state  of  New  York  in  1882.  He 


Mount  St.  Mary’s  college,  where  he  made  his 
theological  and  philosophical  course.  Being  too 

[614] 


CHAPIN. 


CHAPIN. 


edited  and  recast  Way  land’s  “ Political  Econ- 
omy ” (1878),  and  also  published  a small  text- 
book on  “ The  First  Principles  of  Political  Econ- 
omy ” (1879).  He  wrote  numerous  articles  in 
magazines  and  reviews,  and  for  several  years  was 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  Congregational  Review. 
He  died  at  Beloit,  Wis.,  July  22,  1892. 

CHAPIN,  Alfred  Clark,  commissioner,  was 
born  at  South  Hadley,  Mass.,  March  8,  1848;  son 
of  Ephraim  and  Josephine  (Clark)  Chapin.  In 
1852  his  parents  took  him  to  Keene,  N.  H.,  where 
he  attended  school  until  1862,  when  he  removed 
to  Rutland,  Vt.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams 
college  in  1869,  and  at  the  law  department  of 
Harvard  college  in  1871.  In  1872  he  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar,  and  in  1873  removed  to  Brooklyn, 
where  he  became  prominent  in  local  politics.  In 
1881  he  was  elected  an  assemblyman,  was  re- 
elected in  1882,  and  in  1883  was  made  speaker  of 
the  assembly.  In  1883  he  was  elected  state 
comptroller,  and  served  a second  term  by  re- 
election.  In  1887  he  was  elected  mayor  of  Brook- 
lyn, and  in  1889  was  re-elected  by  the  largest 
majority  that  had  ever  been  given  to  a mayor  of 
that  city.  He  was  appointed  a member  of  the 
board  of  railroad  commissioners  of  the  state  of 
New  York  in  1892. 

CHAPIN,  Alonzo  Bowen,  clergyman,  was  born 
at  Somers,  Conn.,  March  10,  1808.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1831  and  began  to  practise 
law  at  Wallingford,  Conn.  At  the  same  time  he 
was  editor  of  The  Chronicle  of  the  Church,  an 
Episcopalian  periodical,  published  at  New  Haven. 
This  work  he  continued  for  about  eight  years.  In 
1838  he  was  ordained  an  Episcopal  minister, 
preached  at  West  Haven,  Conn.,  for  twelve  years. 
From  1850  to  1855  he  was  rector  of  St.  Luke's 
church  at  Glastonbury,  Conn.,  going  to  Hartford 
in  the  latter  year  to  become  editor  of  the  Calen- 
dar. His  published  writings  include : “ The  Eng- 
lish spelling  book ; containing  Rules  and  Reasons 
for  Orthography  and  Pronounciation  ” (1841); 
“ A View  of  the  Organization  and  Order  of  the 
Primitive  Church  ” (1845) ; “ Puritanism  not 

Genuine  Protestantism  ” (1847),  and  “ Glaston- 
bury for  Two  Hundred  Years  ” (1853).  He  died 
in  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  9,  1858. 

CHAPIN,  Edwin  Hubbell,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Union  Village,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1814;  son 
of  Alpheus  and  Beulah  (Hubbell)  Chapin.  He 
attended  the  seminary  at  Bennington,  Vt., 
1828-'32,  and  for  two  years  was  clerk  in  the  post- 
office  in  Bennington.  In  1836  he  studied  law  in 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  later  removing  to  Utica,  N.  Y.  He 
was  induced  to  give  up  his  law  studies  and  de- 
vote himself  to  theology,  and  he  became  at  the 
same  time  associate  editor  of  the  Magazine  and 
Advocate,  an  organ  of  the  Universalists.  In  1837 
he  was  ordained  to  the  Universalist  ministry,  and 


in  May  of  that  year  was  installed  in  his  first  pas- 
torate, at  Richmond.  Va.  In  1841  he  settled  in 
Charlestown,  Mass.  In  1847  he  became  colleague 
of  Hosea  Ballou  at  the  School  street  church,  Bos- 
ton, and  remained  there  until  1848,  when,  after 
repeated  urgings  from  the  Universalists  of  New 
York  city,  he  accepted  a call  to  the  fourth  Uni- 
versalist society,  of  which  he  continued  as  pastor 
of  a constantly  growing  congregation  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  In  1852  a larger  church  edi- 
fice, was  purchased,  situated  on  Broadway,  near 
Spring  street.  This  also  proved  too  small  for  Dr. 
Chapin's  listeners,  and  in  1866  the  society  erected, 
at  the  corner  of  Fifth  avenue  and  Forty-fifth 
street,  a new  temple,  called  the  church  of  the 
Divine  Paternity.  In  1872  he  became  editor  of 
the  Christian  Leader.  He  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Chapin  home  for  aged  and  indigent 
men  and  women,  and  a trustee  of  Bellevue  med- 
ical college  and  hospital.  Harvard  college  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M. 
in  1845,  and  that  of  S.T.D.  in  1856,  and  in  1878  he 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Tufts  college. 
His  published  works  include : “ Duties  of  Young 
Men”  (1840);  “Hours  of  Communion”  (1844; 
new  ed.,  1853) ; “ The  Crown  of  Thorns;  a Token 
for  the  Sorrowing”  (1848;  enl.  ed.,  1860); 
“ Duties  of  Young  Women  ” (1849) ; “ Discourses 
on  the  Lord’s  Prayer”  (1850);  “Characters  in 
the  Gospels,  illustrating  Phases  of  Character  at 
the  Present  Day”  (1852);  “Moral  Aspects  of 
City  Life”  (1853);  “Discourses  on  the  Beati- 
tudes ” (1853) ; “ Humanity  in  the  City  ” (1854) 
“True  Manliness”  (1854);  “Living  Words” 
(1860);  “Extemporaneous  Discourses”  (1860); 
“ Lessons  of  Faith  and  Life  ” (1877) ; “ God's  Re- 
quirements, and  Other  Sermons  ” (1881) ; and 
“ The  Church  of  the  Living  God,  and  Other  Ser- 
mons ” (1881).  See  “ Life  of  Edwin H.  Chapin,” 
by  Sumner  Ellis  (1882).  He  died  in  New  York 
city,  Dec.  27,  1880. 

CHAPIN,  Henry,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Upton, 
Mass.,  May  13,  1811.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown 
university  in  1835,  and  three  years  later  com- 
pleted a law  course  at  Harvard  university  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  practised  at  Ux- 
bridge, Mass.,  until  1846,  representing  that  dis- 
trict in  the  Massachusetts  house  of  representa- 
tives in  1845.  In  1846  he  removed  to  Worcester, 
of  which  city  he  was  mayor  in  1849  and  1850.  In 
1855  he  was  chosen  a commissioner  under  the 
“ personal  liberty  ” law.  The  following  year  he 
became  a commissioner  of  insolvency,  and  in 
May,  1858,  was  commissioned  as  judge  of  probate 
and  insolvency,  being  the  first  incumbent  of  the 
combined  offices  of  judge  of  probate  and  judge  of 
insolvency.  In  1873  Brown  university  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  died  in  Wor- 
cester, Mass.,  Oct.  13,  1878. 


[615] 


CHAPLIN. 


CHAPLIN. 


CHAPIN,  John  Henry,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Leavenworth,  Inch,  Dec.  31,  1832.  In  1873  he 
was  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Universalist 
church  at  Meriden,  Conn.,  and  remained  in  this 
position  until  1885,  when  he  resigned  to  make  a 
tour  of  the  world.  In  1888  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  state  legislature,  and  later  took 
the  chair  of  mineralogy  and  geology  in  St.  Law- 
rence university  at  Canton,  N.  Y.,  which  he  held 
for  many  years.  Shortly  before  his  death  he 
was  admitted  as  a partner  into  the  firm  of  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons,  New  York  city.  He  was  an 
active  member  of  the  American  association  for 
the  advancement  of  science.  He  died  at  Nor- 
walk, Conn.,  March  14,  1892. 

CHAPIN,  Stephen,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Milford,  Mass.,  Nov.  4,  1778.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1804,  and  in  the  following 
year  was  ordained  to  the  Congregational  minis- 
try. In  1819  he  became  a Baptist  minister,  and 
settled  at  North  Yarmouth,  Me.,  where  he 
preached  until  1822,  resigning  in  that  year  to 
accept  the  chair  of  theology  at  Waterville  col- 
lege, Me.  From  1828  to  1841  he  was  president  of 
the  Columbian  college  at  Washington,  D.  C.  In 
1822  Brown  university  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  S.T.D.  Among  his  published  sermons 
are  notable,  “ Letters  on  the  mode  and  subjects 
of  Baptism  ” ; “ The  Duty  of  Living  for  the  good 
of  Posterity  ” He  died  Oct.  1,  1845. 

CHAPLIN,  Jane  Dunbar,  author,  was  born  in 
Scotland,  Feb.  11,  1819;  daughter  of  Duncan  and 
Christine  (Fletcher)  Dunbar.  She  accompanied 
her  parents  to  the  United  States  in  1821,  and 
was  brought  up  and  educated  in  New  York  city, 
where  her  father  was  a Baptist  clergyman.  In 
1841  she  married  Dr.  Chaplin,  and  in  conjunction 
with  him  wrote  a life  of  Charles  Sumner.  She 
contributed  largely  to  religious  periodicals  and 
wrote  many  volumes  for  juveniles,  notably: 
“ The  Convent  and  the  Manse,  ” “The  Old  Gen- 
tleman and  his  Friends,”  “ Gems  of  the  Bog,” 
“ Out  of  the  Wilderness  ” “ Donald  McBride’s 
Lassie,”  “ Morning  Gloom,”  “ Black  and  White,” 
“ The  Transplanted  Shamrock,”  “ Wee  Maggie 
Forsythe,”  “The  House-Top  Saint.”  She  died 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  April  17,  1884. 

CHAPLIN,  Jeremiah,  educator,  was  born  in 
Rowley,  Mass.,  Jan.  2,  1776.  He  prepared  for 
college  while  laboring  on  his  father’s  farm,  and 
was  graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1799.  He 
was  tutor  in  that  institution  during  1800,  and 
then  pursued  a theological  course,  and  in  1802 
accepted  the  pastorate  of  the  Baptist  church  in 
Danvers,  Mass.,  which  he  held  until  1817,  when 
he  became  principal  of  the  Baptist  literary  and 
theological  seminary  at  Waterville,  Me.  In  1820 
this  institution  (now  Colby  university)  was  char- 
tered as  Waterville  college,  and  Dr.  Chaplin  be- 


came its  first  president ; in  1833  he  resigned  the 
office  and  resumed  his  clerical  occupation.  He 
served  the  church  at  Rowley,  Mass.,  Wilmington, 
Conn.,  and  later  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.  He  pub- 
lished a volume  entitled  “ The  Evening  of  Life,” 
of  which  new  editions  were  issued  in  1865  and 
in  1871.  He  died  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  May  7,  1841. 

CHAPLIN,  Jeremiah,  author,  was  born  in 
Danvers,  Mass.,  in  1813;  son  of  Jeremiah  Chaplin, 
first  president  of  Waterville  college.  He  was 
graduated  at  Waterville  college  in  1828.  He 
held  the  chair  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  Hampton 
literary  and  theological  institute,  N.  H.,  1834— 
’37 ; was  professor  of  Hebrew  and  moral  science 
at  the  theological  seminary, Winnsboro,  S.  C., 
1839-'41.  He  entered  the  Baptist  ministry  and 
held  pastorates  at  Bangor,  Me.,  1841-’46;  Dedham, 
Mass.,  1850— "63 ; Newton  Corner,  Mass.,  1863-'65. 
From  1865  to  1868  he  was  theological  instructor 
of  the  Home  missionary  society,  New  Orleans, 
La.  After  1868  he  settled  in  Boston  and  engaged 
in  literary  pursuits.  He  received  the  degrees  of 
A.M.  1833,  and  D.D.  in  1857  from  Colby  univer- 
sity. His  “ Life  of  Henry  Dunster,  First  President 
of  Harvard  College  ” is  considered  of  historical 
value.  He  also  published ; “ The  Memorial  Hour  ” 
(1864);  “Riches  of  Bunyan,”  “The  Hand  of 
Jesus  ” (1869),  and  lives  of  Charles  Sumner,  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  Galen,  and  the  Rev.  Duncan 
Dunbar.  He  compiled  “ Chips  from  the  White 
House  ” (1881).  He  died  in  New  Utrecht,  N.  Y., 
March  5,  1886. 

CHAPLIN,  Winfield  Scott,  educator,  was 
born  in  Maine,  Aug.  22,  1847.  He  was  educated 
in  the  schools  of  Bangor,  and  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1870,  second  in  a class  of  fifty- 
eight.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  1872  to 
engage  in  railroad  engineering.  In  1874  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  mechanics  in  the  Maine 
state  college  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  art,  and 
in  1877,  professor  of  civil  engineering  in  the  im- 
perial university  at  Tokio,  Japan,  and  on  resign- 
ing his  position  he  was  awarded  the  imperial 
order  of  “ Meiji”  of  Japan,  in  recognition  of  his 
services.  He  returned  to  America  in  1883,  en- 
gaged in  railroad  engineering  until  September, 
1884,  when  he  was  appointed  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  Union  college,  N.  Y.  Here  he  remained 
until  June,  1886,  when  he  accepted  the  position 
of  professor  of  civil  engineering  in  Harvard  uni- 
versity. In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
dean  of  the  Lawrence  scientific  school,  and  he 
was  for  some  years  chairman  of  the  parietal  com- 
mittee of  the  faculty.  During  his  deanship  the 
school  more  than  quadrupled  the  number  of  its 
students,  and  became  one  of  the  most  progres- 
sive and  successful  departments  of  the  university. 
In  September,  1891,  he  was  appointed  chancellor 
of  Washington  university,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

£616  j 


CHAPMAN. 


CHAPMAN. 


CHAPMAN,  Alvan  Wentworth,  botanist,  was 
born  at  Southampton,  Mass.,  Sept.  28,  1809;  de- 
scended from  English  ancestry.  He  was  grad- 
uated at  Amherst  college  in  1830;  taught  in 
private  and  public  schools  of  Georgia,  1831— 
’35,  at  the  same  time  pursuing  studies  pre- 
paratory for  the  medical  profession,  until  Febru- 
ary, 1835,  when  he  removed  to  Florida  and  studied 
medicine  at  Quincy.  He  received  the  degree  of 
M.D.  from  the  medical  institute  of  Louisville,  Ky., 
in  1846.  Soon  afterwards  he  removed  to  Appa- 
lachicola,  Fla. , where  he  practised  his  profession 
until  1880,  when  he  retired.  In  the  reconstruc- 
tion period  he  held  the  offices  of  collector  of 
internal  revenue,  and  afterwards  collector  of 
customs  at  the  port  of  Appalachicola,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  was  judge  of  probate  for  Franklin 
county,  Fla.  In  1860  he  published  ‘‘  Flora  of 
the  Southern  United  States.”  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  in  1886. 

CHAPMAN,  Frederick  Augustus,  painter,  was 
born  in  Old  Saybrook,  Conn.,  April  18,  1818.  He 
entered  mercantile  life  in  Boston,  but  finding 
it  uncongenial  he  went  to  New  York,  where  he 
studied  painting  under  Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse.  In 
1850  he  removed  to  Brooklyn,  where  he  engaged 
in  the  art  of  decorating  in  stained  glass.  His  work 
in  this  line  includes  the  window  in  the  Holy 
Trinity  church,  Brooklyn.  Several  of  his  oil 
paintings  were  engraved  or  lithographed;  no- 
tably, “The  Perils  of  Our  Forefathers,”  “The 
Day  we  Celebrate,”  “ Raising  the  Liberty  Pole,” 
“ The  Receding  Race,”  “ Discovery  of  the  Hud- 
son," and  “ The  Battle  of  Chancellorsville.”  He 
was  founder  and  first  president  of  the  Brooklyn 
art  association,  and  contributed  many  paintings 
to  the  exhibitions  of  that  society.  For  some 
years  before  his  death  he  chiefly  employed  him- 
self in  illustrating.  He  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  26,  1891. 

CHAPMAN,  Henry  Cadwalader,  physician, 
was  born  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Aug.  17,  1845;  son 
of  George  William  and  Emil}’  (Markoe)  Chap- 
man, and  grandson  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Chapman. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1864,  and  from  the  medical  school  of 
that  institution  in  1867.  He  studied  in  Europe 
for  three  years.  On  his  return  home  he  became 
resident  physician  at  the  Pennsylvania  hospital, 
and  lecturer  on  anatomy  and  physiology  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1880  he  became 
professor  of  medicine  and  medical  jurisprudence 
at  Jefferson  medical  college,  and  held  that  posi- 
tion in  1897.  He  was  coroner's  physician  in  Phila- 
delphia, 1876-'81.  In  1868  he  became  a member 
of  the  academy  of  natural  science,  Philadelphia, 
and  its  curator  in  1875.  He  was  made  a fellow  of 
the  College  of  physicians,  Philadelphia,  1880; 


was  also  a member  of  the  Franklin  institute  and 
prosector  of  the  Zoological  society,  Philadelphia. 
He  received  the  degree  of  A.M.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  1864,  and  that  of  M.D. 
from  the  same  institution  in  1867,  and  from  the 
Jefferson  medical  college  in  1878.  He  published: 
“ Evolution  of  Life,”  “ History  of  the  Discovery 
of  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood,”  and  “Treatise 
upon  Human  Physiology.” 

CHAPMAN,  George  Thomas,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Pilton,  Devonshire,  England,  Sept.  21, 
1786.  He  was  brought  to  the  United  States  at 
the  age  of  nine,  and  in  1804  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college.  He  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  B.A.  in  1805  from  Yale  college.  He 
practised  law  at  Bucksport,  Me.,  for  about  ten 
years,  and  in  1818  was  ordained  an  Episcopal 
clergyman.  He  became  rector  of  a church  in 
Lexington,  Ky.,  and  remained  in  that  city  ten 
years,  holding  the  chair  of  history  and  antiquities 
in  Transylvania  university  from  1825  to  1827. 
After  leaving  Lexington  he  held  pastorates  in 
Maine,  New  Jersey  and  Massachusetts.  In  1824 
Transylvania  university  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  D.D.  He  is  the  author  of:  “Sermons 
on  Doctrines  of  the  Episcopal  church  ” (1828), 
and  “ Sketches  of  the  Alumni  of  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege ” (1867).  He  died  in  Newburyport,  Mass., 
Oct.  18,  1872. 

CHAPMAN,  John  Alfred  Metcalf,  clergyman, 
was  born  in  Greenland,  N.  H.,  Aug.  21,  1829; 
son  of  Nathaniel  and  Martha  (Meserve)  Chapman, 
and  a descendant  of  Edward  Chapman,  who 
came  from  England  to  Ipswich,  Mass.,  in  1642. 
He  was  educated  at  the  public  schools,  at  Water- 
ville  (Me.)  college,  and  at  the  Concord  (N.  H.) 
Biblical  institute.  He  was  licensed  as  a Method- 
ist Episcopal  clergyman  in  1853,  and  preached  in 
New  England,  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  In 
1891  he  became  chaplain  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  received  the  degree  A.M. 
from  Colby  in  1869  and  that  of  D.D.  from  Wes- 
leyan university  in  1871. 

CHAPMAN,  John  Gadsby,  painter,  was  born 
in  Alexandria,  Va. , in  1808.  When  quite  young 
he  evinced  a decided  talent  for  design,  and  for 
several  years  studied  art  in  Italy,  and,  returning 
to  the  United  States,  opened  a studio  in  New 
York,  where  he  was  employed  in  portrait  paint- 
ing, composition  and  illustrative  designs.  He 
was  skilled  in  the  arts  of  etching  and  wood  en- 
graving. He  was  commissioned  by  the  govern- 
ment to  paint  the  “Baptism  of  Pocahontas”  for 
the  rotunda  of  the  capitol.  In  1848  he  returned  to 
Rome,  Italy,  where  he  set  up  his  studio.  He 
made  several  excellent  copies  of  the  old  masters 
and  produced  a large  amount  of  original  work. 
Among  the  more  noted  of  his  pictures  are: 
“Israelites  spoiling  the  Egyptians,”  “Etruscan 
[617] 


CHAPMAN. 


CHAPMAN. 


Girl,”  “ Vintage  Scene,”  “A  Donkey’s  Head,” 
“Rachel,”  “The  Last  Arrow,”  “ Pifferine,” 
“ First  Italian  Milestone,”  “ Sunset  on  the  Cam- 
pagna, " a “ Harvest  Scene,”  “ Valley  of  Mexico,” 
“Stone  Pines  in  the  Bar  her  ini  Valley,”  and  his 
copies  of  Teniers  and  other  masters  owned  by 
the  Boston  Athenaeum.  He  was  a national  acade- 
mician. He  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov. 
28,  1889. 

CHAPMAN,  Maria  Weston,  reformer,  was 
born  at  Weymouth,  Mass.,  in  1806;  daughter  of 
Warren  Weston  of  Weymouth.  Her  early  edu- 
cation was  obtained  in  her  native  town,  and  she 
was  then  sent  to  England  to  complete  her 
studies.  During  1829-'30  she  was  principal  of 
the  young  ladies’  high  school  in  Boston.  In  1830 
she  married,  and  two  years  later  became  an 
ardent  abolitionist.  After  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band in  1842  she  resided  in  Paris,  France,  where 
she  employed  her  pen  in  behalf  of  the  anti-slavery 
cause.  In  1856  she  returned  to  the  United 
States,  and  published  a life  of  Harriet  Martineau 
in  1877.  She  died  at  Weymouth,  Mass.,  in  1885. 

CHAPMAN,  Nathaniel,  physician,  was  born  in 
Summer  Hill,  Fairfax  county,  Va.,  May  28,  1780. 
He  was  educated  at  the  academy  at  Alexandria, 
Va.,  and  was  graduated  from  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1800 : he 
then  studied  under  Abernethy  in  London  for  one 
year,  and  took  a two  years’  course  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  M.D.  He  returned  to  the  United  States 
in  1804,  established  himself  in  practice  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  rose  to  the  front  rank  of  the  medi- 
cal profession.  He  was  assistant  professor  of 
midwifery,  1810-' 13;  professor  of  materia  medi- 
ca,  1813— ’ 16 ; and  held  the  chair  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine,  1816-'50,  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  In  1817  he  founded  the 
Philadelphia  medical  institute,  and  during 
twenty  years  delivered  a summer  course  of  lec- 
tures ; he  was  also  lecturer  on  clinics  at  the 
hospital  of  the  Philadelphia  almshouse.  He  was 
president  of  the  American  philosophical  society, 
of  the  Philadelphia  medical  society,  and  first 
president  of  the  American  medical  association.  In 
1820  he  founded,  and  for  many  years  edited,  the 
Philadelphia  Journal  of  the  Medical  and  Phys- 
ical Sciences.  He  published:  “Select  Speeches, 
Forensic  and  Parliamentary  ” (1808) ; “ Elements 
of  Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica  ” (1828); 
“ Lectures  on  Eruptive  Fevers,  Hemorrhages  and 
Dropsies,  and  on  Gout  and  Rheumatism,”  and 
“Lectures  on  the  Thoracic  Viscera.”  He  died 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  July  1,  1853. 

CHAPMAN,  Orlow  W.,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Ellington.  Conn.,  in  1832.  In  1854  he  was  gradu- 
ated at  Union  college,  and  was  then  employed 
for  two  years  as  professor  of  languages  at  Fergu- 


sonville  academy,  Delaware  county,  N.  Y.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1858,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  fill  a vacancy  as  district -attorney  of 
Broome  county  in  1862;  in  1863  was  elected  to 
the  office,  and  was  re-elected  annually  until  1868. 
He  was  a member  of  the  New  York  senate  during 
1870-’71,  and  was  superintendent  of  the  state 
insurance  department  from  1871  to  1876.  He  was 
United  States  solicitor-general  from  March  29, 
1889,  to  the  time  of  his  death  in  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Jan.  19,  1890. 

CHAPMAN,  Reuben,  governor  of  Alabama, 
was  born  in  Randolph  count}',  Va.,  July  15,  1799. 
He  was  educated  at  an  academy  in  his  native 
state,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  settled  in 
Somerville,  Morgan  county,  Ala.,  where  he  prac- 
tised his  profession.  He  served  for  many  years 
as  a member  of  the  state  legislature.  He  was 
elected  as  Democratic  representative  to  the  24tli 
Congress,  taking  his  seat  Dec.  7,  1835,  and  was 
re-elected  to  the  six  succeeding  congresses,  serv- 
ing until  March  3,  1847.  He  was  governor  of 
Alabama,  1847-'48,  and  was  a delegate  to  the  na- 
tional Democratic  conventions  held  in  Cincinnati. 
Ohio,  in  1856;  in  Charleston,  S.  C.,  in  1860:  and 
New  York  city  in  1868.  He  died  at  Huntsville, 
Ala.,  May  17,  1882. 

CHAPMAN,  Reuben  Atwater,  jurist,  was 
born  at  Russell,  Hampden  county.  Mass.,  Sept. 
20.  1801.  He  received  the  education  of  a farmer's 
son,  and  was  clerking  in  a store  when  he  began 
the  study  of  law  with  a neighboring  lawyer.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  practised  his  profes- 
sion at  Westfield,  Monson,  Ware,  and  Springfield, 
Mass.,  where  from  1840  to  1860  he  was  a partner 
with  the  Hon.  George  Ashmun.  He  was  made 
associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court  in  1860, 
and  chief  justice  in  1868.  The  honorary  degree 
of  A.M.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Williams  in 
1836  and  by  Amherst  in  1841.  and  that  of  LL.  D.  by 
Amherst  college  in  1861.  and  by  Harvard  college 
in  1864.  He  died  in  Switzerland.  June  28,  1873. 

CHAPMAN,  Robert  Hett,  educator,  was  born 
in  Orange,  N.  J..  March  2,  1772.  In  1789  he  was 
graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  after- 
wards studied  theology  at  New  Brunswick,  where 
he  was  tutor  in  Queen’s  college,  and  in  1793  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  New  York  presbytery. 
He  held  pastorates  at  Rahway,  N.  J.,  1796-99, 
and  Cambridge.  N.  Y.,  1801-12;  in  the  latter  year 
he  was  appointed  president  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  filling  that  office  and  that  of 
trustee  of  the  university  until  1816.  Later  he 
held  pastorates  in  Tennessee,  North  Carolina,  and 
Virginia.  He  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from 
Queen's  college  and  from  the  College  of  New 
Jersey  in  1791.  and  that  of  S.  T.  D.  from  Williams 
college  in  1815.  He  died  in  Winchester,  Va., 
June  18,  1833. 

181 


CHARLES. 


CHARLTON. 


CHAPMAN,  William,  soldier,  was  born  in 
St.  Johns,  Md. , Jan.  22,  1810.  He  entered  the 
military  academy  at  West  Point,  July  1, 1827,  and 
was  graduated  in  1831.  He  was  employed  on 
frontier  duty  at  Fort  Mackinac,  Mich.,  during 
1831— ’32 ; on  the  Black  Hawk  expedition,  1832,  and 
as  an  assistant  instructor  of  infantry  tactics  at 
West  Point  from  October,  1832,  to  June  29,  1833. 
He  was  promoted  2d  lieutenant  5th  infantry, 
March  4,  1833,  and  served  on  frontier  duty  at 
various  forts  until  1845.  He  was  promoted  1st 
lieutenant,  5th  infantry,  Dec.  31.  1836,  and  cap- 
tain 5th  infantry,  June  8,  1845.  He  served  in  the 
Mexican  war  and  participated  in  nearly  all  the 
principal  engagements.  He  was  wounded  at  the 
capture  of  San  Antonio,  was  brevetted  major, 
Aug.  20,  1847,  for  gallant  conduct  at  Contreras 
and  Churubusco ; and  lieutenant-colonel.  Sept.  8, 
1847,  for  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  in  the 
battle  of  Molino  del  Rey.  Garrison  and  frontier 
duties  occupied  him  until  1861,  when  he  was  pro- 
moted major  2d  infantry,  Feb.  25,  1861.  His 
first  service  during  the  civil  war  was  in  the 
defence  of  Washington,  after  which  he  engaged 
in  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  battle  of  Malvern  Hill, 
Harrison’s  Landing,  and  in  the  northern  Virginia 
campaign.  He  was  promoted  lieutenant-colonel 
3d  infantry,  Feb.  20,  1862,  and  brevetted  colonel 
Aug  30,  1862,  for  conduct  at  the  second  battle  of 
Bull  Run;  was  on  sick  leave  from  September  to 
December,  1862,  and  was  retired  from  active  ser- 
vice, with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  Aug. 
26,  1863,  “for  disability  resulting  from  long  and 
faithful  service,  and  disease  contracted  in  the  line 
of  duty.”  He  was  employed  as  commander  of 
the  draft  rendezvous  at  Madison,  Wis.,  and  on 
various  special  duties  until  1867. 

CHARLES,  Emily  Thornton,  poet,  was  born 
at  Lafayette,  Ind.,  March  21,  1845;  daughter  of 
James  M.  and  Harriet  (Parker)  Thornton,  and 
wife  of  Daniel  B.  Charles.  She  was  educated  in 
the  schools  of  Indianapolis,  and  was  married  at 
an  early  age.  Her  husband  died  in  1869,  leaving 
her  with  two  children  to  support.  In  1874  she 
began  a successful  career  as  a journalist,  at  first 
as  correspondent  and  reporter  for  various  news- 
papers, and  later  as  editor.  She  was  associate 
editor  of  the  book  entitled  “ Eminent  men  of 
Indiana.”  In  1881  she  became  managing  editor 
of  the  Washington  World  and  was  the  founder, 
manager  and  editor  of  the  National  Veteran  at 
Washington,  D.  C.  She  was  actively  identified 
with  the  National  woman  suffrage  convention, 
the  national  woman’s  press  association,  and  the 
society  of  American  authors.  Her  published 
writings,  under  the  pseudonym  “Emily  Haw- 
thorne,” include  “Hawthorne  Blossoms”  (1876); 
and  “Lyrical  Poems.  Songs,  Pastorals,  War 
Poems,  and  Madrigals”  (1886). 


CHARLTON,  Robert  M.,  senator,  was  born  in 
Savannah,  Ga.,  Jan.  19,  1807.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1827  and  began  practice  at  Savannah. 
He  was  a member  of  the  state  house  of  represen- 
tatives in  1829,  and  was  afterwards  made  U.  S. 
district  attorney.  In  1835  lie  was  elected  a judge 
of  the  superior  court,  which  office  he  afterwards 
resigned  to  resume  his  law  practice.  He  was 
appointed  a U.  S.  senator  in  place  of  J.  McPher- 
son Berrien,  resigned,  serving  from  June  11. 1852, 
to  March  3,  1853.  He  was  afterwards  elected 
mayor  of  Savannah  and  served  two  terms.  He 
published  a volume  of  poems  in  1839,  and  “ Leaves 
from  the  Portfolio  of  a Georgia  Lawyer."  He 
died  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  Jan.  18,  1854. 

CHASE,  Carlton,  1st  bishop  of  New  Hampshire, 
and  42d  in  succession  in  the  American  episcopate, 
was  born  in  Hopkinton,  N.  IL,  Feb.  20,  1794. 
He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1817, 
ordained  a deacon  at  Bristol,  R.  I.,  Dec.  19,  1818, 
and  advanced  to  the  priesthood  at  Newport,  R.  I., 
Sept.  27,  1820.  His  ministry  was  spent  at  Imman- 
uel church,  Bellows  Falls,  Vt.,  1820-’44.  In  1839 
he  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  Univer 
sity  of  Vermont.  He  was  consecrated  bishop  of 
New  Hampshire  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Oct.  20, 
1844,  and  removing  to  Claremont,  N.  H.,  assumed 
the  cure  of  Trinity  church  in  that  place,  which 
he  held  for  several  years.  The  standing  commit- 
tee of  the  diocese  of  New  York,  after  the  suspen 
sion  of  Bishop  Onderdonk  and  before  the  election 
of  Bishop  Wainwright,  invited  Bishop  Chase  to 
perform  the  episcopal  duties  in  that  state,  which 
he  did  with  great  satisfaction  to  the  diocese, 
making  three  visitations,  1850-’51  and  ’52.  He 
published  sermons  and  addresses.  He  died  at 
Claremont,  N.  H.,  Jan.  18,  1870. 

CHASE,  Dudley,  jurist,  was  born  in  Cornish. 
N.  H..  Dec.  30,  1771;  son  of  Dudley  and  Alice 
(Corbett)  Chase,  and  brother  of  Bishop  Philander 
Chase.  He  was  graduated  with  honors  at  Dart- 
mouth college  in  1791,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  two  years  later,  practising  first  at  Randolph, 
Vt.  From  1803  to  1811  he  was  state  attorney  for 
Orange  county,  and  in  1805  was  elected  a repre- 
sentative from  Randolph  to  the  Vermont  legisla- 
ture. He  served  by  re-election  until  1812,  being 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  during 
the  last  five  years.  He  was  a delegate  to  the  con- 
stitutional conventions  of  1814  and  1822.  In  1813 
he  succeeded  Stephen  R.  Bradley  as  U.  S.  senator, 
and  served  until  1817,  when  he  resigned  his  seat 
to  become  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Vermont.  This  office  he  held  until  1821.  In  1824 
he  was  again  elected  to  the  U.  S.  senate,  and 
served  from  1825  to  1831,  when  he  retired  from 
public  life  and  devoted  himself  to  agricultural 
pursuits.  He  died  in  Randolph,  Vt.,  Feb.  23, 
1846. 


f619J 


CHASE. 


CARPENTER 


CHASE,  George,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Portland 
Me.,  Dec.  29,  1849;  son  of  David  T.  and  Martha E. 

( Haynes)  Chase.  He  was  prepared  for  college  in 
the  Portland  schools  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
in  1870  as  valedictorian.  Three  years  later  he 
finished  a course  at  the  Columbia  law-school,  at 
the  same  time  being  principal  of  a classical  school 
in  New  York  city.  From  1873  to  1875  he  was  an 
instructor  in  Columbia  college;  from  1875  to  1878 
he  was  assistant  professor  of  municipal  law ; from 
1878  to  1891  was  professor  of  criminal  law,  torts, 
evidence,  pleading  and  practice.  In  1891  he  re- 
signed and  founded  the  New  York  law  school  in 
New  York  city,  of  which  he  became  dean.  He 
published:  “ Blackstone’s  Commentaries  on  the 
Laws  of  England,  Abridged,  with  Notes  and  Ref- 
erences to  American  Decisions,”  (1876;  3d  ed., 
1890) ; “ The  Ready  Legal  Adviser”  (1881) ; andan 
edition  of  Stephens’s  “ Digest  of  the  Law  of  Evi- 
dence ” (1886).  He  also  contributed  to  Johnson’s 
Universal  Cyclopa?dia. 

CHASE,  George  Colby,  educator,  was  born 
in  Unity,  Me.,  March  15,  1844;  son  of  Joseph  and 
Jane  Chase  (Dyer)  Chase.  He  was  prepared  for 
college  at  the  Maine  state  seminary  and  was 
graduated  at  Bates  college  with  the  class  of  1868. 
He  taught  school  at  New  Hampton,  N.  H.,  1868 
-'69;  was  tutor  in  Bates  college  and  student  at 
Bates  theological  school  during  1870,  when  he 
took  a graduate  student’s  course  at  Harvard,  and 
in  1871  became  professor  of  rhetoric  and  English 
literature  in  Bates  college.  He  was  married 
June  12,  1872,  to  Emma  Francette  Millett.  On 
June  27,  1894,  he  was  elected  president  of  Bates 
college,  to  succeed  the  Rev.  Dr.  Oren  Burbank 
Cheney. 

CHASE,  Harry,  artist,  was  born  at  Woodstock, 
Vt.,  in  1853.  He  was  educated  in  his  native 
town,  and  pursued  his  art  studies  in  Europe.  He 
went  to  the  Hague,  where  he  was  a pupil  of 
Hendrik-Willem  Mesdag,  and  afterwards  studied 
at  the  Munich  academy  under  the  instruction  of 
Wilhelm  von  Kaulbach.  On  his  return  to  the 
United  States  he  opened  a studio  in  New  York 
city.  In  1883  he  was  elected  an  associate  of  the 
National  academy  of  design,  where  in  1885  he  won 
the  three  Hallgarten  prizes  of  8300,  8200,  and  8100, 
for  his  “New  York — North  River.”  Among  his 
paintings  are : “Low  Tide  on  the  Welsh  Coast” 
(1878) ; “ Herring  Fishers  of  Scheveningen  ”(1880) ; 
“ Dutch  Boats  at  Anchor  ” (1881) ; “ Bringing  the 
Fish  Ashore”  (1882);  “Summer  Morning  on  the 
French  Coast”  (1883);  “Battery  Park  in  New 
York”  (1884),  and  “Rising  Tide  on  the  Dutch 
Coast”  (1885). 

CHASE,  Ira,  clergyman,  was  born  in  Stratton, 
Vt.,  Oct.  5,  1793,  son  of  Isaac  and  Sarah  (Bond) 
Chase.  He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  college  in 
1814,  and  in  September,  1817,  completed  his  theo- 


logical course  at  the  Andover  seminary.  In  the 
same  month  he  was  ordained  a Baptist  minister  at 
the  session  of  the  Boston  association  in  Danvers, 
Mass.  He  then  served  as  a missionary  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  Virginia,  and  in  1818  became  asso- 
ciated with  Dr.  William  Staughton,  in  organizing 
the  first  Baptist  theological  institution,  at  Phil- 
adelphia, Pa.,  of  which  he  was  made  professor  of 
language  and  Biblical  literature.  This  institution 
was  removed  to  Washington,  D.C.,  in  1822,  and 
incorporated  with  Columbian  college.  In  1825  he 
resigned  his  chair  to  accept  that  of  biblical  theol- 
ogy in  the  Newton  theological  seminary  which  he 
was  instrumental  in  founding.  From  1836  to  1845 
he  was  professor  of  ecclesiastical  history  in  the 
same  institution,  resigning  in  the  latter  year  from 
active  work.  He  is  the  author  of  “Remarks  on 
the  Book  of  Daniel”  (1844);  “The  Design  of  Bap- 
tism” (1851);  “Life  of  John  Bunyan”;  “The 
Work  Claiming  to  be  the  Constitution  of  the  Holy 
Apostles,  Including  the  Canons,  Revised  from  the 
Greek”  (1863),  and  “Infant  Baptism  an  Inven- 
tion of  Man  ” (1863).  He  died  in  Newton  Centre, 
Mass.,  Nov.  1,  1864. 

CHASE,  Ira  J.,  governor  of  Indiana,  was  born 
in  Munroe  county,  New  York,  Dec.  7,  1834.  At 
the  age  of  fifteen  he  entered  Milan  (Ohio)  semin- 
ary, where  he  remained  two  years.  Then  after 
studying  two  years  at  Medina,  N.  Y.,  he  went  to 
Chicago,  111.,  obtaining  employment  first  as  clerk 
in  a store,  and  later 
as  a teacher,  re- 
maining in  the  latter 
profession  until  1860. 

He  joined  the  Union 
army  in  1861,  and 
served  until  March, 

1863,  when  he  left  his 
regiment  on  account 
of  broken  health.  In 
1864  he  became  a min- 
ister in  the  church 
of  the  Disciples  of 
Christ,  and  served 
nineteen  years  a s 
a pastor  in  various 
leading  churches  in 
Indiana.  In  1886  he  was  chosen  department  chap- 
lain of  the  G.  A.  R.  of  Indiana.  In  1888  he  was 
elected  lieutenant  - governor  of  Indiana,  with 
Gen.  Alvin  P.  Hovey  for  governor.  In  1888  he  was 
elected  department  commander,  G.  A.  R.,  of  the 
department  of  Indiana,  and  in  1889  was  again 
elected  department  chaplain  by  acclamation.  On 
the  death  of  Governor  Hovey.  in  1891,  he  became 
governor  ex-officio.  By  the  request  of  the  family 
of  the  deceased,  Governor  Chase  preached  the 
funeral  discourse  of  his  predecessor.  He  filled  the 
gubernatorial  chair  until  January,  1893. 


[6201 


CHASE. 


CHASE. 


CHASE,  Lucien  B.,  author,  was  born  in  Ver- 
mont, Aug  9,  1817.  He  removed  to  Tennessee 
and  located  in  Clarksville,  where  he  became  inter- 
ested in  politics.  In  1844  he  was  elected  a repre- 
sentative in  the  29th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  30th  Congress,  serving  until  1849,  when  he 
declined  to  be  again  elected.  He  is  the  author  of 
“ History  of  Mr.  Polk’s  Administration  ”(1850),  and 
“ English  Serfdom  and  American  Slavery  ” (1854). 
He  died  at  Clarksville,  Tenn. , Dec.  14,  1864. 

CHASE,  Philander,  1st  bishop  of  Ohio,  1819- 
’31,  1st  bishop  of  Illinois,  1835-’52,  and  18th  in 
succession  in  the  American  episcopate,  was  born 
at  Cornish,  N.  H.,  Dec.  14,  1775;  son  of  Dudley 
and  Alice  (Corbett)  Chase,  and  lineally  descended 
through  Samuel  and  Mary  (Dudley)  Chase;  Dan- 
iel and  Sarah  (March)  Chase;  Moses  and  Ann 
(Follansbee)  Chase,  from  Aquila  and  Ann  Chase, 
who  came  from  England  and  settled  in  New 
Hampshire  in  1640.  He  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth college  in  1796,  was  admitted  to  the  dia- 
conate  of  the  P.  E.  church  by  bishop  Provoost  in 
St.  Paul’s  chapel,  New  York  city,  June  10,  1798, 
and  advanced  to  the  priesthood  by  the  same  prel- 
ate, Nov.  10,  1799.  He  first  labored  as  a mission- 
ary in  northern  and  western  New  York,  where  he 
organized  parishes  at  Utica,  Canandaigua,  and 
Auburn.  In  1800  he  assumed  charge  of  the 
Poughkeepsie,  and  Fishkill  churches.  In  1805  he 
removed  to  New  Orleans,  La.,  where  he  organized 
Christ  church  and  became  its  rector.  In  1811  he 
became  rector  of  Christ  church,  Hartford,  Conn. 
He  then  resolved  to  transfer  his  labors  to  the 
missionary  district  west  of  the  Alleghanies, 
held  his  first  service  at  Salem,  Ohio,  March  16, 
1817,  and  in  June  of  the  same  year,  assumed 
charge  of  the  church  at  Worthington,  Ohio,  and 
of  the  outlying  parishes  of  Delaware  and  Colum- 
bus. serving  also  as  a principal  of  the  academy  at 
Worthington.  His  marked  success  in  missionary 
work  caused  him  to  be  chosen  as  bishop  of  the 
newly  formed  diocese  of  Ohio,  and  on  Feb.  11, 
1819,  he  was  consecrated  at  St.  James’  church, 
Philadelphia.  He  was  president  of  Cincinnati 
college,  1821-23, and  during  that  time  took  meas- 
ures which  resulted  in  the  founding  and  partial 
endowment  of  Kenyon  college,  of  which  he  was 
president,  1828-’31.  He  was  also  president  of  the 
theological  seminary  at  Gambier,  Ohio,  1825-31. 
Bishop  Chase  later  visited  England  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  funds  to  carry  out  the  enter- 
prise, which  resulted  in  a generous  response  to  his 
appeal.  In  1831,  his  disposition  of  the  funds  ob- 
tained in  England  being  questioned  by  his  clergy, 
he  resigned  the  presidency  of  Kenyon  college  and 
Gambier  theological  seminary,  as  well  as  his 
‘episcopate.  In  1832  he  removed  to  Michigan, 
where  he  was  occupied  in  missionary  work.  In 
1835  he  was  chosen  bishop  of  Illinois.  With  the 


help  of  money  which  ho  obtained  on  a second 
visit  to  England,  he  founded  Jubilee  college,  at  a 
place  to  which  he  gave  the  name,  Robin’s  Nest, 
Peoria,  111.  A charter,  placing  the  college  en- 
tirely under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  church,  was 
obtained  in  1847.  On  the  death  of  Bishop  Gris- 
wold in  1843,  Bishop  Chase  became  presiding 
bishop.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Col- 
umbia college  in  1819,  and  that  of  LL.D  from 
Cincinnati  college  in  1823.  He  published:  “A 
Plea  for  the  West”  (1826);  “The  Star  in  the 
West”  (1828);  “Defence  of  Kenyon  College” 
(1831);  “A  Plea  for  Jubilee”  (1835);  “Reminis- 
cences, and  Autobiography  ” (1847)  ; the  “ Pastoral 
Letters  of  the  House  of  Bishops  from  1844  to  1850, 
inclusive.”  His  life  has  been  written,  as  well  as 
a vindication  of  his  course  in  regard  to  Kenyon 
college.  He  died  at  Jubilee  college,  Robin’s  Nest, 
111.,  Sept.  20,  1852. 

CHASE,  Pliny  Earle,  scientist,  was  born  in 

Worcester,  Mass.,  Aug  18,  1820,  son  of  Anthony 
and  Lydia  (Earle)  Chase.  He  attended  the  Wor- 
cester schools  and  the  Friends’  boarding  school 
in  Providence,  R.  I. , and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1839.  After  teaching  in  Leicester  and 
Worcester,  Mass.,  and  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  he 
removed  to  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  where  he  taught 
school.  In  1848  he  entered  into  the  stove  and 
foundry  business  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  Wil- 
mington, Del.  In  1861  he  resumed  the  occupa- 
tion of  teaching,  in  Philadelphia.  In  1870  he  vis- 
ited Europe,  and  in  1871  was  appointed  professor 
of  natural  science  in  Haverford  college.  He  also 
served  for  several  months  as  acting  professor  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1875  he  was 
transferred  to  the  newly  established  chair  of 
philosophy  and  logic  at  Haverford,  and  remained 
in  this  position  during  the  rest  of  his  life. 
On  the  organization  of  Bryn  Mawr  college,  in 
1884,  he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  psychology 
and  logic  in  that  institution.  He  devoted  much 
time  to  scientific  research  and  made  many  im- 
portant discoveries  in  astronomy  and  physics. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  several  scientific 
societies,  and  was  for  a time  vice-president  of  the 
American  philosophical  society,  which  in  1864 
awarded  him  its  Magellanic  gold  medal.  He 
received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from  Harvard  in 
1844,  and  that  of  LL.  D.  from  Haverford  in  1876. 
Among  his  published  writings  are : ‘ ‘ The  Elements 
of  Arithmetic  ” (Part  1,  1844;  part  2,  1846) ; “ The 
Common  School  Arithmetic  ” (1848) ; “ Elements 
of  Meteorology  for  Schools  and  Households” 
(1884),  and  many  contributions  to  the  American 
Journal  of  Arts  and  Sciences ; the  London,  Dub- 
lin, and  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Magazine : to 
the  Comptes  Rcndus,  of  Paris,  and  to  the  Journal 
of  the  Franklin  Institute.  He  died  in  Haverford, 
Pa.,  Dec.  17,  1886. 


CHASE. 


CHASE. 


CHASE,  Salmon  Portland,  chief  justice,  was 
born  in  Cornish,  N.  H.,  Jan.  13,  1808,  son  of  Itlia- 
mar  and  Janette  (Ralston)  Chase,  and  sixth  in 
descent  from  Aquila  and  Ann  Chase,  emigrants, 
who  left  England  in  1640,  and  settled  in  Newbury, 
Mass.  His  father  was  a farmer  and  in  1815  re 

moved  from  Cornish 
to  Keene,  N.  H., 
where,  with  his  wife 
and  eleven  children, 
he  established  a new 
home,  having  in  1812 
engaged  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  glass  and 
become  bankrupt. 
Salmon  attended  the 
district  school  until 
1817,  when  his  father 
died,  and  he  was  sent 
to  Windsor,  Vt., 
where  he  continued 
his  studies.  In  1820 
his  mother  sent  him 
to  Worthington, 
Ohio,  at  the  suggestion  of  her  brother-in-law, 
Bishop  Philander  Chase,  who  conducted  a col- 
legiate school  at  that  place,  and  who  agreed  to 
give  him  a home  and  educational  advantages. 
He  made  the  journey  with  an  elder  brother  and 
H.  R.  Schoolcraft,  who  were  going  west  to  join 
the  Cass  exploring  expedition.  On  the  removal 
of  the  bishop  to  Cincinnati  in  1822,  to  accept  the 
presidency  of  Cincinnati  college,  Salmon  entered 
that  institution,  and  in  1823,  when  his  uncle  went 
to  Europe  to  procure  funds  to  establish  Kenyon 
college,  he  returned  to  his  mother’s  home  in 
Keene,  N.  H.,  taught  school  at  Royalton,  Vt., 
and  matriculated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1824, 
graduating  with  the  class  of  1826.  He  then  went 
south,  expecting  to  find  employment  as  tutor  in 
some  private  family,  but  in  this  was  disappointed, 
and  returning  as  far  as  Washington  he  there  was 
refused  a situation  in  one  of  the  departments,  his 
uncle,  Dudley  Chase,  of  Vermont,  declining  to 
aid  him  on  the  ground  that  such  an  appointment 
had  already  ruined  one  nephew.  He  secured  a 
private  school,  where  he  had  among  other  pupils 
a son  of  Attorney-General  Wirt.  This  incident 
led  to  an  offer  from  Mr.  Wirt  to  receive  the  young 
tutor  as  a law  student,  and  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  of  the  District  of  Columbia  in  1829.  He 
continued  his  school  until  1830,  when  he  returned 
to  the  home  of  his  uncle  in  Cincinnati,  and  was 
admitted  as  an  attorney  and  counsellor  at  the 
Ohio  bar.  His  anxious  waiting  for  clients  was 
relieved  by  industrious  application  to  the  prepar- 
ation of  an  edition  of  the  statutes  of  Ohio,  which 
his  conscientious  codification,  copious  annotation, 
and  comprehensive  historical  sketch  of  the  growth 


and  development  of  the  territory  and  state,  ex- 
panded  to  three  volumes.  Upon  its  publication 
the  fame  of  the  author  spread  with  its  rapid  sale, 
all  previous  “Statutes  of  Ohio”  being  superseded 
by  the  new  work.  Practice  now  came  to  the 
young  barrister,  and  among  his  clients  were 
the  bank  of  the  United  States  in  Cincinnati,  and 
the  Lafayette,  a prominent  city  bank,  which  en- 
gaged his  services  as  director,  secretary  of  the 
board,  and  solicitor.  This  experience  directed 
the  mind  of  the  rising  lawyer  to  subjects  of 
finance,  and  was  the  preparatory  school  of  the 
future  U.  S.  treasurer.  The  question  of  slavery 
and  the  rights  of  fugitives  from  bondage  was  at 
this  time  (1837)  uppermost  in  the  public  mind, 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Cincinnati.  Mr. 
Chase  was  retained  as  counsel  fora  colored  woman 
claimed  as  a fugitive  slave,  and  also  in  the  case 
of  James  G.  Birney,  prosecuted  under  a state  law 
for  harboring  a fugitive  slave.  Both  causes  were 
defended  by  him  before  the  state  supreme  court, 
and  his  arguments  against  the  right  of  the  fed- 
eral government  to  demand  of  a state  magistrate 
any  service  in  the  case  of  a slave  voluntarily 
brought  by  his  master  into  a free  state  and  there 
escaping  from  his  control,  and  in  maintaining 
that  the  law  of  1793  was  unwarranted  by  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  there- 
fore void,  — were  published  and  extensively  circu- 
lated by  the  anti-slaveiw  party.  In  the  case  of 
Van  Zandt,  before  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States  in  1846,  he  was  associated  -with 
William  H.  Seward,  and  there  argued  that  under 
the  ordinance  of  1787  no  fugitive  from  service 
could  be  reclaimed  from  Ohio,  unless  escaped 
from  one  of  the  original  slave  states,  and  that  the 
question  of  slavery  was  an  interstate,  and  not  a 
federal  question  for  adjudication  by  Congress. 
In  politics  Mr.  Chase  had  taken  no  positive  posi- 
tion, and  had  supported  either  Whig  or  Democrat 
as  they  promised  to  further  his  one  political  idea, 
the  blotting  out  of  slavery ; but  in  1841  he  called 
the  convention  that  organized  the  Liberty  party 
in  Ohio,  wrote  the  address  to  the  people,  and  sup- 
ported the  candidate  for  governor  named  by  the 
party.  In  1843,  when  the  Liberty  party  met  in 
convention  at  Baltimore  to  nominate  candidates 
for  president  and  vice-president,  Mr.  Chase  was  a 
member  of  the  committee  on  resolutions,  and 
opposed  the  radical  proposition  offered,  refusing 
to  support  the  tliird  clause  of  the  Constitution  if 
it  was  applied  to  the  case  of  a fugitive  slave,  his 
opposition  preventing  its  becoming  a part  of  the 
committee’s  report.  It  was,  however,  introduced 
before  the  convention  and  adopted.  The  move- 
ment for  a convention  of  ‘ ‘ all  who  believe  that 
all  that  is  worth  preserving  in  republicanism  can 
be  maintained  only  by  uncompromising  war 
against  the  usurpation  of  the  slave  power,  and 


f 622J 


CHASE. 


CHASE. 


are  therefore  resolved  to  use  all  constitutional  and 
honorable  means  to  effect  the  extinction  of  slavery 
within  the  respective  states,  and  its  reduction  to 
its  constitutional  limits  in  the  United  States”  was 
led  by  Mr.  Chase,  and  was  intended  to  invite  rep- 
resentation only  from  the  southern  and  western 
states.  It  met  in  Cincinnati  in  June,  1845,  and 
the  address,  urging  the  necessity  of  a political 
organization  determined  upon  the  overthrow  of 
the  slave  power,  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Chase,  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  platform.  The 
second  Liberty  national  convention  was  held  in 
1847,  and  in  it  Mr.  Chase  opposed  making  a ticket, 
and  advised  waiting  to  see  how  the  Wilmot  pro- 
viso would  affect  the  political  parties  and  the 
action  of  Congress.  In  1848  he  prepared  a call 
for  a free  territory  state  convention  at  Columbus, 
Ohio,  which  was  signed  by  over  three  thousand 
voters.  This  resulted  in  the  national  convention 
at  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  in  August,  1848,  over  which  Mr. 
Chase  presided,  and  which  nominated  the  Free- 
Soil  ticket,  Van  Buren  and  Adams.  Mr.  Chase 
was  the  next  year  elected  by  the  Democrats 
and  Federal  Whigs,  as  United  States  senator.  In 
1852,  when  the  Democratic  national  convention 
at  Baltimore  nominated  Franklin  Pierce  and  de- 
nounced the  agitation  of  the  slavery  question, 
and  the  ticket  and  platform  were  upheld  by  the 
Democrats  of  Ohio,  Mr.  Chase  withdrew  from  the 
party,  and  prepared  the  platform  for  an  indepen- 
dent party,  which  was  adopted  by  the  Pittsburgh 
convention  of  1852.  He  opposed  the  Clay  com- 
promise in  a speech  in  the  senate ; and  his  amend- 
ment providing  against  the  introduction  of  slavery 
in  the  territories,  to  which  the  bill  applied,  re- 
ceived twenty-five  votes,  while  thirty  voted  against 
the  amendment.  He  also  offered  an  amendment 
to  the  fugitive  slave  bill,  by  which  so-called  fugi- 
tive slaves  should  be  accorded  trial  by  jury,  and 
another  granting  immunity  to  slaves  escaping 
from  states  to  territories,  or  the  reverse,  thus  con- 
forming the  act  to  the  provisions  of  the  constitu- 
tion, both  of  which  were  defeated.  When  the 
Nebraska  bill  was  introduced  in  1854,  he  drew  up 
and  caused  to  be  circulated  an  appeal  to  the 
people  to  oppose  the  measure,  and  in  the  senate  on 
February  3 made  a speech  in  which  he  elaborated 
the  objectionable  features  of  the  bill.  On  the 
very  night  of  its  passage  he  made  an  earnest  pro- 
test against  the  measure.  His  efforts  in  the  senate 
were  directed  to  the  confining  of  the  question  of 
slavery  within  its  constitutional  limits,  to  securing 
non-intervention  on  the  part  of  the  Federal  gov- 
ernment in  the  affairs  of  the  states  and  territories, 
to  upholding  the  individual  rights  of  persons  and 
states,  and  to  securing  economy  in  the  administra- 
tion of  financial  affairs.  He  favored  free  home- 
steads to  actual  settlers,  cheap  postage,  govern- 
ment aid  towards  the  construction  of  the  Pacific 


railroad,  and  liberal  appropriations  for  harbor 
and  river  improvements.  The  opponents  of  the 
Nebraska  bill  and  of  the  administration  nominated 
Mr.Chase  for  governor  of  Ohio  in  July,  1855,  and 
he  was  elected.  His  policy,  as  outlined  in  his  in- 
augural address,  was  economy  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  state  affairs,  annual  sessions  of  the 
legislature,  and  liberal  support  to  schools.  At 
the  Republican  national  convention  of  1856  a 
majority  of  the  Ohio  delegates,  backed  by  a large 
following  from  other  states,  proposed  his  name  as 
a presidential  candidate,  but  at  his  personal  re- 
quest it  was  withdrawn.  In  1857  he  was  again 
a candidate  for  governor,  and  received  the  largest 
vote  ever  given  to  a candidate  for  that  office  in 
Ohio.  When  the  Republican  national  convention 
met  at  Chicago  in  1860,  Ohio  presented  Mr.  Chase 
as  a candidate,  and  in  the  first  ballot  he  received 
forty-nine  votes;  but  when  the  votes  of  Ohio  were 
needed  to  secure  Mr.  Lincoln’s  nomination  they 
were  promptly  furnished.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  elected  to  a seat  in  the  United  States  senate, 
and  resigned  it  to  accept  the  portfolio  of  the 
treasuiy  in  the  cabinet  of  President  Lincoln.  The 
treasury  was  in  need  of  money,  and  the  secretary 
asked  for  §8,000.000,  April  2,  1861,  of  which 
amount  §3,099,000  was  tendered  at  or  under  six 
per  cent.  He  refused  all  bids  at  higher  rates 
than  six  per  cent  and  placed  the  balance  in  two- 
year  treasury  notes  at  par  or  over.  When  Fort 
Sumter  was  first  fired  upon,  the  secretary  went 
to  New  York  and  obtained  §50,000,000  from  the 
banks  in  exchange  for  treasury  notes  payable  in 
coin,  and  soon  after  obtained  §100,000,000  more 
from  the  same  source.  The  bankers  could  not 
sell  the  bonds  for  coin,  and  on  Dec.  27,  1861,  the 
agreement  to  suspend  specie  payment  was  entered 
into.  When  the  resources  of  the  banks  were 
found  inadequate  to  supply  the  secretary’s 
demand  for  money,  he.  largely  through  the  sug- 
gestion of  Mr.  O.  B.  Potter  of  New  York,  issued 
‘ ‘ the  greenback,”  which  was  made  legal  tender  by 
act  of  Congress,  for  all  purposes  except  custom 
duties ; these  treasury  notes,  running  for  various 
lengths  of  time,  and  bearing  interest  at  from 
six  to  seven  and  three -tenths  per  cent  payable 
in  coin,  were  readily  taken  by  the  people  and  the 
loan  became  very  popular.  This  popular  loan 
was  followed  by  the  national  banking  system,  a 
part  of  the  original  plan  of  Mr.  Potter.  These 
financial  measures  enabled  the  government  to 
prosecute  the  war,  and  furnished  a stable  cur- 
rency. When  Mr.  Chase  left  the  treasury  de- 
partment, June  30,  1864,  the  national  debt 

amounted  to  §1.740,690,489.  On  Dec.  6,  1864, 
President  Lincoln  named  Mr.  Chase  as  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  U.  S.  supreme  court,  to  succeed  Jus- 
tice Taney  deceased,  and  his  nomination  was  im- 
mediately confirmed  by  the  senate.  In  the 


CHASE. 


CHASE. 


impeachment  trial  of  President  Johnson  in  March, 
1868,  Chief  Justice  Chase  presided,  and  his  im- 
partial and  dignified  demeanor  won  the  respect 
of  all  save  the  intense  partisans  conducting  the 
prosecution.  He  became  dissatisfied  with  the 
policy  of  the  Republican  party  as  voiced  by  the 
majority  in  Congress,  and  when  the  Democratic 
national  convention  met  in  New  York  in  July, 
1888,  he  was  announced  as  a candidate  for  the 
presidency.  At  one  time  his  chances  of  the 
nomination  seemed  to  be  flattering,  but  the  tide 
changed  before  the  balloting  began,  and  he  re- 
ceived but  four  votes.  In  the  presidential  can- 
vass of  1872  he  favored  the  election  of  Mr. 
Greeley,  the  Democratic  candidate.  Dartmouth 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D  in  1855. 

Mr.  Chase  was  thrice  married,  and  his  daughter 
Katherine,  born  to  his  second  wife,  Eliza  Ann 
(Smith),  to  whom  he  was  married  Sept.  26,  1839, 
was  the  head  of  his  household  in  Washington, 
his  third  wife,  Sara  Bella  Dunlap  (Ludlow),  hav- 
ing died  some  years  before.  Miss  Chase,  popularly 
known  as  Kate  Chase,  was  a society  leader  during 
the  war;  she  was  married  to  Senator  William 
Sprague  of  Rhode  Island,  and  after  the  expiration 
of  her  husband’s  senatorial  term  established  a 
palatial  home  in  Rhode  Island.  Chief  Justice 
Chase’s  health  became  greatly  impaired  through 
a paralytic  stroke,  and  he  died  in  New  York  city, 
May  7,  1872. 

CHASE,  Samuel,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  was  born  in  Somerset  county,  Md., 
April  17,  1741.  His  father,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Chase,  was  a clergyman  in  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. Two  years  after  the  birth  of  the  boy  he 
was  appointed  rector  of  St.  Paul's  church  in 
Baltimore,  and  himself  conducted  the  education 
of  his  son,  who  in  1759  began  the  study  of  law, 
and  two  years  later  was  licensed  to  practise  in 
the  mayor’s  court.  In  1763  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  settled  in  Annapolis.  He  was  ar- 
dently devoted  to  the  cause  of  the  colonies,  and 
became  a member  of  the  “Sons  of  Liberty.” 
When  the  stamp  act  was  up  for  discussion  he  was 
vehemently  opposed  to  it,  and  was  among  those 
who  assaulted  the  stamp  officers  and  destroyed  the 
stamps.  The  authorities  of  Annapolis  attempted 
to  rebuke  him,  but  this  only  added  to  his  growing 
popularity  with  the  people.  In  1774,  by  a conven- 
tion of  the  people  of  Maryland,  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  five  delegates  to  the  first  Continental 
Congress,  and  became  a member  of  the  committee 
on  correspondence.  He  was  bold  and  outspoken 
in  his  .advocacy  of  independence.  He  was  again 
a delegate  in  1775,  and  did  all  in  his  power  to 
strengthen  the  army  then  concentrating  at  Bos- 
ton. Mass.  In  1776,  with  Benjamin  Franklin. 
Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,  and  Bishop  Carroll 
he  visited  Canada  to  ask  its  concurrence  with  the 

[624] 


action  of  the  other  colonies.  After  the  failure  of 
their  mission  he  returned  to  his  seat  in  Congress. 
The  question  of  independence  had  been  broached, 
and  Maryland  had  expressly  prohibited  her  dele- 
gates from  voting  for  it;  Mr.  Chase  traversed 
the  province,  and  made  such  effective  addresses 
and  instigated  the  sending  of  such  petitions  to 
the  convention  then  sitting  at  Annapolis  that 
the  convention  lifted  its  restrictions.  This  bar 
removed,  Mr.  Chase  hastened  to  Philadelphia,  tak- 
ing his  seat  Monday  morning  in  time  to  join  with 
the  majority  in  a vote  for,  and  to  sign,  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  He  continued  a member 
of  Congress  until  1778.  In  1776,  a delegate  from 
Georgia,  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  J.  Zubly,  was  charged 
with  secret  correspondence  with  the  royal  gov- 
ernor, and  Mr.  Chase  denounced  him  before  the 
house  as  a traitor.  Zubly  fled  and  made  good 
his  escape.  As  chairman  of  the  committee  con- 
cerning those  who  gave  “ aid  and  comfort  to  the 
enemy,”  he  recommended  the  arrest  and  im- 
prisonment of  wealthy  Quakers  in  Philadelphia. 
In  1778  Mr.  Chase  withdrew  from  the  practice 
of  his  profession  in  Annapolis.  He  drafted  in 
this  year  a convincing  reply  to  charges  made  and 
circulated  by  the  Tories.  In  1783  an  incident 
occurred  that  deserves  notice.  He  was  in  Balti 
more  and  invited  to  attend  a debating  society. 
Among  the  speakers  was  a young  man  who  at 
tracted  his  attention  by  his  felicitous  English  and 
close  argument.  He  ascertained  that  he  was  a 
clerk  in  an  apothecary’s  store ; he  sought  him  and 
advised  him  to  study  law,  offered  him  instruc- 
tion, the  use  of  his  library,  and  a seat  at  his  table. 
The  young  man  was  William  Pinkney,  who  after- 
wards became  attorney -general  of  the  United 
States,  and  minister  at  the  court  of  St.  James. 
In  1783  Mr.  Chase  visited  England  and  recovered 
six  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  that  had 
been  invested  by  the  state  of  Maryland  in  the 
bank  of  England  before  the  war.  He  again 
served  in  Congress,  1784-’85.  In  1786  he  changed 
liis  residence  to  Baltimore,  and  on  leaving  Anna- 
polis the  corporation  of  the  city  presented  him 
with  an  address  commending  his  fidelity  in  the 
discharge  of  his  public  duties  and  his  patriotism 
as  a citizen.  In  1788  he  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  criminal  court  for  the  district  of 
Baltimore,  and  also  served  in  the  convention 
that  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  In  1791  he  became  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state.  In  1796  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Washington  associate  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States  and  the 
nomination  was  confirmed  by  the  senate.  His 
irritable  temper  brought  him  into  trouble,  and 
his  sharp  words  from  the  bench,  however  true, 
were  resented.  At  the  Fries  and  Callender  sedi 
tion  trials  he  was  accused  of  misdemeanor,  and 


CHASE. 


CHASE. 


John  Randolph  instigated  his  impeachment, 
which  had  at  lirst  six  and  then  eight  counts. 
When  he  came  to  trial  before  the  senate,  six 
counts  were  dismissed,  and  the  others  failed  to 
secure  a two-thirds  vote.  Judge  Chase  resumed 
his  seat  on  the  bench,  and  dignified  his  office 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  June  19,  1811. 

CHASE,  Squire,  missionary,  was  born  in 
Scipio,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  15,  1802.  In  June,  1822,  he 
received  a preacher's  license,  and  became  a proba- 
tioner in  the  Genesee  (N.  Y. ) conference.  He  was 
assigned  to  the  St.  Lawrence  circuit,  and  in  1823 
was  transferred  to  the  Black  river  conference. 
At  the  close  of  his  second  year  in  conference  he 
was  ordained  deacon,  and  was  appointed  to  Sandy 
Creek  circuit.  In  1825  he  was  returned  to  Black 
river  circuit  and  labored  there  and  in  other  cir- 
cuits until  1831,  when  he  was  made  presiding 
elder  of  the  St.  Lawrence  circuit.  In  October, 
1836,  he  went  as  a missionary  to  Africa,  but  ill 
health  compelled  him  to  return  after  an  absence 
of  less  than  a year.  In  1839  he  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  the  general  conference  at  Baltimore. 
In  1842  he  again  went  to  Africa,  where  he  re- 
mained about  sixteen  months.  During  his  stay 
there  he  was  superintendent  of  the  African  mis- 
sion, and  editor  of  the  semi-monthly  Methodist 
journal  called  Africa's  Luminary.  He  died  in 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  July  26,  1843. 

CHASE,  Thomas,  educator,  was  born  in  Wor- 
cester, Mass.,  June  16,  1827;  brother  of  Pliny 
Earle  Chase.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
with  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1848,  and  from  1850  to 
1853  was  tutor  there.  Pie  then  went  abroad  and 
studied  at  the  University  of  Berlin  and  the  Col- 
lege of  Paris.  In  1855  he  became  professor  of 
philology  and  literature  in  Haverford  college,  and 
in  1875  was  elected  president  of  the  institution. 
He  served  at  times  as  classical  professor  at  Brown 
university.  He  was  a member  of  the  American 
Committee  on  New  Testament  revision,  and  of  the 
philological  congress  held  at  Stockholm.  He 
received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Harvard  in 
1878,  and  that  of  Litt.D.  from  Haverford  in  1880. 
He  is  the  author  of  “ The  Early  Days  of  Hellas  ” 
(1858);  “Hellas:  her  Monuments  and  Scenery” 
(1863),  and  “ Dr.  Schliemann  and  the  Archaeo- 
logical Value  of  his  Discoveries  ” (1891),  and  was 
senior  editor  of  Chase  and  Stuart's  classical 
series.  He  died  Oct.  5,  1892. 

CHASE,  William  Henry,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Massachusetts  in  1798.  He  was  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1815,  and  served  as  assistant  in  the 
corps  of  engineers  in  the  construction  of  the 
defences  of  Brooklyn,  in  making  surveys  in  the 
vicinity  of  Lake  Champlain,  in  repairing  Fort 
Niagara,  and  in  constructing  Fort  Pike,  La., 
until  1822.  He  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant  in 
1819,  and  was  superintending  engineer  of  the 


defences  of  the  Rigolets  and  Chef  Menteur  passes 
to  New  Orleans,  La.,  1822— '24 ; of  Fort  Jackson, 
Mississippi  river,  1823-'24;  of  the  breakwater  for 
the  preservation  of  Plymouth  Beach,  Mass.,  1824; 
and  of  forts  at  the  Rigolets,  Chef  Menteur,  Bien- 
venue,  and  Bayou  Dupre  passes  to  New  Orleans, 
1824r-’28.  He  was  promoted  captain,  Jan.  1, 
1825,  and  served  as  superintending  engineer  for 
the  construction  of  defences  and  improvements 
in  the  south  until  1856.  He  was  promoted  major 
July  7,  1838,  and  on  Oct.  31,  1856,  he  resigned  his 
commission  in  the  army  to  become  president  of 
the  Alabama  and  Florida  railroad  company,  hold- 
ing the  position  until  1861.  In  that  year  he 
joined  the  Confederate  army  and  served  through- 
out the  civil  war.  He  died  in  Pensacola,  Fla., 
Feb.  8,  1870. 

CHASE,  William  Henry,  soldier,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  25,  1844.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  West  Point  in  1865  and  assigned  to  gar- 
rison duty.  He  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant  of 
1st  artillery  Feb.  1,  1866,  and  was  despatched  to 
the  Canadian  frontier  to  prevent  Fenian  raids  in 
June,  1866.  He  was  transferred  to  the  corps  of 
engineers,  and  from  November,  1866,  to  June, 
1868,  was  battalion  quartermaster.  He  was 
then  made  assistant  engineer  under  General  War- 
ren, and  served  as  such  until  March,  1870,  when 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Pacific  board  of  engi- 
neers for  fortifications.  In  1869  he  completed  a 
valuable  topographical  survey  of  the  battlefield 
of  Gettysburg.  He  died  at  Germantown,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  June  21,  1871. 

CHASE,  William  Merritt,  painter,  was  born 
at  Franklin,  Ind.,  Nov.  1,  1849.  He  studied  paint- 
ing in  Indianapolis  with  B.  F.  Hays ; in  New  York 
with  J.  O.  Eaton ; at  the  National  academy  at 
Munich  with  Wagner  and  Piloty;  at  the  Royal 
academy,  and  in  Venice,  where  he  gave  special 
attention  to  the  works  of  Tintoretto.  His  work 
received  honorable  mention  at  the  Paris  salon. 
He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1878.  In  1890 
he  was  elected  a national  academician,  and  after- 
wards was  elected  president  of  the  Society  of 
American  artists.  In  1875  he  exhibited  “The 
Dowager  ” at  the  National  academy  of  design, 
New  York;  in  1877  “The  Broken  Jug'’  and 
“The  Unexpected  Intrusion,”  and  1878  “The 
Court  Jester,  or  Keying  Up,”  which  had  won 
him  a medal  at  the  Centennial  exhibition  in  1876. 
His  “ Ready  for  a Ride  ” was  contributed  to  the 
first  exhibition  of  the  Society  of  American 
artists  in  New  York  in  1878,  and  was  purchased 
by  the  Union  league  club.  He  painted  portraits 
of  the  five  children  of  Director  Piloty;  Duveneck 
(1879) ; General  Webb  (1880),  and  Peter  Cooper 
(1882).  His  other  works  include:  “Venetian 
Fish-Market,”  “The  Apprentice.”  “ Interior  of 
St.  Mark’s  in  Venice,”  and  “ The  Coquette.” 

[625 J 


CHATARD. 


CHAUNCY. 


CHATARD,  Francis  Silas,  fifth  R.  C.  bishop 
of  Vincennes,  Ind.,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
in  1834.  After  completing  his  primary  education 
in  the  schools  of  his  native  city,  he  was  sent  to 
Mount  St.  Mary’s  college,  Emmittsburg,  Md., 
where  lie  was  graduated  in  1853.  He  went  to 
Rome  in  1857,  and  became  a student  in  the 
famous  Urban  college.  After  six  years  of  assidu- 
ous study  he  was  elevated  to  the  priesthood  in 
1803.  Soon  after  his  ordination  he  was  awarded 
the  degree  of  D.D.  He  was  subsequently  ap- 
pointed vice-rector  of  the  American  college  in 
Rome,  and  upon  the  resignation  of  Dr.  McCloskey 
was  made  rector,  and  held  this  position  for  two 
years.  He  had  the  ear  and  confidence  of  the 
pope,  and  in  this  manner  was  enabled  to  be  of 
inestimable  service  to  American  priests  or 
bishops.  In  the  Vatican  council  of  1870,  Dr. 
Chatard  took  a conspicuous  part.  His  services 
as  theologian,  secretary,  and  master  of  ceremonies 
were  rewarded  by  the  reigning  pontiff,  Pius  IX., 
who  presented  him  with  a gold  medal  as  a testi- 
monial of  his  regard.  In  1878  he  visited  the 
United  States  in  order  to  collect  funds  for  the 
American  college  and  revive  popular  interest  in 
the  institution.  He  had  the  support  and  sym 
patliy  of  both  the  pope  and  the  American  priests 
and  bishops,  and  as  a result  obtained  large  sums 
of  money  for  the  institution.  After  his  return 
from  his  trip,  he  was  summoned  to  the  presence 
of  the  holy  father,  and  informed  that  he  had 
been  elected  Bishop  of  Vincennes,  Ind.  Dr. 
Chatard  was  consecrated  on  May  12.  1878,  and 
took  up  his  residence  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  al- 
though the  cathedral  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  is  at 
Vincennes.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  welcome 
Cardinal  Satolli,  shortly  after  whose  arrival 
lie  wrote:  “ We  recommend  to  all  the  most  sin- 
cere regard  for  the  apostolic  delegate,  the  great- 
est docility  to  his  wishes,  and  the  most  respectful 
silence  regarding  his  judicial  acts.”  Bishop 
Chatard  is  the  author  of  “ Symbolism  of  the 
Catholic  Church,”  and  other  controversial  and 
devotional  works. 

CHATFIELD=TAYLOR,  Hobart  Chatfield, 

(See  Taylor,  H.  C.  Chatfield. 

CHAUNCEY,  Isaac,  naval  officer,  was  born  at 
Black  Rock,  Conn. , Feb.  20,  1772 ; son  of  Wolcott 
and  Ann  (Brown)  Chauncey,  and  a great-great- 
grandson  of  Israel,  youngest  son  of  Charles 
Chauncy  of  Harvard  college.  At  the  age  of 
twelve  he  went  to  sea,  and  in  1791  was  made  com- 
mander of  a ship.  At  t lie  organization  of  the 
navy  in  1 798  he  received  a commission  as  lieuten- 
ant in  the  navy,  and  was  afterwards  promoted 
commander,  serving  as  such  under  Preble  in  the 
Tripolitan  war.  From  this  officer  he  received 
high  commendation  in  official  despatches.  On 
May  23,  1804,  he  was  promoted  master,  and  on 


April  24,  1806,  was  made  captain.  At  the  time 
of  the  partial  reduction  of  the  navy  in  1807-'08 
he  received  a furlough,  and  took  command  of  an 
East  Indiaman  belonging  to  John  Jacob  Astor. 
He  made  a trip  to  China,  and  on  his  return  in 
1808  was  commissioned  by  the  government  to 
organize  the  navy  yard  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  He 
remained  in  command  of  the  yard  until  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  of  1812,  when  he  was  ordered 
to  the  command  of  the  lakes.  He  rendered  dis- 
tinguished service  during  the  war,  assisting  in 
the  capture  of  York  and  Fort  George,  and  in  block- 
adingthe  fleetof  Sir  James  Yeoof  the  British  navy 
in  1814.  In  1816  he  was  assigned  to  the  command 
of  the  Mediterranean  squadron,  conveyed  to 
Naples  William  Pinkney,  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  Russia:  and  in  June,  1816,  relieved  Com- 
modore Shaw,  senior  officer  in  the  Mediterranean. 
He  was  commissioned,  with  Mr.  Shaler,  to  open 
negotiations  with  the  Dey  of  Algiers,  who  vio- 
lated the  treaty  made  with  Decatur  in  1815.  The 
duty  was  successfully  performed,  and  Commo- 
dore Chauncey  cruised  in  the  Mediterranean 
until  1818,  when  he  returned  to  New  York, 
taking  command  of  the  navy  yard.  In  1821  he 
was  ordered  to  Washington  as  navy  commis- 
sioner, and  in  1824  was  again  ordered  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  New  York  navy  yard  station,  which 
he  held  until  1833.  In  June  of  that  year  he 
returned  to  Washington  as  president  of  the 
board  of  naval  commissioners.  He  was  married 
to  Catharine,  daughter  of  John  and  Catharine 
Sickles  of  New  York.  He  died  in  Washington, 
D.  C.,  Jan.  27,  1840. 

CHAUNCEY,  John  Sickles,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  New  York  in  1800;  son  of  Commodore 
Isaac  and  Catharine  (Sickles)  Chauncey.  He 
was  appointed  midshipman  in  the  U.  S.  navy 
Jan.  1,  1812,  was  promoted  lieutenant  Jan.  13, 
1825,  and  commander  Sept.  8,  1841.  In  1847  he 
was  stationed  at  Washington  as  inspector  of 
ordnance,  and  remained  there  three  years.  On 
Sept,  14, 1855,  he  was  commissioned  captain ; was 
promoted  commodore,  July  16,  1862,  and  was 
placed  on  the  retired  list  April  4,  1869.  He  died 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  April  10,  1871. 

CHAUNCY,  Charles,  educator,  was  baptized  at 
Yardley-Bury,  Hertfordshire,  England,  Nov.  5, 
1592;  son  of  George  and  Agnes  (Welsh)  Chauncy, 
and  the  emigrant  ancestor  of  all  who  bear  the 
name  of  Chauncy  and  Chauncey  in  the  United 
States.  He  received  his  preparatory  training  at 
Westminster  school,  and  entered  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  made  a bachelor  of  arts 
in  1613,  and  a master  of  arts  in  1617.  He  was 
also  made  a fellow  of  the  college,  and  in  1624  was 
given  the  degree  of  B.D.  He  was  chosen  profes- 
sor of  Hebrew,  but  resigned  in  favor  of  a relative 
of  the  vice-chancellor,  and  was  appointed  to  the 
>26] 


CHAUNCY. 


CHAUVENET. 


Greek  professorship.  He  remained  at  Trinity  for 
some  time,  and  then  preached  for  a season  at 
Marston-Laurence,  Northamptonshire.  In  1627 
he  became  vicar  of  Ware,  Hertfordshire,  where 
his  peculiar  puritanical  opinions  involved  him 
in  difficulties  with  his  ecclesiastical  superiors. 
In  January,  1629,  he  was  called  before  the  high 
commission  court  on  the  charge  of  having  used  in 
his  sermons  certain  expressions  condemnatory  of 
the  church,  and  is  said  to  have  made  his  submis- 
sion to  Bishop  Laud.  In  1635  he  was  again  prose- 
cuted for  opposing  the  railing  in  of  the  communion 
table  at  Ware;  was  suspended,  cast  into  prison, 
condemned  to  costs,  and  obliged  to  make  a 
humiliating  recantation.  He  left  England  late  in 

1637,  and  arrived  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  in  May, 

1638.  For  about  three  years  he  preached  with 
Mr.  Reyner  at  Plymouth,  and  in  1641  was  elected 
pastor  of  the  church  at  Scituate,  where  he 
preached  for  twelve  years.  His  pastorate  in 
Scituate  was  for  many  reasons  unpleasant  to  him, 
partly  because  of  a difference  of  opinion  among 
his  parishioners,  and  partly  because  of  a lack  of 
financial  support.  His  persecutor,  Bishop  Laud, 
had  been  executed,  and  a change  had  taken 
place  in  the  attitude  of  the  church;  Mr.  Chauncy 
was  invited  to  return  to  Ware,  and  had  reached 
Boston,  whence  he  was  to  sail,  when  he  was 
invited  to  become  president  of  Harvard  college. 
He  was  inaugurated  Nov.  29,  1654,  and  entered 
upon  the  duties  of  the  office  at  a salary  of 
£100  per  annum.  He  was  married,  March  17, 
1630,  to  Catharine,  daughter  of  Robert  Eyre  of 
Sarum,  Wilts,  and  Agnes,  his  wife,  daughter  of 
John  Still,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells.  He  is 
the  author  of  “ The  Plain  Doctrine  of  the  Jus- 
tification of  a Sinner  in  the  Sight  of  God,  Six 
and  Twenty  Sermons”  (1659),  and  “ Anti- 
Synodalia  Scripta  Americana.”  See  Cotton 
Mather's  “ Magnalia  Christi  Americana,”  Beal's 
“ History  of  New  England,”  vol.  ii. , and  “ Mem- 
orials of  the  Chaunceys.”  He  died  in  Cam 
bridge,  Mass.,  Feb.  19,  1672. 

CHAUNCY,  Charles,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  1,  1705;  son  of  Charles  and 
Sarah  (Walley)  Chauncy,  grandson  of  Isaac 
Chauncy,  and  great-grandson  of  Charles  Chauncy, 
president  of  Harvard  college.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1721,  and  studied  theology  in 
Boston.  On  Oct.  25,  1727,  he  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  first  church  in  Boston.  He  was  married 
to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Judge  Hirst,  and  had 
three  children.  He  was  a fellow  of  the  Ameri- 
can academy.  In  1742  Edinburgh  university 
conferred  upon  him  tire  degree  of  S.T.D.  For 
a complete  list  of  his  published  writings  see, 
‘‘Bibliotheca  Chaunciana  ” (1884);  and  “Mem- 
orials of  the  Chaunceys,”  by  William  Chauncey 
Fowler.  He  died  Feb.  10,  1787. 


CHAUNCY,  Charles,  jurist,  was  born  in  Dur- 
ham, Conn.,  June  11,  1747;  son  of  Eliliu  and  Mary 
(Griswold)  Chauncy,  and  great-great-grandson 
of  Charles  Chauncy,  president  of  Harvard  col- 
lege. He  studied  law  under  James  A.  Hillliouse, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  November,  1768. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed  attorney  for  the  state 
of  Connecticut,  and  in  1789  to  the  bench  of  the 
superior  court.  This  office  he  resigned  in  1798 
and  retired  from  law  practice,  devoting  his 
time  to  lecturing  to  a class  of  students  at  law. 
He  was  married  to  Abigail,  daughter  of  Thomas 
and  Abigail  Darling  of  New  Haven.  In  1777 
Yale  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
M.A.,  and  Middlebury  gave  him  that  of  LL.D.  in 
1811.  He  died  in  New  Haven.  Conn.,  April  28, 
1823. 

CHAUNCY,  Charles,  lawyer,  was  born  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Aug.  17,  1777;  son  of  Charles  and 
Abigail  (Darling)  Chauncy,  and  great-great- 
great  grandson  of  Charles  Chauncy  of  Harvard 
college.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1792,  studied  law  for  five  years  with  his  father, 
and  in  1798  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  beginning 
practice  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  In  1808  he  was 
married  to  Hannah,  daughter  of  Col.  John  Ches- 
ter of  Wethersfield,  Conn.  In  1837  and  1838  he 
was  a member  of  the  convention  for  revising  t he 
constitution  of  Pennsylvania.  He  practised  law 
at  the  Philadelphia  bar  for  nearly  forty  years, 
with  eminent  success.  In  1827  Yale  college 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He 
died  in  Burlington,  N.  J.,  Aug.  30,  1849. 

CHAUNCY,  Nathaniel,  clergyman,  was  born 
in  Hatfield,  Mass.,  Sept.  21,  1681;  son  of  the  Rev. 
Nathaniel  and  Abigail  (Strong)  Chauncy,  and 
grandson  of  Charles  and  Catharine  (Eyre) 
Chauncy.  He  was  educated  by  his  uncle,  and 
in  1702  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  an  A.M.  in 
the  first  class  and  the  first  man  graduated,  and 
so  honored  by  the  college.  He  was  then  placed 
in  charge  of  the  Hopkins  grammar  school  in 
Hadley,  Mass.,  and  later  taught  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  studying  theology  meanwhile  under  his 
brother-in-law,  the  Rev.  Daniel  Brewer.  He 
preached  at  the  newly  settled  town  of  Durham, 
Conn.,  from  about  1704,  but  was  not  ordained 
until  Feb.  7,  1711.  He  continued  in  office  until 
his  death.  In  April,  1746,  he  was  elected  a fel- 
low of  Yale  college,  which  office  he  resigned 
in  September,  1752.  He  was  married,  Oct.  12, 
1708,  to  Sarah,  daughter  of  Capt.  James  and 
Rebecca  (Wells)  Judson  of  Stratford,  Conn.  He 
died  at  Durham,  Conn.,  Feb.  1,  1756. 

CHAUVENET,  William,  mathematician,  was 
born  in  Milford,  Pa.,  May  24,  1820.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1840,  and  was  for  a time 
assistant  to  Alexander  Dallas  Baclie  at  Girard 
college.  He  became  professor  of  mathematics  in 


CHEATHAM. 


CHEEVER. 


the  naval  service  in  1841,  being  stationed  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  afterwards  at  Annapolis,  Md.  In 
1859  he  was  chosen  professor  of  mathematics  in, 
Washington  university,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  of  which 
institution  he  became  chancellor  in  1862.  This 
office  he  resigned  in  1869  on  account  of  failing 
health.  He  twice  declined  the  chair  at  Yale  col- 
lege made  vacant  by  the  death  of  Professor 
Olmsted.  He  was  an  original  member  of  the 
National  academy  of  sciences.  He  is  the  author 
of  “ Binomial  Theorems  and  Logarithms  for  the 
Use  of  Midshipmen  at  the  Naval  School  ” (1843); 
“ Treatise  on  Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry  ” 
(1850;  9th  ed..  1875);  “A  Manual  of  Spherical 
and  Practical  Astronomy  ” (2vols.,  1863);  “ Navi- 
gation and  Nautical  Astronomy”  (2d  ed.,  1865); 
“ New  Method  of  Correcting  Lunar  Distances  ” 
(1868,)  and  “ A Treatise  on  Elementary  Geom- 
etry ”(1870;  2d  ed.,  1877).  He  died  in  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  Dec.  13,  1870. 

CHEATHAM,  Benjamin  Franklin,  soldier, 
was  born  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Oct.  20,  1820. 
After  attending  the  public  schools  of  Nashville 
he  entered  into  business  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
where  he  remained  a year.  He  joined  the  U.  S. 
army  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Mexican  war,  was 
made  captain,  and  fought  with  distinction  at  the 
battles  of  Monterey  and  Cerro  Gordo.  After  the 
expiration  of  his  term  of  enlistment  he  returned 
to  Nashville  and  raised  the  3d  Tennessee  regi- 
ment, of  which  he  was  commissioned  colonel. 
He  took  active  part  in  the  closing  battles  of  the 
war,  and  was  honorably  discharged  in  July,  1848. 
In  1861  he  organized  the  supply  department  for 
the  western  Confederate  army,  and  in  May  was 
commissioned  brigadier-general.  On  Nov.  7, 
1861,  he  fought  at  the  battle  of  Belmont  as  com- 
mander of  three  regiments.  He  was  promoted 
major-general  in  1862,  and  on  December  31  com- 
manded a division  of  Bragg's  army  at  Murfrees- 
boro. He  was  offered  by  President  Grant  an 
official  position,  which  he  declined.  He  served  for 
several  years  as  superintendent  of  the  Tennessee 
prison,  and  in  1885  was  appointed  postmaster  of 
Nashville.  He  died  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Sept. 
4,  1886. 

CHECKLEY,  John,  clergyman,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1680.  In  1723  he  wrote  and 
published  a theological  treatise  which  caused 
bitter  feeling  among  New  England  people.  He 
was  sued  for  libel,  and  was  sentenced  to  pay  a 
fine  of  £50.  In  1727  he  was  refused  holy  orders 
by  the  Bishop  of  London,  but  received  them  later 
from  the  Bishop  of  Exeter.  In  1739  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  where  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  is  the 
author  of  “ Choice  Dialogues  between  a Godly 
Minister  and  an  Honest  Country-Man.  concerning 
Election  and  Predestination”  (1715),  and  “ 


Modest  Proof  of  the  Order  and  Government  Set- 
tled by  Christ  and  his  Apostles  in  the  Church 
(1723),  both  of  which  caused  much  comment. 
He  died  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  in  1753. 

CHEETHAM,  James,  author,  was  born  in 
Manchester,  England,  in  1772.  He  came  to 
America  in  1798  and  entered  journalism  in  New 
York  city.  He  edited  The  American  Citizen  for 
some  years,  and  wrote  “ A Narrative  of  the  Sup- 
pression by  Colonel  Burr  of  the  History  of  the 
Administration  of  John  Adams,  written  by  John 
Wood  ” (1802) ; “ A View  of  the  Political  Con- 
duct of  Aaron  Burr,  Esq.,  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States  ” (1802) ; “ Antidote  to  John 

Wood's  Poison  ” (1802) ; “ Nine  Letters  on  Aaron 
Burr's  Political  Defection  ” (1803) ; “ Reply  to 
Aristides  ” (1804) ; “ Peace  or  War?  or,  Thoughts 
on  our  affairs  with  England  ” (1307),  and  " Life 
of  Thomas  Paine”  (1809).  He  died  in  New 
York  city,  Sept.  10,  1810. 

CHEEVER,  David  Williams,  educator,  was 
born  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  Nov.  30,  1831,  son  of 
Charles  A.,  and  Adeline  (Haven)  Cheever.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1852  and  from 
the  medical  school  in  1858.  In  1866  he  was  made 
assistant  professor  of  anatomy  in  Harvard,  and  in 
1868  was  advanced  to  the  adjunct  professorship  of 
clinical  surgery.  He  was  given  the  full  chair  in 
1875  and  held  it  until  1882.  From  1882  to  1893  he 
was  professor  of  surgery,  and  in  the  latter  year  be- 
came professor  emeritus.  In  1894  Harvard  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  His  pub- 
lished writings  include:  “ The  Value  and  the  Fal- 
lacy of  Statistics  in  the  Observation  of  Disease  " 
(1861),  the  Boylston  prize  essay  for  1860;  ‘'Two 
Cases  of  (Esophagotomy  for  the  Removal  of 
Foreign  Bodies”  (1861);  “Narcotics”  (1862): 
“ Lectureson  Hernia  ” (1866) ; “ Surgical  Cases  " 
(1869);  “ The  Future  of  Surgery  without  Limit  " 
(1889);  “ Is  the  Study  of  Medicine  a Liberal  Edu- 
cation?" (1891),  and  “ Lectures  on  Surgery " 
(1894).  He  edited,  with  J.  N.  Borland,  the  first 
five  volumes  of  the  medical  and  surgical  report  of 
the  Boston  city  hospital. 

CHEEVER,  Ezekiel,  educator,  was  born  in 
London,  England,  Jan.  25,  1614:  son  of  William 
Cheever,  skinner.  He  was  preferred  to  the  Uni 
versity  of  Cambridge,  April  27,  1633.  He  arrived 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  June,  1637,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  went  with  Governor  Eaton  to  his  new 
plantation  at  New  Haven,  Conn.  In  1638  he  be- 
gan to  teach  school.  In  1646  he  was  elected  a 
deputy  from  New  Haven  to  the  general  court. 
He  removed  to  Ipswich,  Mass.,  in  December,  1650. 
where  he  took  charge  of  the  grammar  school. 
There  he  remained  until  1661,  when  he  went  to 
Charlestown,  Mass.,  teaching  there  for  nine 
years.  He  removed  to  Boston  Jan.  6,  1670,  and 
for  thirty-eight  years  taught  the  school  which 


A 
[62SJ  ' 


CHEEVER. 


CHENEY. 


from  1790  was  known  as  the  Boston  Latin  school. 
He  was  the  author  of  “ Cheever’s  Latin  Acci- 
dence,” for  more  than  a century  a standard  text- 
book. See  “ Biographical  Sketch  of  Ezekiel 
Cheever,”  by  Henry  Barnard  (1856).  He  died 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  Aug.  21,  1708. 

CHEEVER,  George  Barrell,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Hallowell,  Me.,  April  17,  1807;  son  of 
Nathaniel  and  Charlotte  (Barrell)  Cheever.  He 
was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  college  in  the  famous 
class  of  1825,  and  at  Andover  theological  semin- 
ary in  1830.  In  1832  he  was  ordained  pastor  of 
the  Howard  street  Congregational  church  of 
Salem,  Mass.  On  one  occasion  he  remarked  in  a 
public  speech  upon  the  inadequacy  of  the  Unita- 
rian faith  to  produce  the  highest  excellence  in  lit- 
erature. His  attack  aroused  fierce  indignation, 
and  he  was  challenged  to  a newspaper  controversy 
which  resulted  in  a series  of  articles  in  the  Salem 
Register  and  a “ Defence  of  the  Orthodoxy  of 
Cudworth.”  In  1835  he  published,  in  the  inter- 
est of  the  temperance  cause,  an  allegory  called 
“Inquire  at  Amos  Giles’s  Distillery.”  It  hap- 
pened that  there  dwelt  in  that  region  a deacon 
who  appropriated  to  himself  the  allegorical  coat 
and  resorted  to  the  courts  on  a charge  of  defama- 
tion. Mr.  Cheever  was  twice  tried  and  twice 
convicted,  and  then  obliged  to  sp(  nd  thirty  days 
in  the  county  jail.  Upon  regaining  his  freedom 
he  resigned  his  pastorate  and  went  to  Europe, 
where  he  spent  the  following  two  years  and  a 
half,  during  which  time  he  contributed  a series 
of  letters  to  the  New  York  Observer.  Upon  his 
return  to  America  he  became  pastor  of  the  Allen 
street  Presbyterian  church  of  New  York,  and 
shortly  after  his  installation  delivered  a course  of 
remarkable  lectures  on  the  “ Pilgrim’s  Progress,” 
and  on  the  life  and  times  of  John  Bunyan,  which 
were  published  in  1844.  When  in  1841  the  ques- 
tion of  the  abolition  of  capital  punishment  was 
agitating  the  country,  he  engaged  in  a series  of 
debates  with  John  L.  O'Sullivan,  arguing  for 
capital  punishment,  and  scored  a victory.  Soon 
after  this  he  became  involved  in  a discussion 
with  Bishop  Hughes  concerning  the  reading  of 
the  Bible  in  the  public  schools,  which  resulted  in 
his  “ Hierarchical  Despotism  in  the  Romish 
Church.  ” In  1846  his  admirers  organized  for  him 
a new  church,  the  “Church  of  the  Puritans,” 
where  he  remained  as  pastor  until  1870,  when  he 
retired  from  his  labors  and  took  up  his  residence 
in  Englewood,  N.  J.  On  retiring  from  the  min- 
istry he  gave  his  home  in  New  York  city  to  the 
American  missionary  society  and  the  American 
board  of  commissioners  for  foreign  missions,  for 
their  joint  use.  He  bequeathed  to  various  chari- 
table societies  sums  aggregating  twenty-two 
thousand  dollars.  His  published  works  include: 
“The  American  Commonplace  Book  of  Prose” 


(1828);  “Studies  in  Poetry”  (1830);  “The 
American  Commonplace  Book  of  Poetry  ” 
(1831);  “God’s  Hand  in  America”  (1841); 

“Wanderings  of  a Pilgrim  in  the  Shadow  of 
Mont  Blanc”  (1845);  “The  Pilgrim  in  the 
Shadow  of  the  Jungfrau  Alp”  (1846);  “A 
Defence  of  Capital  Punishment”  (1846);  “The 
Journal  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth  in  New 
England,  in  1620”  (1848);  “Windings  of  the 
River  of  the  Water  of  Life  ” (1849);  “ The  Hill 
Difficulty,  with  other  Miscellanies”  (1849); 
“ Voices  of  Nature  to  her  Foster  Child,  the  Soul 
of  Man”  (1852);  “Right  of  the  Bible  in  our 
Public  Schools  ” (1854);  “ Lectures  on  Cowper  ” 
(1856);  “The  Powers  of  the  World  to  Come” 
(1856);  “God  against  Slavery  ” (1857) ; “Ameri- 
can Slavery  ” (1860);  “ The  Guilt  of  Slavery,  and 
the  Crime  of  Slaveholding  ” (1860),  and  “ Faith, 
Doubt,  and  Evidence  ” (1881).  He  died  at  En- 
glewood, N.  J. , Oct.  1,  1890. 

CHEEVER,  Henry  Theodore,  author,  was 
born  in  Hallowell,  Me.,  Feb.  6,  1814;  son  of 
Nathaniel  and  Charlotte  (Barrell)  Cheever.  He 
was  graduated  from  Bowdoin  college  in  1834, 
and  spent  two  years  in  Spain,  France,  and  Louisi- 
ana as  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Evangelist » 
On  his  return  he  entered  the  Bangor  theological 
seminary  and  was  graduated  in  1839.  He  was 
correspondent  of  the  New  York  Evangelist, 
1840-’42,  in  the  Sandwich  and  the  South  Sea  Is- 
lands, and  on  returning  home  was  for  a year  one 
of  its  editors  and  regular  contributors.  He  was 
pastor  at  Jewett  City,  Conn.,  and  Worcester, 
Mass.,  1844-'58,  and  agent  and  secretary  of  the 
church  anti  slavery  society,  1859-'64.  In  1892 
Bowdoin  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree 
of  D.D.  His  books  are  principally  biography 
and  travel,  and  include:  “The  Whale  and  its 
Captors”  (1849);  “ The  Island  World  of  the 
Pacific  ” (1851) ; “ Memorials  of  the  Life  and 
Trials  of  Nathaniel  Cheever,  M.D.”  (1851); 

“ Life  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  ” (1851)  ; “ Auto- 
biography and  Memorials  of  Captain  Obadiah 
Congat  ” (1851) ; “ Short  Yarns  for  Long  Voy- 
ages ” (1855);  “ Waymarks  in  the  Moral  War 
with  Slavery  between  the  Opening  of  1859  and 
the  Close  of  1861”  (1862);  “Autobiography 
and  Memoirs  of  Icliabod  Washburn  ” (1878);  and 
‘ ‘ Correspondencies  of  Faith  and  Views  of  Madame 
Guyon  ” (1885).  He  edited  “Ship  and  Shore, 
in  Madeira,  Lisbon,  and  the  Mediterranean,”  by 
the  Rev.  Walter  Colton,  U.  S.  N.  (1856). 

CHENEY,  Benjamin  Pierce,  expressman,  was 
born  in  Hillsboro,  N.  H.,  Aug.  12,  1815;  son  of 
Jesse  and  Alice  (Steele)  Cheney.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools,  leaving  his  studies 
when  ten  years  old  to  work  in  his  father’s 
blacksmith  shop.  In  1831  be  became  a stage- 
driver,  and  in  1836  went  to  Boston  as  agent  of 


CHENEY. 


CHENEY. 


the  northern  stage  route.  He  went  into  busi- 
ness for  himself  in  1842  and  organized,  with 
Nathaniel  White  and  William  Walker,  Cheney  & 
Co.  ’s  Express,  running  between  Boston  and 
Montreal.  This  venture  was  highly  successful. 
Shortly  after  this  another  line  was  established, 
which  was  purchased  by  Mr.  Cheney  in  18.12. 
He  continued  to  buy  out  all  competing  lines 
until  he  formed  the  United  States  and  Canada 
express  company.  This  name  was  retained  for 
more  than  thirty-five  years,  when  it  was  merged 
into  the  American  express  company,  of  which 
he  was  made  treasurer.  He  also  held  large  inter- 
ests in  other  express  and  railroad  companies. 
At  his  death  his  property  was  estimated  at  nine 
million  dollars,  about  seventy-five  thousand  dol- 
lars of  which  he  bequeathed  to  various  charities. 
He  died  in  Wellesley,  Mass.,  June  23,  1895. 

CHENEY,  Charles,  manufacturer,  was  born 
in  what  was  then  called  East  Hartford  Woods, 
Conn.,  in  1804;  son  of  George  and  Electa  (Wood- 
bridge)  Cheney.  He  established  himself  in  busi- 
ness in  Providence,  R.  I.,  before  he  had  attained 
his  majority,  and  there  remained  until  1837, 
when  lie  removed  to  Ohio,  and  engaged  in  farm- 
ing until  1847.  He  then  joined  his  brothers  in 
the  manufacture  of  silk  at  South  Manchester 
and  Hartford,  Conn.  He  was  an  abolitionist,  and 
served  in  the  state  legislature.  He  died  at  South 
Manchester,  Conn.,  June  20,  1874. 

CHENEY,  Charles  Edward,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Canadaigua,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12,  1836.  He 
was  graduated  at  Hobart  college,  Geneva,  in 
1857,  and  at  the  Protestant  Episcopal  theological 
seminary  of  Virginia,  in  1859.  He  was  ordained 
as  a priest  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church  and 
was  assistant  minister  of  St.  Luke’s  church, 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  then  temporarily  in  charge 
of  St.  Paul’s  church,  Havana,  N.  Y.,  and  after 
1860  of  Christ  church,  Chicago.  While  rector 
of  this  church  he  was  cited  before  an  ecclesi- 
astical tribune,  because  of  his  refusal  to  use 
the  word  regenerate  in  the  baptismal  offices, 
at  the  instance  of  his  diocesan,  Bishop  White- 
house.  Mr.  Cheney  was  found  guilty  and  sus- 
pended from  his  sacerdotal  functions;  refusing 
to  obey  the  order  of  the  court,  he  was  tried  for 
contumacy,  and  on  this  charge  was  deposed 
from  the  ministry  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church.  He  affiliated  with  George  David  Cum- 
mins, assistant  bishop  of  Kentucky,  and  others, 
in  the  organization  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal 
church.  His  congregation  followed  him  into  the 
new  organization  and  he  remained  rector  of 
Christ  church.  He  was  elected  missionary  bishop 
of  the  northwest  and  consecrated  Dec.  14,  1873. 
In  1876  he  was  made  bishop  in  charge  of  the 
synod  of  Chicago.  On  Sunday,  March  14.  1897. 
Bishop  Cheney  completed  his  37th  year  as  rector 


of  Christ  church;  that  being  the  longest  pastorate 
in  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  Chicago.  He  pub- 
lished several  volumes  of  sermons,  notably:  “ The 
Evangelical  Ideal  of  a Visible  Church  ” (1874), 
“ A Word  to  Old-Fashioned  Episcopalians  ” 
(1878);  “The  Prayer  which  God  Denied,  and 
other  Sermons  ” (1880),  and  the  “Enlistment  of 
the  Christian  Soldier  ” (1893). 

CHENEY,  Ednah  Dow,  author,  was  born  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  June  27,  1824;  daughter  of  Sar- 
gent Smith  and  Ednah  (Parker)  Littlehale.  She 
was  educated  at  private  schools,  and  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  classes  held  by  Margaret  Fuller, 
1830-'40.  She  participated  in  the  institution  of 
the  school  of  design  in  1851,  and  was  its  secre- 
tary, 1851-'54.  She  was  married  in  1853  to  Seth 
Wells  Cheney,  the  artist.  In  1859  she  was  instru- 
mental in  founding  a hospital  in  connection  with 
the  woman’s  medical  school,  and  in  1862  became 
secretary  of  the  New  England  hospital.  In  1863 
she  was  secretary  of  the  teachers’  committee  of 
the  Freedmen’s  aid  society  and  held  the  same 
office  on  the  committee  to  aid  colored  regiments. 
For  several  years  she  was  actively  interested  in 
the  education' of  the  colored  soldiers  and  in  the 
colored  schools  of  the  south.  She  attended  the 
Freedmen’s  conventions  held  in  New  York  city 
in  1865  and  in  Baltimore  in  1866.  She  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  New  England  woman’s 
club,  and  became  its  vice-president  in  1868.  She 
assisted  in  founding  a horticultural  school  for 
women  in  1869,  and  lectured  on  agriculture 
before  the  Massachusetts  horticultural  society 
in  1871.  In  1879  she  gave  a course  of  ten  lec- 
tures on  art  before  the  Concord  school  of 
philosophy;  in  this  year  also  she  was  elected 
vice-president  of  the  Massachusetts  woman  suf- 
frage association,  of  which  she  afterwards  be- 
came president,  and  in  1887  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  hospital  she  had  been  instrumental 
in  founding  in  1859.  Mrs.  Cheney  was  a dele- 
gate to  the  woman's  council  held  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  and  in  1890  was  present  at  the  Lake 
Mohonk  negro  conference.  She  contributed  vo- 
luminously to  numerous  periodicals,  and  pub- 
lished in  book  form:  “Handbook  of  American 
History”  (1866);  “Faithful  to  the  Light" 
(1870);  “Sally  Williams”  (1872);  “ Child  of  the 
Tide”  (1874);  “Life  of  Dr.  Susan  Dimock" 
(1875);  “Religion  as  a Social  Force”  (1875); 
“Memoir  of  Seth  Wells  Cheney,”  “Gleanings 
in  the  Fields  of  Art”  (1881);  “Selected  Poems 
from  Michelangelo  Buonarotti  ” (1885);  “A 
■ Story  of  the  Olden  Time”  (1890);  “Life  of 
Daniel  Rauch  ” (1893).  She  also  edited  a col- 
lection of  poems  by  D.  Wasson  (1887);  those  of 
Harriet  Sewall  (1889),  and  “Louisa  51.  Alcott: 
Her  Life,  Letters,  and  Journal”  (1889;  2d  ed., 
1893). 


[630] 


CHENEY. 


CHENEY. 


CHENEY,  Frank  Woodbridge,  manufacturer, 
was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  June  5,  1832;  son 
of  George  and  Electa  (Woodbridge)  Cheney. 
He  was  graduated  at  Brown  university  in  1856. 
He  was  in  charge  of  the  Hartford  house  of  the 
Cheney  Brothers,  silk  manufacturers,  Manches- 
ter, Conn.,  1856~"62.  In  1862  he  was  commis- 
sioned lieutenant-colonel  of  the  16th  Connecticut 
volunteers,  and  in  his  first  skirmish,  the  day 
before  the  battle  of  Antietam,  received  a severe 
wound,  which  caused  his  retirement  from  the 
service.  He  travelled  extensively  in  China, 
Japan  and  Europe.  The  death  of  his  brother 
Ralph,  March  26,  1897,  left  him  the  sole  sur- 
vivor of  the  founders  of  the  house  of  Cheney 
Brothers. 

CHENEY,  John  Vance,  poet,  was  born  at 
Groveland,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1848;  son  of  Simeon 
Pease  and  Christiana  (Vance)  Cheney,  and 
grandson  of  Moses  Cheney,  an  eloquent  Baptist 
divine.  He  received  an  academical  education, 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Massachu- 
setts bar.  He  practised  bis  profession  in  New 
York  city  until  1876.  Ill  health  caused  him  to 
remove  to  California,  and  in  1887  he  was  ap- 
pointed librarian  of  the  San  Francisco  free 
library,  where  his  management  was  conducive 
of  the  best  results.  In  1894  lie  succeeded  Wil- 
liam F.  Poole  as  librarian  of  the  Newberry  library, 
Chicago.  While  in  New  York  he  contributed 
poems  to  the  principal  magazines,  and  was 
elected  a member  of  the  Authors’  club  (1883). 
He  also  wrote  numerous  essays  on  literary  sub 
jects,  and  published  in  book  form:  “The  Old 
Doctor”  (1881);  “ Thistle  Drift,”  poems  (1888), 
and  “ The  Golden  Guess:  Essays  on  Poetry  and 
the  Poets”  (1892),  and  “Ninette,  a Redwoods 
Idyll"  (1894).  He  also  edited  “Wood  Notes 
Wild,”  by  Ids  father,  Simeon  Pease  Cheney 
(1892). 

CHENEY,  Oren  Burbank,  educator,  was  born 
at  Holderness,  N.  H.,  Dec.  10,  1816;  son  of  Moses 
and  Abigail  (Morrison)  Cheney.  When  a boy  he 
worked  in  Iris  father’s  paper  mill  to  fit  himself 
to  follow  the  business,  and  in  1829  was  sent  to 
the  New  Hampton  academical  institute.  In  1832 
he  entered  the  first  school  of  the  Free  Baptist 
denomination,  established  in  that  year  at  North 
Parsonsfield,  Me.  He  was  graduated  at  Dart- 
mouth college  in  1839,  and  was  soon  after  chosen 
principal  of  tire  academy  at  Farmington,  acting 
in  tlrat  capacity  there  and  elsewhere  until  1845. 
In  that  year  he  went  to  Whitestown,  N.  Y., 
where  he  studied  theology  in  the  Biblical  school, 
and  taught  Latin  in  the  seminary.  Having 
entered  the  ministry  he  preached  in  various 
locations  until  1851,  when  he  was  elected  repre- 
sentative to  the  state  legislature  by  the  Whigs 
and  Free  Soilers.  In  1854  Parsonsfield  seminary 


was  burned,  and  Dr.  Cheney  at  once  began  the 
carrying  out  of  a long-cherished  plan  of  estab- 
lishing a Free  Baptist  college  in  Maine,  and  in 
1854  he  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  insti- 
tution which,  in  1863,  became  Bates  college, 
and  he  was  made  its  first  president.  In  1894 
increasing  years  made  it  necessary  for  him  to 
relinquish  the  cares  of  office  and  he  was  made 
president  emeritus,  Prof.  George  Colby  Chase 
succeeding  to  the  presidency.  In  1863  Wesleyan 
university  conferred  upon  President  Cheney  the 
degree  of  D.D. 

CHENEY,  Person  C.,  governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, was  born  in  Holderness,  N.  H.,  Feb. 
25,  1828;  son  of  Moses  and  Abigail  (Morrison) 
Cheney.  He  received  an  academic  education, 
and  when  seventeen  years  old  was  placed  in 
charge  of  his  father’s  paper-mill  at  Manchester. 
In  1853  he  was  a member  of  the  state  legislature; 
in  1862  quartermaster  of  the  13th  New  York  vol- 
unteers, and  was  forced  to  resign  because  of  ill- 
ness caused  by  exposure  at  Fredericksburg.  In 
1861— ‘67  he  was  a state  railroad  commissioner; 
in  1871  mayor  of  Manchester;  and  governor  of 
New  Hampshire,  1875-'77.  On  the  death  of  Austin 
F.  Pike,  United  States  senator,  October,  1886, 
ex-Governor  Cheney  was  appointed  to  fill  the 
vacancy.  He  took  his  seat  in  1886,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded on  June  14,  1887,  by  William  E.  Chandler, 
after  which  he  devoted  himself  to  his  manufac- 
turing interests,  travel,  and  the  cultivation  of  a 
model  stock  farm. 

CHENEY,  Seth  Wells,  artist,  was  born  at 
East  Hartford  Woods,  Conn.,  Nov.  26,  1810;  son 
of  George  and  Electa  (Woodbridge)  Cheney.  He 
was  educated  in  the  common  school,  and  in  1829 
removed  to  Boston,  where  he  learned  the  art  of 
engraving.  In  1833  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
studied  under  Isabey.  His  engravings  were 
remarkable  for  their  excellence.  In  1840  he 
began  to  draw  in  crayons,  being  one  of  the  earli- 
est artists  in  black  and  white  in  America.  In 
1841  he  opened  a studio  in  Boston,  and  devoted 
himself  to  portraiture,  in  which  he  became  emi- 
nently successful,  his  ideal  heads  being  still 
much  in  request  by  collectors.  Among  his 
sitters  were  Lowell,  Putnam,  Appleton,  Bow- 
ditch,  Mrs.  Horace  Gray,  W.  C.  Bryant,  Miss 
Appleton,  and  a host  of  other  well-known  people. 
In  1843  he  went  to  Europe  and  studied  for  a time 
under  Ferrero,  returning  to  Boston  in  1844.  He 
was  made  an  associate  of  the  National  academy 
of  design,  May  10,  1848.  Mr.  Cheney  was  twice 
married:  September,  1847,  to  Emily  Pitkin,  who 
died  May  11,  1850,  and  in  1853  to  Ednah  Dow 
Littlehale.  Many  portraits  of  him  are  extant. 
His  memoir  was  published  by  Mrs.  Cheney  in 
1881  He  died  in  South  Manchester,  Conn.,  Sept. 
10,  1856. 


[631 J 


CHESBROUGH. 


CHESHIRE. 


CHENEY,  Ward,  manufacturer,  was  born  in 
Connecticut  in  1813;  son  of  George  and  Electa 
(Woodbridge)  Cheney.  He  began  his  business 
career  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  became  inter- 
ested in  the  culture  of  silk  in  Burlington,  N.  J. , 
which  led  to  his  establishing,  with  several  of  his 
brothers,  in  1836,  a silk  manufactory  at  Man- 
chester, Conn.  Later  they  built  mills  at  Hart- 
ford also,  their  chief  productions  being  sewing 
silks,  and  silk  fabrics  woven  by  power  looms, 
both  plain-dyed  and  printed.  He  was  a benevo- 
lent and  pi'ogressive  man,  and  afforded  assistance 
to  many  young  men  entering  business  life.  The 
relations  of  the  firm  of  Cheney  Brothers  with 
their  employees  were  exceptionally  kind  and 
cordial ; upon  the  family  homestead  they  built 
a model  village  of  homes  for  their  operatives,  a 
school  and  library,  boarding-houses,  with  pleasure 
grounds,  and  a spacious  hall  and  theatre.  The 
firm  eventually  was  incorporated,  and  Ward 
Cheney  became  its  president.  He  died  at  Man- 
chester, Conn.,  March  22,  1876. 

CHENOWETH,  Caroline  Van  Deusen,  edu- 
cator, was  born  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  Dec.  29, 
1846;  daughter  of  Charles  and  Mary  (Hunting- 
ton)  Van  Deusen.  She  was  educated  in  the  St. 
Charles  institute,  New  Orleans,  and  at  Moore's 
Hill  college,  near  Cincinnati.  She  was  married 
to  Colonel  Bernard  Peel  Chenoweth,  accompanied 
him  to  China,  where  he  acted  as  vice-consul, 
and  during  his  last  illness  herself  conducted  the 
affairs  of  the  vice-consulate,  being  highly  compli- 
mented for  this  service  by  Secretary  Fish  when 
she  returned  to  Washington  to  settle  Colonel 
Chenoweth's  affairs.  She  was  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  English  literature  at  Smith  college,  and 
taught  private  classes  in  Boston.  She  became  a 
member  of  the  London  society  for  psychical  re- 
search. the  Brooklyn  institute,  the  New  York 
Dante  society,  and  the  medico-legal  society  of 
New  York.  She  wrote  stories  on  child  life  in 
China,  and  published  “ Stories  of  the  Saints 
(1882). 

CHESBROUGH,  Ellis  Sylvester,  civil  engi- 
neer, was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  July  6,  1813. 
His  first  work  was  done  at  the  age  of  thirteen  as 
chainman  on  the  survey  of  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  railroad.  He  was  next  employed  on  the 
Alleghany  and  Portage  railway,  and  assisted 
AY.  G.  McNeill  in  constructing  the  Paterson  and 
’Hudson  River  railroad.  He  became  senior  assist- 
ant in  the  building  of  the  Louisville,  Cincinnati, 
ami  Charleston  railroad  in  1837 ; was  appointed 
chief  engineer  of  the  Boston  water-works  in  1846, 
and  as  such  planned  the  Brookline  reservoir  and 
other  important  improvements  for  the  water 
system.  In  1850  he  was  made  sole  commissioner 
of  the  Boston  water  department;  in  1851  was 
made  city  engineer  and  surveyor  of  street  and 


harbor  improvements.  He  planned  the  sewerage 
system  of  Chicago,  being  appointed  engineer  for 
the  Chicago  board  of  sewerage  commissioners  in 
1855;  he  also  constructed  the  river  tunnels  In 
1879  he  resigned  his  position  as  commissioner  of 
public  works.  He  was  considered  an  expert  on 
water  supply  and  sewerage  of  cities,  being  fre- 
quently consulted  by  the  officials  of  the  great 
cities  in  that  capacity.  He  was  president  of 
the  American  society  of  civil  engineers.  He 
died  in  Chicago,  111.,  Aug.  19,  1886. 

CHESEBRO,  Caroline,  author,  was  bom  at 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  about  1828.  She  received 
an  academical  education,  and  after  1848  con- 
tributed to  the  magazines  and  wrote  novels. 
From  1865  to  1873  she  was  instructor  of  rhetoric 
and  composition  in  the  Packer  collegiate  insti- 
tute, Brooklyn.  She  published;  “ Dream-Land 
by  Daylight  ” (1851)  ; “ Isa,  a Pilgrimage  ” 

(1852);  “ The  Children  of  Light”  (1853);  ‘‘The 
Little  Cross-Bearer  ” (1855) ; “ Philly  and  Kit  ” 
(1856);  “Amy  Carr,”  and  “Peter  Carradine,” 
“The  Beautiful  Gate,  and  other  Tales”  (1863), 
and  “ The  Foe  in  the  Household  ” (1871).  She 
died  in  Piermont,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  16,  1873. 

CHESEBROUGH,  Robert  A.,  inventor,  was 
born  in  London,  Eng.,  Jan.  9,  1837 ; son  of  Henry 
A.  Chesebrougli,  and  grandson  of  Robert  Chese- 
brough  and  of  Richard  M.  Woodhull.  His  par- 
ents were  Americans,  and  he  was  taken  to  New 
York  city  soon  after  his  birth.  He  acquired  a 
good  education,  devoting  especial  attention  to 
the  study  of  chemistry.  In  1858  he  established  a 
manufactory  of  petroleum  and  coal  oil  products, 
and  in  1870  discovered  the  substance  called  vas- 
eline. He  obtained  exclusive  rights  on  this  pro- 
duct, and  in  1876  organized  a stock  company.  He 
originated  the  New  York  real  estate  exchange, 
and  became  a prominent  member  of  the  consoli 
dated  stock  exchange.  He  became  a member 
of  many  prominent  clubs  of  New  York  city,  in- 
cluding the  Exchange,  the  Union  league,  the 
Manhattan  athletic  and  the  New  York  riding. 
He  is  the  author  of  “ A Reverie,  and  other 
Poems.” 

CHESHIRE,  Joseph  Blount,  5th  bishop  of 
North  Carolina  and  172d  in  succession  in  the 
American  episcopate,  was  born  at  Tarboro, 
N.  C.,  March  27,  1850;  son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph 
Blount  Cheshire,  rector  of  Calvary  church, 
Tarboro,  for  half  a century.  He  graduated  at 
Trinity  college,  Hartford,  1869.  For  two  years 
he  followed  the  occupation  of  teaching,  after 
which  he  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  North  Carolina  in  1S72.  He  decided  to 
enter  the  ministry  of  the  Episcopal  church,  was 
ordained  a deacon,  April  21.  1878,  and  to  the 
priesthood  May  30,  1880.  During  his  diaconate, 
and  for  a year  after  his  ordination  as  a priest  he 
!2J 


CHESTER. 


CHESTER. 


served  at  Chapel  Hill  and  Durham,  N.  C\,  estab- 
lishing a church  at  each  of  these  places.  From 
1881  to  1893  he  was  rector  of  St.  Peter's  church, 
Charlotte,  N.  C.  He  was  a deputy  to  the  gen- 
eral conventions  of  1886,  1889  and  1892,  and  a 
trustee  of  the  University  of  the -south  from  1885. 

He  received  his  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina  in  1890,  and  from  the 
University  of  the  south  in  1894.  He  was  conse- 
crated bishop  Oct.  15,  1893,  and  made  coadjutor 
bishop  of  North  Carolina,  and  on  the  death  of 
Bishop  Lyman  in  the  same  year  succeeded  him 
as  diocesan.  Bishop  Cheshire  became  the  his- 
toriographer of  his  diocese,  and  published  sev- 
eral exceptionally  valuable  monographs. 

CHESTER,  Albert  Huntington  , educator,  was 
born  at  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  22,  1843. 

He  attended  Union  college  in  1868,  and  was 
graduated  at  the  Columbia  school  of  mines, 
receiving  the  degree  of  E.M.  In  1870  he  accepted 
the  chair  of  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and  metal- 
lurgy at  Hamilton  college,  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  which 
he  held  until  1881 ; he  became  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  mineralogy  at  Rutgers  college  in  1881, 
and  chemist  of  the  New  York  state  board  of 
health  in  1882.  He  made  an  exploration  of  the 
iron  deposits  of  the  vermilion  district  in  Minne- 
sota, a full  account  of  his  survey  being  given  in 
the  “ Tenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Geology  of 
Minnesota.’’  He  received  the  degree  of  A.M. 
from  Union  in  1871;  that  of  Pli.D.  from  Colum- 
bia in  1878,  and  that  of  Sc.D.  from  Hamilton 
in  1891. 

CHESTER,  Colby  Mitchel,  naval  officer,  was 
born  in  New  London,  Conn.,  Feb.  29,  1844;  son  of 
Melville  and  Frances  C.  (Harris)  Chester.  Hewas 
graduated  at  the  United  States  naval  academy 
and  saw  his  first  service  on  the  Richmond,  of  the 
western  gulf  squadron,  in  the  operations  against 
Mobile,  1863-’64.  He  was  advanced  to  the  grade  of 
master,  Nov.  10,  1866;  was  promoted  lieutenant, 
Feb.  21,  1867;  lieutenant-commander.  March  12, 
1868;  commander,  Oct.  15, 1881.  From  1881  to  1885, 
he  was  employed  as  hydrographic  inspector  of  the 
coast  survey,  and  on  October  31  of  the  latter 
year  took  command  of  the  Galena  and  rendered 
assistance  to  the  British  ship  Historian,  which  had 
struck  on  Magdalena  river  bar,  Dec.  21,  1885;  for 
which  the  officers  of  the  Galena  received  a service 
of  silver  from  the  owners,  and  the  thanks  of  the 
British  government.  He  was  detached  from  the 
Galena  in  1888,  was  a member  of  the  navy  yard 
commission,  1888-89 ; attached  to  bureau  of  navi- 
gation, July,  1890,  to  April,  1891 ; to  naval  academy, 
1891-94.  On  June  12, 1896,  he  was  made  captain. 

In  1896  he  was  in  command  of  the  receiving  ship 
Richmond,  at  League  Island,  Pa.,  and  in  1897 
commanded  the  Newark,  of  the  North  Atlantic 
station. 

[633] 


CHESTER,  Frederick  Dixon  Walthall,  geolo- 
gist, was  born  in  Porte  an  Platte,  Santo  Domingo, 
Oct.  8,  1861.  He  attended  Washington  univer- 
sity, St.  Louis,  and  was  graduated  at  Cornell  in 
1882.  He  held  the  chair  of  geology  and  mineral- 
ogy at  the  Delaware  state  college,  1882-’85,  and 
became  professor  of  agriculture  and  geology  in 
that  institution  in  1885.  He  received  the  degree 
of  B.S.  in  1882,  and  that  of  M.S.  in  1887,  from 
Cornell  university. 

CHESTER,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  Wethers- 
field, Conn.,  Jan.  29.  1749.  He  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1766,  and  was  a representative  in 
the  state  legislature  in  1772.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  where  he 
served  as  a captain,  remaining  in  the  army  until 
1777,  being  promoted  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  He 
was  speaker  of  the  Connecticut  legislature,  a 
member  of  the  council,  1788-’91,  and  again  in  1803 ; 
was  supervisor  of  the  district  of  Connecticut 
1791-1801,  and  was  made  a probate  county  judge. 
He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M.  from 
Harvard  in  1775,  and  those  of  A.B.  and  A.M.  from 
Yale  in  1776.  He  died  in  Wethersfield,  Conn., 
Nov.  4,  1809. 

CHESTER,  Joseph  Lemuel,  antiquarian,  was 
born  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  April  30,  1821;  son  of 
Joseph  and  Prudee  (Tracy)  Chester,  and  was  de- 
scended through  Joseph  and  Elizabeth  (Lee) 
Chester,  Joseph  and  Elizabeth  (Otis)  Chester,  and 
John  Chester,  from  Captain  Samuel,  who  removed 
from  Boston  to  Connecticut  in  1663.  He  was 
educated  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  at  Rome,  Ohio, 
whither  the  family  removed  in  1835,  and  at  Ash- 
tabula, Ohio.  In  1838  he  entered  the  employ  of 
Arthur  Tappan  & Co.,  silk  merchants,  New  York 
city.  He  contributed  to  periodical  literature 
under  the  pseudonym  of  “ Julian  Cramer.”  In 
the  winter  of  1839-’40  he  entered  the  lecture  field 
as  a temperance  advocate.  In  1845  he  removed 
to  Philadelphia,  and  during  1848-’49-’50  was  musi- 
cal editor  of  Godey’s  Ladies’  Book,  and  in  1852  be- 
came one  of  the  editors  of  the  Philadelphia  In- 
quirer and  of  the  Daily  Sun.  He  was  assistant 
clerk  of  the  U.  S.  house  of  representatives  under 
John  W.  Forney,  and  from  1855  to  1858  was  one 
of  the  aids  of  Governor  Pollock  of  Pennsylvania, 
with  the  military  rank  of  colonel.  In  1858  he 
went  to  London,  England,  where  he  permanently 
settled  and  acquired  fame  by  his  genealogical  and 
antiquarian  researches.  He  collated  and  edited 
much  valuable  information  concerning  the 
English  origin  of  many  American  families,  and 
was  consulted  as  an  authority  on  matters  gene- 
alogical by  distinguished  antiquarians  in  England. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Harleian 
society  and  a voluminous  contributor  to  its 
records.  He  was  made  a member  of  the  New 
England  historical  genealogical  society  in  1862 


CHESTNUT. 


CHEVERUS. 


of  the  New  York  genealogical  and  biographical 
society  in  1871,  and  was  an  honorary  or  corre- 
sponding member  of  almost  every  genealogical 
society  in  the  United  States.  He  was  a fellow  of 
the  Royal  historical  society.  He  received  from 
Columbia  college  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1877, 
and  from  Oxford  that  of  D.C.L.  in  1881.  His 
early  publications  are : ‘ ‘ Greenwood  Cemetery 
and  other  poems  ” (1843) : “ A Preliminary  Treat- 
ise on  the  Law  of  Repulsion  ” (1853) ; “ Narrative 
of  Margaret  Douglas”  (1854).  His  publications 
on  genealogical  subjects  are  so  numerous  that  it 
is  possible  to  mention  only  the  most  important : 
‘ 1 The  Marriage,  Baptismal  and  Burial  Registers 
of  the  Collegiate  Church  or  Abbey  of  St.  Peter, 
Westminster”  (1876).  A tablet  was  erected  to 
his  memory  by  the  dean  and  chapter  of  West- 
minster Abbey.  He  died  in  London.  England, 
May  28,  1882. 

CHESTER,  Thomas  Morris,  soldier,  was  born 
in  Vermont,  of  colored  parents.  After  graduat- 
ing from  the  Thetford  (Vt.)  academy  in  1826.  he 
went  to  Liberia,  where  he  was  superintendent 
and  instructor  of  the  colony  of  Africans  recap- 
tured from  American  slavers.  He  returned  to 
America  in  1861,  and  assisted  in  the  enlistment  of 
colored  soldiers  in  the  54th  and  55th  Massachusetts 
regiments.  He  was  the  war  correspondent,  with 
the  army  of  the  James  and  Potomac,  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Press.  In  1866  he  visited  Europe  and 
passed  the  winter  in  Russia,  where  he  was  a 
special  guest  of  Alexander  II.,  on  the  occasion  of 
a grand  review  of  forty  thousand  troops  in  St. 
Petersburg.  He  afterwards  visited  Denmark, 
Sweden,  Saxony  and  England.  He  then  studied 
law  at  Middle  Temple  Inn,  London,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  English  bar  in  1870,  being  the  first 
colored  lawyer  in  England.  He  returned  to 
America  in  1871  and  settled  in  Louisiana,  where 
he  practised  law  and  was  prominent  in  estab- 
lishing schools  for  the  education  of  colored  per- 
sons. He  commanded  the  Louisiana  guard,  a 
militia  regiment.  In  1873  he  was  appointed  U.  S. 
commissioner,  serving  until  1879.  In  1884  he 
became  president  of  the  Wilmington.  Wrights- 
ville  and  Onslow  railroad  in  North  Carolina.  He 
died  in  Harrisburg,  Pa..  Sept.  30.  1893. 

CHESTNUT,  James,  senator,  was  born  near 
Camden,  S.  C.,  in  1815;  son  of  James  Chestnut. 
He  was  graduated  from  Princeton  in  1835.  He 
was  a member  of  the  South  Carolina  legislature, 
1842-52,  and  of  the  state  senate  1854-58.  He 
was  appointed  United  States,  senator  to  succeed 
Arthur  P.  Ilayne,  and  was  elected  for  the  full 
term  beginning  Dec.  5,  1859.  On  Nov.  10,  1860,  he 
resigned,  anticipating  the  secession  of  South  Caro- 
lina; his  resignation  was  not  accepted ; and  upon 
his  appointment  as  a delegate  in  the  Confederate 
provisional  congress  lie  was  expelled  from  the 


United  States  senate.  July  11,  1861.  He  served 
during  the  war  in  the  Confederate  army,  receiv- 
ing a commission  as  colonel.  He  served  on  the 
staff  of  Jefferson  Davis,  and  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general.  He  was  a delegate  to 
the  national  Democratic  convention  in  1868.  He 
died  in  South  Carolina  in  1885. 

CHETLA1N,  Augustus  Louis,  soldier,  was 
born  in  St,  Louis,  Mo.,  Dec.  26,  1824;  son  of  Swiss 
parents  who  emigrated  from  Neuchatel,  Switzer 
land,  to  Red  River,  British  America,  in  1823.  Two 
years  later  they  removed  to  the  United  States, 
lived  in  St.  Louis  during  1825,  and  early  in  1826 
settled  at  Galena,  111.,  where  the  son  received  a 
common-school  education,  and  entered  mercantile 
life.  At  a meeting  held  in  Galena  in  response  to 
President  Lincoln’s  call  for  volunteers  in  1861.  he 
was  the  first  to  enlist,  and  was  chosen  captain  of 
a company  which  became  a part  of  the  12th 
Illinois  regiment,  of  which  he  was  commissioned 
lieutenant-colonel,  April  16, 1862.  From  Septem- 
ber. 1861,  to  January,  1862,  he  was  in  command  at 
Smithland,  Ky. ; he  then  rejoined  his  regiment 
and  led  it  in  the  Tennessee  campaign.  He  par- 
ticipated in  the  capture  of  Fort  Henry  and  at  the 
bat  tle  of  Fort  Donelson.  He  was  promoted  colonel 
and  led  his  regiment  at  Shiloh,  April  6,  1862, 
and  at  the  siege  of  Corinth,  May.  1862.  After  the 
battle  of  Corinth,  in  which  he  distinguished  him- 
self, he  was  left  in  command  of  Corinth  by  Gen- 
eral Rosecrans.  While  in  this  service  he  recruited 
the  first  colored  regiment  raised  in  the  west.  He 
was  relieved  in  1863,  was  promoted  brigadier-gen- 
eral and  given  charge  of  the  organization  of  colored 
troops  in  Tennessee  and  Kentucky.  He  was  suc- 
cessful in  raising  a force  of  seventeen  thousand 
men,  for  which  service  he  received  special  com- 
mendation in  General  Thomas’s  report  to  the  de- 
partment of  war.  During  1864— ’65  he  was  in 
command  of  the  post  of  Memphis,  and  in  June  of 
the  latter  year  was  brevetted  major-general  for 
meritorious  service.  In  the  fall  of  1865  lie  was 
given  command  of  the  central  district  of  Alabama, 
and  in  February,  1866,  was  mustered  out.  In 
1867  President  Johnson  appointed  him  collector  of 
internal  revenue  for  Utah  and  Wyoming,  and  in 
1869  General  Grant  gave  him  the  appointment  of 
U.  S.  consul-general  at  Brussels,  which  office  he 
resigned  in  1872.  On  his  return  to  the  United 
States  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Chicago,  where 
he  was  made  president  of  the  Home  bank  on  its 
organization  in  1872.  He  held  various  local  offices, 
and  in  1891  organized  the  Industrial  bank  of  Chi- 
cago, of  which  he  was  elected  president. 

CHEVERUS,  John  Louis  Ann  Magdalen  Le= 
febre  de,  R.  C.  cardinal,  was  born  in  Mavenne. 
France,  Jan.  28.  1768.  His  father  was  civil  judge 


of  Mavenne,  and  his  mother.  Ann  Lemarchaud  De 
Novers.  was  a woman  of  great  piety  and  learning. 


[634] 


CHEVES. 


CHEW. 


Young  De  Cheverus  pursued  his  studies  at  May- 
enne, and  assumed  the  tonsure  at  the  age  of  twelve 
years.  He  was  made  prior  of  Torbechet  in  1771, 
and  was  admitted  at  the  college  of  Louis  Le 
Grand  in  Paris.  In  1786  he  entered  the  seminary 
of  St.  Magloire  and  attended  lectures  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  He  was  made  a deacon  in  October  1790,  and 
ordained  a priest  in  December  of  the  same  year. 
The  bishop  of  Mans  having  procured  a dispensation 
on  account  of  his  being  under  the  required  age.  he 
acted  as  assistant  to  his  uncle,  the  curate  of 
Mayenne,  and  was  made  a canon  of  the  cathedral. 
On  the  death  of  his  uncle,  he  was  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed him,  but  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  the  revo- 
lution he  was  driven  from  Mayenne,  kept  under 
surveillance  at  Laval,  imprisoned  in  the  prison  of 
Cordelier,  and,  after  incredibly  narrow  escapes 
from  death,  managed  to  break  prison  in  June, 
1792.  He  fled  in  disguise  from  Paris  to  Calais, 
and  reached  England,  where  he  studied  the 
language,  taught  French  and  mathematics  in 
a school,  and  organized  a congregation  of  Catho- 
lics to  whom  he  preached  in  English.  He  was 
invited  by  Abbe  Matignon  to  join  him  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  and  arrived  there,  April,  1796.  Arch- 
bishop Carroll  tendered  him  the  pastorate  of  St. 
Mary’s  church,  Philadelphia,  which  he  refused, 
preferring  his  missionary  work.  He  encom- 
passed the  erection  of  the  first  Catholic  church  in 
Boston,  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Cross.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  prominent  encouragers  of  art, 
science,  and  literature  in  Boston,  and  was  one  of 
the  instigators  and  founders  of  the  Athenamm. 
Abbe  De  Cheverus  was  consecrated  first  bishop  of 
Boston  by  Archbishop  Carroll  at  Baltimore,  Nov. 
1,  1810.  He  was  held  in  very  high  esteem  in 
Boston  by  Protestants  as  well  as  Catholics,  and 
performed  the  duties  of  his  position  with  dignity 
and  urbanity.  In  1800  the  Grand  Almoner  of 
France  conveyed  to  Bishop  De  Cheverus  the  desire 
of  Louis  XVIII.  that  he  should  accept  the  bishopric 
of  Montauban,  which  at  first  he  was  unwilling  to 
do.  The  solicitations  of  the  king  at  length  pre- 
vailed, and  he  left  Boston  for  France,  Oct.  1,  1823. 
In  1826  he  was  made  Archbishop  of  Bordeaux  and 
a peer  of  France.  In  1830  he  was  appointed  a 
councillor  of  the  order  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  He 
founded  many  charitable  institutions,  and  when 
the  cholera  broke  out  in  France  he  opened  a 
hospital  in  his  palace  with  the  inscription,  “ House 
of  Succor.”  He  was  proclaimed  cardinal,  Feb. 
1,  1836,  and  on  March  9 received  the  hat  at  the 
hands  of  the  king,  at  Paris.  He  died  Cardinal 
Archbishop  of  Bordeaux,  July  19,  1836. 

CHEVES,  Langdon,  statesman,  was  born  in 
Abbeville  district,  S.  C.,  Sept.  17,  1776,  son  of 
Alexander  and  Mary  (Langdon)  Cheves.  His 
father  was  a native  of  Scotland  and  his  mother 
a Virginian.  He  engaged  in  mercantile  business 


in  1786-95;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1797,  and 
in  a few  years  had  acquired  a competence  thro  ugh 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  He  was  elected  to 
Congress  in  1808  as  a representative  from  South 
Carolina,  serving  through  the  lltli,  12th,  and 
13th  congresses.  He  was  a vigorous  supporter  of 
the  war  with  Great  Britain  and  served  as  chair- 
man of  the  naval  committee  in  1812,  and  of  the 
ways  and  means  committee  in  1813.  He  was 
elected  speaker  to  succeed  Henry  Clay,  Jan.  19, 

1814,  by  the  Federalists  and  anti-restriction  Demo- 
crats. His  position  as  speaker  enabled  him  to 
defeat  the  Dallas  scheme  for  re-chartering  the 
United  States  bank.  He  declined  re-election  in 

1815,  resumed  the  practice  of  law,  and  was 
made  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  South  Caro- 
lina the  next  year.  He  was  elected  president  of 
the  board  of  directors  of  the  United  States  bank 
in  1819,  and  resigned  in  1823,  after  having  placed 
the  bank  in  a firm  financial  condition,  to  accept 
the  position  of  chief  commissioner  of  claims  under 
the  treaty  of  Ghent,  to  which  President  Monroe 
had  appointed  him.  He  returned  to  South  Caro- 
lina in  1829,  where  he  occupied  himself  in  the 
cultivation  of  his  extensive  plantation  for  twenty- 
eight  years.  He  published  a notable  letter  in 
the  Charleston  Mercury,  Sept.  11,  1844,  on  the 
political  issue  of  the  times.  He  condemned  the 
nullification  scheme  of  1832,  but  supported  the 
secession  movement,  and  as  a delegate  to  the 
convention  of  the  Southern  Rights  association  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  Nov.  14,  1850,  in  a powerful 
speech,  declared  himself  friendly  to  the  scheme 
of  a separate  southern  Confederacy.  He  was 
married  to  Mary  Dallas  of  Charleston,  in  1806. 
He  died  in  Columbia,  S.  C.,  June  25,  1857. 

CHEW,  Benjamin,  jurist,  was  born  at  West 
River,  Md.,  Nov.  29,  1722;  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  and 
Mary  (Galloway)  Chew;  grandson  of  Benjamin 
and  Elizabeth  (Benson)  Chew ; great-grandson  of 
Samuel  and  Anne  (Ayres)  Chew,  and  great- 
great-grandson  of  John  and  Sarah  Chew.  John 
Chew  is  said  to  have  been  a cadet  of  the  family 
of  Chew  of  Chewton,  Somersetshire,  England, 
and  came  over  from  England  in  1622;  was  a 
member  from  Jamestown  to  the  Virginia  house 
of  assembly  in  1623,  was  afterwards  a burgess 
from  Hogg’s  Island  in  the  assembly  until  1643, 
and  had  two  sons,  Samuel  and  Joseph.  Ben- 
jamin's father,  Dr.  Samuel  Chew,  born  Cct.  30, 
1693,  was  at  one  time  chief  justice  of  the  three 
lower  counties  of  Pennsylvania,  now  included  in 
the  state  of  Delaware.  Benjamin  Chew  read 
law  in  Philadelphia  and  in  London,  settled  on 
the  Delaware  river  in  1743,  and  in  1745  removed 
to  Philadelphia.  He  was  recorder  of  the  city 
from  1756  until  1776,  and  register  of  wills  and 
attorney -general  until  1776.  He  represented  the 
three  lower  counties  of  the  state  in  the  house  of 


CHICKERING. 


CHICKERING. 


delegates  and  was  speaker  of  the  assembly.  On 
April  29,  1774,  he  became  chief  justice  of  Penn- 
sylvania. At  the  opening  of  the  revolution 
Justice  Chew  sided  with  the  Royalists,  and  when, 
in  1777,  he  refused  his  parole,  he,  with  John 
Penn,  the  proprietary  of  Pennsylvania,  was 
placed  under  arrest,  but  they  were  allowed  to 
retire  to  Mr.  Chew’s  property,  Union  Forge, 
N.  J.,  and  were  released  from  arrest  the  next 
year.  His  stately  mansion  in  Germantown,  Pa., 
still  standing  in  1897,  was  the  resort  of  Tories 
and  British  officers,  and  before  the  battle  of 
Germantown,  Oct.  4,  1777,  the  English  troops 
used  it  as  a fort;  it  was  cannonaded  by  Wash- 
ington's army  as  it  entered  the  place,  but  the 
stone  walls  resisted  the  assault,  and  the  prog- 
ress of  the  army  was  delayed,  giving  the  British 
forces  a decided  advantage.  From  1791  till 
1806  he  served  as  president  of  the  high  court  of 
errors  and  appeals.  He  died  in  Germantown, 
Pa.,  Jan.  20,  1810. 

CHEW,  Richard  Smith,  naval  officer,  was 
born  near  Washington,  D.  C.,  Sept.  7,  1843;  son 
of  Robert  Smith  and  Elizabeth  R.  (Smith)  Chew. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  naval 
academy  in  1861,  was  promoted  lieutenant,  Feb. 
22,  1864,  and  lieutenant-commander,  July  25, 
1866.  In  April,  1862,  he  took  part  in  the  engage- 
ment between  the  Minnesota  and  the  Merrimac. 
On  Aug.  5,  1864,  he  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Mobile  Bay.  He  was  retired  Feb.  2,  1875,  and 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  April  10,  1875. 

CHEW,  Robert  Smith,  government  clerk,  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1811;  son  of  Robert  Smith 
and  Elizabeth  (French)  Chew;  grandson  of 
Robert  and  Molly  (Parrott)  Chew,  and  a lineal 
descendant  of  Joseph,  second  son  of  John  and 
Sarah  Chew.  About  1845  he  became  a govern- 
ment clerk  in  the  state  department  in  Washing 
ton,  D.  C.,  and  in  July,  1866,  was  promoted  chief 
clerk,  to  succeed  William  Hunter,  appointed 
assistant  secretary  of  state.  His  continuous 
service  under  seven  successive  administrations 
made  him  an  authority  on  affairs  of  state.  He 
died  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  Aug.  3,  1873. 

CHICKERING,  Charles  A.,  representative, 
was  born  in  Harrisburg,  Lewis  county,  N.  Y., 
Nov.  26,  1843.  He  was  educated  at  the  common 
schools,  and  at  Lowville  academy,  where  he 
afterwards  became  a teacher.  From  1845  to  1875 
he  was  a school  commissioner  of  Lewis  county. 
Was  a member  of  the  assembly  in  1879,  '80  and 
'81 : in  1884  lie  was  elected  clerk  of  the  assembly, 
and  was  re-elected  each  year  up  to  and  inclusive 
of  1890;  also  served  as  secretary  of  the  Repub- 
lican state  committee.  In  1892  he  was  elected 
a representative  in  the  53d  Congress  as  a Repub- 
lican, and  was  re-elected  to  the  54th  and  55th 
congresses. 


CHICKERING,  Charles  Frank,  manufacturer, 

was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  20,  1827;  son  of 
Jonas  Chickering.  He  attended  school  until 
1841,  when  he  entered  his  father’s  manufactory 
to  become  familiar  with  the  piano  business.  He 
introduced  the  Chickering  piano  into  India 
when  he  was  but  seventeen  years  old.  In  1851 
he  went  to  England  in  the  interest  of  his  father, 
who  exhibited  his  stock  at  the  London  world's 
fair,  and  two  years  later  he  became  a member  of 
the  firm.  At  the  Paris  exposition  of  1867  he  was 
awarded  the  cross  and  ribbon  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor.  He  became  senior  partner  of  the  firm 
in  1871,  on  the  decease  of  his  brother.  In  1875  he 
built  Chickering  Hall  in  New  York  city,  at  that 
time  the  largest  music  hall  in  that  city.  He 
was  prominent  in  musical  circles,  and  held  the 
office  of  president  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn 
society  of  Boston.  The  first  musical  festival  in 
the  United  States  was  projected  by  him.  He 
died  in  New  York  city,  March  22,  1891. 

CHICKERING,  Jesse,  statistician,  was  born 
at  Dover,  N.  H.,  Aug.  21,  1797.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1818,  and  pursued  a 
divinity  course  there,  graduating  in  1821,  and  in 
the  same  year  receiving  his  A.M.  He  became  a 
Unitarian  minister,  but  later  returned  to  his 
alma  mater  to  pursue  the  study  of  medicine.  He 
was  graduated  M.  D.  in  1833,  and  practised  as  a 
physician  in  Boston  and  West  Roxbury.  He 
published:  “Statistical  View  of  the  Population 
of  Massachusetts  from  1765  to  1840”  (1846); 

“Emigration  into  the  United  States  ” (1848); 

“ Reports  on  the  Census  of  Boston  ” (1851),  and 
“ A Letter  Addressed  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States  on  Slavery  considered  in  Relation 
to  the  Principles  of  Constitutional  government 
in  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  ” (1855). 
He  died  in  West  Roxbury,  Mass.,  May  29,  1855. 

CHICKERING,  John  White,  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Woburn,  Mass.,  March  19,  1808;  son  of 
Joseph  and  Betsey'  (White)  Chickering.  He  was 
graduated  at  Middlebury  college  in  1826,  and  at 
Andover  theological  seminary  in  1829.  From 
1830  to  1835  he  was  pastor  of  a Congregational 
church  at  Bolton,  Mass.,  and  in  1835  accepted  a 
call  to  the  High  street  church  in  Portland,  Me., 
where  he  remained  until  1865.  From  1865  to 
1870  he  was  secretary  of  the  Suffolk  temperance 
union,  and  from  1870  until  his  death  he  held  the 
same  position  in  the  Massachusetts  and  the  Con- 
gressional temperance  societies.  He  received  the 
degree  of  D.D.  from  Bowdoin  college  in  1855.  He 
died  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y..  Dec.  9,  1888. 

CHICKERING,  John  White,  educator,  was 
born  at  Bolton,  Mass.,  Sept.  11,  1831;  son  of 
John  White  and  Frances  E.  (Knowlton)  Chick- 
ering. The  family  came  to  New  England  about 
1670,  and  is  descended  from  Jeffrey7  de  Chicker- 
f 036  J 


CHILCOTT. 


CHILD 


ing,  of  Chickering  Hall,  Hoxne,  Suffolk,  Eng- 
land, 1311.  His  paternal  ancestors  for  five  gen- 
erations were  clergymen.  He  attended  the 
public  schools  of  Portland.  Me.,  was  graduated 
at  Bowdoin  college  in  1852;  vyas  occupied  in 
teaching  school  and  in  editing  until  1858,  and 
was  graduated  at  the  Bangor  theological  sem- 
inary in  1860.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Congrega- 
tional church,  Springfield,  Vt.,  1860-'63;  secretary 
of  the  Vermont  Bible  society,  1863-’65,  and  pastor 
at  Exeter,  N.  H.,  1865-’T0,  resigning  this  charge 
to  accept  the  chair  of  natural  science  at  Gallaudet 
college,  Washington.  D.  C.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  American  association  for  the 
advancement  of  science,  and  of  the  anthropologi- 
cal, biological,  philosophical  and  geographical 
societies  of  Washington,  and  of  the  Appalachian 
mountain  club. 

CHICKERING,  Jonas,  manufacturer,  was 
born  in  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  April  5,  1797.  He 
was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his  native  place, 
and  learned  the  trade  of  cabinet  - making.  In 
1818  he  removed  to  Boston,  and  obtained  employ- 
ment in  a piano  factory.  In  1823  he  established 
himself  in  business  as  a piano  manufacturer, 
later  becoming  associated  with  John  Mackay,  a 
retired  shipmaster,  who  undertook  the  importa- 
tion of  fine  woods  for  the  making  of  piano  cases. 
He  made  improvements  in  a cast-iron  frame  for 
pianos  which  he  patented  in  1840,  and  he  exhib- 
ited at  the  London  exhibition,  1851,  a frame  for 
grand  pianos  in  one  casting.  The  system  of  over- 
stringing was  adopted  by  him  in  1853.  He 
made  many  improvements  in  pianos.  He  died 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  8,  1853. 

CHICKERING,  Thomas  Edward,  manufac- 
turer, was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  22.  1824; 
son  of  Jonas  Chickering.  He  was  educated  in 
Boston,  became  a member  of  his  father’s  firm  in 
1845  and  senior  partner  in  1853.  In  1862  he  went 
to  New  Orleans  in  command  of  the  41st  Massa- 
chusetts volunteers.  April,  1863,  he  was  made 
militarjr  governor  of  Opelousas,  La.,  and  was 
brevetted  brigadier-general  at  the  close  of  the 
war  for  his  efficient  services.  He  died  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Feb.  14,  1871. 

CHILCOTT,  George  Miles,  lawyer,  was  born 
in  Huntingdon  county,  Pa.,  Jan.  2,  1828.  In 
1844  his  parents  settled  in  Jefferson  county, 
xowa,  where  he  studied  medicine  and  taught 
school  until  1850.  In  1853  he  was  elected  sheriff, 
and  in  1856  removed  to  Burt  county,  Neb.,  where 
he  was  elected  to  the  territorial  legislature  on 
the  Republican  ticket.  He  removed  to  Colorado 
in  1859,  was  elected  to  its  legislature  in  1861— 
’62,  and  was  also  a member  of  the  constitu- 
tional convention.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1863  and  appointed  register  of  the  United 
States  land  office  for  Colorado.  In  1864  he  was 


elected  as  a delegate  to  Congress  by  a state  oi  - 
ganization,  but  his  election  was  not  recognized. 
In  1866  he  was  regularly  elected  a delegate 
to  the  40th  Congress.  During  1872  he  was  a 
member  and  president  of  the  territorial  coun- 
cil, was  re-elected  a member  of  that  body  in  1874, 
and  was  elected  to  a seat  in  the  state  legislature 
in  1878.  On  April  11,  1882,  he  was  appointed  to 
fill  a vacancy  in  the  United  States  senate,  caused 
by  the  appointment  of  Senator  Henry  M.  Teller 
as  secretary  of  the  interior,  and  served  one 
year.  He  died  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  March  6,  1891. 

CHILD,  Calvin  Goddard,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Norwich,  Conn.,  April  6,  1834;  son  of  Asa  and 
Alice  Hart  (Goddard)  Child,  and  grandson  of 
Rensselaer  Child.  His  maternal  grandfather  was 
Judge  Calvin  Goddard,  and  he  was  lineally 
descended  from  Dr.  Joseph  Bellamy,  the  noted 
Puritan  divine.  His  preparatory  education  was 
obtained  at  the  university  grammar  school  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  he  was  graduated  in  1855 
at  Yale  college,  which  later  conferred  on  him 
the  degree  of  M.A.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
and  practised  law  at  Norwich,  Conn.  In  May. 
1862,  he  was  appointed  secretary  executive  of 
Governor  Buckingham,  and  in  the  August  follow- 
ing aid-de-camp  on  his  staff.  In  1864  he  removed 
to  New  York  city,  and  entered  into  partnership 
with  Thomas  E.  Stuart.  Returning  to  Connecti 
cut  in  1867  he  formed  a partnership  with  Joshua 
B.  Ferris  at  Stamford,  Samuel  Fessenden  being 
admitted  in  1870,  and  the  firm  dissolving  in 
1873.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  United  States 
district  attorney  for  Connecticut,  and  he  held 
the  office  up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was 
counsel  for  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  rail- 
road company,  and  had  a large  private  practice. 
He  died  at  Stamford,  Conn. , Sept.  28,  1880. 

CHILD,  David  Lee,  journalist,  was  born  at 
West  Boylston,  Mass.,  July  8,  1794;  son  of  Zacha- 
riah  and  Lydia  (Bigelow)  Child.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  in  1817,  and  for  a short  time 
held  a sub-mastership  in  the  Boston  Latin  school. 
In  1819  he  was  appointed  by  President  Monroe 
secretary  of  legation  at  Lisbon,  Spain,  under  Min- 
ister John  Forsyth,  but  he  soon  resigned,  and 
participated  in  the  insurrection  headed  by  Riego 
and  Quiroga,  which  resulted  in  the  acceptance  of 
the  constitution  by  Ferdinand  VII.  from  1820  to 
1823.  In  1824  he  returned  to  the  United  States, 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
introduced  the  manufacture  of  beet  sugar  into 
the  United  States,  specially  visiting  Belgium  in 
1836  to  learn  the  process  of  its  manufacture.  He 
edited  the  Massachusetts  Journal  about  1830,  was 
also  a member  of  the  state  legislature,  and  in 
both  these  capacities  condemned  the  annexation 
of  Texas,  which  he  also  denounced  in  a pam- 
phlet entitled  “ Naboth’s  Vineyard.”  Hp  was  an 


[637 J 


CHILD. 


CHILD. 


abolitionist,  and  an  early  member  of  the  anti- 
slavery  society.  He  wrote  voluminously  upon  the 
subjects  of  slavery  and  the  slave  trade,  his  most 
notable  articles  being  a series  of  letters  addressed 
to  the  English  philanthropist,  Edward  S.  Abdy, 
and  a memoir  presented  on  his  visit  to  Paris  in 
1837  to  the  Society  pour  l’abolition  d'esclavage. 
He  was  a trustee  of  the  Noyes  academy,  Canaan, 
N.  H.,  which  opened  its  doors  to  colored  youth 
in  1834,  giving  them  equal  privileges  with  the 
white  students.  In  1843,  in  conjunction  with 
his  wife,  Lydia  Maria  Child,  he  edited  the  Anti- 
Slavery  Standard  in  New  York  city.  He  died  in 
Wayland,  Mass.,  Sept.  18,  1874. 

CHILD,  Francis  James,  educator,  was  born 
in  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  1,  1825.  He  was  prepared 
for  college  at  the  Boston  English  high  and  Latin 
schools,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1846. 
He  remained  there  as  tutor  until  1848,  and  in 
1849-'50  travelled  in  Europe  and  studied  at 
Gottingen.  In  August,  1851,  he  returned  to 
Harvard  to  succeed  Professor  Clianning  as  Eoyls- 
ton  professor  of  rhetoric  and  oratory,  holding  the 
position  twenty-five  years.  During  this  time  he 
collected  the  English  and  Scottish  ballads  and 
published  them  in  eight  volumes,  with  critical, 
historical  and  introductory  notes,  in  1857.  This 
work  gained  for  him  recognition  throughout 
England  and  America  as  authority  on  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  Old  English.  In  1876  lie  resigned  liis 
chair  and  became  professor  of  English  literature, 
which  position  he  filled  until  his  death.  He 
received  the  degree  of  A.M.  from  Harvard  in 
1849;  that  of  Pli.D.  from  Gottingen  in  1854;  that 
of  LL.D.  from  Harvard  in  1884,  and  that  of 
L.H.D.  from  Columbia  in  1887.  He  was  a fellow 
of  the  American  academy.  His  published  works 
include:  “Four  Old  Plays”  (1848);  “Songs  for 
Freemen”  (1862);  “ Poems  of  Religious  Sorrow, 
Comfort,  Counsel  and  Aspiration”  (1865),  and 
“ Observations  on  the  Language  of  Chaucer  and 
Gower  ” in  Ellis’s  “ Early  English  Pronuncia- 
tion ” (1869).  He  superintended  the  American 
edition  of  the  British  poets,  edited  the  works  of 
Spenser,  and  prepared  annotations  for  many 
other  literary  works.  In  1897  the  Child  memorial 
library  was  established  in  his  honor  at  Harvard 
university.  He  died  in  Boston,  Sept.  11,  1896. 

CHILD,  Lydia  Maria,  author,  was  born  at 
Medford,  Mass.,  Feb.  16,  1802;  daughter  of  David 
Francis.  She  attended  the  village  schools  and 
later  a private  seminary,  and  was  taught  by  her 
brother,  Convers  Francis,  afterwards  professor  of 
theology  in  Harvard  college  In  her  nineteenth 
year  she  went  to  live  with  her  brother  at  Water  - 
town.  Mass.,  and  in  his  study  wrote  her  first 
story,  “ Hobomok  ” (1821).  It  met  with  imme- 
diate success  and  was  soon  followed  by  “ The 
, Rebels:  A Tale  of  the  Revolution  ” (1822),  which 


ran  through  several  editions.  This  was  followed 
by  “ The  Mother's  Book,”  which  passed  through 
eight  American  editions,  twelve  English  and  one 
German.  In  1826  she  became  editor  of  the  Juve- 
nile Miscellany,  which  was  the  first  children’s 
periodical  published  in  the  English  language. 
In  1828  she  was  married  to  David  Lee  Child,  and 
some  three  years  later  she  and  her  husband  be- 
came deeply  interested  in  the  subject  of  slavery, 
through  the  influence  of  William  Lloyd  Garrison. 
Mr.  Child  was  a member  of  the  Massachusetts 
legislature  and  the  editor  of  the  Massachusetts 
Journal , and  he  used  all  l.is  powers  of  tongue  and 
pen  in  upholding  the  anti -slavery  cause,  which 
at  that  time  was  extremely  unpopular  in  the 
north.  In  1833  Mrs.  Childs  published  “ An  Ap- 
peal in  Behalf  of  that  class  cf  Americans  called 
Africans,”  which  called  forth  a volley  of  indigna- 
tion and  abuse  from  press  and  rostrum.  She 
at  once  found  herself  almost  friendless.  Social 
and  literary  doors  were  closed  against  her,  the 
Boston  Athena?um  withdrew  its  ticket  cf  admis- 
sion, the  sale  of  her  books  ceased,  and  the  sub- 
scriptions to  her  magazine  became  painfully  less. 
Whenever  opportunity  presented  itself,  however, 
she  wrote  and  spoke  with  telling  effect,  net  only 
on  the  slavery  question,  but  upon  peace,  tem- 
perance, education,  and  woman’s  equality  re- 
forms. In  1859,  upon  the  capture  of  John  Brown, 
she  wrote  a letter  of  sympathy  to  him  under 
cover  of  a letter  to  Governor  Wise,  who  rebuked 
her  for  her  misguided  enthusiasm.  She  also 
received  a letter  of  vituperation  from  Mrs.  Mason, 
wife  of  Senator  Mason,  author  of  the  fugitive 
slave  law.  These  letters  were  all  published  in 
pamphlet  form,  and  had  a circulation  of  three 
hundred  thousand  copies.  The  last  years  of  her 
life  were  spent  in  quiet  retirement  at  Wayland, 
Mass.  Among  her  published  writings  are : “The 
First  Settlers  of  New  England  ” (1829);  “The 
American  Frugal  Housewife”  (1829;  33d  ed., 
1855);  "The  Mother’s  Book."  “The  Girl’s  Own 
Book,”  and  " The  Coronal  ” (1831) ; “ The  Ladies’ 
Family  Library  ” (5  vols.,  1832-’S5) ; “ Philothea,” 
a romance  of  ancient  Greece  (1835) ; “ Letters 
from  New  York”  (2  vols.,  1843-’45) ; “Flowers 
for  Children”  (3  vols.,  1844-’46) ; “Fact  and 
Fiction  ” (1846) ; “ The  Power  of  Kindliness  ” 
(1851) ; “ Isaac  T.  Hopper,  a True  Life  ” (1853) : 
" The  Progress  of  Religious  Ideas  Through  Suc- 
cessive Ages”  (3  vols.,  1855);  “Autumnal 
Leaves  ” (1856) ; “ Looking  Toward  Sunset  " 

(1864) ; “ The  Freedman’s  Book  ” (1865) ; “ Miria. 
A Romance  of  the  Republic  ” (1867),  and  “As- 
pirations of  the  World  ” (1878).  See  “Letters of 
Lydia  Maria  Child,  with  a Biographical  Introduc- 
tion by  John  G.  Whittier  and  an  Appendix  by 
Wendell  Phillips  ” (1882).  She  died  in  Way- 
land,  Mass.,  Oct.  20,  1880. 


CHILDS. 


CHILDS. 


CHILDS,  George  William,  journalist,  was 
born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  May  12,  1829.  He  came 
of  humble  parentage  and  what  education  he  re- 
ceived was  obtained  in  the  public  schools  of  his 
native  city.  His  aptitude  for  business  was 
manifested  in  early  boyhood,  and  in  his  twelfth 

year  he  became  an 
errand  boy  in  a 
book  store.  In  his 
thirteenth  year  he 
entered  the  United 
States  navy,  but 
resigned  the  service 
at  the  end  of  fifteen 
months,  and,  re- 
turning to  Balti- 
more, attended 
school  for  a few 
weeks.  He  then  re- 
moved to  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  ob- 
tained a situation  as  clerk  and  errand  boy  in  the 
store  of  a bookseller.  His  previous  experience  in 
the  business  made  him  a valuable  assistant,  and 
he  was  intrusted  with  the  task  of  attending 
auction  sales  in  New  York  and  Boston.  At  the 
end  of  four  years  of  faithful  labor,  the  firm  of 
George  W.  Childs  & Co.,  entered  upon  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  confections  and  candies,  and 
later  became  venders  of  soaps,  powders,  and 
patent  medicines.  He  sold  out  his  interest  in  the 
business  in  1850,  and  became  a clerk  in  the  pub- 
lishing house  of  Daniels  & Smith,  afterwards  R. 

E.  Peterson  & Co.,  of  which  firm  he  finally  be- 
came a member,  the  name  being  subsequently 
changed  to  Childs  & Peterson.  Although  some 
of  the  publications  of  the  house  reached  enor- 
mous sales,  the  firm  was  insolvent  in  1860,  when 
Mr.  Peterson  retired,  leaving  Mr.  Childs  to  con- 
tinue the  business  alone  under  a heavy  load  of 
debt.  In  1863-‘G4,  while  still  engaged  in  pub- 
lishing books  and  editing  the  American  Literary 
Gazette  and  Publishers’  Chronicle,  he  conducted 
an  agency  for  the  sale  of  sewing  machines.  On 
Dec.  5,  1864,  he  purchased,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Anthony  J.  Drexel,  the  Philadelphia  Public 
Ledger,  a prominent  penny  journal  which  had 
fallen  upon  evil  days.  Under  his  judicious  man- 
agement the  paper  soon  assumed  new  life,  its 
tone  and  morals  were  changed,  and  its  circula 
tion  and  its  list  of  advertisers  were  soon  doubled, 
despite  the  facts  that  the  price  of  the  paper  was 
two  cents,  and  the  price  of  space  in  its  advertising 
columns  materially  increased.  The  Public  Ledger 
rose  rapidly  to  a commanding  position  among  the 
leading  journals  of  the  day,  and  in  1876  a new 
building,  erected  specially  for  its  accommodation 
testified  to  the  financial  prosperity  of  the  under- 
taking. Mr.  Childs  was  the  friend  of  amateur 

| 639 J 


writers,  and  he  was  continually  offering  prizes 
and  other  inducements  to  encourage  the  produc- 
tion of  good  American  literature.  He  possessed 
good  literary  taste  and  judgment,  and  his  selec- 
tion of  material  for  his  journal  was  uniformly  ex- 
cellent. He  surrounded  himself  with  a staff  of 
able  assistants,  and  under  his  management  the 
Ledger  became  famed  for  its  pure  literary  tone. 
In  1868  he  presented  to  the  typographical  union 
of  Philadelphia  a large  and  handsomely  enclosed 
lot  in  Woodlands,  to  be  used  as  a printers’  ceme- 
tery, and  to  this  he  added  a liberal  endowment 
for  its  proper  care.  He  also  established  a fund 
for  the  maintenance  of  superannuated  printers, 
and  of  widows  and  orphans  of  printers.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  Fairmount  park,  contribu- 
ting half  the  money  that  secured  that  splendid 
addition  to  the  attractions  of  Philadelphia,  and 
was  one  of  the  first  to  subscribe  ten  thousand 
dollars  towards  the  expense  of  the  Centennial  ex- 
hibition in  1876.  The  Meade  fund  was  raised 
with  remarkable  rapidity  as  soon  as  he  identified 
himself  with  it;  so  great  was  his  reputation  as 
a business  man,  that  his  example  in  contributing 
to  any  public  enterprise  was  an  assurance  of 
popular  recognition  and  sympathy.  He  placed  in 
Westminster  Abbey  a memorial  window  to  the 
poets  Herbert  and  Cowper,  another  in  St.  Mar- 
garet’s church,  Westminster,  to  the  poet  Milton, 
and  he  was  the  largest  contributor  to  the  Thomas 
Moore  window  in  the  church  at  Bromham,  Eng- 
land. He  gave  to  the  church  of  St.  Thomas, 
Winchester,  a reredos  in  memory  of  Bishops  An- 
drevves  and  Ken,  and  in  1887  he  erected  at 
Stratford-on-Avon  a highly  ornamented  drinking 
fountain  and  clock  tower  in  memory  of  Shakes- 
peare. Mr.  Childs  numbered  among  his  friends 
the  most  distinguished  men  and  women  in  every 
walk  of  life.  Presidents,  emperors,  military  men. 
titled  foreigners,  statesmen,  eminent  publishers 
and  politicians,  authors,  poets,  artists,  actors, 
financiers,  all  were  entertained  at  his  handsome 
home  in  the  most  unostentatiously  royal  style, 
and  by  his  genial  and  graceful  hospitality  he  did 
more  than  any  other  single  individual  in  the 
United  States  to  elevate  foreign  ideas  of  Ameri- 
can culture  and  refinement.  He  devoted  much 
time,  attention  and  money  to  the  accumulation 
of  a fine  collection  of  rare  and  standard  books, 
and  he  possessed  many  original  manuscripts  and 
literary  treasures  of  priceless  values.  Among 
these  were  a sermon  written  by  Cotton  Mather, 
a copy  of  Leigh  Hunt’s  works  and  an  autograph 
inscription  to  Charles  Dickens,  Hood’s  comic 
almanac  for  1842,  poems  of  Fitz-Greene  Halleck 
with  autograph  inscription,  the  original  manu- 
script of  Hawthorne’s  ’‘Consular  Experiences,” 
letters  and  manuscripts  of  President  Pierce, 
William  Cullen  Bryant,  James  Russell  Lowell, 


CHILDS. 


CHILDS. 


J.  Fenimore  Cooper,  Hawthorne,  Dickens  and  a 
host  of  celebrities  besides.  Two  extraordinary 
treasures  were  the  original  manuscript  of  ‘ ‘ Our 
Mutual  Friend,”  dated  Thursday,  Jan.  4,  1865, 
and  signed  “Charles  Dickens,”  and  a volume  con- 
taining a portrait  of  every  president  of  the  United 
States  with  an  autograph  letter  of  each.  Mr. 
Childs  published  “Some  Recollections  of  General 
Grant,”  who  was  his  personal  friend  for  many 
years,  and  in  1890  his  own  “Recollections” 
was  issued.  Both  works  are  interesting,  and 
the  latter  is  full  of  delightful  reminiscences 
of  famous  persons  and  famous  occasions.  Mr. 
Childs  died  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Feb.  3,  1894. 

CHILDS,  Henry  Halsey,  physician,  was  born 
in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Jan.  7,  1783;  son  of  Dr. 
Timothy  and  Rachel  (Easton)  Childs.  He  was  a 
brother  of  Col.  Thomas  Childs,  the  distinguished 
soldier.  He  was  graduated  from  Williams  in 
1802,  and  studied  medicine  with  his  father. 
Through  much  opposition  he  introduced  the 
practice  of  vaccination  into  Pittsfield.  He 
obtained  a charter  for  the  Berkshire  medical 
institute  in  1823;  secured  an  endowment,  a 
library,  and  a cabinet  for  the  institution ; in  1823 
became  its  professor  of  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine;  and  was  its  president  from  1837  to 
1863,  when  he  retired  and  was  elected  professor 
emeritus.  He  was  a member  of  the  faculty  of 
the  medical  colleges  at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  and  at 
Cleveland  and  Columbus,  Ohio.  He  represented 
Pittsfield  in  the  house  of  representatives  of 
Massachusetts  in  1816  and  1827,  Berkshire  county 
in  the  constitutional  convention  of  1820,  and 
was  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1844. 

He  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  March  22,  1868. 

CHILDS,  Orville  Whitmore,  engineer,  was 
born  at  Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  29,  1803;  son  of 
Dr.  Ephraim  and  Mary  (Woodworth)  Child.  He 
qualified  as  a civil  engineer,  was  engaged  in  the 
construction  of  the  Champlain  canal  improve- 
ments in  1824— ’25,  and  in  building  the  Oswego 
canal,  1826-’28.  His  plans  for  the  improvement 
of  the  Oneida  river,  made  in  1829-'30,  were  ac- 
cepted and  later  carried  into  effect,  the  work 
being  completed  in  1850.  He  assisted  John 
B.  Jervis  in  the  construction  of  the  Chenango 
canal  in  1833-!36,  and  in  the  latter  year  was 
made  chief  engineer  of  one  of  the  divisions  of  the 
Erie  canal  enlargement.  He  was  occupied  in 
this  work  for  many  years,  and  in  1840  was  ap- 
pointed chief  engineer  of  the  entire  New  York 
state  work,  which  position  he  held  until  1847. 

In  1848-’49  he  acted  as  chief  engineer  of  the 
New  York  central  railroad  from  Syracuse  to 
Rochester.  He  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Nica- 
ragua ship  canal  built  by  the  American,  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  ship  canal  company  in  1850-’52.  The 
difficulties  overcome  in  this  work,  and  his  accu- 

[640] 


rately  scientific  maps,  reports  and  estimates  of  it, 
established  him  in  the  foremost  ranks  of  his  profes- 
sion. Subsequently  he  surveyed  and  constructed 
the  Terre  Haute  and  Alton  railroad,  of  which  he 
was  chief  engineer,  1855— ’58 ; later  was  one  of  a 
commission  of  three  to  report  on  the  practica- 
bility of  tunnelling  the  Hudson  river  at  Albany, 
made  the  survey  which  fixed  the  boundaries  of 
the  county  and  city  of  New  York,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  the  construction  of  the  harbor  defences 
of  that  city.  In  1860  he  removed  to  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  engaged  as  one  of  the  proprietors 
and  patentees  of  the  newly  invented  sleeping 
cars,  and  became  president  of  the  Central 
transportation  company,  and  of  the  Philadelphia 
car  works.  He  was  the  first  of  his  branch  of  the 
Child  family  to  add  the  final  “s”to  the  name. 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Sept.  6,  1870. 

CHILDS,  Thomas,  soldier,  was  born  in  Pitts- 
field, Mass.,  in  1796;  son  of  Dr.  Timothy  and 
Rachel  (Easton)  Childs.  He  was  graduated 
from  West  Point  in  1814,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction at  Fort  Erie  and  Niagara  in  the  same 
year.  He  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant,  April  20, 
1818,  and  captain,  Oct.  1,  1826.  In  the  Florida 
Indian  war  he  planned  the  attack  at  Fort  Drane. 
Aug.  21,  1836,  and  won  for  his  conduct  the  brevet 
of  major,  and  for  subsequent  service  in  the  same 
war  was  bre vetted  lieutenant-colonel,  Feb.  11. 
1841.  In  the  Mexican  war  he  was  brevetted 
colonel,  May  9.  1846,  for  gallant  conduct  at  Palo 
Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma.  He  led  a storming 
party  at  Monterey,  and  served  at  Yera  Cruz. 
Cerro  Gordo  and  Puebla.  He  was  commissioned 
major  of  1st  artillery,  Feb.  16,  1847,  and  brevet- 
ted brigadier-general.  Oct.  12,  1847,  and  served 
as  military  governor  of  Jalapa  and  Puebla  in 
1847.  He  was  designated  by  General  Scott  the 
“often  distinguished  Colonel  Childs,"  and  was 
in  command  of  East  Florida  from  Feb.  11,  1852, 
until  his  death  by  yellow  fever  at  Fort  Brooke, 
Tampa  Bay,  Fla.,  Oct  8,  1853. 

CHILDS,  Thomas  Spencer,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Springfield,  Mass.,  Jan.  19,  1825;  son  of 
Joshua  and  Susan  (King)  Childs.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  University  of  the  city  of  New  York  in 
1847.  and  at  the  Princeton  theological  seminary  in 
1850;  in  the  same  year  he  was  licensed  by  the 
presbytery  of  New.  York.  In  the  following  year 
he  organized  the  First  Presbyterian  church  of 
Hartford.  Conn.,  and  he  continued  its  pastor 
until  1866,  when  he  was  elected  pastor  of  the 
First  church  at  Norwalk,  Conn.,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1870.  From  1871  until.  1879  he  was 
professor  of  Bible  and  ecclesiastical  history  in 
the  theological  seminary  of  Hartford.  Conn. ; 
from  1880  to  1882.  professor  of  mental  and 
moral  science  in  the  University  of  Wooster. 
Ohio;  and  from  that  time  until  1890,  acting 


CHILTON. 


CHINN. 


pastor  in  Washington,  D.  C.  He  served  as  com- 
missioner to  the  general  Presbyterian  assembly. 
In  1890  he  united  with  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church,  and  became  associate  rector  of  Trinity 
church,  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1888  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Cleveland  a commis- 
sioner to  negotiate  with  the  southern  Ute  Indians 
in  regard  to  a change  which  they  had  requested 
in  their  reservation.  In  1882  the  degree  of  D.D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  University  of 
the  city  of  New  York.  He  is  the  author  of: 
“ The  Heritage  of  Peace  ” (republished  in  Eng- 
land): ‘‘The  Lost  Faith,”  and  “Difficulties  of 
the  Scriptures  tested  by  the  laws  of  Evidence  ” 
(1888). 

CHILDS,  Timothy,  physician,  was  born  in 
Deerfield,  Mass.,  April  9,  1748.  He  was  at  Har- 
vard 1764— ’67,  when  he  was  obliged  to  leave  on 
account  of  his  poverty.  He  then  studied  medi- 
cine and  began  practice  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in 
1771.  Before  the  revolution  he  was  chairman  of 
the  committee  to  petition  the  court  of  common 
pleas  to  stay  all  proceedings  until  oppressive  acts 
of  parliament  were  repealed ; joined  the  revolu- 
tionary army  in  1775  with  a company  of  minute- 
men,  and  went  to  New  York  and  afterwards  to 
Montreal  with  Colonel  Patterson's  regiment,  as 
surgeon.  He  served  in  the  state  legislature  as 
representative,  and  also  as  state  senator  and 
member  of  the  executive  council  for  several  years 
from  1792.  He  was  married  in  1778  to  Rachel, 
daughter  of  Col.  James  Easton.  Harvard  college 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D.  in 
1811.  He  died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Feb.  25,  1821. 

CHILTON,  Horace,  senator,  was  born  in  Smith 
county,  Texas,  Dec.  29,  1853 ; son  of  a Confeder- 
ate soldier  killed  in  battle  during  the  civil  war. 
He  entered  a printer’s  office,  worked  himself  up 
to  the  case,  and  later  started  a newspaper; 
from  its  proceeds,  and  his  earnings  as  a type- 
setter, he  supported  his  mother  and  gave  his  sister 
an  education.  While  editing  his  paper  he 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  practice.  He 
was  appointed  assistant  attorney-general  of  the 
state  in  1881  by  Governor  Roberts,  and  was  a 
delegate-at-large  to  the  national  Democratic  con- 
vention at  St.  Louis  in  1888.  In  1891  he  was 
appointed  to  the  United  States  senate  by  Gov- 
ernor Hogg,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
resignation  of  John  H.  Reagan,  April,  1891,  but 
was  defeated  in  the  election  before  the  legisla- 
ture, and  he  was  succeeded  by  Roger  Q.  Mills. 
In  1895,  he  was  elected  for  the  full  senatorial  term 
expiring  March  3,  1901. 

CHILTON,  Thomas,  representative,  was  born 
in  Elizabethtown,  Ky.,  July  30,  1798;  brother  of 
Judge  William  P.  Chilton.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  established  a successful  practice.  He 
was  repeatedly  elected  to  the  state  legislature. 


and  in  1828  was  chosen  a representative  to  the 
20th  Congress.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  21st 
Congress,  and  also  served  in  the  23d  Congress.  In 
1842  he  entered  the  Baptist  ministry  and  preached 
for  several  years  in  Montgomery,  Ala.  He  sub- 
sequently made  his  home  in  Montgomery,  Tex., 
where  he  died  Aug.  15,  1854. 

CHILTON,  William  Parish,  jurist,  was  born 
in  Kentucky  in  1810;  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
John  Chilton  and  a brother  of  Thomas  Chil- 
ton. His  father  was  a Baptist  minister,  and  his 
mother  was  a sister  of  Judge  Jesse  Bledsoe,  of 
Kentucky.  He  studied  law  in  Tennessee,  and 
in  1834  removed  to  Alabama,  where  he  began 
practice  in  Mardisville,  Talladega  county.  In 
1839  he  represented  the  county  in  the  state  legis- 
lature, and  in  1843  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candi- 
date for  Congress.  He  removed  to  Macon  county 
in  1846,  and  Dec.  31,  1847,  was  chosen  to  succeed 
Judge  Ormond  on  the  bench  of  the  supreme 
court.  On  the  resignation  of  the  chief  justice 
he  succeeded  to  that  position,  holding  the  office 
from  Dec.  6,  1852,  to  Jan.  2,  1856.  In  1859  he 
was  elected  a state  senator  from  Macon  county, 
and  in  1860  removed  to  Montgomery,  Ala.  He 
was  a member  of  the  provisional  congress  in 
1861,  then  a representative  in  the  Confederate 
congress,  and  was  re-elected  in  1863.  He  was 
twice  married,  each  time  to  a sister  of  Gen. 
John  T.  Morgan  of  Dallas  county,  Ala.  He  died 
at  Montgomery,  Ala.,  Jan.  20,  1871. 

CHINN,  Joseph  Graves,  physician,  was  born 
in  Bourbon  county,  Ky.,  April  1,  1797;  son  of 
William  Ball  Chinn,  and  great-grandson  of 
Raleigh  Chinn,  who  emigrated  from  England, 
settling  in  Virginia,  and  married  a Miss  Ball,  a 
near  relative  of  Martha  Washington.  His  father 
removed  to  Kentucky  in  1790  and  settled  in  Bour- 
bon county,  on  the  estate  where  the  son  was  born 
and  attended  school.  When  the  war  of  1812 
broke  out  he  enlisted  in  the  army,  his  father 
obtaining  a special  permit  from  Governor  Shelby 
before  the  lad  of  fifteen  could  be  admitted  to  the 
ranks.  At  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  he  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Indians,  but  was  afterwards  re- 
leased. He  studied  at  the  medical  university  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  ninety-four  years  old,  the  oldest  practitioner 
in  Kentucky.  In  1834  he  removed  to  Lexington, 
where  he  served  six  years  in  the  city  council. 
In  1868  he  was  elected  mayor  of  that  city,  and 
he  served  in  that  capacity  several  terms.  In 
politics  he  was  an  old-line  Whig,  and  opposed  to 
the  civil  war.  He  attributed  his  long  life  and 
his  remarkable  health  to  his  regular  habits,  never 
using  tobacco  and  being  a total  abstainer  from 
spirituous  liquors.  He  married  his  third  wife 
when  he  was  eighty-two  years  of  age.  He  died 
in  Lexington,  Ky.,  Sept.  7,  1891. 

[641] 


CHIPLEY. 


CHIPMAN. 


CHIPLEY,  William  Dudley,  railway  man- 
ager, was  born  at  Columbus,  Ga.,  in  1840;  son 
of  Dr.  William  S.  Chipley,  and  a grandson  of 
Rev.  Stephen  Chipley,  both  natives  of  Lexing- 
ton, Ky.  He  was  educated  at  the  Kentucky 
military  institute,  near  Frankfort,  and  at  Tran- 
sy lvania  university, 
Lexington.  When  the 
civil  war  began  he  en- 
listed in  the  Confeder- 
ate army  as  sergeant- 
major  of  the  9th  Ken- 
tucky regiment,  w a s 
afterwards  made  adju- 
tant and  was  appointed 
as  the  officer  to  collect 
and  formulate  the  rec- 
ord of  the  Kentucky 
troops,  with  rank  of  cap- 
tain, which  work  he 
performed  without  neg- 
lecting his  duties  in  the 
field,  but  the  records  were  burned  at  Augusta, 
Ga.  He  was  wounded  at  Shiloh  and  again  at 
Chickamauga.  After  the  war  he  settled  a.t 
Columbus,  Ga.,  became  prominent  in  the  city 
government  and  projected  and  commenced  the 
construction  of  the  Columbus  and  Rome  railroad. 
Subsequently  he  took  charge  of  the  southern 
interest  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  and  Virginia 
Midland  roads,  and  in  December,  1876,  lie  became 
general  manager  of  the  Pensacola  railroad.  He 
also'  established  a steamship  line  to  Havana,  and 
another  to  Cedar  Keys.  He  left  those  roads  to 
become  superintendent  of  the  Mobile  and  Mont- 
gomery railroad,  together  with  the  leased  line 
from  Montgomery  to  Selma,  and  at  the  same 
time  bought  the  Columbus  and  Rome  road.  In 
1881  he  resigned  all  other  interests  to  build  the 
Pensacola  and  Atlantic  road,  which  he  had  pro- 
jected and  chartered,  and  of  which  he  became 
vice-president.  He  was  mayor  of  Pensacola 
three  years,  resigning  in  his  fourth  term.  He 
was  also  chairman  of  the  Democratic  committee 
and  represented  Escambia  county  in  the  state 
senate.  He  was  a candidate  for  the  U.  S.  senate 
in  1897,  and  after  a close  and  exciting  contest  his 
opponent  was  declared  elected.  He  was  a foun- 
der of  the  Florida  Chautauqua  and  its  home, 
De  Funiak  Springs,  and  prominently  identified 
himself  with  other  educational  interests. 

CHIPMAN,  Daniel,  representative,  was  born 
in  Salisbury,  Conn.,  Oct.  22,  1763;  son  of  Samuel 
and  Hannah  (Austin)  Chipman;  was  graduated 
from  Dartmouth  in  1788,  studied  law  with  his 
brother  Nathaniel,  practised  in  Poultney,  Vt., 
1790-'94,  when  he  removed  to  Middlebury,  which 
he  represented  in  the  Vermont  legislature  sev- 
eral times  from  1798  to  1808,  when  he  was 


elected  to  the  governor's  council.  He  was  mar- 
ried in  1796  to  Eletheria,  sister  of  Prof.  Levi 
Hedge  of  Harvard.  He  was  again  a representa- 
tive in  the  state  legislature  1812,  ’13,  '14,  ’18, 
and  '21,  and  speaker  1813-'14.  He  was  elected  a 
representative  in  Congress  in  1814,  and  resigned 
after  the  first  session  of  the  14th  Congress  on 
account  of  ill-health.  He  was  a member  of  five 
state  constitutional  conventions,  1793,  1814,  ’36, 
’43  and  '50,  and  state's  attorney  of  Addison  county 
twenty  years,  1797-1817.  He  was  professor  of 
law  in  Middlebury  college,  and  a member  of  the 
corporation  from  its  foundation,  from  1806  to 
1816.  He  received  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from 
Middlebury  college  in  1849.  As  first  reporter  of 
the  supreme  court  he  published:  “Law  of  Con- 
tracts ” (1822) ; “ Reports  of  Cases  in  Supreme 
Court  of  Vt.”  (1824-'35),  and  afterwards  wrote 
biographies  of  Nathaniel  Chipman  (1846);  Seth 
Warner  and  Gen.  Thomas  Chittenden  (1849).  He 
died  at  Ripton,  Vt.,  April  23,  1850. 

CHIPMAN,  John  Logan,  lawyer,  was  born  in 
Detroit,  Mich.,  June  5,  1830;  son  of  Judge  Henry 
and  Martha  Mary  (Logan)  Chipman,  and  grand- 
son of  Nathaniel  Chipman,  U.  S.  senator  and 
judge  of  the  supreme  court.  He  received  a 
public-school  education,  and  in  1843-'45  attended 
the  University  of  Michigan.  In  1846  he  made 
explorations  in  the  Lake  Superior  region.  He 
was  afterwards  admitted  to  the  bar;  aided  in 
paying  the  Chippewa  Indians  of  Lake  Superior, 
and  in  making  the  Detroit  treat}’  with  them  and 
the  Ottawas  in  1854.  He  was  city  attorney  of 
Detroit  in  1856-'61 ; a member  of  the  state  legis- 
lature in  1863,  and  attorney  of  the  Detroit  police 
board  from  1865  to  1879.  He  was  elected  judge 
of  the  superior  court  of  Detroit,  May  1,  1879,  and 
re-elected  for  a second  term  of  six  years.  In 
1886  he  was  elected  a representative  to  the  50th 
and  was  re-elected  to  the  51st  and  52d  con- 
gresses. 

CHIPMAN,  Nathaniel,  jurist,  was  born  in 

Salisbury,  Conn.,  Nov.  15,  1752;  son  of  Samuel 
and  Hannah  (Austin)  Chipman.  John  Chipman, 
his  first  American  ancestor,  came  from  England 
in  1630  and  settled  in  Connecticut.  He  was 
graduated  from  Yale  in  1777,  served  as  a lieuten- 
ant in  the  revolutionary  army  at  Valley  Forge, 
Monmouth  and  White  Plains,  returned  to  Litch- 
field, Conn.,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1779.  and  settled  in  Tinmouth,  Vt..  where 
he,  in  addition  to  practising  law,  cultivated  a 
farm  and  manufactured  bar  iron.  He  served  in 
the  general  assembly  of  1784—’85.  In  1786  he  was 
elected  assistant  judge  of  the  superior  court  and 
was  chief  justice  1789— '91.  In  1791  he  was  a 

commissioner  to  Congress  to  negotiate  for  the 
admission  of  Vermont,  and  on  its  admission  Presi- 
dent Washington  appointed  him  United  States. 


[C42J 


w 


CHISHOLM. 


CHITTENDEN. 


district  judge.  In  1796  he  was  again  elected 
chief  justice,  and  in  1797  United  States  senator 
to  succeed  Isaac  Tichenor,  serving  from  1797  to 
1803.  He  then  represented  Tinmouth  in  the 
state  legislature,  1806-' 11.  He  was  chosen  one  of 
the  council  of  censors  in  March,  1813,  to  review 
the  constitution  of  the  state.  The  same  y ear  he 
was  elected  chief  justice  of  the  state  by  the 
Federalists,  but  was  displaced  by  the  Republi- 
cans in  1815.  He  was  professor  of  law  in  Middle- 
bury  college,  1816-'43.  He  published  several 
works  on  law,  including:  “Sketches  of  the 
Principles  of  Government”  (1793;  revised  ed., 
1833);  “Reports  and  Dissertations''  (1815),  and 
in  1826  he  revised  the  statutes  of  Vermont.  He 
died  at  Tinmouth,  Vt.,  Feb.  15,  1843. 

CHISHOLM,  William,  inventor,  was  born  at 
Lochleven,  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  Aug.  12,  1825. 
At  an  early  age  he  was  apprenticed  to  a dry- 
goods  merchant,  remained  with  him  for  three 
years  and  then  went  to  sea.  He  was  a sailor  for 
a period  of  seven  years,  after  which  time  he 
settled  in  Montreal,  Canada,  where  he  became  a 
builder  and  contractor.  His  brother  Henry  lived 
in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  William  removed  there 
in  1852.  After  that  he  went  to  Pittsburg,  where 
he  remained  till  1857,  returning  to  Cleveland  at 
that  date.  He  joined  his  brother  in  the  rolling 
mills  and  remained  with  him  two  or  three  years, 
when  he  withdrew  from  active  management  of 
the  concern  and  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
horseshoes,  spikes  and  bolts.  After  showing 
the  practicability  of  manufacturing  screws  from 
Bessemer  steel,  lie  organized  the  Union  steel 
company  of  Cleveland.  His  inventions  were 
numerous  and  eminently  useful,  and  he  devised 
new  methods  and  machinery  for  manufacturing 
spades,  scoops  and  shovels,  and  for  this  purpose 
he  opened  a factory  in  1879.  In  1882  he  turned 
his  attention  to  steam  engines,  and  invented  a 
new  model  for  hoisting  and  pumping,  and  trans- 
mitters for  carrying  coal  between  vessels  and 
railway  cars. 

CHISOLM,  William  Wallace,  jurist,  was  born 
in  Morgan  county,  Ga.,  Dec.  6,  1830.  His  father 
died  in  1851,  leaving  him  the  family  guardian 
and  protector.  In  1847  the  Chisolm  family 
moved  to  Kemper  county.  Miss.  In  1856  he  mar- 
ried Emily  S.,  daughter  of  John  W.  Mann,  a 
prominent  Florida  lawyer.  Up  to  this  time  Chis- 
olm had  had  very  little  opportunity  to  pursue  his 
education,  but  his  wife  gave  him  much  assistance 
and  he  made  rapid  progress.  In  1858  he  was 
elected  justice  of  the  peace,  and  in  1860  probate 
judge,  which  office  he  retained  until  1867.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war  he  was  a pronounced  Unionist, 
and  notwithstanding  this  fact  he  was  kept  in 
office,  though  many  looked  upon  him  with  sus- 
picion. For  some  time  after  the  war,  Mississippi, 


like  the  other  southwestern  states,  was  politically 
unsettled,  the  negroes  always  taking  the  side  of 
the  Republicans.  Chisolm  was  elected  sheriff 
by  the  Republicans,  and  was  frequently  in  danger 
of  his  life  from  the  followers  of  the  Democratic 
party.  In  November,  1873,  he  was  again  elected 
sheriff  for  Kemper  county,  and  this  section  be- 
came a great  Republican  stronghold.  Four  years 
later  he  was  nominated  as  a representative  to 
Congress,  but  was  defeated.  John  W.  Gully, 
a leading  Democrat,  was  shot  and  killed  near 
Chisolm's  house,  and  warrants  were  sent  out  for 
the  judge's  arrest.  His  wife,  three  sons  and 
daughter  accompanied  him,  and  the  party  was 
guarded  on  the  way  to  the  jail  by  Angus  McLel- 
lan.  a sturdy  Scotchman,  and  stanch  friend  of 
Chisolm.  As  McLellan,  at  the  sheriff’s  order, 
left  the  jail  to  go  to  his  own  house,  he  was  shot 
down,  and  the  building,  being  left  unguarded, 
was  broken  into  by  the  mob.  The  judge's  son, 
John,  a child  of  thirteen,  was  killed  while  pro- 
tecting his  father,  and  then  another  shot  mortally 
wounded  Chisolm,  who  obtained  a rifle  and 
killed  the  murderer  of  his  boy.  His  daughter 
Cornelia,  aged  eighteen,  also  died  from  wounds 
received  at  the  time.  The  leaders  of  the  mob 
were  indicted,  but  not  punished.  The  local 
papers  endeavored  to  justify  the  mob  on  the 
ground  that  Chisolm  had  been  a party  to  the 
murder  of  Gully,  though  no  evidence  was  ever 
shown  to  prove  that  Judge  Chisolm  or  his  friends 
had  in  any  way  been  accessory  to  this  crime.  It 
was  generally  supposed  that  the  Democrats  of 
the  district  were  enraged  at  the  friendship  of 
Chisolm  with  the  newly  enfranchised  negroes, 
more  particularly  as  he  had  organized  them  in 
order  to  control  the  elections  in  favor  of  the 
Republican  party.  In  December,  1877,  a negro, 
Walter  Riley,  confessed  to  the  murder  of  Gully, 
which  completely  exonerated  Chisolm  from  any 
part  in  the  affair.  He  died-  in  DeKalb,  Miss., 
May  13,  1877. 

CHITTENDEN,  Lucius  Eugene,  author,  was 
born  at  Williston,  Vt.,  May  24.  1824,  son  of  Giles 
and  Betsey  (Hollenbeck)  Chittenden,  grandson  of 
Truman  Chittenden,  and  great  - grandson  of 
Thomas  Chittenden,  first  governor  of  Vermont. 
He  was  educated  at  Williston  academy,  was- ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1844,  and  commenced  prac- 
tice in  Burlington  in  1845.  He  was  a member  of 
the  Vermont  state  senate  from  1857  to  1859,  and 
a delegate  to  the  peace  conference  held  in  Wash- 
ington in  February,  1861.  In  April,  1861,  he  was 
appointed  register  of  the  treasury  by  President 
Lincoln  and  removed  to  Washington.  He  resigned 
Iris  office  in  April,  1865,  and  removed  to  New 
York  city,  where  he  practised  his  profession.  In 
May.  1848,  with  other  delegates,  he  seceded  from 
the  Democratic  state  convention,  held  at  Mont. 
[643] 


CHITTENDEN. 


CHITTENDEN. 


pelier,  because,  among  other  reasons,  of  the  adop- 
tion of  a resolution  that  it  was  the  duty  of  a citizen 
to  assist  in  the  capture  of  fugitive  slaves.  These 
delegates  immediately  organized  the  Free -Soil 
party,  which  matured  into  the  Republican  party. 
With  E.  A.  Stansbury,  he  established,  and  until 
the  election  in  September,  1848,  edited  and  pub- 
lished, the  Free-Soil  Courier  at  Burlington.  He 
edited  and  annotated  an  edition  of  “ Reeve’s 
Domestic  Relations”  (1846),  and  “Debates  and 
Proceedings  of  the  Secret  Sessions  of  the  Peace 
Conference  held  in  Washington  in  February, 
1861  ” (1864).  He  also  published  “ An  Address  at 
the  Opening  of  the  Fair  of  the  Christian  and  Sani- 
tary Commissions”  (1863);  “Debates  and  Pro- 
ceedings of  Congress  on  the  Subsidies  to  the  Pacific 
Railroads”  (1871);  “The  Capture  of  Ticonder- 
oga”  (1873);  “Three  Letters  on  Repudiation  in 
Virginia”  (1873);  “Address  at  the  Inauguration 
of  the  Statue  of  Ethan  Allen  ” (1874);  “Recollec- 
tions of  President  Lincoln  and  His  Administra- 
tion” (1891);  “Personal  Reminiscences,  1840-’90” 
(1893);  “An  Unknown  Heroine:  an  Historical 
Episode  of  the  War  Between  the  States”  (1893), 
and  compiled  “Lincoln’s  Addresses”  (1895). 

CHITTENDEN,  Martin,  governor  of  Vermont, 
was  born  at  Salisbury,  Conn.,  March  13,  1769,  son 
of  Gov.  Thomas  and  Elizabeth  (Meigs)  Chitten- 
den. He  removed  to  Jericho,  Chittenden  county, 
Vt.,  in  1776,  and  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
college  in  1789.  The  year  after  his  graduation  he 
was  elected  a representative  from  Jericho  to  the 
state  legislature,  and  served  by  re-election  eight 
years.  In  1798  he  removed  to  Williston,  Vt. , and 
for  two  years  served  in  the  state  legislature  from 
that  town.  In  1803  lie  was  elected  a representa- 
tive in  the  8th  Congress,  and  was  re-elected  to 
the  four  succeeding  congresses.  In  1813  he  was 
elected  governor  of  the  state,  and  was  re-elected 
in  1814.  He  served  as  judge  of  probate  during 
1831-33.  He  died  at  Williston,  Vt.,  Sept.  5,  1840. 

CHITTENDEN,  Russell  Henry,  chemist,  was 
born  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Feb.  18,  1856.  He 
was  graduated  a Ph.B.  at  Yale  in  1875,  and  after 
studying  in  Germany  for  a few  months  he  re- 
turned to  Yale  as  instructor  of  chemistry  in  the 
Sheffield  scientific  school,  and  was  advanced  to 
the  chair  of  physiological  chemistry  in  1883.  In 
1880  Yale  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Pli.D. 
He  was  elected  a member  of  the  national  academy 
of  sciences  in  1890.  He  is  the  editor  of  “Studies 
from  the  Laboratory  of  Physiological  Chemistry 
of  the  Sheffield  Scientific  school  of  Yale  College,” 
begun  in  1885,  and  of  many  valuable  contribu- 
tions to  scientific  periodicals. 

CHITTENDEN,  Simeon  Baldwin,  merchant, 
was  born  in  Guilford,  Conn.,  March 39, 1814.  He 
was  educated  at  Guilford  academy  and  in  1843 
engaged  in  mercantile  business  in  New  York  city. 


He  was  vice-president  of  the  New  York  chamber 
of  commerce  in  1867-’69,  and  was  elected  to  fill  a 
vacancy  in  the  43d  Congress,  taking  his  seat  Dec. 
7,  1874.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  44tli,  45th,  and 
46th  congresses.  He  was  prominent  in  many 
railroad  enterprises  and  president  of  the  New 
Haven  and  New  London  Shore  line.  He  gave  to 
Yale  university  in  1887  the  sum  of  §350,000,  to  be 
used  for  a library  building.  He  also  endowed  a 
professorship  at  Yale,  and  gave  large  sums  to  the 
New  York  eye  and  ear  infirmary,  the  Brooklyn 
art  association  and  the  young  women’s  Christian 
association  of  Brooklyn.  A memorial  window  to 
his  memory  was  placed  in  the  Church  of  the  Pil- 
grims, the  Rev.  Dr.  R.  S.  Storrs,  pastor.  He  died 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  April  14,  1889. 

CHITTENDEN,  Thomas,  governor  of  Vermont, 
was  born  in  Guilford.  Conn.,  Jan.  6,  1730;  son  of 
Ebenezer,  and  fourth  in  descent  from  William 
Chittenden,  who,  with  a colony  of  twenty-sis 
others  from  the  parish  of  Cranbrook,  in  the  county 
of  Kent,  England,  settled  in  and  near  Guilford, 
Conn.,  in  October,  1639.  In  his  eighteenth  year 
he  shipped  as  a sailor  on  a schooner  from  New 
Haven  to  Cuba,  was  captured  by  pirates,  landed 
on  a barren  island,  and  returned  in  October,  1749, 
when  he  was  married  to  Elizabeth  Meigs.  He 
then  removed  to  Salisbury,  Conn.,  where  he  be- 
came a leading  citizen,  representing  the  town  for 
six  years  in  the  legislature,  and  was  colonel  of 
militia.  After  1763  he,  with  others,  procured  from 
the  colonial  governor  of  New  Hampshire  a grant 
of  the  township  of  Williston,  which  they  organized 
in  1774.  He  removed  to  his  new  home  in  October, 
1774,  and  was  scarcely  settled  when  the  breaking 
out  of  the  war  compelled  another  removal.  He 
lived  through  1776  in  Dauby,  then  removed  to 
Pownal,  and  later  to  Arlington,  where  he  resided 
until  1787,  when  he  returned  to  his  Williston  farm. 
He  was  elected  president  of  the  council  of  safety 
upon  its  organization  early  in  1777,  and  held  that 
office  until  the  end  of  the  war.  He  was  chairman 
of  a committee  which  met  at  Dorset,  July  34  and 
Sept.  35,  1776,  and  adopted  the  first  “covenant  or 
compact  ” between  the  settlers.  He  was  a mem- 
ber of  the  conventions  at  Westminster,  January 
15,  and  at  Windsor.  June  4,  July  3,  and  Dec.  34, 
1777,  which  framed  and  adopted  the  first  consti- 
tution. In  February,  1778,  he  was  elected  the 
first  governor  of  Vermont,  and  held  the  office 
by  annual  re-elections  (except  during  the  year 
1779)  until  his  death.  He  furnished  Governor 
Clinton  help  in  1781  when  Fort  Ann  was  captured, 
but  when  Vermont  was  in  danger  Clinton  refused 
help,  and  Chittenden  wrote  General  Washington 
in  1783  that  he  would  join  the  British  rather  than 
submit  to  New  York.  In  1791  he  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  negotiate  for  the  admission  of 
Vermont  into  the  Union.  He  died  Aug.  35,  1797. 
[644] 


CHOATE. 


CHOATE. 


CHOATE,  Charles  Francis,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Salem,  Mass.,  May  16,  1828;  son  of  Dr.  George 
and  Margaret  M.  (Hodges)  Choate,  and  a de- 
scendant of  John  Choate,  who  emigrated  from 
the  western  part  of  England  in  1643,  and  settled 
in  Ipswich,  Mass.  He  was  educated  at  the  Salem 
Latin  school,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1849,  and  from  Harvard  law  school  in  1853. 
From  1850  to  1853  he  was  tutor  of  mathematics  in 
the  college.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Bos- 
ton in  1854,  and  became  an  authority  on  railroad 
law.  In  1864  he  was  made  counsel  for  the  Boston 
& Maine  and  Old  Colony  railroad  corporations. 
He  was  elected  a director  of  the  latter  in  1872, 
and  in  1878  was  chosen  president  of  the  corpora- 
tion, holding  also  the  presidency  of  the  Old  Col- 
ony steamboat  company.  He  continued  in  the 
presidency  of  the  road  by  annual  re-election 
until  May  1,  1893,  when  it  was  consolidated 
with  the  New  York,  New  Haven,  and  Hartford 
railroad  company.  On  June  13,  1893,  he  was 
chosen  actuary  of  the  New  England  trust  com- 
pany. He  received  from  Harvard  the  degree  of 
A.M.  in  1852,  that  of  LL.B.  in  1853,  and  from 
Dartmouth  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1872. 

CHOATE,  David,  educator,  was  born  in  Che- 
bacco,  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Nov.  29,  1796;  son  of 
David  and  Miriam  (Foster)  Choate,  and  brother 
of  Rufus  Choate.  He  was  employed  as  a school 
teacher  from  1815  to  1842.  He  inaugurated  and 
developed  the  local  high  school,  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Essex  county  teachers’  associa- 
tion, and  for  many  years  its  president ; was  one 
of  the  trustees  of  the  Mount  Holyoke  female 
seminary  from  its  incorporation  in  1836;  was  a 
trustee  of  Dummer  academy,  Byfield,  Mass.,  1840- 
’50;  a member  of  the  state  legislature,  1839-’41, 
and  a member  of  the  state  senate  and  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  education,  1841-'42.  He  was 
for  many  years  justice  of  the  peace.  He  wrote ; 
“ An  Agricultural  and  Geological  survey  of  Essex 
County,”  which  was  published  by  the  Essex 
county  agricultural  society,  of  which  he  was  an 
officer  and  member.  He  died  in  Essex,  Mass., 
Dec.  17,  1872. 

CHOATE,  Joseph  Hodges,  lawyer,  was  born 
at  Salem,  Mass.,  Jan.  24,  1832;  son  of  George  and 
Margaret  M.  (Hodges)  Choate.  He  was  grad- 
uated from  Harvard  college  in  1852,  and  from  the 
law  school  of  that  institution  in  1854.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  Massachusetts  bar  in  1855,  and 
to  the  New  York  bar  in  1856,  after  a course  of 
study  in  the  office  of  Scudder  & Carter,  New 
York.  He  then  formed  a partnership  with  W.  H. 
L.  Barnes,  under  the  firm  name  of  Barnes  & 
Choate,  so  remaining  until  1860,  when  he  became 
a member  of  the  firm  of  Evarts,  Southmayd  & 
Choate.  Among  the  celebrated  cases  in  which 
he  was  concerned  are  the  Del  Valle  breach 


of  promise  case,  the  de  Cesnola  libel  case,  Geb- 
hard  vs.  the  Canada  southern  railroad,  Stewart 
vs.  Huntington,  and  the  Fitz  John  Porter  case, 
in  which  Mr.  Choate,  as  counsel  for  General 
Porter,  secured  the  reversal  of  the  decision  of  the 
original  court  martial.  He  was  active  in  the 
presidential  campaign  in  1856  in  behalf  of  Fre- 
mont, and  his  witty  and  ready  speeches  were 
largely  heard  in  every  important  canvass  after 
that  date.  He  was  in  constant  demand  as  a 
speaker  on  all  manner  of  public  occasions;  from 
1867  to  1871  was  president  of  the  New  England 
society,  as  well  as  of  many  important  social 
organizations.  He  was  elected  president  of  the 
state  constitutional  convention  which  assembled 
in  1894  to  revise  the  constitution  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  and  in  1897  was  a candidate  in 
Republican  caucus  for  United  States  senator. 
He  received  the  degrees  of  LL.B.,  1854;  A.M., 
1860 ; and  LL.  D. , 1888,  from  Harvard ; and  that  of 
LL.D.  from  Amherst  in  1889.  Many  of  his  argu- 
ments were  published. 

CHOATE,  Rufus,  lawyer,  was  born  in  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  Oct.  1,  1799;  son  of  David  and  Miriam 
(Foster)  Choate,  and  descended  from  John 
Choate,  who  immigrated  to  Massachusetts  in 
1643.  His  father's  sterling  integrity  and  unusual 
intellectual  endowment  marked  him  as  a superior 
man,  and  his  moth- 
er's keen  perceptions, 
ready  wit,  and  native 
dignity  of  bearing 
were  re  m a r k a b 1 e. 

Rufus  was  early 
noted  for  his  insati- 
able thirst  for  knowl- 
edge, for  his  tenaci- 
ous memory,  and  his 
extraordinary  preco- 
city. He  could  re- 
cite whole  pages  of 
Pilgrim's  Progress 
when  he  was  but  six 
years  old,  and  he  had 

perused  the  greater  part  of  the  village  library 
before  he  was  ten.  He  entered  Dartmouth  col- 
lege at  the  age  of  sixteen,  after  attending  the 
academy  at  New  Hampton,  N.  H.,  for  a term, 
and  was  graduated  with  the  valedictory  in  1819. 
The  famous  Dartmouth  college  case  was  on  trial 
during  his  undergraduate  days,  and  it  was  Web- 
ster’s great  speech  in  connection  therewith  that 
so  inspired  Choate  as  to  lead  to  his  final  choice 
of  the  law  as  his  profession.  After  tutoring  at 
Dartmouth  for  a year,  he  spent  three  years  in 
Washington,  D.  C.,  studying  law  under  William 
Wirt,  attorney-general  of  the  United  States  in 
1823  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  for  five  years 
practised  at  Danvers,  Mass.  In  1825  he  was  sent 

[645] 


CHOATE. 


CHOULES. 


to  the  state  legislature  as  a representative,  and 
in  1827  as  a senator.  He  was  chosen  as  a repre- 
sentative in  Congress  in  1830,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  a brilliant  speech  in  the  22d  Congress 
on  the  tariff.  He  was  re-elected  in  1832  to  the 
23d  Congress,  but  resigned  his  seat  at  the  close  of 
the  first  session  and  removed  to  Boston,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  his  profession,  and  acquired  a 
reputation  as  an  eloquent,  powerful  and  success- 
ful advocate.  When  in  1841  Daniel  Webster 
accepted  the  portfolio  of  state  in  President 
Harrison's  cabinet,  Mr.  Choate  was  elected  to 
fill  the  seat  he  had  vacated  in  the  senate,  and  he 
made  several  brilliant  speeches,  notably  those  on 
the  tariff,  the  Oregon  boundary,  the  fiscal  bank- 
bill.  the  Smithsonian  institution,  and  the  annex- 
ation of  Texas.  At  the  close  of  the  term  Mr. 
Webster  was  returned  to  the  senate,  and  Mr. 
Choate  once  more  resumed  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  He  went  to  Europe  in  1850,  and  dur- 
ing his  brief  tour  in  England  and  on  the  conti- 
nent a most  forcible  impression  was  made  upon 
his  mind  by  his  observation  of  the  characteristics 
of  the  older  civilizations  of  the  world,  and,  in  his 
comparison  of  these  with  those  of  the  newer,  he 
saw  the  perils  that  were  likely  to  follow  a disrup- 
tion of  the  union  existing  between  the  states. 
In  his  earnest  desire  to  avoid  such  disruption 
will  be  found  the  key  to  his  whole  later  life,  and 
his  last  public  utterance  was  an  oration  in  behalf 
of  an  undivided  nation.  In  1852  he  was  a dele- 
gate to  the  Whig  national  convention  at  Balti- 
more, and  there  urged  the  nomination  of  Daniel 
Webster  for  the  presidency.  He  was  a delegate 
to  the  state  convention  of  1853,  and  took  an 
important  part  in  revising  the  constitution  of 
Massachusetts.  In  1856  he  supported  the  Demo- 
cratic national  ticket,  and  made  some  speeches 
in  the  interest  of  Buchanan  and  Breckinridge. 
Busy  as  was  his  life  he  yet  devoted  a portion  of 
each  day  to  the  study  of  literature,  history,  and 
philosophy,  and  it  was  this  habit,  together  with 
his  tenacious  memory,  which  made  him  one  of 
the  most  scholarly  of  public  men.  He  was 
especially  fond  of  Greek  literature,  and  was  only 
restrained  from  writing  a history  of  Greece  by 
seeing  the  early  volume  of  Grote’s  great  work. 
He  contemplated  a visit  to  Europe  in  1859,  and 
had  proceeded  as  far  as  Halifax  when  his  health 
failed  so  utterly  that  his  son,  who  accompanied 
him,  decided  to  return  home,  and  while  resting 
at  the  lodgings  he  had  temporarily  taken  he  died 
suddenly.  Among  his  most  famous  speeches  will 
always  be  named:  the  eulogy  on  President  Har- 
rison (1841);  an  address  upon  the  anniversary  of 
the  landing  of  the  pilgrims  (1843);  a eulogy  on 
Daniel  Webster  (1853) ; an  address  at  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  Peabody  institution  in  Danvers  (1854) ; 
an  oration  before  the  young  men's  Democratic 


club  of  Boston  (1858);  two  addresses  before  the 
law-school  at  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  two  lectures 
before  the  Mercantile  library  association  of  Bos- 
ton ; but  no  adequate  idea  of  his  wonderful  ora- 
tory can  be  obtained  from  reading  his  speeches. 
His  works,  with  a memoir,  published  in  two  vol- 
umes, was  prepared  by  Samuel  Gilman  Brown 
(1862).  He  died  in  Halifax,  N.  S.,  July  13,  1859. 

CHOATE,  Rufus,  soldier,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  May  14,  1834;  son  of  Rufus  and  Helen 
(Olcott)  Choate.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst 
in  1855,  was  admitted  to  the  Massachusetts  bar  in 
1858,  and  practised  his  profession  until  the  open- 
ing of  the  civil  war.  He  joined  the  2d  Massachu- 
setts regiment  as  2d  lieutenant,  was  present  at 
Winchester,  Cedar  Mountain  and  Antietam.  He 
was  promoted  to  a captaincy,  and  in  the  autumn 
of  1862  was  compelled  to  resign  because  of  ill- 
health.  He  died  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  Jan.  15, 
1866. 

CHOATE,  William  Gardner,  jurist,  was  born 
at  Salem,  Mass.,  Aug.  30,  1830;  son  of  George  and 
Margaret  Manning  (Hodges)  Choate,  and  brother 
of  Joseph  Hodges  Choate.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1852,  and  from  the  Harvard 
law  school  in  1854.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
Massachusetts  bar  in  1855,  and  practised  in  Dan- 
vers and  Salem,  Mass.  In  1856  he  went  to  New 
York  and  became  a partner  in  the  law  firm  of 
Prichard,  Choate  & Smith.  In  1878  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Hayes  district  judge  for  the 
southern  district  of  New  York,  and  was  sworn 
in  by  his  predecessor,  the  Hon.  Samuel  Blatch- 
ford,  who  had  been  appointed  circuit  judge,  and 
to  whom  he  in  turn  administered  the  oath  of 
office.  His  written  opinions  while  in  this  office 
are  to  be  found  in  the  10th  vol.  of  “ Benedict's 
Admiralty  Reports,”  in  the  17th,  18th  and  19th 
vols.  of  Bankruptcy  Register,  and  in  the  first 
nine  volumes  of  the  Federal  Reports.  He  re- 
signed his  judgeship  in  1881,  and  resumed  prac- 
tice as  a member  of  the  firm  of  Shipman,  Barlow, 
Laroque  and  Choate.  He  served  as  president  of 
Harvard  club  from  1872  to  1874.  In  1860  Harvard 
college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  A.M. 

CHOULES,  John  Overton,  clergyman,  was 
born  in  Bristol,  England,  Feb.  5,  1801 ; of  parents 
who  were  Wesleyans,  and  who  died  when  he  was 
twelve  years  old.  He  was  educated  by  an  uncle, 
a wealthy  merchant;  entered  the  Baptist  theo- 
logical college  at  Bristol  in  1822,  and  settled  in 
America  in  1824,  where  he  was  principal  of  an 
academy  at  Red  Hook,  N.  Y..  and  supplied  sev- 
eral Baptist  churches  in  the  vicinity.  He  was 
ordained  pastor  of  the  Second  Baptist  church  in 
Newport,  R.  I.,  Sept.  27,  1827.  He  became  pas- 
tor of  the  First  Baptist  church  in  New  Bedford, 
Mass.,  in  1833;  of  the  church  at  Buffalo.  X.  V, 
1836;  of  the  Sixth  street  church,  New  York  city, 


CHOUTEAU. 


CHRISTENSEN. 


1841;  at  Jamaica  Plain,  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1843, 
and  returned  to  the  church  in  Newport  in  1847. 
He  was  a well-known  lecturer  and  author.  He 
completed  and  published  Smith's  “Christian 
Missions  ” (1832) ; edited  “ Neal's  History  of  the 
Puritans”  (1844);  wrote  “ Cruise  of  the  Steam 
Yacht  North  Star  ” (1854) ; “ Young  America 

Abroad”  (1854);  edited  Forster's  “Statesmen 
of  the  Commonwealth  of  England  ” (1846),  and 
continued  Hinton’s  “History  of  the  United 
States  to  1850.”  He  died  while  on  a visit  to 
New  York  city,  Jan.  5,  1856. 

CHOUTEAU,  Auguste,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
New  Orleans,  La.,  in  1739;  a brother  of  Pierre 
Chouteau.  He  was  always  known  as  Colonel 
Chouteau,  and  was  in  command  of  Pierre  Ligueste 
Laclede’s  expedition  up  the  Mississippi  in  1763. 
He  shared  the  prosperity  of  his  brother  in  the 
new  settlement  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  died  there, 
Feb.  24,  1829. 

CHOUTEAU,  Berenice,  pioneer,  was  born  in 
Kaskaskia,  111.,  in  1801,  daughter  of  Col.  Peter 
Menard,  first  territorial  governor  of  Illinois.  The 
official  position  of  her  father  afforded  her  educa- 
tional and  social  advantages  beyond  those  of  the 
average  young  .women  of  her  locality  and  time. 
She  was  married  when  eighteen  years  old  to 
Francis  F.,  son  of  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  and  part- 
ner in  the  firm  of  P.  Chouteau,  Jr.,  & Co.,  fur 
traders.  The  newly  married  couple  decided  to 
make  their  home  at  a point  on  the  Missouri  river 
near  Black  Snake  Hills,  which  location  became 
the  site  of  the  city  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo.  The 
journey  was  made  on  a flat-boat,  and  after  living 
there  two  years  they  removed  to  the  present  site 
of  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  where  they  established  the 
first  trading  post  and  built  in  the  woods  the  first 
log  house  erected  in  that  section.  Here  her  hus- 
band acquired  title  to  large  tracts  of  land  and  ex- 
tended his  domain  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas 
river,  making  it  to  include  all  the  valuable  farm- 
ing land  in  the  vicinity.  The  city  of  Kansas  City 
was  subsequently  built  upon  a portion  of  this 
property,  and  squatters  located  on  other  sections 
and  gave  title  to  new  settlers.  The  question  of 
ownership  in  this  way  became  much  involved, 
and  long  and  expensive  litigation  ensued,  in  which 
Mrs.  Chouteau  after  her  husband’s  death  sought  to 
recover  possession,  her  claims  amounting  to  over 
§5,000.090.  The  statutes  of  limitation  operated 
to  deprive  her  of  her  rights,  the  decision  being 
made  by  the  highest  courts,  in  November,  1888, 
but  two  weeks  before  her  death.  She  was  a lib- 
eral benefactress  and  distributed  her  large  fortune 
in  promoting  the  interests  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  of  which  she  was  a devout  member.  She 
built  in  Kansas  City  the  first  church  edifice,  and 
her  liberality  during  her  life  expanded  with  the 
growth  of  the  church  and  its  institutions  in  that 


locality.  She  lived  to  witness  Kansas  City 
created  a diocesan  see,  and  a cathedral  take  the 
place  of  her  first  little  chapel.  She  died  in  Kansas 
City,  Mo.,  Nov.  20,  1888. 

CHOUTE  AU,  Pierre,  pioneer,  was  born  in  New 
Orleans,  La.,  in  1749.  With  his  brother  Auguste 
he  joined  the  famous  expedition  of  Pierre 
Ligueste  Laclede,  which  was  organized  under' 
the  auspices  of  the  director-general  of  Louisiana 
and  had  for  its  object  the  extension  of  the  fur 
trade  with  the  Indians  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
Three  months  after  its  departure  from  New 
Orleans  the  expedition  reached  St.  Genevieve, 
then  the  oldest  settlement  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  upper  Mississippi.  After  stopping  a few 
weeks  at  Fort  Charles,  the  pioneers  journeyed 
sixty-one  miles  farther  on.  Discovering  a pleas- 
antly situated  bluff  on  the  western  bank  of  the 
river  they  concluded  to  make  this  their  head- 
quarters for  trading,  and  founded  the  city  of  St. 
Louis.  Pierre  Chouteau  remained  here  and  be- 
came a very  prosperous  and  respected  merchant, 
having  a high  reputation  amongst  the  Indians. 
He  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  July  9,  1849. 

CHOUTEAU,  Pierre,  Jr.,  Indian  trader,  was 
born  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Jan.  19,  1789;  son  of  Pierre 
Chouteau,  pioneer.  In  1804  he  became  clerk 
for  his  father  and  uncle,  and  was  soon  able  to 
launch  forth  into  business  for  himself.  He  did  a 
vast  amount  of  trading  with  the  Indians  all  along 
the  Missouri  river,  and  early  in  1806  went  as  far 
as  Dubuque  to  negotiate  with  the  Sac  and  Fox 
Indians.  Among  his  associates  in  the  fur  trade 
was  John  Jacob  Astor,  from  whom  he  purchased 
his  (Astor's)  interest  in  the  American  fur  com- 
pany, changing  the  name  to  that  of  P.  Chouteau, 
Jr.,  & Co.  Under  his  supervision  the  company 
widely  extended  its  operations.  Pierre  Chou- 
teau, Jr.,  died  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept.  8,  1865. 

CHRISTENSEN,  Christian  T.,  soldier,  was 
born  in  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  Jan.  26,  1832. 
He  came  to  America  in  1850,  and  entered  into 
business  in  New  York  city.  He  was  made  presi- 
dent of  the  Scandinavian  society  of  New  York, 
and  became  very  popular  with  his  countrymen. 
In  1861  he  raised  a company  of  one  hundred 
Scandinavians,  which  joined  the  1st  New  York 
volunteer  regiment.  From  his  rank  of  lieutenant 
Mr.  Christensen  was  steadily  promoted,  and  in 
1865  was  brevetted  brigadier -general.  He  was 
made  a knight  of  the  order  of  Danebrog  by  the 
King  of  Denmark  in  1862,  and  in  1873  was  given 
the  military  silver  cross  of  the  same  order.  He 
was  commissioned  brigadier-general  on  July  12, 
1880.  In  1879  he  became  manager  of  the  firm  of 
Drexel,  Morgan  & Co.,  and  in  July,  1890,  was 
chosen  president  of  the  Brooklyn  trust  company. 
He  was  Danish  consul  at  New  York,  and  acting 
charge  d’affaires  for  several  years. 


[647] 


CHRISTIAN. 


CHRYSLER. 


CHRISTIAN,  Joseph,  jurist,  was  born  at 
Hewick,  Middlesex  county,  Va.,  July  10,  1828; 
son  of  the  Rev.  Richard  Allen  Christian,  M.D., 
and  brother  to  Dr.  William  Steptoe  Christian, 
a prominent  physician,  temperance  advocate, 
and  Baptist  church  worker  in  Virginia.  He 
attended  an  academy  at  Richmond,  and  in  1849 
was  graduated  at  Columbian  college,  which  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  A.M.  in  1853  and 
that  of  LL.D.  in  1872.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
Virginia  bar,  and  located  himself  in  Middlesex 
county,  Va.,  where  he  became  eminent  as  a 
lawyer,  and  served  as  judge  of  the  6th  Virginia 
district.  He  was  for  some  years  in  the  Virginia 
senate,  serving  both  before  and  after  the  civil 
war.  In  1871  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Vir- 
ginia court  of  appeals.  Mr.  Christian  made  -his 
home  in  Richmond,  Va.  where  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession. 

CHRISTIANCY,  Isaac  Peckham,  senator,  was 
born  in  Johnstown,  N.  Y.,  March  12,  1812.  Hav- 
ing at  an  early  age  to  support  his  family,  his 
education  was  somewhat  limited,  and  for  some 
time  he  taught  school  in  order  to  obtain  the 
means  to  pursue  the  more  advanced  branches  of 
learning.  He  studied  law  under  the  tutelage  of 
John  Maynard,  in  1836,  and  removed  to  Mon- 
roe, Mich.  Here  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
from  1838  to  1857  practised  his  profession.  From 
1841  to  1846  he  was  prosecuting  attorney  for 
Monroe  county.  In  1848  he  was  a delegate  to  the 
Buffalo  free  soil  convention,  having  differed  from 
the  Democratic  party  on  the  subject  of  slavery. 
From  1850  to  1852  he  was  a member  of  the 
state  senate,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  the  un- 
successful candidate  on  the  free  soil  ticket  for 
governor.  He  was  a prime  mover  in  the  political 
combination  of  1854,  of  which  the  result  was  the 
organization  of  the  Republican  party.  This 
party  not  only  had  its  birth  in  Michigan,  but 
received  its  name  at  a convention  held  in  the 
city  of  Jackson.  He  was  a delegate  to  the 
national  convention  held  in  Philadelphia  in  1856. 
The  following  year  he  purchased  and  became  the 
editor  of  the  Monroe  Commercial,  which  had  up 
to  that  time  been  a Democratic  paper.  Later  in 
1857  he  was  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  U.  S. 
senator.  In  1857  was  elected  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  was  re-elected  in  1865  and  again 
in  1873.  He  became  chief  justice  in  1872.  He 
was  elected  U.  S.  senator  in  1875,  resigning  his 
seat  in  1877  and  in  1879  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Hayes  United  States  minister  to  Peru,  which 
office  he  held  for  two  years,  returning  to  the 
United  States  in  1881,  when  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  law.  During  the  civil  war  he  served  on 
the  staff  of  General  Humphreys  and  on  that  of 
General  Custer.  He  died  at  Lansing,  Mich., 
Sept.  8,  1890. 


CHRISTMAN,  Joseph  Alonzo,  financier,  was 
born  in  Lvansburg,  Pa.,  Sept.  1,  1838.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1857,  and  engaged  as  a 
teacher  in  the  southern  states  until  1860,  when 
the  mutterings  of  civil  war  hurried  him  home  to 
take  his  part  in  suppressing  the  incipient  rebel- 
lion. He  joined  the  army  as  an  officer  on  the 
staff  of  Gen.  Samuel  R.  Curtis,  and  was  sererelv 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Ark.,  March 
8,  1862.  He  continued  in  service  until  the  end  of 
the  war,  when  he  removed  to  Louisville,  Ky., 
where  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  began 
to  practise  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.  He  was  appointed 
U.  S.  district  attorney  for  California  by  Presi- 
dent Johnson  in  1867.  In  1869  he  returned  to  St. 
Louis,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  law.  In  1876 
ill-health  led  him  to  visit  Europe,  and  while  in 
Paris  he  with  several  acquaintances  established 
a banking  house,  in  which  he  continued  an  active 
partner  until  his  death.  Out  of  his  estate  he  be- 
queathed to  Yale  university  §60,000,  and  to  St. 
James’  church,  Evansburg,  Pa.,  §10,000.  He  died 
in  Paris,  France,  April  5,  1888. 

CHRYSTIE,  John,  soldier,  was  born  in  New 
York  city  in  1786;  son  of  James  Clirystie.  He 
was  graduated  at  Columbia  college  in  1806,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1808.  He  entered  the 
U.  S.  army  and  was  appointed  1st  lieutenant  of 
the  6th  infantry,  May  3,  1808.  He  was  promoted 
captain  in  February,  1809,  serving  until  Novem- 
ber 15,  1811,  when  he  resigned  his  commission. 
He  again  entered  the  service  as  lieutenant-colonel 
of  the  13th  U.  S.  infantry,  March  12,  1812,  and  was 
present  in  the  assault  on  Queenstown  Heights, 
Oct.  13,  1812,  where  he  was  conspicuous  for  his 
bravery,  being  wounded  while  leading  the 
regular  troops  and  finally  forced  to  surrender  to 
a superior  force.  He  was  made  colonel  of  the 
23d  U.  S.  infantry,  March  12,  1813,  and  promoted 
inspector  general  with  rank  of  colonel,  March 
18,  1813.  He  died  while  in  active  service  at  Fort 
George,  Canada,  July  22,  1813. 

CHRYSLER,  Morgan  Henry,  soldier,  was  born 
at  Ghent,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  30,  1826;  son  of  John 
Chrysler.  He  was  educated  in  the  common  school 
and  began  life  as  a farmer.  In  1861  he  enlisted 
as  a private  in  the  30th  N.  Y.  volunteers,  and  was 
promoted  captain,  May  7;  major,  March  11.  1862. 
and  lieutenant-colonel,  Aug.  30,  1862,  serving  in 
the  army  of  the  Potomac.  In  1863,  having  served 
out  his  enlistment,  he  returned  to  New  York  and 
raised  the  2d  New  York  volunteer  cavalry  regi- 
ment, of  which  he  became  colonel,  Dec.  5,  1863. 
He  served  with  his  regiment  in  the  army  of  the 
Gulf  until  Nov.  8,  1865,  and  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Mobile.  He  was  brevetted  brigadier- 
general.  Jan.  23,  1864;  promoted  brigadier-gen- 
eral, and  brevetted  major-general  of  volunteers, 
March  13.  1865. 

[64SJ 


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